Stout v. Hobbs, No. 7:2010cv00403 - Document 35 (W.D. Va. 2011)

Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge Samuel G. Wilson on 09/13/2011. (kab)

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rv < soF l U. olmcour FcE s. s w. , AT RoAsoh vA Å FI ED L SEP 1 2 1 21 JULA C. I I T H E UN I ED STA TE S D I N T STR I T C O U R T C FO R T H E W ESTER N DI STR I T O F V I G I I C R N A R O AN O K E D IV ISIO N E CL ' ERK X @, . ' : . D EBO RA H K .STO UT , C I L A CTI N O. 7: VI ON : 10CV00403 PETI ONER, TI M EM O RANDUM O PI ON NI V. W EN D Y H O BB S, ARDEN W By:Sam uelG .W is l on U ni Stat Di ri Judge ted es st ct RESPONDENT. Thi i apeii f wrtofha sc puspurua t 28U. C.j2254bypeii r s s tton or i bea or s nt o S. ttone, D e a K .St ut c le ng he c bor h o , ha l ngi r onvi ton and s nt nc i t Ci c tCour ofCl ke ci e e e n he r ui t ar Count V igi a f fr tdeg ee m ur ,us ofa fr a m i t com m i son oft tm u de , y, r ni or is r der e ie r n he si ha r r c pia y t c m i m ur r a t m pt d m a i i w oundi a cons r c t c m i t t ons r c o om t de , te e lc ous ng, nd pia y o om t ha ofe e. St r i esvarousi f c i as i t nc ofc f ns out a s i nef e tve s s a e ouns c a m s a t m a t i bef e t el l i , nd he ter s or he c ton r s our e ponde ' m oton t dim is Thecou tfndst tt ofSt utsi feci nts i o s s . r i ha wo o ' ne f tve a ssa ecli sa e une use a def t an t tt Su e Cour ofVigi aha s it nc am r xha t d nd auled d ha he pr me t r ni s a j d c tdS o tsr mann camso t meisa dta a j dc to wa n tc nrr t du iae t u' e iig li n he rt n h t du iain s o o tay o cl ry esa i he Fe r l w o ba ed on an un ea ona e de e m i ton oft f t ea l t bls d de al a r s r s bl t r na i he ac s. A c or ngl t c tg a st r s c di y, he our r nt he e ponde t sm oton t di m i s n' i o s s. 1. Evi ea St tsj ytil s denc t ou ' ur ra, ummaiedbyt Cour ofAp asi t lgh mos rz he t pe l n he i t t f abl t t Com m onw ea1h,w asasf l avor e o he t olows: g nJ y 1 200 ( out,he f t oneye sol as he t ntoj ul 2, 4, St )t n oryar d, ked r we y t eehr year- d t ol enant D avi Grzzel w ih w hom s had r , d i , t he ecenty begun a s l exual r atons p t i ved cocai use,t kilOw ens. Appelantand Ow ensw er el i hi hat nvol ne o l l e i a on- ga n, f a n r a i r l to hi A therdiec i Gr z l n n a i of - gai om ntc e a i ns p. r ton, i ze pr vi l ha diabl t br s on Ow e 't uc Owe swa n tij r d e ous y d s ed he ake ns r k. n s o n ue w he hi br s f ie n s ake a l d. Gr z lag ee t kilOw e ,a t ts m e afe noon he pur has d a . 2 i ze r d o l ns nd ha a tr c e 3 c lbe pit wihm one g ve t hi by a pel ntf rt tpur e. a i r sol t y i n o m p la o ha pos I m edi t l a t Gr z lboughtt gun,he s e i t a la ,who br el m a e y fer i ze he how d t o ppe l nt i ty he d i. l t Ea lW a r n,a la ' l tm e f i nd a t na , ho had pr vi l r r e ppe l nts ong- i re nd e nt w e ous y as i t G r z eli di a i Ow e 'b a s dr Grzz t Ow e hous t t s s ed i z n s blng ns r ke , ove i el o ns' e ha ni hts t tGr z lcoul kilhi . Cons se wih t rpl n t kilO wens g o ha i ze d l m i t nt t hei a o l , a pe l ntpr ede Gr z la W a r n t O wens hous a w as i t be oo p la ec d i ze nd r e o ' e, nd n he dr m w he G rzz r ng t f ontdoorbel. Ow e a wer d t door a Grzz l n i el a he r l ns ns e he , nd i e s hi w ih t r c nty pur has pit a s a hot m t he e e l c ed s ol nd t bbed hi m uli e tm e w ih a m tpl i s t knie. W hen t w e e ce t n Ow e wasde appe l ntt d Grzz t l a f hey r rai ns ad, la ol i el o e ve a t ts wo dSa c r ofifom gj e. Grz landW a rnt n lf nd ha he ul t ke ae t r ther ' ize t ' re he e4 Ow e 'hous a dipos oft gun a t kni e ne t rofw hi h w a ns e nd s ed he nd he f , ihe c s r ecover by polce. ed i A ferG rzzelm ur ed Ow ensand depart wih W ar en,appelantl t t i der ed t r l ef Ow ens hous and pr ee d t a ne ghborng hous ,whe e O wens'ne ghbor ' e oc de o i i e r i s c l 91l A guns r s due t tpe f aled . hot e i es r onue l t rt ni r ve ed a d a e hat ght e al m i r c c pa tc e ofguns r s due on a la ' ha c os opi ri l hot e i ppe l nts nd. A p la deni s w asi ve i di a i t br keson Ow e ' pe l nt ed he nvol d n s blng he a ns t uc ori hi m ur er buta it d bei i Ow e 'hom e w he G rzz kil r k n s d , dm te ng n ns n i el led hi . She t tfed t ts he r guntr gr bbe a puppy s ha w ih her we m es ii ha he a d i e, a d he d t , nt o ttesi igga sd o c r ci Owe s b d o m t h sb c p rh,u d u h ldn ls o r ome t ng n ' e r o o i a k o c j mpe fom t por h t t gr r he c o he ound,s ee e n f e bel t as r y i lne sope, om l ve e t ow o ha pl nc i d l hol ng he pur ea t puppy, nd t n ma he wa t ough t woodst t di r s nd he a he de r y hr he o he ne ghbor s hous . i ' e Af e Ow e 'f a , ppe l n ,Gr z e a W a r n t a ed t t rt tr ns uner l a la t i z l nd r e r vel oge he o Fl r da. Som e m ont l e ,W a r n i onne polc t tG rzz di a e oi hs at r r e nf d i e ha i el s bl d Ow e br kesa l t rm ur r hi , dm itng t the dr ve G rzz t t ns' a nd a e de ed m a ti ha o i el o he s e on ea h oc a i Pr o t a la t st i l Gr z elpl g ly t t c ne c c s on. i r o ppe l n ' ra , i z ed uit o he a t m pt d m ur ofOw ensby di a i t br ke on hi tuck,a t hi fr t te e der s blng he a s sr nd o s is de e mur r Bot Grz la W a r n t tfe f t Com monwe t a gr e de . h i ze nd re esii d or he a1h t appelant st i . l ' ral St v.Commonwe lh,Re or No.1 06- (a r 29,2008) out at c d 652- 4 J nuay . Th j r f u d S o g it o alof n e , n teCic tCo r sn e c dh rt lf e u y o n tut u l n l fe s s a d h rui u t e tn e e o ie y pl t e ye r f mur ra t us ofa fr a m i t c us hz e a s or de nd he e ie r n he omm ison oft tofe ea si ha f ns nd i pos d c ur e s enc f t ot of e es St a pe l he convi ton t t Co t m e onc r nt ent es or he her f ns . out p a ed r c i o he ur ofAppe sofV igi a, ha c t fnne a t Supr m e Co tofV igi a r f e he al r ni t t our af i d, nd he e ur r ni e us d r pe iin f a tto or ppea . St t fl d ape ii f rwrtofha sc pusi t Supr meCour of l out hen ie tton o i bea or n he e t V igi a r s ng va i i f ec i as i t nce c a m s a wel asa cl m c le ng t pr i t r ni ai i r ous ne f tve s sa li , s l ai ha l ngi he opre y ofhe s nt e. The Supr m e Cour ofV igi a r f r e t t Ci c tCoul f a e de i y r e enc e t r ni e e r d o he r ui ' or n vi ntar t he rng on t o oft i s r i e by St ut sha spe ii Afera e de i r he i a t ai w he s ues a s d o ' bea tton. t n vi nta y arng s o t e i s s, he Cie tCoul fl a opi on s ti f t isfndi off d a c l i hos s ue t r ui ' ied n ni e tng orh t i ngs a nd onc usons t ofl w r c m e ng t tt Supr m e Cour ofVi gi a deny t pe ii ast t e cl i s a e om ndi ha he e t r ni he tton o hos a m . The Supr m e Cour,i t n,e e e i opi on fndi t tno ofSt ' i f e tve as it nc e t n ur nt r d n ni i ng ha ne outs ne f c i ssa e cli s tsi eihert peror eorprj c pr ofStiklndv.W a hi on,466U. ams aifed t he f manc eudie ong rc a s nxt S. 6 ,687( 98 andt the cli c lengi he sntnc wa bar fom ha sr viw 68 1 4) ha r am hal ng r e e e s red r bea e e bec us i co d ha bee r s d a ti la on die ta al Cons a e t ul ve n ai e t r a nd r c ppe . eque l i dim i s d he nty, t s s e r pe ii St t n f l d he cur e ha aspe ii i t s c t a r ponde