Smith v. Davis et al, No. 7:2010cv00263 - Document 49 (W.D. Va. 2011)

Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge Samuel G. Wilson on 9/1/2011. (tvt)

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ctEv sOFFi t. DI COUM CE ) ST. S. AT ROANOKE, VA FI LED 5EP 01201 1 I TH E U N I N TED STAT ES D I STR I CO UR T CT FO R TH E W E STER N D I STR I O F V I G I I CT R N A ROANOKE DI I ON V SI CH A RI, S J.SM ITH , E Pl ntf ai if, V. W .DA VI e aI, S, t . Defendant s. JULI C A BY; C i lA cton N o.7: cvvi i 10- 00263 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) M EM O R AN D U M O PI O N NI By:Sam ue G .W is l l on U nied St es Di ri Judge t at st ct Pli ifCha l sJ Sm ih,aVigi asa ei aepr e ngpr s brngst sa on antf re . t r ni t t nm t oce di o e, i hi di p rua tt 4 U. C. 1 3algn t t h d fn a t s b e tdh m t cu l n u u u l u s n o 2 S. j 98 le ig ha t e ee d ns u j ce i o r e a d n s a lvi c tons us e e sve f r eagans hi ,a de e hi duepr es . Thedef nda s i ng ondii , ed xc s i o c i t m nd nid m oc s e nt mo dfrs mmayj g n .S t tmeyrs o d da dt smatri n w rp f r ve o u r ud me t mi i l e p n e n hi te s o ie o h d s o i o .F rt er a o ssae h r i,h c u t rn ss mmayj g n i p r a dd n e ip st n o h e s n ttd een t e o r g a t u r ud me t n a t n e is i i i pa t t n r. 1. Ata 1tm esr e 1 i el vantt t sac i n,Sm ih w a i a c r t d a Red Oni St t Prs a o hi to t s nc r e a e t on a e i on nd wa ho e i t s r ga i uni. Sm ih' a lga i a i tt def ndant a ie o ofa s us d n he eg e ton t t s le tons gans he e s rs ut s r e ofeve socc rng be w ee A ugus 21 2009 a J nua y 18, 0. On Augus 21, eis nt ur i t n t , nd a r 201 t 2009, Sm ih ale t tOf i rD a s dum ped hi br kf s on t foor i f ontofSm ih' c lt t l ges ha fce vi s ea a t he l n r t s el o r t i t f c pl nt Sm ih had m a t t De rm e tofJ tce a t D e rm entof e ala e or om ai s t de o he pa t n us i nd he pa t Core tons Da sde est ale ton a as e t t theopene Smih' tay so a pl c d r c i . vi ni he l ga i nd s rs ha d t s r lt nd a e t b ea as i fontoft f s r c wi w,butt tSmih f l t co pl wih t ta he r kf t n r he ood e vie ndo ha t aied o m y t he r ysotpr edu e Cons quenty,Sm ih di note tbr a a tt tmor ng,whih al ge y c us d l oc r . e l t d a e kf s ha ni c le dl a e hi C e thunge pa , en m t a gr r ngs w knes ,di i s pr m a e l sofcons i nes ,a s ve e s zz nes , oxi t os c ous s nd e r me a a s e to ldites.'( ntl nguih/moina sr s' Compla 7. .t ) % CLERK Lae t tmor ng,Davi ca ele Sm ih' s tr ha ni s nc ld t s howe entte e f t da Smih r ilm nt or he y. t c ai s t the a e t Se gea Tr pp t tD a shad notgi n hi br kf ta had c nc l d l m ha l red r nt a ha vi ve m ea as nd a ele hi s we , Tr pp r f e t gi Sm ih a t rbr a as orr t r hi s s ho r but a e us d o ve t no he e kf t eso e s howe prvie r i lge. Smiht n co e e an e e ge gre nc f m ,si t f m t ough hi c ldoo , nd t he mplt d m r ncy iva e or ld he or hr s el r a i onned Ofi e Lar t thewihedt fl a e e ge y g iva e a nf tc r ge ha s o ie n m r nc re nc bouthi br a as and s e kf t s hower La gealege y r f e t sgn orpr es t f r . La e ,Ofi e I ealo al ge y . r l dl e us d o i oc s he o m t r fc r ngl s le dl r f e t pr e st f m . e us d o oc s he or The ne da D a s c eled Sm ih' r r a i f t da Sm ih ale s t the xt y, vi anc l t s ec e ton or he y. t l ge ha i or e Tr pp oft canc l ton, Tr pp r us d t r i t e hi r c e ton. D a sal o nf m d a he ela i but a ef e o e nsat s e r a i vi s c nc l Sm ih' r c e ton and s a eled t s e r ai howe prvie son Aug t26 a 27,201 a a i o r i lge us nd 0, nd ga n n Se e pt mber9and 1 201 Sm ih al ge t tt eca ela i we er t i t y, Da s 8, 0. t le s ha hes nc ltons r ealaor but vi a s r st tt c e l tonsw e e d t Sm ih' r f a t c pl w ih t t a s otpr edur s e t ha he anc la i r ue o t s e us l o om y t he r y- l oc e a Sm ih' t east sa fm e nd t s hr t o t f mber . s On J nua y 1 201 D a s a O fi e Tha ke es t d Sm ih ba k t hi c lafe a r 8, 0, vi nd t c r c r core t c o s el t r Sm ih m e wih hi at ne Sm ih wass c edwih 1 r sr i sa hi ha wer c f d t t t s tor y. t e ur t eg e tant nd s nds e ufe be nd hi ba k.Upon r ur ng t hi cel Sm ih knel a t ofi e sr hi s c et