Fawley v. Johnson et al, No. 7:2009cv00041 - Document 115 (W.D. Va. 2011)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge Jackson L. Kiser on 7/28/2011. (tvt)
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- w .Ap*:b. :I . ' > 4 T ,% - * l 4> l, k r r JC tf U I TH E U N I ED STA TE S D I N T STR I CO UR T CT FO R T H E W E STER N D I STR I O F V I G I I CT R N A RO A N O K E D I ISIO N V BENJAM IN W ILLI M FA W LEY , A Pl ntif ai f , V. G EN E JO H N SO N ,et al, . D ef endants . ) ) ) ) ) ) ) tJUk . ' e BY: . DEPUTY L Ci lA ct on N o.7: cvvi i 09- 0041 M EM O M N DU M O PIN IO N By: H on.Jackson L.K i er s Se or U nie St e D i t i tJudge ni t d at s s r c . Bena n W ilam Fa e aVigi ai t hous di Ne M e c a pr e i pr jmi li wly, r ni nmae e n w xio nd oc edng o K, i dacvirg t c mpan p ru n t 4 U. C. 1 3wihj rs iso v se i 2 fl i l ih s o lit u s a t o 2 S. j 98 t u idcin e td n 8 e . U. C.j1 S. 343.Pl ntf na sa dee nt Ge J on, ome Diecoro t Vigi a ai if me s fnda s ne ohns f r r r t f he r ni De rme t fCo r cin (ç pa t n o re to s ' VDOC' ; C. ah na W ad n o teKe nM o nan ' k. 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On A ugus 11 2008, a ntf ,b co e ,fl a s c pe ii f a wr tofha as t , pl i i f y uns l ied e ond tton or i be c pusw ih t c r ui cour . The cic tc tdim i s d t pe ii on D e e be 4, 2008,as or t he ic t ts r ui our s s e he tton cm r bohtmebar a ass esi purua t Vigi aCodej8. 65 A)2)a ( ( . t i red nd ucc sve, s nt o r ni 01- 4( ( nd B)2) Fa e v. wlv Commonweat No.CL08000069- ( r CtM ahe Co.De 4, ) Plitf 1h, 00 Ci. . t ws c. 2008 . anif di nota a t di m i s lt t Su e e Co tofV i g ni d ppe l he s s a o he pr m ur r i a. On J y 27, ul 2009, a ntf fl hi t r pe ii f a w rtofha as c pusw ih t pl i if ied s hid tton or i be or t he cr ui c t The cr tcour dim is d t spe ii on Ocobe 9,2009,a n asbot tme ic t our. icui t s s e hi tton t r gai h i bar da s c sve Fa e v. De tofCor, CL09000056- ( r CtM ahe Co. re nd uc esi . wlv Va. p' r.No. 00 Ci. . t ws Oc.9,2009 .Peii a l t t SuprmeCour o Vigi a, c dimis dt a l t ) ttoner ppeaed o he e t f r ni whih s s e he ppea on M a c 18 2010, r f e pl i if spe ii n f r he rng o J 1 , 2010. 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The D it i Cour adopt a he t at st ct or he t n s rct r ni s rct t ed ma itaej d e sr c mme ai nfrds sa o e plitf so j ci n be a s t efd r l gsrt u g ' e o nd to o imis l v r an if b e to s c u e h e ea saut oflmiai e r Fa e v.J hns No.2: c 00 ( D.Va.J 1 201 . tt e i ttons xpied. wly o on, 09-v- 452 E. un. 6, 0) Th ma itaej d ed tr ne ta panif a u tl pe e 1 , 0 ,ofl h sfd r l e g sr t u g eemi d h t litf h d ni Se tmb r 0 20 7 t ie i e ea ha a pe ii n. The Cour ofA ppe s f t Fo t Cic tde e pl i if a Ce tfc t of be s tt o t al or he ur h r ui ni d a ntf r ii a e A ppe l biiy, s i s d hi s e nta al a de e hi pe ii f a r he r ng. Fa l y a a lt di m s e s ubs que ppe , nd ni d s tton or e a i we v. ohns n, 10- ( hCi.Se . 