hasm ove t tton. out he ie r r nt be tton n hi our , nd es nt do dl r s . s nl s l l. A c or ng t St ' fr tcl m ,St ' c c di o outs i s ai outs ouns lwe e i f ec i i f lng t m ove f a e r ne f tve n aii o or m i t i lora k f r a c ut o r i tuc i a t rt Com m onw e t s Ator y r f r e t sr a s o a i na y ns r ton f e he alh' t ne e e r d o p eu iile ie etetil o r h d e cu e S o tcamsta teCo n at' rj dca vd nc h ra c u t a x ld d. t u li h t h mmo we lh s ator r er ed t excl t ney ef r o uded evi dence durng openi s at entand atvari tm es atti , i ng t em ous i r al i udi abe hconfrnces alege t j yovehe r ofhe pl t kilhe f r ncl ng nc ee he l s he ur r ad, r oto l r onne hus band. The Supr e Cour ofV igi a r er ed t and one ot i em t r ni ef r hat her ssue t t Cicui Cour o he r t t f a c de i r he rng. Afe t hea i t Cic tCour f or n vi nta y a i tr he rng, he r ui t ound t tt Commonwe lh' ha he at s Ator y ha no vi aed t ti cour' r i t te l d t evi nceandt tt r wa no t ne d t olt he ral ts ulng ha xcude he de ha he e s ce bl e de t t j r hadoveheadt benc c ee Basd upont etndi , rdi e vi nce hathe uy r r he h onfrnce. e hos i ngs t Supr e Coul ofV igi a f he em t r ni ound t St had f ie t de ons r t eiherd i e hat out a l d o m ta e t efci nt p ro a c o prj die Th ta j dc to i n t sdo u r ao a ed tnuiaino te ef nn n e r eu c . a d u iain s o bae n n e s n bl ee n to f h f cs a t c t s is st c am . a t , nd he our di m s e he l i Be or t i l t t i c the r t de e e' m oton t e ude e de t tSt uta s f e ra , he ral our a d he f ns s i o xcl vi nce ha o l o ha pl t d t kilhe e hus nd,Ba r H e ve r The Com m onwea t c a m e t ha d ote o l r x- ba r y a ne . 1h l i d o ve evi enc t tSt tha pl t d w ih Ea lW a r n a D a d G rz lt l e he e hus nd t a d e ha ou d ote t r r e nd vi i ze o ur r x- ba o r ot l aton a kilhi . The t i lcoul r ed t tt Com m onw e lh coul not i isca e em e oc i nd l m ra ' ul ha he t at d ,n t s i c e,puton( nyt ngaboutt He ve ralge plt'( i Tr vol2, 7 J 25, n hif C hi a he a ne le d o. Tral . . p. 2, une ' 200 ) l o ngsae ,t Commonwe t sAtor ys kea St ' c ant 7. n peni ttment he alh' t ne po bout outs ompli s a tStutse hus nda Owe anda tSt ' wihest tt ycoul i tdoa bou o ' x- ba nd ns bou outs s ha he d jus way wih' oho te S o tsc u s l b e td a dt c u t edab n hc nfrn e Du ig t'b t f h m. t u ' o n e o j ce , n he o r h l e c o ee c . rn t tco e e e, he ti lcour a oni he t Com m onwea t sAtonw y t ke p he voi e ha nf r nc t r a t dm s d he lh' t o e r c down. The Com m onwea t s Ator y s a e i a w hi pe t ts w a tnotgoi t t l a lh' t ne t t d n s r ha he s d ng o a k bout tepltt kilBar He vene,' sae ntSt no ale t j r ovehe r Theti h o o l ry a r'a ttme out w lges he u y r a d. ral c ur over l Stutsobe i t t Co o t rued o ' j cton o he mmonwe t sAtor y' o ni sae nta alh' t ne s pe ng ttme nd pe m it d t Com m onw ea t sA tor y t pr ee wih he a gum e . r te he lh' t ne o oc d t r r nt Folowi is e de i r he r ng on St ' ha a pe ii t Cic tCour f l ng t vi nta y a i outs be s tton, he r ui t ound t t ha Ã» he brefsa e en i t be c e e a d t i t t m t n he nch onf r nce boutt Ã» ott kilBar y Hea er w a a he pl o l r ven ' s feetng com m entm ade durng a w hi per bench conf ence and aft t Com m onw ealh' l i i s ed er er he t s Atome l r dhe voiepurua t t j e' a t y owe e r c s nt o he udg s dmonii ' Theha asc t nel d ton.' be our co ude t a teCo n at sAto ywa t n yt ref e fo t eco e t u o a dt eewa n h t h mmo we l h' tme s we t -h e e t r m h ls s j rr n h r s o ce il e ie c t th c mme t sh adb a yme e o t j r Th rdbe vd n e ha te o n wa e r y n mb r f he u y. e Com m onw e lh' A tor y m en i a t s t ne toned Ba r H e ve ' na e a l s s ve m or tm e durng r y a ner s m t ea t e n ei s i t e s oft i l The Ci c tCour f he our e ra . r ui t ound t tt e r er nc di notvi a e t t i lc ts ha hes ef e es d ol t he r a our ' p era od rnoigt t e til o n e o j ce t etil o t v nuldh so j cin rtil r e , tn ha wh n ra c u s l be td,h ra c ur o e e i be to . The e or ,i c ude t ta m o i f m it i ora c a i i t uc i w o d ha be n r f e t oncl d ha ton or s ral ur tve ns r ton ul ve e f tl l f nd no ba i t c l t tde ens couns ha pe f m e defc e ty i not u ie. t ou s s o onc ude ha f e el d r or d i i n l n mo igf ramitilo r q e tn aj r i tu to o t a Stu wa p eu ie b c u s ls vn o sra r e u si g u y nsr cin r h t o t s rj dc d y o n e ' em t rgi a r pe f r onna . The Supr e Cour ofV i ni , a m ed a i w a w ih t Cicui Cour ' fndi nce 1 s t s t he r t ts i ngs off ,agr act eed. St ' fdea ha spettoni govene by28U. C.j225 andCha e 1 oft outs e rl bea ii s r d S. 4 ptr 54 he A ntt r ors a Efec i D e t Pe ly A c ,Pub.L. o.l 1 11 St t 1 4,28 U . C. ie r im nd f tve a h na t t N 04- 32, 0 a . 21 S. jj2261 (C -66 Ã» AEDPA' .Thi tfdealha sshe l ve prma yrs i lt wiht ' ) s de r bea c me ea s i r e ponsbiiy t he saec u t. Cul nv. n o se ,1 S. .1 8 , 3 9( 01 )(iigW o d odv. s it , tt o rs' l Pih ltr 31 Ct 3 8 1 9 2 1 ctn ' e o fr Vicot i 537U. 1 27( S. 9, 2002)( rcu i j Cons nty,i amos a1cic tnce , ttones pe ramj. eque l n l t l rumsa s peii r unde j2254mus e us ala ia esaec te isbef es e ngrle i fdea r t xha t l valbl tt our rmede or e ki eif n e rl c u t28U. C. 22 4 b , n wh nasaec u t a a j d c tdap tto e ' h b a cams o r, S. j 5 ( ) a d e tt o r h s du iae eiin rs a e s li ont meis Belv. awi,236F. 1 1 ( hCi. he rt, l J l s 3d 49, 63 4t r 2000) t AEDPA rquiest fdeal ,he e r he e r c tt de e t t sa ec tsde son: our o f r o he tt our' cii A n a i a i f ra m i ofha asco puson be fofa pe s i c t dy pplc ton o t be r hal r on n us o p ru n t t ej d me t faSaec u t h l n t ega tdwihr s c t a u s a t o h u g n o tt o r s al o b rn e t epe t o ny lThe ti cour not d t ti woul oc s o ly conduc benc c e e s. I no ed t tt c ta ral t e ha t d ca i na l t ,h onf r nce t t ha he our nd c u s l udwhse d rn to ec nee c sb c uetej r wa n tsp sdt h a wh th yweesyn o n e wo l ip r uig h s o frn e ea s h uy s o u poe o er a te r a ig. Th c u tn tu tdtejr ta iwa t c n ie o l Ã»etmo yfo wi e ss a ye hiisa mitdi e o r isrce h uy h tt s o o sd r ny t si n r m t se, n x bt d te n t n e ie c , n fc a re u o bewe ntep risa dprs ne t ( ej lji tefr o asiuain.( il . vd n e a y a t ge d p n t e h at n ee td o t u' n h o m f tp lt ' Tra Tr e h y o ' v . , . 