ni o s l, t t nd he fc r emove hi 1g d se r sr i s Theofi r e t t c l,s c e t door a i t c e Smih t sa f cng e tant . fce s xied he e l e ur d he , nd nsnzt d t o t nd a i a y fom t doorwih hi ha ne t ta sots t tt y c d r movehi ha ufs wa r he t s nds ar he r y l o ha he oul e s ndc f . Sm ih a l est ts afe l sood, vi a id awrsl . t Sm ih' lf m ita pule t leg ha oon l : w t Da s pple itoc o k t s e t s nd l d Smih' l f a t ough t ta sot vi co i d t a y t wrsl k untlSer ea t s e t nn hr he r y l .Da s ntnue o ppl he itoc i g nt Mc cowa ca t t s e s ve a m i esl tr Da st n r l as t wrsl k a r n me o he c ne e r l nut ae . vi he e e ed he itoc nd e c f d Sm ih. Sm ih a l est the di not ng t pr vo D a s ac i ,whie Da s ufe t t leg ha d hi o o ke vi ' tons l vi m a nt i t tSm ih a t pt t tun a g a hi . A sa r s toft pr onged m i toc a i a ns ha t tem ed o t ' nd r b m e ul he ol sl k nd Da i alg dyjr ig S t sam tr u ht ta so , mi camst t es frdp i v s l e l e kn mi r h o g he ry lt S t li ha h ufe e an, e h' h nev d ma e a dac to h sa m.Dee d n sa g ta Smih' ij re ,fa y weemi r re a g , n u n i r fn a t rue h t t s nu is i n , r no . Durng t sr e t ke br kewhie i Sm ih' ha i he tuggl, he y o l n t s ndcufs Cons que l t f. e nty, he ofi e sha t c t handc f fom Sm ih' wrss M c fc r d o ut he uf s r t s it . cowa Da s a Tha kere c t n, vi, nd c s ored Sm ih i o t buidi sm a n vesi et r movet ha ufs Thepari sa s diput t t nt he l ng' i tbul o e he ndc f . te lo s e he he fc r de e t o e s ot ng e c us oft ne e ntlbutt ofi e sor r d Sm ih t r m ove hi cl hi , r moved Sm ih' a e he xt ve , t s ha uf s a appled a bul t y r t a nt .Sm ih' ha w e e ha uf e i f o ofhi , s ndc f , nd i m a or esr i s t s nds r ndc f d n r nt m hi a l swe e s kl d,a a c n c me t d a 1oft r tant vi a c nta hub ne rSmih' nk e r hac e nd hai or c e l he esr i s a e r l a t s wa s.2 sm ih aleg t tM c it t l es ha coy t n pl e am e h mas ove Sm ih' hea a s he ac d s k r t s d nd omeone dr s d Sm ih i a s e y s oc w hie a nur e e m i hi . Of i e s r m ove Sm ih' es e t n af t m k l s xn ned m fc r e d t s mnbul t y r t a n s t ne da a o m a e y t nt one hotr afe t y w e e fr ta i d. a or es r i t he xt y, ppr xi t l we yls t r he r is pple Smih a lgest tt n t le ha he mbult y r tant pr ven e hi fom r sng hi a m sa a or esr i s e t d m r aii s r bovehi wa s, s it de t f i ul o a , l e r e he t oom c us d hi pai 3a d m a i dif c tt e t s e p,o us t ba hr . D ef nda sar ue t t a e m n, n e nt g ha t nmbult r r tait pr de f ade t r ngeofmoton a t tSmih di nots f ra he a o y esr n s ovi d or quae a i nd ha t d ufe c g ia eij r fo we rngt e o e g t o nz bl n u y r m ai h m v mih . I U nexhaust Cl m s I. ed ai Thec tmus frtde e newhe he Sm ih' c am sa epr l bef et c t The our t is t nni t r t s l i r opery or he our. Prs rLii tonReor Ac (TLRA')rquiesaprs rt trte us hi a nitai ione tgai f m tç 'e r ione o is xha t s dmi srtve 1 Smih alges t t t defnda s pl e hi i ambul o y r tant as r aiton f ha ng tl t le ha he e nt ac d m n atr esr i s etlai or vi ied co ant a i tt m i t Unied Stt s De t ntofJ tce and t Vigi a De rme ofCore tons mpli s gans he n he t a e parme usi he r ni pa t nt r ci l e a Afar Uni. De e ntm l f is t f ndant ale t tt y pl e hi i a s lge ha he ac d m n mbult yr sr i saferhebec meEbeli e ' aor e tant t a d lgernt' a t e t dt lve ofofie s nd hr aene he i s fc r . 2Acc dig t t afi tofSg . Mccowa , t or n o he tdavi n ambult yr sri saet Grtlvelofr sr ntutlze i aor e tant r he s e e tai ii d n t m a m e of a i ae' dir i be or The ar us t con r as a tve, dir ptve or he nage nt n nm t s suptve havi . y e ed o tol s uli su i , u ma a e beimae i st t nswheet r i ad n e ta te wilij r te eve o oh r.Th yaen t n n g a l n ts n i i ua o r hee s a g r h t h y l nu e h ms l s r tes e r o us d aspunihm e . A m bult y r sr n s ae r e s nt aor e tait r emoved fom t i ae whe he no I r he nm t n ongerpos a da r t es nge o hi s forot r,butt pe i i nott e ed fry- ghthour wihoutt a ovaloft Regi lD ie t . m el he s he rod s o xce o t ei s t he ppr he ona r cor 3 Sm ih was e i d by a nure whe t r tai s w ee r ove . The ntr e not t Smih t xam ne s n he esr nt