201 & Oc.1 201 . J o No. 6896 4t r pt7, 0, t 9, 0) THE A PPLI CABLE POLI ES DURI PLAI FF' I CI NG NTI S NCARCERATI ON Pl ntf washo edi sgr atona t Powhaa Core tonalCe e (( ' fom ai if us n e eg i t he tn rci ntr $PCC' r ) A ug t 1 2006,untlO c obe 1 2006. Fr t n u i Fe ua y 2009,pl ntf w a an i a e us 7, i t r 9, om he ntl br r ai i f s nm t a KM CC a as i ned t pr t c i c t a s g e ton,whi h a e bot c i r f m s t nd s g o o e tve us ody nd e r ga i c r h ons de ed or ofs c alhous ng. I M a c 2009,t VD O C t a f r e pl i iff om K M CC t a c r c i l pe i i n rh he r ns e r d a ntf r o or e tona f lt i N ew M exi pur uantt V igi a' I ersat C or ectons Com pact See V a.Code aciiy n co, s o r ni s nt t e r i . j53.- 6. 121 VD O C Polc e iis Di sonOpeai Pr dur ($ ' 822(ts ai Segrgai a Dee i ', vii rtng oce e GDOP' ) tlolton, e ton nd tnton' ) da e A prl 1 1 td i 6, 992,w a e f tve w he pl i i fa rve a PCC a K M CC .6 PerD OP 822 s f ec i n a ntf r i d t nd j7. ( ,i tsa sg deihe t iolto o t s g e tonwo dnotbepr biedfom 5 7) nmae sine t r o s ain r o e r gai ul ohi t r lt ga i on t i ow n be l a w o d ha a c s t i tt i ii tng he r ha f nd ul ve c es o nsiutonall ls r i esasdes rbe ega e v c ci d by i tt i ns iutonaloper i procedur These i at w oul alo be alow ed t i ied ator atng es. nm es d s l mlm t t ney 6A V DOC D e y D ie t who i notadeenda aut rz d t spolcy. put r cor s f nt ho ie hi i viisa pe mison f lgalphone c lsa d c i d by i tt i lope a i pr dur . st nd r s i or e a l s es rbe nsiutona r tng oce es D OP 822 a s pr vi d t ta w a de or s rnt nde hol prm a y r s l o o de ha r n upe i e nt ds i r e pons biiy f i lt or S ns i com pla w ih t soper tng pr ce e a t i tt t o ll ve . d ur ng e i nce t hi ai o dur t he ns iu i na e l' ' On Dec mbe 1 2006,DOP 822wass re dbyDOP 8 3 (tpe ilHousng' ? e r, upes de 61. (s ca i l. D OP 861 3 pr de t tof e r as i . ovi s ha f nde s s gned t s i hous ng w ilnotbe pr bie f om o pec al i l ohi t d r ltga i on t i ow n be f s ii tng he r hal , houl be a f de a es t l ls r i esi l ng t f ciiy d f or d cc s o ega e v c nc udi he a lt ator and t use ofl lbr m at i s,and s d be pr ded i or aton on how t t ney he aw i ary eral houl ovi nf m i o a ce sl ga s r c . c s e l e vi es 2. PCC Polc iy Pl i ifw a as i a ntf s s gned t s gr ga i a PCC fom Aug t 1 2006,untlO c o r 1 o e e ton t r us 7, i t be 9, 2006.W he Pli ifarve a PCC,l tttonalOpe ai Pr dlr (tOP' 867, td n antf ri d t nsiui r tng oce ze çl ' ) dae N ove be 15, m r 2005,wasef e tve. Thi polc pr nt s c a housng i a esf om ha ng fci s i y eve s pe i l i nm t r vi physca ac es t t l lbr r c l c i . l t d,a s c alhous ng i at w a i l ga i l c s o he aw i a y ole tons ns ea pe i i nm e ntng e l m a e i s s ndsa La Li ar M a e i lReq s For t t Ope a i Of i e vi i tt i t ral e w br y t r a ue t m o he r tons f c r a ns iutonal m a l The i a e c r ques up t fve ie sa a tm e, hi h a e c ke ou f t ee da a a i. nm t an e t o i t m t i w c r hec d t or hr ys t tm e An i a e 1 w c e k e l t t r q s ed m a e i l ,de i r i t t I tt t o l i . nm t a l r olec s he e ue t t r a s lve s t o he ns iu i na O m buds a w ho de i r i t t hous ng t i c r c i lofi e , ho de i r