6lJ n 25 2 0 ) ol2 p 2 u e s 0 7. cam t a wa a j d c tdo t meisi Saec u t r c e ig u ls t li h t s du iae n he rt n tt o r p o e dn s ne s he a j cai oft camdudi ton he li ()r ule i ade sont twasc rr t ori ve a unras e 1 es td n cii ha ontay o, nvol d n e onabl ap i to of c ea l e t bls d Fede a l , det r i d by t Supr m e plca i n , l ry s a i he r l aw as e m ne he e Cour oft Unie St t 'or t he td aes , ( r ule i adecso t twasba e ona unras bl dee nai oft 2) es td n iin ha s d n e ona e tnui ton he f c si lghtoft evi e pr e e i t St t cou ' pr ee ng. at n i he denc es nt d n he a e l oc di t 28U. C.j225 * .Thesaec tsf t ld tr nai ar as C es S. 4( tt our' acua eemi tons e lo s umedt bec rc, pr o ore t' ' a t pe ii rbe r t bur ofr buti t tpr s pton by Ã» l a a c nc ng nd he ttone a s he den e tng ha e um i Ã§ e r nd onvi i c e de e.' U. C.j2254( ( ) vi nc '28 S. e)1. Unde t s saut ysa r , saec tsa j c toni conrr t ceal r hee tt or tndads a tt our' d udiai s tay o l ry esa ihe fdeallw Ã»i t saec tarve a ac l i oppost t t tr a he byghe tbls d e r a tf he tt our ri s t oncuson ie o ha e c d t SuprmeCour oft Unie Stts onaquetonoflw ori t saec tde i ac s e t he td ae l si a f he tt our cdes ae difrntyt t ( e Cour oft Unie Stts ha onastofmae ily fee l han he Suprme t he td ae l s e tral i si s bl f cs. W ila ( rv)v.Ta o,529U. 36 41 3( ) A sae nditnguiha e a t ' lims Ter ' ylr S. 2, 2-1 2000 . tt cou tsde s on unr as r ' ci i e onabl a i c e ry e t bls d f de al1 w Ã»i t s a e c ti e ii s y pples l a l s a ihe e r a kf he t t our d ntfe t ec re tg v r i lg l rn il fo gh UntdS ae S p e Co r')d cso sb t h o rc o enng e a p icpe r m t e ie tts u rme u ts e iin u u e s na y a i st tprnci e t t f t . l a 41 l i i uf i i ntt ta s a e c t nr a o bl pple ha i pl o he ac s ' d. t 3. t s ns f c e ha t t our ' a i d f r 1 w i r c l a f de alha asc tm a gr ntr i onl i i de e nest t pple ede al a ncor e ty; e r be our y a elef y f t t nui ha t saec 'unr s na ya idfdea lw.i a 411 l ma ngt tdeemi ton,Ã» he tt oul ea o bl pple e rl a J t . n ki ha tr nai ta t - ha sco 'mus de e m i wha a gu e sort ore c l haves ppore t sa ec ur' bea ul t t t r ne t r m nt he is ou d u td he tt o ts de son'a t nimus a kwhehe i i posi efi mi edj it c ddia e t tt e cii , nd he t t s t r ts sbl ar nd urss oul s gre ha hos ag r umensort ore ar i onsse wiht hol ngi aprorde ii ofgheSuprme t he is e nc itnt t he di n i cson t e Co 4. Harncony. che ,1 S. . 776( 1 (mpha i a d) Se ton2254( ull' ri t Ri tr 31 Ct770, 201 ) e ' ss dde . ci d) r vi w , her f e,i lm ie t t r or t twasbef e t s a e c t Cule v.Pi s e , e e t e or s i t d o he ec d ha or he t t our . l n nhol t r 1 lS. .1 ,1 ( 1 . 3 Ct 388 398 201 ) To de ons r t i f ec i a s s a e ofc m t a e ne f tve s it nc ouns ,St m us s el out t how t the c ha r ouns ls e' pef nc wa d i e a t tt dei ineyprj c he deens Sti a v. ronna e s efcint nd ha he tce eudied r f e. rcklnd W ahi t 466U. 668 687 (1 4) Toesa ihdei e peronna e,St mus frt s pgon, S. , -91 98 . tbls fcint f nc out t is d mo srt ta c u es r p e e tto tel eo a o jciesa d r o ra o be e s' e n tae h t o ns l' e r sn ain s lb lw n be t tn ad f e s na ln s, f v ' a t r i a sr pr s nd he e s tong e umpton t c i hat ouns lacedr as bl 1 a 688 e t e ona y. d. t -89. To e t bls sa ih prj cet he defns ,St mus de taet tbutf he at ys er s t ei a eudi o r e e out t monsrt ha or r tome ' ror,her s r as bl pr e ona e obabiiy t tt out om e oft ti w o d have be n di f r . d.a 6 A lt ha he c he ral ul e f e ent I t 94. ra o bl prba lt i aÃ» ubsa i 'pr biiynotus ai onc i bl'lkelhoodofa e s na e o biiy s k tntal' oba lt j t ' eva e'i i s c dif entr t Har ngt 131 S.Ct at791. f er esul. ri on, . W he eva ua i cl m s ofi f tve a s s a e ofc n l tng ai nefec i s i t nc ouns l a f r lha a c r m a e , ede a be s ou t y gr n r le onl i t s a e cou tde s on unr a ona y a i d t m or ge r lsa a t e i f y f he t t - r ci i e s bl pple he e ne a t ndar f r d o i f e tve as it nce ofc ne f c i ssa ouns lcl i ses a i he by St i kl nd. i e am t bls d rc a Ã» And, c e t St i kl nd be aus he rc a st andar i a gener st ds al andar a st e courthas even m or l iude t r d, at e att o easonabl det m i t a y er ne hat d fnda ha no stsidt tsa dv Kno esv. r a nc ,1 S.Ct 1 1 1 ( . ee nt s t aife ha tndar ' wl Miz ma Ã§ 29 ' . 41 , 420 2009) Theeor,t r e ofaStiklndcai unde j2254( i Ã»do ydeernta. l a 1 3. rf e he eviw rc a l m r d) s Ã» ubl f e il' d. t 4l ' W ih t e pr ce si m i St ' c a m t ts i e il d t f de alha sr i f t hes e pt n nd, out s l i ha he s ntte o e r bea ele be a e he c c us r ouns lf ied t m ove f a m it i lora cu a i i t uc i i a non- t rer The e al o or s ra r tve ns r ton s sa t . Su e eCou tofVigi ac r tycied c r lng pr e nt stikl nd- a a id i i a pr m r r ni orecl t ontoli ec de - rc a nd pple t n r a ona e m a rt f t i r as bl de e m i d.l f c ,i he ope ng s a e e a i he e s bl nne o ac s t e ona y t r ne n a t n r ni t t m nt nd n r q t o ng ofw ines e ,t Com m o e t s Ator y d d no m e i t pl o de a l of uesi ni t s s he nw alh' t ne i t nton he ot r t is t pl t kilSt ' ex- band,onl St ' w i t have bot O wens and herex- band he ot o l out s hus y out s shes o h hus kl d Co e u n l,hetil o l f u dn volto o isp era o d r Th tilu g as ie . nsq e ty t ra c u' o n o i ain f t r til r e . e ra j d e lo l t a oni he t Com m onw e t sA tor y t l rhervoi e durng t benc c e e a dm s d he alh' t ne o owe c i he h onf r nce nd wa uniuel postonedt ases whehe s hada quael c i t prventt j yfom s q y ii o s s t r he de t y ompled o e he ur r he r ng abou t tpl . Li i e, olow i t evi ntar hea i on t habe i s ai t ha ot kew s f l ng he de i y rng he as s ues r e r by t Supr me Cour ofVig ni t Cic tCour f ef red he e t r i a, he r ui t ound no c e bl e de e ofa r di e vi nc l eio dt a t ej r o r e r t epasngwhs e e rfrnc t tep o .If l wst a i lh o h t h u y veh a d h si k ip rd eee e o h lt t ol h t o unde t c r um s a s t Supr m e Co tofV igi a sde i i n w asi no r s c a r he i c t nce , he e ur r ni ' c s o n e pe t n u ra o a eaj dc to o tecam, ndt ec u t s se i. n e s n bl du iai n f h li a h o r dimis s t 111 . Accor ng t St ' s di o out s econd cl m ,St ' counselw cr i f i i f lng t m ove f ai out s e nef ectve n aii o or a change ofvenue bas upon pr ri publciy. Li t fr i sue,on s at habeast Supr e ed et al it ke he ist s t e he em Cour ofV igi a r f r ed t si s t t Ci c tCoul f a e de i r he i Af e t t r ni e e r hi s ue o he r ui ' or n vi nta y arng. t r he t hearng,t Cicui Courtf i he r t ound es i l t t e w asno bas sf a m ot on t change venue sentaly hat her i or i o a t ti lc tlkel w oul notha gr nt d t m oton i i ha be n m a Ac r ng y, nd he r a our i y d ve a e he i ft d e de. co di l t Cic tCour f he r ui t ound t tc ha ouns w e e noti f c i i f ii t m ove f a cha of el r nef e tve n a lng o or nge ve nue. Ba e upon t Cic tCour ' fndi s t Supr m e Cour ofVi gi a f nd t tSt t sd he r ui t s i ng , he e t r ni ou ha ou h dfie t d mo sr t et e d fce tp ro ua c o prj dc .Tha a j dc t ni n t a ald o e n tae ih r eiin ef n n e r eu ie t d u iai s o o bas d on unr s bl de e na i n oft f c sora unr as bl a i a i off de a l w a e ea ona e t nni to he a t n e ona e pplc ton e r l a s de e m i by t Su em e Cour oft Unie St t ,a t cour di m i s t c a m . t r ned he pr t he t d a es nd he t s s es he l i l c i rngt is onha sr viw,t CicuiCoul notdt beor j r n onsdei he s ue bea e e he r t ' e hat f e uy t s e to def ns c el c i n, e e ouns ls a ed t the ha notm a a m oton f c nge ofvenuebec us he e t t ha d de i or ha a e t htt tilc twoul watt s ei i c di ne aj ya t tt ti j ha houg he ra our d i o e f t oul mpa l ur nd ha he raludge d r ponded t tw as i f hi t nki The Ci cui Courtf es ha n act s hi ng. r t ound t t s appr hat hi oach had Ã»l tong 8 be n t pr c i e' i iscic t a t tno c nge ofve m oton had be n g a e t r snce e he a tc ' n t r ui, nd ha ha nue i e r nt d he e i 1 975. The Cic tCour r e e t ext nta na ur ofpr t i lpublc t i