r em d ls ed hat t c pli d ofpan i hi rg a m andt hehadas ri i a ason.Hew a gi n a i otcoi m e andone om ane i n s iht r hat upe tcal br i s ve ntbi i nt nt dos ofM oti The c tnots t t t r i no e de e t tt a m pan and abr i we e ca e by t e rn. our e ha he e s vi nc ha he r i ason r us d he ambult y r tant a oppos t t e ri i i nti hi c lt tldt t ke br ki of i t c f. aor esr i s s ed o he a ler ncde n s el ha e o he y ea ng f n he ufs rme esbef ebrngi s tt rj1 3c le ngt c tonsofhi confne nt 42 e di or i ng ui mde 98 halngi he ondii s i me . U. C.j 1 e()( S. 997 a 2006) W oodf dv. o,5 U. 81,85( ; or Nc 48 S. 2006) Smih di nottl a . t d ie gre ncer ga di t Se e iva e r ng he pt mber1 2009 i i nti whi h Da salege y de ed Sm ih hi 8, nc de n c vi l dl ni t s s howe a r r a i prvie .The ef r , heco tfndst tt sc am i no pr rybe or r nd ec e ton i lges r oet ur i ha hi l i s t ope l f e tec u qa dd s se i wih u p eu iea u e h use . h o r n imis s t t o t rj dc s n x a td 1 1 M i s Sho e ,Br kf t ,a R e re i 1 . s ed w r ea as s nd c aton Smi alg sta ted f n a t s be tdhm t c u l n u u ua l n c n iin b t l e h t h ee d n s u jce i o r e a d n s l i g o dto s y h e vi de i ng hi ofbr kf ton one oc as o and ofs e sa r c e i n on fve oc s ons pr vi m ea as c in how r nd e r ato i ca i . Dee da t ha emo df rs mmayj d me to t eg omdsta t alg dc n uc d e n t fn ns v ve o u r u g n n h r t h t he le e o d t o s o r s t t l ve ofa c tt i na vi a i . The c ta ee a gr nt de e nt ,m oton. i e o he e l ons iut o l ol ton i 4 our gr s nd a s f nda s The Ei h A m e ght ndm e pr bis ç rz a unus lpunihm e ' oft e c ct d of nt ohi t ç t nd c el ua s nt' hos onvi e c i .U. Cons.a nd.VII W is v.Setr 501U. 294( 991 ( tngRobi onv. rmes S. t me l; lon ie, S. 1 ) cii ns Caio a 3 0U. 6 0, 6( 9 2 ) W h l teCo ttto d e n trq ieta c n iin o l mi, 7 S. 6 66 1 6 ). ie h nsi in o s o e ur h t o dto s f f u c onlne ntbetc ora e, prs ofk il ha a a tr tvedut t pr deprs r me somf tbl ' ion t a s ve n fi ma i ' y o ovi ione s wih a qua ef t de t ood,s t ,cot ng, me c lc r Fa rv. enna 511U. 825,832 heler l hi and di a a e. nne Br n, S. ( 94) TheSupr Cour hasi ntfedt ee nt ne esa yt s 19 . eme t de ii wo lme s c sr o uppor a Eiht tn g h Ame d n cam c aln i gp io c ndto :is, no j ci ee n , ..wh t e te n me t li h le g n rs n o i ns trt a be t lme t i , eh r h i ve e de i ton wa s tc e l s ro t c tt t c ue a unus punihm e ;a s c prva i s ufi i nty e i us o onsiu e r l nd ual s nt nd e ond, a s b e tv ee n ,..wh t rt o t asa dwihas t e tyc l a l saeo mi d u j cie lme t ie, ehe he fkil de t uf nl u p b e tt f n . ki W is 501U. a 29 Shn v.Smih,71F. 1 1 ( hCi.1 .Tome tt lon, S. t 4, kka t 3d 62, 66 4t r 995) e he o jcieee n , pan ifmus alg f css fce tt s o et e t a h h ss san da be tv lme ta litf t le e a t ufiin o h w ih r h t e a u tie 4S mma' jd n i p o e wh r,ve n tefcsi tel h motfv rbet tepanifùh r i n u l u gme ts r p r ee iwig h a t n h i t s a o a l o h litf,t ee s o y g g n n is ea t a ymae il ata dtemo igpat i ette t j d me ta amatro lw. F d R. v. e uie su s o n tra fc n h vn ry s ni d o u g n s te f a ' e . Ci l ' P.5 () A g nun is e o mae ilfc e it wh n a rt n lfc-id r c nsd rn te e ie c i te 6c. e ie su f tra a t xss e ai a a tfn e, o ie ig h vd n e n h o s mmayj d me trc r , o d fn i fv ro ten n vigp ly.Ric v De tfn ,l S. . 65 , 6 7 u r u g n e o d c ul id n a o f h o mo n al c i . s ea o 29 Ct2 8 2 7 (0 9 . 20) s ro o sg iia tme t l rp y ia ij r a ars l o t ec le g dc n iinso ta te eius r infc n n a o h sc l nu y s e ut f h haln e o d t r h t h o co tonsha c e t d an unr s bl rs ofs i dn ndii ve r a e ea ona e ik erous maget hi f ur he lh.Helng v. o s ut e at li Mc nne 5 U. 25,30( Ki y, 09 S. 1993) Stiklrv. ae s 98 F. 1 1380 ( hCi.1 . ; rc e W tr , 9 2d 375, -81 4t r 993) The de i t o ofone m e a a ha ulofs e s a r cr a i neihe ha prva i n al nd ndf how r nd e e ton, t r nned Sm ih norputhi a a unr a ona ers ofs rousha m a t ,t cour fndst tSmih t m t ny e s bl ik e i r nd, hus he t i ha t ha notde o t a ed a s fci nty s r ousde i ton. Be aus t e a l d de i to w e e s m ns r t uf i e l e i prva i c e hes lege prva i ns r nots fc e l s rous t