i t t m n, lve s t o he i m t or e tona fc r w lve s t o he i a e.Thei t m us sgn f t m ae i l be or r cept nm t nma e t i or he t ras f e e i . Thi polc a s pe m it d i t st wrt t ort mee t i tt i na a t ne s iy l o r te nma e o ie o o t he nsiuto l tor ys a s gne by t l alc r ui c t The polc no e si d he oc i c t our . i y t d: 7Two VDOC D e y D ie t swho a e notdef nda sa horz t spolc . put r c or r e nt ut i ed hi i y l c eswheet i tt i at ne s i/r notviii feq nty n as r he nsiutonal tor yt) sae stng r ue l e nough t ha et i enee i ar as o ndl he nmat ds n e onabl tm epe i t i e ei rod, he nmat s dnotf t Ope ai Ofie vi ( i t r ques f m... houl iy he r tons fc r a an) nmae e t or . The Ope a i Ofi e w ilc a tt i tt i r tons t c r l ont c he ns iutonala t ne t advi e of tor y o s t i a e c pl i a r ues a s s a e. l a pr bl m pe s s s t he nm t om a nt nd eq t s i t nc f o e r i t , he Ope a i O f i e w iladvi e t W a de and t l alCom m onw e t r tons fc r l s he r n he oc a1h Ato n yt rq e tteCo rgq rme yt t est ai n l t e ei tr e o e u s h u t's e d o h iu to . f h r s i uf i e r s ns fci nt e pons f om t Com m onwe t A tor y,t W ar n e r he a1h t ne he de s ul c a tt Atom e G e r l sof i e. Re ds ofa la t m pt t ho d ont c he t y ne a ' f c cor l te s o r m e t st ton w ilbe m a nt ne ac or ngl e dy he iua i l i ai d c di y. PCC 1 867(V)B)b) OP 1 ( ( . KM CC Polci i es Pl i ifw a hous d i KM CC ' s c alhous ng f om O c o r2006 t o h Fe ua y a ntf s e n S pe i i r t be hr ug br r 2009.KM CC ha t r eva polcisi efe tdurngt ttme: CC 1 867(daga d wo el nt i e n fc i ha i KM OP lte l Sevie / ssa ',daedAprl7,2006,wa efci whe pli ifarve a KM CC a r c sAsitnce' t ) i s fe tve n antf ri d t nd K M CC LOP 8 .8 8w asef e tve be w e n M a c 21,2008,a Febr r 2009,w he he l f 41 fci t e rh nd ua y n e4 K M CC. Bot KM CC I 867 a KM CC LOP 8 B,whi h we e a ove by f m e KM CC h OP nd 41. c r ppr d or r W a de a def nda Huf m a e ur d t tKM CC s c alhous ng i at s lke pl ntf , r ns nd e nt f n, ns e ha pe i i nm e , i ai if w o d ha a c st l lm a e i l by r ques i m a e i l w ih a Sped a H ous ng La Li a y ul ve c es o ega t r a s e tng t r a s t l i w br r Re ques For s ntt t Tr a m en Pr r m Supe v s ' ofk e vi i tt i lm a l Spe a t m e o he e t t og a r i or s t a ns iutona i. ci l ho i i a e w oul r e ve onl a cop oft r ques e iem , t o i nal The i a e us ng nm t s d ec i y y he e t d t not he r gi . nm t w oul r c i up t s ve ie s i a w e k, s a fwoul notdelve a tonalie suntl he d e e ve o e n t m n e and t f d i r ddii tm it 8Thi LOP wass r e o M a 1 2007 wihm i c nges The M a l 2007 ver i dif r d onl i t a s upe s ded n y t nor ha . y s on f e e y n ht t tt wor ti a e'a ii aes' eer pl e wih t wor t fnder' tofende s' A ne polcy ha he ds t t ' nd tnm t 'w r e ac d t he ds ç e 'and t f r . ' nm of w i s r ede LOP 841. on De m ber 1 2009,aferplitf ale dy lh KM CC . upe s d B ce t an if r a e , i m a e r t nsa1 c c d- ie s How e r t Tr t e tPr a Supe v s m a m a n t e ur 1 he ke out t m . ve , he ea m n ogr m r i or y ke exceptonst t num