t com m uniy r ui t evi w d he e nd t e e ra i iy n he t a t voi di e a t i ,not f om t pa l sr pons t tonl a t r ha be n expos d t nd he r r t ral ed r he ne ' es es ha y hid d e e o prtilme ac ag a t tt tilc t dbe na et s taj r wihr ai e s a era di over e nd ha he ra our ha e bl o ea u y t eltve ae, nd f und t i fe tve a ssa c am :ta pa e 1 w ihoutm e i.' I f o he ne f c i s it nce l i $r ns r nty t rt' t oundt ttsnc t r z ha ti e he e weenoa t g o r cual r undsfrg a i amotonf ac ngeofve ,co elgoul nojb o r ntng i or ha nue uns c d t e i fe tvef f ii t maket tmoton. The Supr m eCoul ofVigi aa e t Cic t ne f c i or a lng o ha i ' ' e ' t r ni dopt d he r ui Cour ' fndi a c ude t tSt ha f ied t de ons r t t tco elsper o m a ts i ngs nd oncl d ha out d a l o m ta e ha uns ' f r nce w a de i i tort tt r i a r s bl pr biiy t tbutf r c s f c en ha he e s ea ona e oba lt ha o ouns ls a l e er o st e ' leg d r r he r uli pr e ng w oul ha be dif r t es tng oce di d ve en f e en . Thi c tfndst SuprmeCour ofVigi a' a j c tonoft cai t bei no s our i he e t r ni s d udiai he l m o n wa unr a ona e. I c r ty c t d c r lng pr ce nta a i d i i a r as na e m a r y e s bl t or ec l ie ont oli e de nd pple t n e o bl nne t f c si r s bl de e m i d. To s o a t t ea ona y t r ne how i f e i a s sanc f f ii t m ove f a ne f ctve s i t e or a lng o or c nge ofve a pe ii ha nue ttonerm us s , ta m i m um , ha i he e i a r s bl pr ba lt t how a ni t t d r s ea ona e o biiy t t t ti cour w oul have,oratl ts d have,gr ed a m oton f change ofvenue i hat he ral t d eas houl ant i or f g tto rs c e hadprs ntds hamoto t t co t'Se M e ksv. oor,21 F.d peiine ') ouns l e e e uc in o he ur. e e M e 6 3 ' 951 961( 1hCi.2000) Hee,helkei t tt tilc twoul ha g a e amoi , 1t r . r t i lhood ha he ra our d ve r ntd ton f rc ng ofvenue s m s e pe i ly r m ot The e or ,vi w ed tlough t A ED PA ' o ha e ee s c a l e e. r f e e lr he S s ia e 3 c di y hi de e e i l ,t Supr m e Cour ofV igi a' de i i n i unas a l bl a A c or ngl , t s f r ntal ens he e t r ni s c s o s c tdi m i s st c ai t tcouns lw e e i f e tve i f lng t m ove f a c nge ofven our s s e he l m ha e r ne f c i n aii o or ha ue. 2Tralc e fl anafi ti t saehab spr ee ngt t upon r fec i n he woul hav do i ouns l ied fdavi n he tt ea oc di hay e l to d e ne ce t i t ng dif r nty. The Cic tCour c r c l s a e t tt a o i t t ti notwhet ron r fe to he ra n hi s fe e l r ui t or e ty t t d ha he ppr pra e es s he e lc i n wo l h v d n tig difrnl bu rte C a a o j cieyrao a l atre wo dh v d n u d rte ud a e o e hn s fee ty t ah rÃ» t n be t l e s n be ton y ul a e o e n e h wh v cic sa es' r um tnc . ' 3Thic ut lonoe fo rve ngteta cito v i dr ta tetilu g wa a t eye g g di s o ras ts rm e iwi h rnsrp f or ie h th raj d e s ci l n a e n v teslcinp o esa dl eal src j rr frc ue Hema ee pl if dig ta j rr wees tbe a d h eeto r c s n i rly tu k uo s o a s. b d x i t i n s h tuo s r ui l, n c n a lV. St ' t r cl m aleg t the c outs hid ai l es ha r ouns lr nde e i f c i as i t e i f ii t e e r d nef e tve s sanc n a lng o i e v ew a ca lva i w ine s . The Supr m e Cour ofV i g ni deni d t cl i be us nt r i nd l rous t s es e t ri a e he a m ca e St fie t de taeet rde iintpe f ma eorprj c Ther c drveast t out ald o monsrt ihe fce ror nc eudie. e or e l ha St ' c outs ouns ,i f ct i e wi w e a 1butt e oft wine s St i i i d,a no hi i el n a , nt l e d 1 hr e he t s es out dentf e nd t ng n St ' s i s onsi s out s ubm s i n uppor ofh s a e ha spe ii de ons r t t tt i lco e t er t t bea tton m ta es ha r a uns l p ro e deiinl i n titr iwigt o ewin se o p eudc dh rd fns b n t efnn d fce ty n o n eve n h s t e s s r rj ie e ee e y o c ligt e Co s q e l ,h S p e Co r o Vigna sa j dc to o t ecam wa n t al h m. n e u nty t e u rme u t f r ii' d u iain f h li s o n c r r t cl a l e t bls d f der l1 w orba ed on a ulr a ona e de e m i ton oft onta y o e r y s a i he e a a s n z e s bl t r na i he f d s a t c tdi m i s i . a , nd he our s s es t4 wh hedi not i i i plctt theha f en d ,t s m ii ha d oundt a e a e t ti ca bl ofdeci ngt c ebas ont hem cc ptbl ha s, pa e di he as ed he 1 a t e de e dir r ng e r ousi lu es TheSupr m eCoul ha m adecea t t aw nd he vi nc , segadi xtane nt enc . e ' s t l r ha: atilu g ' fn n ta ap riua v ni ma wa n t is da dt rfr wa prp r raj d es idig h t at lr e r n s o bae n heeo e s o el c e y sae wa afn igo fc s b etoj 2 4d .g h t ut a l oe ta teq eto wheh r etd s idn f at uj c t 2 5 () ' a Co rh s n td h th u sin te T ave r niemani bis hastadii lybee dee mi dt ou voi diecul natng i afndi s a ed r tonal n tr ne hr gh r r mi i n i ng b tetilu g c n enngtev nrma ' saeo mid.(t ajas n tdta s c afn ig y h raj d e o c r i h e ie ns tt f n lh s lo oe h t u h idn i b s du o d tr n to sof e a o a dce i lyta aep c l rywi i atilu g ' s ae p n eemiain d me n r n rdbit h t r e ui l t n ra j d es i a h p o n e Su hd tr n t n (r)e tt dt d frn ee e o drc rve ,Glers e t rvic . c eemiai s ae nil o eee c v n n ie te iw' l h ep c o e (t pai s fndi i aha spr ee ngce t nl s dbeno l s' d uch i ngs n bea oc di rai y houl es.' Wan ih v Wit4 9U. 41 , 28(9 5 (in P to v Yo n, 67U. 1 25 1 38( 9 4). iwra t . t 6 S. 2 4 1 8 ) ct g atn . u t4 , i S. 0 , 0 1 8 ) 4Atti , St utde e al i ve en wih t c pia y. The pr e i howeve ,pr en e ral o ni d l nvol m t t he ons r c os cuton, r es t d t tmonilevi et twhieSt t Grz el a W arenweelvig a r esi a denc ha l ou, iz , nd r r i n s oomm ats St a Grz elgr cos e , out nd iz ew l e a d sare usi coc net t . Ar n t td ng ai ogeher oundt stm e St al dl be pr s i Grz lt kilhe e hi i , out lege y gan es urng ize o l r xhu ba Bar He ner Evi nc oft spltwase u fo til Furhe tsi s nd, ry ave . de e hi o xclded r m ra. t r e tmonyr al t tSt eve ed ha out be ncompl ni t herr m ae a ga ai ng o oom ts boutOwens mea sr k a hi pr m ic t a t t e r maess on ' n tea nd s o s uiy, nd he hr e oom t o hac da fie s he et kilOwensb c lngt br kelne o hi tuc W are t tfedf t p os c i the ald c m o l y uti he a i s n s r k. r n esii or he r e uton t St ta Grz lbec cl e a twr tedar hat ou nd ize ame os r nd t esl ound'i pu i afe t pl .And Grzz t sii t ta t s 'n blc tr he ot i el etfed ha t hi t hea dSo t e a ha igsxo et fu tme ad y.