c tfndst tSm ih hasnotde ufii nty e i , he our i ha t monsr td t tt de e nt tae ha he f nda s s b e tdhm t c u l ru us a lvn c n iins Ac o dngy t c u t imis sS t ' u jce i o r e o n u l iig o d to . c r i l,he o r d s se mih s c am sr ga di hi mi s br a a t s l i t r ng s s ed e kf s, hower , r c eai s s and e r ton. I .W ri l I dent V stock nci Smihcamst t wa s b e tdt e c s ief r ei v oainof h Eihh t li ha he s u j ce o x e sv o c n i lto t e g t Ame ndm e w he D a spl e hi i a wr s l k, l dl w ihoutpr nt n vi ac d m n i toc alege y t ovoc ton a f t a i nd or he s e pur e ofi lc i pa n,a t tRa a Ga m a w e e de i r t l i f e e t D a s s ol pos nf i tng i nd ha y nd r n r lbe a e y ndif r nt o vi ' a tons Be us t r i adiput ofma e i lf ctast hi cl m agans Da s t c tde e ci . ca e he e s s e t ra a o s ai i t vi, he our ni s hi moinf rs mmayj g n .Ho v r b c u eS t fist s w t a Ra o Ga na s to o u r ud me t we e, e a s mi al o ho h t y r n n h we e pe s l i ved i D a s sac i , he c tg an s t rm otonsf s m a y r r onaly nvol n vi ' tons t our r t hei i or um r ' J udgm e . nt Exc sve f c cli sa ee es i or e a m r xnmi by i uii whe he t prs ofi i l a id ned nq rng t r he ion fc a s pple f r eç n agood-at efor t mai ai orr sor di cplne, m ai i l a s ditc l t oc s i f ih f t o nt n e t e s i i or lcousy nd a sialy o c us ha ' Huds nv.M c ila 503U. 1 6-7( 992) I maki t sdee mi ton, a e nn.' o M lin, S. , 1 .n ng hi tr nai c t s ul e i t ne d f t a i a i off r ,t r l tons p be w e n t ne d f ours ho d xam ne he e or he pplc ton o ce he e a i hi t e he e or 5 To t e e Sm ih cli st tt deenda svi aed hi Fis A mendm e rght by fii t p oc shi he xtnt t am ha he f nt olt s rt nt i s alng o r es s gre econc r n t deni ofam ea,hi cam fis A ni aehasno c tt i lrgh t pa tci t i t ivanc e nig he al l s li al. nm t onsiutona i t o ri pae n he g iv n ep o e u e Ad msv Rie 40F. d 7 7 ( t Ci.1 9 . Ac o dig y t e c u t r n ste d fnd n s re a c r c d r . a . c , 3 2, 5 4h r 9 4) c r n l , h o r g a t h ee a t' mo infrsmmayj d me a t t scam. to o u r u g nt s o hi li fr ea da u to f r eu e t ee tn o t eij r ifitd t et ra t tes ft o p io oc n mo n f o c s d,h x e t f h nu y n lce ,h h e t o h a ey f rs n s a foro he i a e a r as bl per e ve by pr s ofi a s a a ef or sm ade t t pe tf t r nm t s s e ona y c i d i on fci l , nd ny f t o em r t sve iyoft rs e.W hilyv. be s 475U. 31 3 ( 986) Thea e ofa he e rt he e pons te Al r , S. 2, 21 1 . bs nce sg tc n ij r ao i n tds o iieo a e e sv f r ecam.W iknsv. d v 1 0S. ini a tn u y lne s o ip stv f n xc s ie o c li i li Ga d , 3 Ct 1 7 ,1 7 ( 01 ) Thee tn o ij r i meeyo efco id c tn wh t e t f re . 15 18 2 0. x e t f nu y s rl n a t r n iaig eh r he o c w a exc s i I A pr s r s good f t i e c pi s r ous ha m doe notf ec os a s e s ve. d. i one ' orune n s a ng e i r s or l e pr s ofi i l sla lt f a yi f r e m alci l ors s i a l l i on tc a ' i biiy or ppl ng o c i ous y adi tc ly. d. Dur ng t J nua y 1 201 i de ,Da ses t d Sm ih bac t hi c la t rSm ih i he a r 8, 0, nci nt vi core t k o s el f e t m e w ih hi a t ne A fe cl i Sm ih' c ldoor D a s a ke hi t tln ar und, ih hi t t s tor y. t r os ng t s el , vi s d m o tr o wt s ha nea t celdoor s t tDa sco d r movehi ha uf s Smih alege t the nds r he l , o ha vi ul e s ndc f . t l s ha r a ned c pla a a 1tm es a t tDa sa i a wr s l s em i om i nt t l i , nd ha vi ppled itock udde y a w iho r a on nl nd t ut e s a t rr m o ng Sm ih' ha fe e vi t s ndcuf s Davi , w e r a l gest the onl a i d t wr s l k f. s ho ve , le ha y pple he i toc a trSmih a tmpt d t t n and gr b Da s Be us bot pa tesha s il d dif rng fe t te e o ur a vi . ca e h ri ve ubm te fe i f t a co t on t is ofwhehe Smih' a i ne s ia e Da s sus ofphysca acual c un s he s ue t r t s ctons ce st t d vi' e i l f r ,a t e e oft f ceDa sa i d,Sm ih' c am c nnotber ol d on s o ce nd he xt nt he or vi pple t s li n es ve umma y r j d me t Th r fr ,hec u t e isd fn a tDa i' moi nf rs u g n . eeo e t o r d n e ee d n vss to o umma yj d me ta t r u g n so t sc am . hi l i S t as alg st tRa a dGa ua aela l frt eij re h s san ddli te mih lo le e ha y n n n r ibe o h nu is e u ti e t ng h r