berofiem sand l h oftm e i at i at can ver f a courtdeadlne. i o he t engt i f l nm e iy i The polc e a s pr de t na e and m a lng add e s f t t o i tt i l i i s l o ovi d he m s ii r s es or he w ns iutona a t r ysa t o ne ppoi e by t l a c r ui cou t nt d he oc l i c t r .Thes a t ne w e e ava l bl t s i lhousng e tor ys r ia e o pec a i i a e f r c ns t i n a nm t s o o ulato boutl galm a t r r a e t t i i a c r ton. Spe i lho i e t e s el t d o he r nc r e a i c a usng i a e coul co a tt a t ne di e ty orf wa d a I a e Re nm t s d nt c he tor y r c l or r n nm t ques For t t A s it nt t m o he s s a W a de w ho f r n, onva de t r que tt an i tt t o a t ne r d he e s o ns iu i nal tor y. Fr M a c 1 2007,t o h Fe ua y 25 2009,pl ntf m ade num e ous r que t f om rh , hr ug br r , ai if r e s s or l ga m a era sw hie he w a hous d a K M CC. Fore m pl ,pl ntf r ques e l lm a e i s e l t il l s e t xa e ai i f e t d ega t ral a boutc tons ofc i m e , ea ona e a c s t c t , l or pl s t valdiy ofg ly ondii ont ne nt r s bl c es o our s A f d ea , he i t uit pl s az w ihdr w i a V igi a guit pl . ea , td t a ng r ni ly ea On J 26,2008, he i tt i une t ns iutonalm ai s a fs a pe a m a l d pl i i f sl l l t f t m d nd ie a ntf ega doc e s a es e t t Cour ofA ppea s ofV igi a, tn:Cynt a L. ccoy,Cl r 1 9 um nt ddr s d o he t l r ni A t hi M e k, 0 N o t 8t f t toor Ri hm o V A 23 9r h h, ourh l , c nd, 21 2305. St f al o m a l d pl i i f sot r af s ie a ntf he docum ent t M enit W .Fos erJr. M D ,414 W estFr i St eet Ri ond,V A 23221. so t t , ankln r , chm D. PLAI FF' CLAI S NTI S M Cl m One ai Pl i ifa l est tt VDOC polcisa r eswe eovery r srdi whiehewasi antf leg ha he i e nd ul r l e ti ve l n s gr ton a PCC a K M CC a i e f e w ih hi r s bl a ce st c t . Pl itf e ega i t nd nd nt r er d t s ea ona e c s o our s an if r as t tKM CC sa fi e f r d wih hi die ta e ons ha t f nt re e t s r c ppea be a et m a l1 s l c us he i og howsprs ion of i al r ptofappealdocum ent f m aii butt wer neverr ved by any st e fci s' ecei s or lng hey e ecei at cour . t 8 Pl i tf w a ed t f l a diec ap a ofhi c c i w ih t C ou tofA ppe s ofV igi a a n if nt o ie r t pe l s onvi ton t he r al r ni , buthi appealpaperwor w asi t s t t Supr e CourtofV i gi a. Pl ntf t ed t s k ns ead ent o he em r ni ai if ri o c r tt se r by r s ndi t a opra e pa r or vi t K M CC m aii s t m t t or ec hi r or e e ng he ppr i t pe w k a he lng ys e o he Cour o Appe sofVigi a.Alho h pli ifss ond a tmptt fl adiec a a was tf al r ni t ug antf ec te o ie r t ppe l not i t i tt i ed n he ns iutonalm ai l t papenvor neverr l og, he k eached t CourtofA ppeal ofVi ni he s rgi a. Pl i t f f ulsV DO C s a ff hi m a lno a vi a t Cour ofA ppea s ofV igi a a f r a n if a t t f or s i t ni ng t he t l r ni nd o notpr di hi whie i PCC ' a K M CC' s c a ho i unisa es t l ga i o m a i n ovi ng m l n S nd S pe i l usng t cc s o e l nf r to ora s s a e t know w hi h c t o f l hi a al s it nc o c our t ie s ppe . Cl m Tw o ai Pl i ifal o f uls VD O C a f iiy polci f f us r tng hi ac es t l ga a ntf