(tu a mitdt h vn sxwi Grz e o l o e i me n tu b g n vn e n o o r i s a So t d te o a ig e t iz l ny nc h whl v c t nigi FoiawihGrz e a dW a 'nso t atrh mud r) i aai n n lrd t iz l n ne h rl fe te re. e o y Soo a t t f l pl ,St a Grz elhache a t rpln.The purha e apit fom al l n fer he aied ot out nd iz t d nohe a y c s d sol z oca te gern e Sa Si af tt whih Si t sii On t da oft m ur ,t pai wen i s a c of e na am d m ne, ac o c ne e tfed. he y he der he r t n e r h W arent drveGrz lt a fom t m u de . St tde e t spoi , o ofW a rn' cowor r , r l r o i ize o nd r he r r ou nid hi ntbut ne re s ke s Ge ad Ludwik,esii t tStutca el ng f W a r a hi pl eofwo kt tda A c di t W ar n,Grz el c t tfed ha o m ooki or ren t s ac r ha y. cor ng o re iz a St tf nd ou oundhi a hem e w ih t t tafenoon.Telphoner or e tbls t tc l w eeplc fom m nd t t hem ha tr e ec ds sa ih ha als r a ed r St ' ce lphonet a he ce lphone whi W a r n i tfe a hi a 5: outs l o not r l ch r e den i id s s t 33pm a 5: pm on t e da oft nd 38 h y he m ur r a r or f W a r scel phone e t bls t ta c l waspl c f om hi phone t St ' a 5: pm on de , nd ec ds or r en' l s a ih ha a l a ed r s o outs t 4l t s m eda St deni a r c l ton oft ki t W a r ont phonet tda Aferwor W a rndr ve he a y. out ed ny e oleci al ng o ren he ha y. t k, re o Grzz t Owe hous O nt wa Grzz us d W aren' phonet c lSt a Owens hous t ens et tno i elo ns' e. he y, i el e r s o al out t ' e o ur ha o elewa t r St tcl m edt ts acalwasi p sbl be us he phonedi no ge r ce i atOwe ' ne s s he e. ou ai ha uch l m os i e ca e r d t t e pton ns 1 0 Cont xt l St ' aleg i t the cou c f ie t ca lw ines est y ha e ualy, out s l aton ha r ns l a l d o l t s he d i e ve nt r i wed r s s no c tt i lc e n. Couns la es i y c os - xa i d t ai e ons iutona onc r e ggr s vel r s e m ne he Com m onw e lh' w ine s a c l d t n w ines e oft i ow n i pu s tofa co sve t or a t s t s es nd ale e t s s he r n r ui he i he y ofdef ense t tW ar en and Gr zzelact i ha r i ed ndependenty of St based on t rown m otvatons l out hei i i and pur e . The de s on t c ls e w ines e a notot r i a es e i lpar ofe f tve pos s ci i o al om t s s nd he s s n s nta t fec i r es aton. Her i dem onsrat t couns w er m aki s r egi choi nott t epr ent i e, t t es hat el e ng t at c ces, hat hey f ie t m a t e c ce . E e s onsr a i t wines s e ton ar nonna l l tt a l d o ke hos hoi s Ã» ci i el tng o t s el c i D e ly ef o c u s ls u g n , n t s u g n wil o b sc n - u se byhidsg t' W i imsv o n e'j d me t a d t j d me t ln t e e o d g e sd hi n ih .' l a . ' l Ar ntout9l F. 924,934( t Ci.1 )(n b nc)( tngFrnk v.Br kha t877F. me r , 2 2d 8h r 990 e a quoi a oo r, 2d 671 674(t Ci.1 ) seas Blnc v.Si lt y,943F. 1 , 8h r 989); e lo a o ncear 2d 377,1 ( 1hCi.1 ) 495 1 t r 991 ($ de iin a t whihwine s t c l a a aped oftiltci t ti nonnal e r td $ The cso s o c t ses o al s n s ra a tcs ha s ly ntuse t c e.'.Unde t doubl deeentallnsf rviwi t cam t he c e s d o ounsl' ) r he y fr i e or e e ng he li hat r ouns l houl ha caled t e w ines t s cour concl ve l hos t ses, hi t udest t Supr e Coul ofV igi a di not hat he em ' t r ni d un ea ona y a y Sti a t t a l to be or i. The s m e i al o tue oft t e r s bl ppl rckl nd o he lega i ns f e t a s s r he hr e w ine s St ' c t s es out s ouns ldi noti e vi . e d nt r ew The fr toft e un-nt r e e w ines e w asM a y H a is hes i e vi w d t s s r wkens ih,one ofSt t s mt ou ' nei ghbor St poi st a s at entHaw kensm ih gave t an i s. out nt o t em t o nvestgatng oficerconcer ng i i t ni ce t i d t is s o e ved on t da oft m ur rr gar ng St t s a G r z e ' de rur ra n e a l he bs r he y he de e di ou ' nd i z l s pa t e fom St ' hom e. As St not i hers at habeas petton,Haw kensm ih' obs watons r outs out es n te ii t s el i ho e. De pie St ' cl i t e us s t outs a m, el phone r or e t ihed t ta ca lwass ce s uly pl ed f o W a r n' phone ec ds sabls ha l uc s f l ac r m re s t St ' phonea 7: o outs t 03pm , Soon a c li St ,Grz ani a Owen fon door rngt edoor l t a her alng out izel ved t s' r t ,a h belwih s l oc t a d lavi fnger i s a s O we mal r k o voi e ng i prnt , nd hot ns. On t ni oft mur r polcef he ght he de , i oundas em i y pa cke St ta he nei rshous W he t e ngl ni d ou t r ghbo ' e. n he polce i e viw e St , he as d he whe hers lved w ih a ne. Shet d t m a i nt r e d out t y ke r t he i t nyo ol he boutW a r n, tnegld e r e bu e d t me t nGrz e (h ltrcame iwa b c u es ek inthn iwa i o tn'.Poieddn tlano o ni iz ls e ae li d t s e a s h t d 'tik t s mp ra t) l i o e r f o d ' c Grzz ' e se e untlne ry a m ont l t r du i a i t vi w w ih St ' ss e . Gr z lwass n c r d i els xit nc i al h a e , r ng n n er e t outs i t r i ze oo ha ge wih t mur . Two daysi o Grzze ' t i ,wihou a pr ie fom t Com monwea t he pl guit t t t he der nt i ls ral t t ny om s s r he lh, ed ly o he c r a i plc t St . ha ges nd m i a ed out w e e i t l elm i r i s i tve r por ' pr de i di c r n he Ã» i na y nve tga i e t ovi d n s over U nde t c r um s a e , pr ' y. r he ic t nc s t Supr e CourtofV i gi a w as f ee t pr um et couns knew oft i er ew ,di not he em r ni r o es hat el he nt vi d fnd i es i ly he pf ,a c e t die tt i e r e e s w he e. i t pec a l l ul nd hos o r c he r ne gi s l e r The s c w ine s W ilam Rus el Ca ol kne St f om a ba t ts f e nt d. e ond t s , li s l r , w out r r ha he r que e Du i t i tga i t pr e uton r ceve anot fom Ca ola t ne i ove i rng he nvesi ton, he os c i e i d er r nd ur d t r n di c r l lghtoft e de e c a ne i t tnot i i lke y t tSt w o d be s ove y. n i he vi nc ont i d n ha e, t s i l ha out ul c pl i ng i he couns lhad ca l d Ca ola a win s. Acc di t t not Owensha a om a ni f r e le r s t es or ng o he e, d c a n ha ta w a a t m ptng t m a ak a w e ght'c ai pur ha e s x w e ksbe or oc i e bi nd s te i o ke t vy i ' oc ne c s i e he f e hi de t Hes s ah. ugge t d t tt polc s d us dr dogsi St ' and Owe 'home a se ha he ie houl e ug n outs ns s nd t ,aferO w ens'deat St and W ar en w oul s hat t h, out r d how up att l bar w ih cocai and wer he ocal t ne e no l ongeratem ptng t buy i ast had bef e. The not concl t i o t hey or e udesby m entoni t Car i ng hat ol had hear St s t s kdi notwantt be caught'and t he w asunsur w het she was d out ay hat he Ã» d o ' hat e her r er i t drugsorm urder. ef rng o The t r un-nt vi w ed w ine sw a Ca ol Snyde . St ur s t tSnyde w a hi d i er e t s s r yn r out ge ha r s (a e oft r a i hi ' w e n Ow e a St a t ts kne ofO w e 'pl nst C war he el tons p' bet e ns nd out nd ha he w ns a o hese det l ,however, e e ge a t i l ais s tl down w ih St . E a h oft e te t out5 c m r d t ra . The e i s m pl no s i ofdefc e pe f nna e i t sc e,nori t r any r s i y how ng i i nt r o nc n hi as s he e s i by St t (t e i a reasonabl pr how ng out hat lher s e obabiiy t t,butf couns ' unpr essonal lt ha or els of i er s t rs tofghetil woul ha be ndifr t'Stiklnd, U. a 694.Theonl ror,he e ul t ral d ve e feen. rc a 466 S. t ' y r as bl pr biiy he e i t tSt ' c e ona e oba lt r s ha outs ouns woul ha s ttm e i er e i wine s s el d ve pen i nt vi w ng t s e w hos t tm ony w oul be l gel duplcatve,orpos bl i e es i d ar y i i si y nadm i bl ordam agi O nce ssi e ng. agai vi ed tuough t A ED PA ' def entall t Supr e CourtofVi gi a' deci on n, ew l he S er i ens, he em r ni s si 5st alo c ai st tSnyderkne oft gunpowd sor i he ba ementby he ne out s l m ha w he er t ed n r s r phew . See i r nf a Par Vlr r ngSt tsatr t t oresoft s ceoft g powderr i f d on he ha . t egadi ou ' le nae he i he our he un esdue oun r nds ta S o t a fie t d mo srt d fce t ro ua c o p eu iei n t aln t e e h t t u h d ald o e n tae eiin pef n n e r rj d c n o c lig h s vazi w inessesatt ali unas l e.A ccor ngl t courtdi i sest cl m . ous t ri s saiabl di y, he sm s he ai V. St ' f t cl i a l gest ts wa de e ef e tve as it nc be us c outs ourh a m le ha he s ni d f c i s s a e ca e ouns l e f ie t s e outc r c e w ine s s t t s iy i he be fa t i a s nt nc ng. She cl i s a ld o e k ha a t r t s e o e tf n r hal t ral nd e e i am s s