wrsl k i de e n t itoc nci nt ve houg t y we e no pr s ntdurngt ti i nt Be us r s de h he r t ee i ha nc de . ca e epon at spe irdoe nots u ro s uppor la lt unde j1 Monelv. p' ofSoc.Se vs,436U. 658 tibiiy r 983, l De t r . S. , 6941. ( 978 ,Smih' cl msa ns Ra andGar nonl s vves 158 1 ) t s ai gai t y ma y ur i ummayj me i a r udg nt f ra ona ej yc dfndt tDa ssus offr t fe t t dl(her ofii polc or e s bl ur oul i ha vi' e oce û fcuaeg t il fcal iy e c t , o t y û a ty a oved' ofD a s s a i us om ' r he t cil ppr ' t ' vi ' d ons. Sl ka v.Por e ,737 F. 3 372 a n tr 2d 68, -73 6 ( hCi.1 .Smihpr de noe de t tDavi' alege us ofe esi f c r ule 4t r 984) t ovi d vi nce ha ss l d e xc sve ore es td fom a ofi i polc orcusom ,o t tRa orGa ma a ove ofDa s' al ge us of r n fcal i y t r ha y r n ppr d vi s le d e e s i f r e. Sm ih onl as e t t tRa a Gmn n s d ha contole Da sa tr xce sve o c t y s rs ha y nd na houl ve r ld vi fe bei o notc t Da shad pr vi l de ed Sm ih s ng n ie hat vi e ousy ni t howe sa r r ato Eve i Ra a r nd ec e i n. n f y nd Ga m a ha know l r n d edge oft s ac i ns t i co he e to , he r nduc doesnots t uppo ta i e e e t tt y r n nf r nc ha he t s se t s l ms gans r c es l dir gar d Sm ih' s f t Ac or ngl t cour dim is sSm ih' cai a i t e kl sy se de t s a e y. c di y, he Ra a G a m an.6 y nd r V .St e La Cl m - As aul and B a t y at w ai s t t er Sm ih a s r st tD a sco m it d t i t ntona t t ofas a ta ba t r 7w he he t s e t ha vi m te he n e i l or s s ul nd te y n pl c d Sm ih i t w rs l k.8 B ec us t r a e ge ne i s s ofm at r alf c a t Sm ih' ae t n he i toc a e he e r nui s ue ei a t s o t s t r camsa an t v s t ec u t e e ted fn a t' to f rs mmayj d me t n o t li g is Da i,h o r d nis h ee d n s moin o u r u g n o t s c am s he e l i . Sfhet tofbat r i a unwa e t hi whi h i ne t rc e e t e us d, ç or te y s n nt d ouc ng c s ihe ons nt d o, xc e nor j siid' Ko f nv. r t 5 4S. 2 2 8 2 ( . 0 3 . Thetr o a s utc n it o u tfe . fma Ganet 7 E.d 5 , 61 Va 2 0 )9 ' o t f sa l o sss f a a ti ende t c us eihe ha m f orof ensve c ac w ih a he per o o a e nson n c nt d o a e t r r ul f i ont t t not r s n r ppr he i ofs h co a t a t tc ea e i t o he per on' m i a r as uc nt c , nd ha r t s n he t r s s nd e onabl a e ns on ofa e ppr he i n i m i ntba t r 1 A s e a ne e r i i t sopi on,t pa te di a ee ast t m ne te y. d. xpl i d a ler n hi ni he ri s s gr o he cr sa ss r icum t nce ur oundi t w rs l k i de . Bec us t r i a ge ne diput ast t ng he i toc nci nt a e he e s nui s e o he 6Th c utas g a t ted fn ns moin frs mmayj d me to S t scam frij n tv rl f e o r lo rns h ee da t' to o u r u g n n mih' li o nu cie ei e agans Ra a G am an bec us t y a eale lgaly r r d t do e yt ng t tSm ih r uessfom t m i t y nd r a e he r r ady e l equie o ver hi ha t eq t r he a dtec u t ln tsu a ijncintligRa a Gama t t b ytelw. n h o r wi o is e n nu to eln y nd r n o t e h a ' l o ' 1Vigi as r gn i r ni ove ei mmuniy l doesnotpr l i ento t tcli , ir s tv ofwhet rdefnda s t aw ecude nt inal or ams re pecie he e nt a td wi i o wih u t s o eo t i e o me t Ele v Holn ,1 5 S. 2d 3 9 3 2 3 ( .1 6 ) ce t n r to t he c p f her mply n. d r . l d 5 E. 6 , 7 -7 Va 9 7. h a Sm ih o y algesit ntonal o t i t scas t nl le n e i t rs n hi e. EBe a s t strsaie o to tesmeocu rnc a a u d ryn fd rlcam c g ia eu d rj 1 8 , c u e hi o t rs s u f h a c re e s n n elig e ea li o nzbl n e 9 3 ti c ut ye ecs s p e naj rs it no e teesaelw cams 28U. C.j1 6 ()(0 6 . hs o r ma x r ie u plme tlu idci v r h s tt a li . o S. 3 7a 2 0 ) 9Thec u t oe ta p io g ad aelg lyj siidi u igra o a efret e e ueterlwfl uis o r n ts h t rs n u r s r e al u tfe n sn e s n bl oc o x c t h i a u d t . e Cf Un sv. n ,5 5 F.d l 3 (t Ci.2 0 )Cvigni rc g z st tpoieo tcr ae lg lyj siid i . u Ka e 6 3 0 4h r 0 9 ç r i a e o nie ha l fies r e al u tfe n c usn rao a e fret e e ueterlwf ld te .) Guio v. u,No 1 - 44 ,201 U..Dit LEXI ig es n bl o c o x c t h i a u uis'; t n Pa l . 