s a t nd ac lt i es or r t a i s c so e l i or a i orl ga a s s a t pr pe l a f ly as e t i a as e thi c tt i na cl i s nf m ton e l s it nce o o ry nd u l c r a n nd s r s ons iuto l a m i bot hi di e ta n h s r c ppea a s a e ha spetton. Pl ntf a g st tK M CC LOP 841 8 l nd t t bea ii 9 ai if r ue ha . de e hi m e ni ulac es t l ga m a e i s nott tt polc c pl t y ba r d hi a e s ni d m a ngf c s o e l t ral , ha he i y om e el r e s cc s t lg l tras b c u eh rc ie o l c pe o j s s v nie p rwe k.P an ifcams o e a maeil, e a s e e ev d n y o is f u t e e tms e e litf li t tde ng hi a c st t phys c lbooksvi a e hi c tt i lr g s be us he c d ha nyi m c es o he ia ol t d s ons iutona i ht ca e oul r eques onl ce ai pagesw ih an exactcie. The exad cie s em r r pettonert reques t y rt n t t t yst equied ii o t l ga i o ma i wih t c r d l ga ciai t t m ae i l , pli tf c dnotpr vi a e l nf r ton t he ore e l tton o he t ra s but a n if oul o de ct ton be aus hedi notha lga a ssa eorphyso a e st al w lbr r a di no ia i c e d ve e l s it nc ial cc s o a i a y nd d t ha a y i o m a i by w hi t obt i aeia i W ihouta ce st t books he w a nota e ve n nf r ton ch o a n t ton. t c s o he , s bl t know w hatchapt pages,orrul t r o ers, es o eques . Pl i ifa t a ntf cknow l dg he w a a e t r qu t e es s bl o e es 9pl ntf as aguest tt I k ofi o m ai hi r hi a lt t dr tt Orgi Compl nti t sacin, ai if lo r ha he ac nfr ton ndeed s biiy o af he i nal ai n hi to whih hesnc r m e e w iht Se c i e e did t he condAm e ndedCompl nt ai . e c ct sf om gue sng a fom ot ri t s a e Onc pli ifr c i d ado t d xa t ie r s i nd r he nma e ' dvi e. e antf e eve na e cop ofalw j nalhet nr que t mae il ciedi t j na. y a our , he e sed tras t n he our l Pl i i fa guest tno i tt i lat ne w a a ia e t i a esw hie he w a i a ntf r ha ns iutona tor y s va l bl o nm t l sn PCC alhough t Pcc-nm a e ha boo he r c i d ls e t o i tt i t he i t nd k e e ve i t d w ns iutonala t ne . Pl i if tor ys a ntf a ist the w r e t one oft PCC' i tt tonala t ne . W hie a K M CC, a ntf dm t ha ot o he S ns iu i tor ys l t pl i if wr e t one oft i tt i na a t nwysa l bl t hi ,buthe w a di s ts i d w ih hi ot o he ns iut o l t o vaia e o m s s a i fe t m be a ehe di notg vepl i ifûa t las itnc 't fl pla ngs c us d i antf lcua ssa e' o ie e di . W ihoutac es t l gali or a i pl i t f w a a l ge y una e t pr par hi die t t c s o e nf m ton, a n if s le dl bl o e e s r c a al Hi i biiyt pr pa ehi die ta a i ppe . s na lt o e r s r c ppe l mpace hi o i nalha a pe ii be a ehe td s rgi be s tton c us be i vess e cl m s w e e dim i s d be us he di nota alt m .1 w he pl i ifl t r le om ai r s s e ca e d ppe he 0 n a ntf a e l a ne a e r d boutot rpot nta c ai s he wasuna e t obt i r i be a e hi s c s a e he e il l m , bl o a n elef c us s e ond t t ha aspe ii w a di m i s a s e s ve be us he c d ha known oft cl i s a t be tton s s s ed s ucc s i ca e oul ve he a m t he tme hetl d t fr tpetton.Pl i ifa l e y co d notr ea c t l aboutt prs i ie he is ii antf leg dl ul es r h he aw he ionmal r eo a