n l te s f om he c r c erw ine s s t he c he e t e t r r r ha a t t s e o r ouns l a he c e , nd r ouns li or ed he t t e nf m r ha s w a nota l e t pr s ntc r t rwine s .The Supr m e Cour ofV igi a not d t t he s low d o e e ha ac e t s es e t r ni e ha Stutha pr f e k haa e lte st ta a l t ha bee wrtena t g r tila o d oferd Ã§ rctr etr ha ppe red) o ve n it fer hel ra nd c s nt nc ng ' f und t tSt ha f ie t de onsr t e t rde i i per o m a e or e e i ' and o ha out d a l d o m ta e ihe f c ent f r nc prj ce Thi c t notfndt tde ii t beob e tveyunras bl eudi . s our does i ha cson o j ci l e ona e. St ' f alhabeaspetton ls sher s caled char erwinesses and t t i ony out s eder ii it o- l act t he estm t alegedl woul gi The w iness char erze St varousl as Ã»a f l ng per hey l y d ve. t es act i out i y 1 un ovi son w ho i f loflf ' a pe s w ho i twilng t hel ot r y' pe s w ho i Ã» wayshe pi ou s ul ie, ' r on s k li o p he s ' a r on sÃ» al l ng t s e a 1oft tm e ' a ( w ee l dy, a pe s w ho idoe n' e n do a dr , a s on. om one 1 he i ,' i s ta ' ' r on k s t ve ny ugs' nd o ' M os oft s wine s de r St ' te t e a ti la m ake obs v tons s h asSt t he e t s es c y out s r a m nt t r a nd er a i uc out tdeser a chance t appealhercas and pr whatr l happened,'St tdes vesa s Ã» ves o e ove ealy ' out Ã» er econd c nc bec us oft wa t Com monwe 1h c ne e he , a St Ã» on s ver ha e a e he y he a t or r d r' nd out Ã» ' has e al oc asonsc e s he i e ...nt de t ofFrnkOwe .'Fe Pe.doc no.1 pp. c i onfsed r nnoc nce i he ah a ns'( d. t, . , 23 1) -3 . I i ha d t i a ne how t opi ons a d obs r a i oft e s ca l d c a r t s r o m gi he ni n e v tons hes o- le har de w ines w oul have been adm i si e att i orsubst i l hel ulats enci Even t ses d s bl ral antaly pf ent ng. as i isadm i i lt char erevi sum ng t ss biiy, act dence car i a r s ofopeni an ot w i cl ed res i k ng her se os evi i y door. Att i ,once t def dentar ral he endantput hergood char eri i ue,Ct s act n ss khe 1 3 Com m onw e 1h m a ques i def nda ' c r c c w ines e w ih r pe tt C pe fc i t nc at y ton e nt s ha a t r t s s t es c o s cii ns a es ofmic sonduc.'See e. ,W ei rv.Co t'' , c. me mmonwe lh-5Va. at App. 5 ( 98 .l t ti 47, 3 1 7) n he ral c t St ' c our , out s ouns lha s e d ough t e l St ' pl t kilherf m e hus nd, nd i i ha d t o xc ude outs ot o l or r ba a t s r t f r c s how c r e e e de m i ha i pa t t ti lco tsr i a t g l or o oeat ha a t r vi nce ght ve m c ed he r a ur ' ulngs t he uit i e e s a ofti . Butwhat ve t r s m i ha be n a ti l t a i son ofSt ' nnoc nc t ge ral e r he i k ght ve e t r a , he dm s i outs c r c e e de e w oul ha m a f e t rs ofa a r e nli ats nt nc ng' ha a t r vi nc d ve gnii d he ik n dve s lng e e i . w he e a de e ntput on e de e t the ha bee ofgood c r t rorhasa t sor r f nda s vi nc ha s n ha ac e t t y hi a ba kgr nd c ound' ofbe ng a g l w - bi ng, rng,orr m or ef pe s t ' i ood a a di ca i e s ul r on, he Commonweat may,s j c t t tilc tss dicei i r ee d nceof lh ub e t o he ra our' ound s rton,ntoduc vie s ii a t i t def nda ' dhi t y a ba kgr pec fc c s n he e nt s t s or nd c ound' w hi h r but t def n nt s ' c e s he e da ' c e i orpr s t tt de e ntha a hi t y orba kgr ont nton ove ha he f nda s s or c ound ofc i i o ba r m nal r d a t ori notofgood cha a t r cs s rce . Puc l v. sev Commonwe t 33Va. alh, App.6 647( 40, 2000) Cons que l t Su e . e nty,he prme Co t V igi a sdec s on t tSt ha f l d t s ur of r ni ' i i ha out d aie o how e t rdefci ntper onna e or ihe ie f nc p eu ieddn t e uti a u ra o a l a j diaino t ecam, n tec u t imis si. rj d c i o r s l n n n e s n be du c to f h li a d h o r d s se t6 V1 . St ' ff h cl m aleg t the c outs i t ai l es ha r ouns r nde ed i f e tve a s s a e i f lng t el e r ne f c i s i t nc n aii o c le t pr ce e us d t pe f m a guns r s due t s . St tc e t tt of i e ha l nge he o dur s e o r or hot e i e t ou ont nds ha he fc r whoad i se e t t tdi notwas hi ha orpu on gl sbe or t t tandt tt s m nitr d he es d h s nds t ove f e he es ha hi 6l t c s ofa l i t cl m , teS p e Co r o Vignanoe ta t eio e Ea )fi dt n he our e nayz ng he ai h u rme ut f r ii td h tk tt n r h d al o p i e d mo srt ta c u slsp ror n ewa d fce to ta tee( s arao a l po a ii ta, u fr e n tae h t o ne' e f ma c s eiin rh t h r wal e sn be rb bly h tb to t c e' alege eror , hew o d ha plade no g ly,woul ha pr ede t til a t r s toft ouns ls l d r s s ul ve e d t uit d ve oce d o ra, nd he eul he po e dn wo l h v b e dfee t'l ti l tdrs etteS je Co r o Vigni a p ast h v rc e ig ud a e e n ifrn. n hs i e ep c,h u rme ut f r i a p e r o a e ' mi mitk n ya p idag i y plaa ay i.Thi c u t h we e , sr q r dt a p y j2 5 ( ) ot ecam a dn t sa e l p l e u l - e n lss s o r, o v r i e ul o p l 2 4 d t h li n o t e ( l e orr y upon t c r ct s oft St t Cour' pr e s ofr s ng.' e W rah v.M oor ,278 F. Ã§ uat el eva he or e ne s he a e ts oc s ea oni ' Se i t e 3d 1 45 l 91( lhCi. 00 .t n e j2 5 ah b a c u t t e emi ewh t r u n so t e re s p o td 2 , 2 1 t r 2 2) s d r 2 4, a e s o r mus d tr n a a g me t r h o is u p re u o . . o l Jz cs p re ( t esaec u tsd cso . .'Ha rn t n v Rih e ,1 1S Ct 7 0 7 6( 01 ) r . c u d lv u po t d J h tt o r' e iin . . ria o . c tr 3 . . 7 , 7 2 l t ' ( mp a i a d d .Th r f r .hi c u tsi e iw i i f c d fr n il e a s (t c n o g a tr l fu ls t e e h ss d e ) ee o e t s o r' Ã» v e s n a t e e e ta b c u e i a n t r n ei ne s h r ) e saec utsrs li lg l o fcu l u rao a e'Bel . avs 2 6F3 1 9 1 3( 0 (u tn Av o v tt o r' e uts e al r a tal n es n bl. lv Jr i, 3 .d 4 , 6 20 0) q oig c x . y y ' Ly l,1 6F.d l 7 l 7 ( 0 hCi. 9 9). t 9 3 , 1 4, 1 8 1 t r 1 9 ) e f l e res t i a f s posii 7 A ccor ng t St ,counselshoul have chalenged t aiur uled n al e tve di o out d l he . a i s r to oft t ta exa i d t a i s e i of i ra t guns - e i e r dm nit a i n he es nd m ne he dm nit rng fce nd he hotr s due xpe t r ga di pr rpr e esf rt t t The V igi a Supr m e C o tde e t s c a m on t e r ng ope oc dur o he es . r ni e ur ni d hi l i he gr und t tSt utst or a ti lwa no t tt t twascon a i t d bec us polce o ha o ' he y t ra s t ha he es t m na e a e i m i ha e i,butr t rt tt f l e postve w a a r s tof St uta o l g as ng a polc s ndl d t a he ha he a s ii s e ul o nxi us y r pi ie ofie ' ha i t a t mat oft mur r ( e. ,Tra Tr vol4,p.1 -52,J 25, fc rs nd n he fer h he de .See, a. il . . 