1C- 7 ' r 1 S s. S 7 7 5 a * ( D.Wi.J l 6 2 1 Cû io lf i ov sc u teshadsis(n ldig teu eo rao a l 2 9 , t 5 E. s uy , 01 ) prs n ie nv le o nls r hp icu n j h s f es n be freb g ad .) oc y u r s'. ' maeil a t s ro ndngt i icd n , vssmoin frs mmmyj d me t sd nida t tra f cs u ru i hs n ie t Da i' to o u u g n i e e so Sm ih' t tcl i a ns D a s i hi i vi t s or a m gai t vi n s ndi dualc pa t H ow e , he c tg a s a ciy. ver t our r nt d fn a t' to frs mma yj d me t st a1o S t sohe tr cams ee d n s mo in o u r u g n a o l f mi t r o t li . h' V I.A m bul ory R est nt - Excessi Force at rai s ve Smi alg sta t d f n a t s be tdh m t e c sief rebypa ighm i t le e h t he ee d n s u jce i o x e sv o c h lcn i n a bul t y r t a nt f a oxi a e y t e y- ho s m a or esr i s or ppr m t l w nt one ur .The c ttnds t tSm ih' our i ha t s a lga i do no s le tons t uppor an Ei h Ame m e e es i f cecli a t r f e, a s t ght nd nt xc sve or am nd, he e or gr nt d fn a t' to f rs mmayj g n a t t scam . ee d n s mo in o u r ud me t s o hi li I Hole v.J o No.7: c 29, 0U. Dit LEXI 65356( . Va. une n lv ohns n, 08 v006 201 S. s. S W D. J 30, 0) t c tf t ta aor rsr nt plce ona i t f f t eghthour 201 ,he our ound ha mbult y e tai s a d n nmae or ory-i s wa no e s i f cea ra onedt tiot e en t rsr nt ma ( ngi postons s t xce sve or nd e s ha ç he xt t he etai s ke cha ng ii , t srthi hi mus es eai hi me l,se pi orusngt t lt l sco ora ea mo e tec ng s cl , tng s as le ng, i he oiel es mf tbl nd r ditc tt exe ut e f c i y,t f l s ua ey a fi ul o c e f e tvel hey a l q r l mong t eco tonsofprs lf t ta e hos ndii ion ie ha r çe titveand e n ha s wiho rsng t t l ve ofunconsiutonalpt s e . l r src i ve rh' t ut ii o he e l tt i mihm nt' d. ' Th rf r ,md rteo j ciep o o a e c siefr ecam,h c u t omdatmp rr eeo e t e h be tv r ng f n x e sv o c li te o r f t e o ay l tto o p io r d et n ultr r srit whc E a e t ei t n p ysc l nu y i ain n rs nes u o mb ao y etan s ih s us s h nmae o h ia ij r mi c ot rt tm por r di c o ta emba r s nt smpl c nnotqua iy asaus off r t t he han e a y s omf r nd ras me , i y n lf e o ce ha i te s rpugna t t c ce eofmanki ''l (ntmalcttonsomit . hiet Unie nt o he ons inc nd.' d.i e iai ted) W l he td S ae S p e Co r ha çee tdt en to t a iiniia tn u y' satr s ol rq ie n tts u rme u t s s j ce h o in h t sg fc n ij r i h e h d e urme t r f rsaiga e e sv f r ecam, t ea e eo as ro ij r i n tir lv n . i is o ttn n xc si e o c li ' h bsnc f eius n u y s o ree a t W l n , ' k 1 S.Cta 11 l tad,hee e ofij ys fr di j tonefcort a coun f i t 30 . t 78.nse t xtnt n ur ufe e s us a t o c t or n he 8 a lss t u d e n te d i. Se Hu s n 5 3U. a 7(-h a s n eo s ro ij r i nay i,s t o s o n t' e d o , 0 S. t çf e b e c f eius nu y s b ' ç' t rf er e ntt t Ei hAme heeor elva o he ght ndme i r butdoe note i.'. ntnquiy, s nd t' ) I t sc s , o o l di Smihfi t p o esg iia tij r , u h as f i dt s o n hi a e n t ny d t alo r v in fc n n u y b t e lo al o h w e t tt naur off c t n bult y r sr n si ha he t e or e he m a or e tait mpos d on hi a t i tm por r a ia i e m nd he r e a y pplc ton a ount d t a us of f c tr pugnantt t co c e e ofm a nd.' A m bul t y r s r i sar m e o e or e te o he ns i nc nki ' a or e t a nt e de i d a a i d t lm i aprs ' moveme ,b nott i lc a m e s eofphysc sgne nd pple o i t ioners nt ut o nfit ny a ur ial ha m on hi . Holey,201 U. Dit LEXI 65356,a #1 n Sm ih' c pl nt he c e r m l 0 S. s. S t 4.l t s om ai , onc des t the w a a e t m ove a ound w hie i t a bul t y r s r i s A lho ha s bl o r l n he m a or e t a nt . t ugh t e r s r i t hes e t a n s m ay ha bee unc f t e, bul t y r t a nt do nott aly pr nta r t a ned pr s r ve n om orabl nm a or es r i s ot l eve esr i ione f om c r hangi pos tons s r t hi hi m us l ,s e pi orea i hi m ea s Se J c o v. ng ii , t e c ng s c es l e ng, tng s l . e a ks n M or n,1 F. x97( hCi.2001 ( publs dopi on) Hole 201 U. Dit LEXI ca 9 App' 4t r ) un ihe ni ; lv, 0 S. s. S 65356. Re ewi t f c s i a lghtm os f vor e t Sm ih, he c tfndst tno r s bl vi ng he a t n i t a abl o t t our i ha ea ona e j r c u difrt t h us o n u ao yr srit o S t rs st t elv l ff r et a i u y o l n e ha t e e f mb ltr etan s n mi ie o h e e o o c h t s h tr pug ntt t co c e e ofm a nd.'o The e or , t c tgr nt def nda s m oton f te na o he ns i nc nki 'l r f e he our a s e nt ' i or s mmayj g n a t t i cam .l