ibox ul r bouti c m e st l a n t thi i c m e vi a ed d pr es . A lho ndi t nt o e r ha s ndi t nt ol t ue oc s t ugh pl i iflne û om e hi ' a wr w ih hi i c m e ,he co d nota tc a e t i s s a ntf c w û s t ng' w s ong t s ndi t nt ul ri ul t he s ue w ihou a es t l ga i or a i Pl i iff ulst V D O C' l c c t s t m ' f r de yi t t cc s o e l nf m ton. a ntf a t he S t t ie ys e ' o n ng exa hi a e st l alm a e i l t pr pa e hi fr ts a e ha spe ii n. m cc s o eg t r a s o e r s i s t t bea tt o I s r ofhi de a ofac e st c t cli pl nifalge hi acualij iswee n uppo t s nil c s o ours am, aitf le s s t nure r t de alofc ng s r o f t s a e ha spe ii s e bisa t de alofa c st he ni opyi e vi es or he t t bea tton' xhi t nd he ni c es o t l w lbr r t r s a c a utV igi a ha sr i , a s t e c tr c ds, nd a s a e c ur ' he a i a y o e e r h bo r ni bea elef f l ii d our e or a t t o ts 1 Aspr vi l no e , cl m sr s i hi frtsaeha a peii w eedim is asm e il s notf f ii t 0 e ousy t d ai aied n s is tt be s tton r s sed rtes, or a lng o f l a diec appe . ie r t al 10 f l et no iyhi ofahe rng orde son. Pl i ifwo d ha r ied i hi habe speii aiur o tf m ai cii antf ul ve a s n s a tton t thi g ly pl a w asi unt r be a e def ns c ha s uit e nvol a y c us e e ouns lw ihhe d i or a i l adi t a e t l nf m ton e ng o pos i e de e e;c sbl f ns ouns ort pr ec o w ih l DN A t s s a pr f r m i l a ng el he os ut r t he d e t nd of e ed s e di e de a bl sai ' he i c m en w a i ld'c vi nce s ood t ns t ndi t t s nva i , ouns lf ie t tl a notc ofa pe lor , e a ld o ie ie p a r pr s ntpl i ifa ahea i a t cr tco tf ie t i or pli ifofahe rngor e e e antf t rng; nd he icui ur a ld o nf m antf ai d na o hi mo int s p ndj d me t e il f s to o us e u g n. Cl i Thr e am e Pl ntf a l est tK M CC s af obsr t d pl i if sr as bl a es t co t by ai if leg ha t f tuc e a ntf e ona e cc s o ur s t i ce ls r hesa s i ur s ofe g CD sofl ga m a e i l a t o ne s pe a tc e .1 o ne he r l ea c nd e z e i ht e l t r a s nd w w pa r r i l s l oft ne s pe a tc esi l d a quot f om pl ntf ti lc he w pa r r i l nc ude er ai i fs r a ouns lt te f c i a s sa e ha f e tve s i t nce ofcouns washi r by t am ountofm one he r ce ve f om t s a e a a nt d c el nde ed he y e i d r he t t s ppoi e ouns . el A not rne s pera tc e des r be a polce r por t tw a no i l d i pl i if s c s fl , he w pa ril ci d i e t ha s t nc ude n a ntf ' a e ie i vi a i oft e f tve as i t nc ofcouns a due pr s . Pl i ifalo c pl i t t n ol ton he f ec i ssa e el nd oce s a ntf s om a ns ha t de e nt d d notr s nd t hi c a m t tuns e fe of i e s de e hi a e st pe , he f nda s i e po o s l i ha pe i d f c r ni d m ec s o ns whi h pr ve e hi fom tlng gre nc , nd ûd nyi c ta e st doc e t t be c e nt d m r i i iva es a te ng our c es o um n s o s it as e bis. ubm ted xhi t ' ' E. PLAI FF' U SE OFV D OC GRI NTI S EVANCE PROCEDURES DO P 866. l at G revance Pr 1, nm e i ocedur i a m echani m f i at t r ol e, s s or nm es o es ve co pl i s a m a nt , ppea adm i s r tve de i i ,a c le e t s t nce ofpr ed e . The l ni ta i c s ons nd ha l ng he ubs a oc ur s pr es pr descor e tonalad i s r t r m ea t i ntf pot ntalpr e sa , i oc s ovi r ci m nit a o s ns o de iy e i obl m nd f necessar cor ectt y, r hose pr em si a tm el m anner A1 i uesar grevabl excepti ues obl n i y . 