451 une 2007. Tha a j c toni notba e ona unras bl deer nai oft fcsora ) t dudiai s s d n e ona e t mi ton he a t n unr a ona e a i to off de a l w , t c a m i dim i s e s bl pplca i n e r l a and he l i s s s ed. Stikl rquiesbot dei e pef nc andprj c t t d e nt l t s rc and e r h fcint ronua e eudie o he efnda . n hi cas St s f ed neiher. D ef e eouns appr e, out uf er t ens el oaehed t s i ue f om m uli e angl even hi ss r tpl es; bef e c r ntng t m a t i t courr ,c or onf o i he ter n he toom ouns lfl d a m oton t s ppr s t e de e e ie i o u e s he vi nc o gr n oundst ti wasir l ntandi tra. ( . l 3, 242 45. Thetilc tde ed ha t reeva mmaeil8 R vo . p. ) ra our ni - t tm o i a t Co tofA p a saf im e A tti l St ' c ha ton nd he ur pe l fr d. r a , out s ouns lwe et f e wih t e r hus ac d t he ts o e pli n t aj r h w g n h t e iu wa f u do Sou' h n si s ieo Stu ' ak f x anig o u y o u s o r sd e s o n n t ts a d n p t f o ts c a m t ha bee f raway f om t s i St ' c l i o ve n a r he hootng. out s ouns ls t l d on a pe f ty pl usbl e e te r ec l a i e s r t y: o s t a eg t how t tSt had,a trt m ur rbutbef r t a i s r ton oft t t ha out fe he de o e he dm nit a i he es , a ous y g a pe t hand ofa f m a e polc ofi e w ho ha ve y r e l ha e he s r c nxi l r s d he e l i e tc r d r ec nty ndl d r e vi e pi t . Thi t or ha t a d benei ofbei verfa e by t polce ofi e he s f St ut s sol s he y d he dde tt ng ii bl he i t c r r el . o ' co e w e e i e a e t e i i t s i ony f o Ofi erPati a Put m t ts ha pule he uns l r nde d bl o lc t e tm r m tc rci na ha he d l d r ?I he petton, St put f t ye a t t or t tt es ceoft e g n r ii out s orh t noher he y- ha h our h unpowderrsduewa t ei s he gunpowde s or d by hern w i herba e e . He cl m ofe r ,howeve ,c er t of i rwho rt e ephe n s m nt r ai r or r onc ns he fce a miitrdtets, n tec u t lc n ieisa ay it ta s bet d nsee h eta d h o r wi o fn t n lss o h t uj c. l BThe a gum e bei t t si et Com m onwe t di no it t pr t St tp l t ti ro r nt ng ha , nc he aIh d t nend o ove hat ou uled he rgge r ha e t gunore t ts c m ecl et Grzz a rhepuledt ti r t tt pr e eoft r i ndld he ven ha he a os o i el he l he rgge ,ha he es nc he esdue ha no t nc t pr ve cons r c t m ur . The de e e f t rar d t att te de oft r i wo d d ende y o o pia y o der f ns urhe gue h ha vi nce he esdue ul c nu ea dmila tej r o fs n se d h uy. 15 fr nu a t ra rvi a t crm e s e a t tSt s e iea f e r i ng t he i c ne nd ha out ubs quen l hel he ha f Ã»m os of' ty d r nd or Ã§ t t e hour.( i Tr vol4,p.1 J 25 2007. St ' couns as efe tveyelctd hre s Tral . . 379, une , ) outs el lo fci l iie r s ns s f om D ougl D e ae a a f e i s i i te l by t pr e i whi h e po e r as G t no, or ns c c ents aled he os cuton, c butr ed t def tess he ense' t y: s heor Q.SOwhe a ofi e drwst rg a t yhol i f a e e d n n tc r a hei un nd he d t or n xtnde pei oftmea prme r iuegil t tg coul betdit 's anyprme rod i ny i r esd sc,ha un d s ry' o i r rsdueo t tg coul beta fre t (ilofie ha Core ? e i n ha un d rnserd he sc tc r nd. rct A . Yes l t ts na i t ti co r ct . n ha ce ro ha s r e . Q.Andi t ts meofie t ngoe a hol t ha ofa t r f ha a fc r he s nd ds he nds nohe pers t pr m err i can be tans er ed t t ot per on hat i es due r f r o hat her son? A . Tha i a pos i lt ,yes ts s biiy . ( i Tr vol3, 11 J 25,2007. Tral . . p. 02, une ) St s counselal questoned DeGaet ext i y aboutt adm i s r i out' so i ano ensvel he nit aton oft g hotr i t s . Dega t no pr he uns esdue e t ea oduc d a phot a oft t tus d by t e ogr ph he es e he Co mmonwe t a e ai d,se by-tp,how t pr rya nitrt t t (d a a1h nd xpl ne tp- se o ope l dmi se he es.L= t 1 -97. Andfnal c r r t Stutsa s ri ,dee ec e a ke De ean 096 ) i ly, ontay o o ' s etons fns ounsl s d Ga t o whe he of i e sar d uppos d t w as t rha ors nii e t i hands i a w a t r fc r e ' s e o h hei nds a tz he r n ny y be or a i s erng t GSR ki.' A ns e : t s t i tuctons i t ki i or t f e dm ni t i he t' w r CYe , he nsr i n he t nf m he co l c i of i ert w a h hi ha be or pe f m i t st s . l s p a w a e i n' le tng fc o s s nds f e r or ng hi e t f oa nd t r s t a ia e t r i a t ng c le a w e na i i t guns r s due ki s t y ca c e n va l bl he e s hi a l d t p nsde he hot e i t o he n l a t i ha wiht tbeor peronni t t t'(d. t11 ) De ea t ntsiid her nds t ha f e f ng he es. l a 06.. Ga tno he etfe ' t tnotf l i t e i tuc i co d r ul i c a i ton a t the ha no ha olow ng hos nsr tons ul es t n ont m na i nd ha d knowl edge ofw het t e i t ctonshad been f l ed. l s ,St ' counsel her hos ns nl i olow n hort outs s iedonar s bl ve iibl t or a di acedtbl j bofesa ihi i. ez eaona e, rfa e he y nd d r ia e o tbls ng t I lg oft above i a n i ht he , t ppea s pl i t t sc t t tt Supr m e Cour of r a n o hi our , ha he e t Vi i i ddn t n e s n bya pl S rc ln i rj cigS o tscam t a he c u s l r na i o u r a o a l p y tik a d n ee tn t u ' li h t r o n e g had f l t chalenge t adm i on ofguns resi evi aied o l he ssi hot due dence. I ndeed t cl m he ai appear f i ous,and t cour di m i esi. s rvol he t s ss t VIl. St ' sxt cli aleg t ts wa de e efec i a ssa ofc outs i h a m l es ha he s nid f tve s it nce ouns be a e el c us c ouns lf ie t pr r y i t g t t c i e a pr pa e f t i i va i w a . The e a l d o ope l nves i a e he rm nd e r or r al n r ous ys Su e e Cour ofV igi a f pr m t r ni ound t tSt ha f ie t de onsr t eiherde i e ha out d a l d o m ta e t tci nt p ro ma c o p eu ieu e Stikln ef r n e r rj d c nd r rc a d.Th ta j d c to i n t a e o a u r ao a l a d u iai n s o b s d n n n e s n b e det na i oft fact orapplcaton off all ,and t cour di m i est cl m . enni ton he s i i eder aw he t s ss he ai St ta l ge s w a de e t e f c i a s s a e bec us he c ou le s he s ni d he f e tve s it nc a e r ouns lf ie t e al d o i tgat cel phone r nves i e l ecepton atOw ens'hous St ' petton s m ar zesvaroust tm ony i e. outs ii um i i esi atti and cl m s hercel phone recor do nots r al ai l ds how t she,i f ,recei t cal f om hat n act ved he l r W a r n' ce lpho on t e ni oft m ur r How e r he c lphone r c ds s re s l ne he ve ng he de . ve , r el e or how a n e r a a r pr en a i ofSprntTel c m uni a i t s ii d t tt e w oul notbe a nty nd e es t tve i e om c tons e tte ha her d n e r i t r c ds i no c nt y n he e or f onne ton w a m a Tha e denc be i s St ' as e ton. St ci s de. t vi e le out s s ri out ha s ges e no hi t the c s ug t d t ng ha r ouns ls d ha ad e houl ve duce a ti lt tw oul ha f c f l d t r a ha d ve or e uly pr d ot nv s l a e nt t r w ase e i t s i ony ofpr e a i c lphone ove he i e. n ny ve , he e xt ns ve e tm obl m tc el r e i a a ne by Ow e 'hous St t tfe t ts wasuna e t m ake o r e ve ec pton t nd ar ns e. out es ii d ha he bl o r ec i calson hercel phone w hie atO wens'house. The Supr e Coul ofV i ni not t a l l l em ' t rgi a ed hat ny f hert i ony concer ng t l ofcel phone r urt estm ni he ack l ecepton woul have been m er y i d el cum ul tve and her ator ai t neys w er notdet enti f lng t elci i. The Supr e Cour of e ici n aii o i t t em t Vignad dn t n e s n b ya pyStika di rj cigt ecam . r ii i o u r a o a l p l rc ln n ee tn h li St a l ge t therc out le s ha ouns lr r d i ef e tve as i t nce i f lng t m ea ur t e ende e n f c i ssa n aii o s e he hei toft de fom whihs camst havej gh he ck r c he li o umpedatrheai t frtg hot She fe rng he is uns . c ai st de k w a a l a sx- nd- - ff e f om t gr l m he c s s ow s i a a hal e t r he ound,t pi t e oft dec he c ur s he k s it i o evi ubm ted nt dence by t pr he osecuton w er m i eadi and t pr ecuton i pr l i e sl ng, he os i m opery a d t hei oft de r ii i t rc l ulton oft hei oft de TheSu eme dde he ght he ck a lng n hei a c a i he ght he ck. pr Cour ofVi g ni f t r i a ound t tt r or cl a l s ha he ec d e r y howed t tt dec toorw a e e n f e t e ha he k l s l ve e t hr e i nchesf om t gr r he ound atis l t owes poi . St pr