u r ud me t s o h s li l V I A m bul ory R est nt - Due Process I. at rai s Smih a lgest tt de e nt vi atd hi rg t duepr es by f ii t pr de t le ha he f nda s ol e s i ht o oc s a lng o ovi hi wih a f nna no i es ii a l i ntf ngwha hedi t pr m t o l tc pecfc ly de iyi t d o ovoket ofk e s us of he t r ' e a bult r r tant The e ttndstl tSm ih la nom ot de lbe t i e es a t , l m a o y esr i s. our i la t ld e d i ry nt < t nd,hus tw 1Toteetn S t camsta tedfn at ueofa ulty rsrit o hm cnsiue asutad 9 h xet mih li h th eed ns s mb ao etans n i o tttd sal n b teyu d rVignalw,h c u t e l e t e ecs s p lme tluldcino e s c acam. atr n e rii a te o r d ci s o x rie u pe na j rs ito v r u h li n ' To t extnt Sm ih a s rs t M ccowa , M ccoy,a Tat vi atd hi Fis Am e en rght by 1 he e t s e t hat n nd e ol e s rt ndm t i s rsri n hi frs a n hscam fis n eof esh dalgtmaepn o ia itrs i manann odr etanig m o yekij, i li al. fi r a eii t eolgclneetn itiig re c a s ft by or rng 5m1h t mai ai sl e whie t y c t of hi ha ufs and a yi t a nd aey de l t o nt n ienc l he u f s ndc f, ppl ng he mbult y aol rsrit wa ameh drto al rltdt ahivijt sitrs.S eTun rv.S fl,4 2U. 7 ,8 (9 7 etans s to ainly eae o c e n hi neet e re aev 8 S. 8 9 18 ) (et go ttets f re au tn a alg dd pialno c nsiuin l ihsi pio ) Ac o dn y tec u t sti u h et o v laig n l e e rv to f o ttto a rg t n rs n . c r igl,h o r n e ga t ted fn a s moinf rsmmayj d me t st ti cam. rns h ee d nt' to o u r u g n a o hs li 9 defnda sdi notvi at hi rghtt duepr e s Ac or ngl t cour gr t de e e nt d ol e s i o oc s . c di y, he t an s f ndan s t' moinf rs to o umma yj d me ta t t scam. r u g n s o hi li A prs rhasno c tt i ly pr t c e lbe t i e e ti r mai ng i apa tc a ione onsiutona l o e t d i ry ntr s n e ni n riul r ho i asi usng sgnment Se Ga t v. yl , F. 340,343( h Ci.991 .Cha sEna . e son Ta or 946 2d 4t r1 ) nge d i prs nersl ai vaitonsofdal r i ,c ng i c tonsofconfne nt(ncudi io ' oc ton, rai iy outne ha es n ondii i me i l ng a mi itaies g e ai n , n t ed na o p iie e grlmatr whih e eyp io e c n d nsrtv e r g to ) a d h e il f rvlg s ae tes c v r rs n r a a tcp t lndwhc la ec n e ae b h so ii l e tn et p io ' I . t3 .Lie t niiae a ih r o tmpltd y i rgna s ne c o rs n. d a 43 b ry ' i e e t c n a ie f om t o s c ,t Due Pr s Cl us is fa sat l w . Sa n v. nt r s s a r s r w our es he oce s a e t el nd t e a ndi Co n r 5 5U. 47 4 4( 9 5 .Th DueP o e sClu ema ce t alb ryitrs whe n e , 1 S. 2, 8 1 9 ) e r c s a s y r ae ie t ne et n t r sr i i he e tant mpos d upon a i t exc edshi s nt nc i a t xpe ed mn r' I St t e n nma e e se e en nt une ct nne .' d. a e prs polc esm a a s cr a e lbe t i e e t t ta e pr e t d by t D ue Pr es Cl us i on i i y l o e t i r y nt r s s ha r ot c e he oc s a e whe t y i pos a Ga y ca and s gnii a ha ds p on t i a e i r a i t t or na y n he m e n t t pi l i f c nt r hi he nm t n el ton o he di r i de sofprs lf ' I a 484-86( di t tprs rha nolbe t i ees i bengfe nci nt ion ie. d. t ' hol ng ha ione d i ry ntr t n i re fom s r t confnem e bec us i di note ee hi s nt nc or c tt e a a ypi al r eg ega ed i nt a e t d xc d s e e e ons iut n t c , sgnii a de i tonunde saeprs nr gultons. i tc nt prvai r tt io e ai ) To de e m i w he he an i a e pos es e a lbe t i e e tpr e t d by t Due Pr es t r ne t r nm t s s d i ry nt r s ot c e he oc s Clu ei a iigaf r o r srit,h c ur mus C o aetec n iinst wh c (e a s n vodn o m f e tan s te o t tû mp r h o dto o ih h c was e e i (hechalngedrsr nt)wiht e( c dexpec t e re ea a l xpos d n t le e tai s t hos he) oul t o xpeinc s n odi r i i ntofprs lf ' Be rt v.Smih,1 F.d 5 503( h Ci.1 .Des t r nay ncde ion ie. ve ai ' t 20 3 00, 4t r 997) pie diec tonsa lge y s f r d by t i t pl i if i t Be r t c e d i r ondii le dl ufe e he nma e antfs n he ve a i as ur ng - a i s r tve s gr gaton, he c tf dm nit a i e e i t our ound t tw hie t condii C e e m or btr ns e ha l he tons t r w e lde om t n t e i pos d on t ge a prs popul ton, he w e e nots a ypi a t te ha hos m e he ner l i on ai t y r o t c l ha xpos e t ur o 1 0 t m f sx mont i pos d a sg fca ha ds p i r l i n t t or nar i de sofprs he or i hs m e i nii nt r hi n eato o