1 ss e i e ss l Ther or r l ct t tpl n ifa knowl dt CDswe erm r dt hi onA ugus 2l 2008. 1 ec d ete s ha aitf c edge he r e ne o m t , 11 a tpolc e , oc dur ,a de s ons oft V igi a Pa ol Boa d;di c plna y he r ng bou i i s pr e es nd ci i he r ni r e r si i r ai pe li s a orpr ed a er or ;s a e a f er lc tde s ons l w s a r ul tons a na te nd/ oc ur l r s t t nd ed a our cii , a , nd eg a i ' nd , o he m a t r be nd t V D O C' c t ol t r te s yo he S on r . l a esa e orent d t t i a e g i va e pr e e w he t y e e t VD O C. Pror nm t r i e o he nm t r e nc oc dur n he nt r he i t s bm itng a gr e nc ,t i a e m us de ons r t t the hasm a a good f ih e f tt o u ti i va e he nm t t m t a e ha de a t f or o i or a l r s ve hi c pl i by s itng a i o m a c pl i f m a ia e i t r nf m ly e ol s om a nt ubm ti n nf r l om a nt or va l bl n hei ho i uni . I notr ol d, he i a e m us f l a r ul rgreva e w ihi t ry c l rda usng t f es ve t nm t t ie eg a i nc t n hi t a enda ys fom t da e o occ r nce ori i n . O nl one i s pe greva e w ilbe a e s d. Re a r he t f ur e nc de t y s ue r i nc l ddr s e gul r g i va s m a r c ve t e l ve s ofr vi w . A f c lt sW ar n or Supe i ende co r e nce y e ei hr e e l e e a iiy' de r nt nt nduc s t t fr t dle l1'r vi w oft g i va e I t i a e i di s t si d w ih t de e m i to he is , ça ve ' e e he r e nc . f he nm t s s a i t e t he t r na i n, he m a a alt de e m i ton t Le l1,whi h i done by t Re ona y ppe he t r na i o ve I c s he gi l O m buds a D ie t .Form os i s , ve 1 i t fna l ve ofr ew . Fort f w i s s m n/ r c or t s ues Le l 1 s he i l e l evi he e s ue a a a e t Le 11 t D e y D iec ororD ie t oft V D O C c ppe l bl o vel 1, he put r t r c or he onduc st tna r vi w t he i l e e oft r gul r g i va e. he e a r e nc Pl i i fs it d a i or a com pl nton A ugus 29,2008. Pl ntf c ai ed a ntf ubm te n nf m l ai t ai i f l m t t8 CD ' co ai ng l ga m a e i l w e e c i ca e f om hi . How e r he di nots i a ha s nt ni e l t r a s r ont s t d r m ve , d ubm t r gul g i va e a tt c i ca i oft spr ry.z e ar r e nc bou he onfs ton hi ope t l l. l A. SUM MARY J UDGMENT STANDARD A p ryi e t ldt s mmayj d me tçf h pe dng ,hed s o eya dds ls r a t s ni e o u r u g n û t e la i s t ic v r n ico u e t i m at r a s on fl ,a a a fdaviss eil ie nd ny f i t how t tt r i no ge ne i s a t a m a e i f c a ha he e s nui s ue s o ny t ral a t nd 1 Thedeenda sdo notdes rbeohergre espl ntf m a ha fld r r ng o he cai s 2 f nt ci t ivanc ai if y ve ie egadi t r l m . t a t emo a t se tte t j g n a amatro lw. Fe . . v P. 6 c . Maeil h t h v n i nild o ud me t s te f a ' d R Ci . 