ded t Supr e Cour ofV igi a wih t nt out ovi he em t r ni t noe d et t c r r I f l t tSuprmeCour ofVigi a' a j c tonoft vienc o he ontay. t olows ha e t r ni s dudiai he c a m di noti ve a unr a ona e a i a i ofSt i kl nd o r s tf om a unr a ona e li d nvol n e s bl pplc ton r c a r e ul r n e s bl det m i i off s i lghtoft evi er naton act n i he dence pr esent i t s at courtproceedi ed n he t e ng. St ale s w asde e t e f ctve as it nce be aus c out l ges he ni d he f e i ssa c e ouns lf ied t ob a n e al o t i vi o r c di ofpl ces i l ng a prva e r s de e a a prvat busnes , ha t de e or ngs a , nc udi i t e i nc nd i e i s t t he pr e uton a l ge s ha be n t da oft m ur r St cl i e s ha bee a none of os o i le d he d e he y he de . out a m d he d n t t l ca i ns t tda The Supr m e Cour ofVi g ni not t tSt f ie t a l ge t tS ny he o to ha y. e t r i a ed ha out a l d o le ha t a oft s c fc l tonsm e i d ha vi o s veil nc e pm e o t ta vi t p of he pe ii oca i ntone d de ur la e qui nt r ha ny deo a es t da oft m ur rs ile s e ' Cons que l i c l d t ts ha notdem ons r t d he y he de tl xi t d. ' e nty, t onc ude ha he d ta e et e d fce t e f ma c o p eu ie Th sc u t o cu e ta t eS p e Co r o i r eiin p ror n e r rj dc . i o r c n ld s h t h u rme u t f h Vigi a' a j c tondi noti veanunr s bl a iai ofSti a r ni s d udiai d nvol eaona e pplc ton rcklnd. St a l ge s w a de e t ef e tve a s s a e bec us he c out le s he s ni d he f c i s it nc a e r ouns lf l d t pr s nt e aie o e e e de e a t why s w a noti Ow e ve c e on t m o ni a t t br s we e cu . She vi nc s o he s n ns' hi l he r ng fer he ake r t cai t talhoughs ha plnne t rdeal wihhi t tmor ngt aj st Owens l ms ha t he d a d o i ong t m ha ni o ob ie, ' w or pl changed. The Suprem e CourtofV igi a not t St t t t as t why she was k ans r ni ed hat out es iied o noti O wens'vehi e on t pari arm om i and any addii evi n cl hat tcul ng tonal dence w oul have been d 1 8 c muaiea dta S o t dd mo srtdn ih rd fce t e f r nc n rp eu ic u lt n h t t u ha e n tae et e eiin p ro ma e o rj dc . v N ot ng s es st tt Supr m e Cour ofVi gi a unr s bl a i d St i kl nd,a t e hi ugg t ha he e t r ni ea ona y pple r c a nd h courtdim i t cl m . s sses he ai 9 VI II. St ' s ve h cai al gest the c uns lr nde e i f c i a ssa e i f ii t outs e nt l m le ha r o e e r d nefe tve s it nc n alng o c le t Cicui Cour ' s e ng or r St f l d t r i e t c a m i he sa e ha a ha l nge he r t ts ent nci de . out aie o a s he l i n r t t be s peii a t tmef r sngt is ha pa s SÃ§ Vici aCodej8. - A)2) tton, nd he i or aii he s ue s sed. Ã§ r ni 01654( ( . The e or ,t c a m i s m ula ousy e us e a de a t i f de alha a ,Ba s t v. r f e he l i s i t ne l xha t d nd f uled n e r be s s e t Thomps 91 F. 932,937( h Ci.1 ,u e sSt s on, 5 2d 4t r 990) nls out howseihe ( )c us a prj ce t r 1 a e nd eudi or()amic ri ofj tc Col nv. 2 s arage usie. ema Thomps 501U. 722,749-50( 991.Tos on, S. 1 ) how c us ,St mus demonsrt t tt r weeto j ci fcor, e er lt he dee e a e out t tae ha hee r Ã»b e tve a t s' xt na o r fns , ' i pedi herf om r s ng hercl m atan earlerst See M ur ay v.Car i 477 U . 478,488 m ng r ai i ai i age. r rer, S. ( 986) Tos p eudie, hemus s w t t aleg c tt i vi ainworedt he 1 . how rj c s t ho hathe l ed onsiutonal olto k o r act and subst i di ual antal sadvant age,i ectng herentr ti w ih eror ofa consiutonal nf i ie r al t r tt i m a niude. d. t488. g t l a TheCmic rigeofj tce' xc ptoni anar exc ptont t c us r uie nt c s ara usi 'e e i s row e i o he a e eq rme . A habeaspettonerf l wihi t s nar ow excepton i she can dem ons r e t a constt i ii als t n hi r i f t at hat iutonal vi a i ha Ã» oba y r ule 'i t c c i ofone who i Ca t ly i en ' oft ol ton s t pr bl es t d' n he onvi ton s d c ua l nnoc t' he s bs a tve of e e. d. t496. A c uali oce e m ea tf c ua i u tni f ns I a t nn nc ns Ã§a t l nnoce e notm er l ga nc ee l i ufiinc 'Bouse v. tdStts 523U. 61 623( 998) Tos a t imoc nc as ns fce y.' lv Unie ae , S. 4, 1 . how cuall e e a gat ay t herdef t cl m ,St m ustesabls t i lghtofnew evi ew o auled ai out t ih hat n i dence,evi dence not pr e e a tilÃ»ii mor lkeyt nnott tnora ona ej o woul ha co ctd ( r' esntd t ra,tt s e i l ha ha e s bl urr d ve nvi e hel' 9St ' ale i a es ewha r m blnga h dt f l . To t ex entt ts i r s ng a tona outs lgatons r om t a i nd ar o olow he t ha he s aii ddii l cl m sun t o d 6'i he cure petton, h cou tfndst tt y we eno f ry pr s ntd t t Su e e ai der i un 'n r r nt ii t e r i ha he r t ail e e e o he prm Gr Cour ofVigi aa t ts ha def t t m . t r ni nd ha hc s auled he oft undel ngofe e.Sc upv.Del 51 U. 298,327( 995) ndee ni whehe he ryi f ns hl o, 3 S. 1 .l tnni ng t r St has m ett s s andar t scourt as a habeascourt Cm us consi t lt evi out hi t d, hi , ,l t der al he dence, ol ' d and new ,i i i i and excul ory,w ihoutr d t w het i w oul necess iy be ncr m natng pat t egar o her t d ar l ad it d unde t dul s ofa i s biiy t twoul g n a t i .' H ous v.Be l 5 U . m te r he r e dm s i lt ha d over t ral'' e l, 47 S. 5 8 5 8 ( 0 6 ( u tn Sc l p 51 U.. t3 - ) t s te ma e$ p o a iitc 1 , 3 , 2 0 ) q o ig h u , 3 S a 27 28 .l mu t h n k $ r b b l i a s dee nain a twha r a ona e pr ryi tuce j or woul do. Schl 51 U. a tnni to bou t e s bl, opel nsr td ur s d ' up, 3 S. t ' 329.Ã»l e a eaSc upcam i vese de et tilur di no ha beor i,hei r Sg3lc us hl li nvol vi nc he ra j y d t ve f e tt nquiy rquie afde a c toases ho r s na ej o swoul r c t t overl, wl e rs e r l our t s s w ea o bl ur r d ea to he alne y s pl m e e r c d. Hous 5 U . a 51 up e nt d e or ' ' e, 47 S. t 9. Hee,St tofesnot nga c us a prj c t e eherpr ed aldea tand r ou fr hi s a e nd eudie o xcus oc ur ful s essnot ngt teve r el s tsi t mic ni geof usieexc in' rquie nt ugg t hi ha n emot y aites he sa a j tc epto s e rme t St pr hat out oduce new evi dence ofsuch a char ert ,had i been pr act hat t oduced att al i i m or ri , t s e lkeyt nott tnor s bl j orwoul ha con cedhe oft undel ngofe e . i l han ha ea ona e ur d ve vit r he ryi fns s A c r ngl St ha pr e r l def uled t cl i t the c co di y, out s oc du aly a t he a m ha r ouns lr r d i f e tv e ende e ne f c i e a s sa i f ii t cha l nge t Cicui Cour ' s e ng or r a t c t s i s si . s i t nce n a lng o le he r t ts ent nci de , nd he our di m s e t lX . St ' ei h cl m alegest herhabeascounselrender i f i ass sance i her out s ght ai l hat ed nef ectve i t n s a e ha a pr ce di St ha notpr e e a c a m t t Supr m e Coul ofV igi a t t be s o e ng. out s es nt d ny l i o he e ' t r ni , a i i no e us ed a de a t M o e f nd t s w xba t nd f uled. T unda e a l Ã» he i f e tve s o m nt ly, c ne f c i nes r t i ompee eofc uns durngfdea o saecolaea pos-onvi onpr e ngsgsnot a nc tnc o el i e rl r tt ltrl tc di oc edi i l gr oundf r i i apr e ngarsngunde j2254. 28U. C.j2254() or elef n oc edi ii r ' ' S. i. 20 X. Fo t a r he bove s a e r s , he c tdi m i s s St ' ha spe ii - t t d ea ons t our s s e outs bea tton. ENTER:Thi Sept s ember1 2011 3, .' . . - y , . ' . . ,. . j. a. - ' z' , > , UNI TED STATES DI STRI COURT JUDGE CT

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