he di y nci nt ion lf ' l a 504. ie- d. t ' TheF u t Cic t safr d a latt j d me t i wh c t sc u t l ta o rh ruiha fime t e s wo u g ns n ih hi o r hed h t r l tve y l ngt pe i i a bul t r r s r i sa c i m e unde c t o s m ia t e a i l e hy r ods n m a o y e t a nt nd onfne nt r ondii ns i l r o t e al ge by Smih we e nots a ypiala t c e t apr ec e lbe t i e e t Se hos le d t r o t c s o r ae ot t d i ry nt r s . e Ma s nv. l dio Kibounw,No. 04CV00639,2006U. Dit LEXI 52994,a * ( . Va. ul 7: S. s. S t 6 W D. J y 1 2006)(i ngnoduepr es vi ai wheei t wa hed i n at yr tai sfr 8, fndi oc s olton r nmae s l n mbul or esr nt o f tenho swihoutahe rng) afdont sgrund, c tdi pa ta rma d a t oure ur t ai , f' hi o va ae n r nd e nde s o a t e cam, 28F d Ap x2 3 2 4( t Ci. 0 7 ; o ev M ilr No. :8 0 4 noh r li 2 e . p' 9 , 9 4h r 2 0 ) Mo r . le , 70 CV0 61 , 2009U. DitLEXI 2621( . Va. a 1 2009)(i ngnoduepr e svi ainwhee S. s. S W D. J n. 5, fndi oc s olto r i t washel i n ao yr srit f t nt sxhour wihoutahe rng) afd,349F. nmae d n mbultr etans or we y-i s t ai , f' App' 81 ( hCi. ) x 5 4t r 2009 . Sm ih of e s not ng t s t fr hi o uppor a dif r n hol ng i t sca e. A s a s gr ga i i a e t f e e t di n hi s e e ton nm t a a m a m um - e urt pr s n,he i i l g ions w ih hi ha cuf e be nd hi bac e r t xi s c iy i o sn e r t s nds f d hi s k, ve y tm ehel ve hi c l wher he s ndst nt t e outoft nt f hour pe day unls i ea s s ele pe we y-hr e we y-our s r es hei i a he s c e a ea s h ast s s n not r e ur r , uc he howe o r c e ton c ge. W hen a i t i r r e rai a n nma e s ta pored t a l ton w he e he nee t be i a s ti pos ton i a c i ,s h a a a r ns t o oca i r ds o n itng ii n ha r uc s t n a t ne vi i ora de a e m i t o s r i or of i al m a a ove r t a ni hi w ih hi tor y s t nt l xa na i n, upe v s y fci s y ppr es r i ng m t s ha c f d i fontofhi body a a tche t awa s c i l t c e ofa e r nm e nds ufe n r s nd ta d o it ha n. n he ont xt n nvio nt whe es h r srci condii a e ada l oc ur e e, ve f a i sr tver s a e r uc e ti tve tons r iy c r nc e n or dm nita i ea ons bs nt a i a e sm i c n nm t ' s onduc ,t c tc nno fnd t tt a tona ,t m por r i poston of t he our a t i ha he ddii l e a y m ii n uaoyr srit, c c u en p ysc l nu ya dalw fe d m o mo e n ,ss mb ltr e tan s whih a s o h ia ij r n lo re o f v me ti o a y c a t di pos a s gnii a ha ds p i r l ton t t or na y i i nt oflf ' t pi al s o tm e i t c nt r hi n e a i o he di r nc de s ie. ' 11 Be r t,1 F. a 504. Ac di y, hec ttndst tSm ihha no pr e t d lbe t ve a i 20 3d t cor ngl t our i ha t d ot c e i ry i e e ta , t , hedef ndan sdi notvi aehi rg t duepr es .2 nt r s nd hus t e t d olt s i ht o oc s 1 VlIl. Fort r s nssaed a ve t c tde e t def nda s m oton f sl he ea o t t bo , he our ni s he e nt ' i or lmmar y j d me ta t S t se c si ef rea da s uta db teycamsa an tDa i.Thec u t u g n s o mih' x e sv o c n sa l n atr li g is v s or g a t t ed fn a t' to f rs mmayj d me t st a1 S t so rn s h e e d n s mo in o u r u g n a o 1of mi h' s . EN TER :Se e be 1 2011. pt m r , U ' d St t sDiti J a e srct udge 1 To t exentSm ih alegest thi plce e i ambul or r tan sw a avi a i ofhi s bsani due 2 he t t l ha s a m nt n at y esr it s olton s u t tve pr es rgh s ialof l.l i w elesa ihe t tahe c ci t Ei hA m e e i er esa t prmay oc s i t, t s ais t s l tbls d ha r onviton, he ght ndm nt t v s he i l s s c ofs tntvepr e ton ...i ca es...w he et dei r t us off c i chale d a exc sve a our e ubsa i otc i n s r he lbe ae e ore s lnge s esi nd u j siid' Whie v Ales 47 U. 3l 3 7(98 ) An poe t ta t u sa tv d p o es'afr s nu t e . f ' t v . b r, 5 S. 2, 2 1 6. y rtci h t t btnie ue r c s' fod l on s convit prs sa ns e svef c i ...a bes r nda oft tpr dedby t Eiht Am e e a I ced ioner gai t xcesi ore s t t edu nt ha ovi he g h ndm nt' d. ' Sm ih was a c ced f on a t tm e oft c le t onvit el t he i he halnged us off c Thus t c ttnds i appr it t e ore. , he our i t oprae o consde hi a bult y r tai scl m e usvel unde t Ei h Am e e a w ildim ishi s tntv i r s m aor esr nt ai xcl i y r he ght ndm nt nd l s s s ubsa ie due pr scl i . oces a m 1 2

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