5 ()1 tra ' 3 f c sa et e nec s a y t es a i h t el m e s ofa pa t s c us ofac i A nde s n v. a t r hos e s r o t bls he e nt ry' a e ton. ro Li ryLobby.nc.477U. 242,248( 98 .A ge neis ofmaeilf te ssi,i be t l , S. 1 6) nui sue tra ac xit f n vi w i t r c d a a lr as bl i e e sdr wn t r f om i a lghtm os f vo a e t t e ng he e or nd l e ona e nf r nce a he e r n i t a r bl o he no movi pa t aras n- ng ry, e onabl fc-i rco drt nave ditf t none a ttnde ul eur r c or he movan.J ,The t #. m ovi pa t hast bur ofs i - t ha i ,poi i outt t di ti tco t t tt r i ng r y he den how ng û t s ntng t o he s r c ur - ha he e s a a e e ofe denc t s n bs nc vi e o uppor t nonm ovi pa t sca e ' Cel ex Cor v. t e t 477 t he ng r y' s .' ot p. Ca r t, U. 31 325( 986) l t mova s tsist sbur n,t n t no mova tmus stfrh S. 7, 1 . f he nt aife hi de he he n- n t e ot s cii f c sadmisbl a e de t tde o taet e se e ofage nei s off c f pe fc a t s i e s vi nce ha m nsr t he xit nc nui s ue a t or til F d R. v. 5 () i a 3 2 23 pa t i e tte t s mmayj g n i terc r ra. e . Ci P. 6 c ,d. t 2 - .A ry s n i d o u r ud me t f h e od . l asa w hol c d notl a a r tona t i r off tt fnd i f voroft non- ova . W ila sv. e oul e d a i l re ac o i n a he m nt li m Grfi 95 F. 820,8 ( hCi.1 ) ifn, 2 2d 23 4t r 991 . Co v rey s mma yj d me ti ia p o raei tee ie ei s fiin f ra n e s l, u r u g n s n p r p it f h vd nc s u fce t o r as bl f c - i rt r ur a ve di ti f vo oft non- ovi pa t A nde s 477 U . e ona e a t fnde o et n r c n a r he m ng ry. r on, S. a 2 8 Ev ni t e ei n d s u ea t t e i e tayfcs s mmayj d me ti as n t t 4 . e f h r s o ip t s o he v d nir a t, u r u g n s lo o a opr a e w he e t uli a e f c ualco l i t be dr w n a e i d s e. O ve s r e v.Ky. ppr i t r he tm t a t nc us ons o a r n i put r te t Ce .Liel .Co.950F. 931 937( h Ci.1 1.A co tma net rrs vediputd nt f ns , 2d , 4t r 99 ) ur y ihe e ol s e fcsorweg t e de ,Rus el Mir yneCol ,65F.d 1 1 ( hCi.1 ) nor at ih he vi nee s lv. cod ' p. 3 229, 239 4t r 995 , m a de e m i tonsofc edi lt Sos be v.M um hv,797 F.2d 1 1 ( h Ci. 986 . ke t r na i r biiy, e e 79, 82 4t r 1 ) Ra he ,t pa t opposng t m o i n i e il d t ha hi orherve s on oft f c s a c pt d t r he ry i he t o s ntte o ve s ri he a t c e e 1 The pa tesr c v r s bl a e i tnotc t tt c tmay conve ta m o i t di m ist tr f r es 3 r i e ei ed ea ona e nd xplci i e ha he our r ton o s s ha e e enc matr ousd tepla n sit amoinfrs mmayjdg n whe teClr is e atmeyRo e o on t e t s tie h e dig no to o u r u me t n h ek su d i l sb r oi . e c S eF d. Ci P.1 ( )Ro e oov Gars n 5 8F.d3 9, 0(t Ci. 97 ) e e R. v. 2 d ; s b r . rio , 2 2 0 31 4h r 1 5 . 13 a t ue a m or ove , o ha a 1i e nalc lc s r s ved i hi orhe f vor Cha bonna de s r nd, e r t ve l nt r onfi t e ol n s ra . r aes Frnc v. t 597F. 406,41 ( h Ci.1 ) Howe r dl he opposngpm i tlt a e Smih, 2d 4 4t r 979 . ve ,twl n i es el wo dfee tso is o eo whihi bltnl c nr dce b t er c r , ota n r ao a ej r ifrn t re , n f c s aa ty o ta itd y h e o d s h t o e s n bl u y c d bele i,a c ts ul nota oul i ve t our ho d doptt tve son oft f c s f r pur e ofr i on a ha r i he a t o pos s ulng moinf rs mmayj d me t' S otv Hars 5 0U.. 7 , 8 ( 0 7 .Fu temo e ap ry to o u r u g n . c t . ri, 5 S 3 2 3 0 2 0 ) rh r r, a t ' ûa ' nnotc e t a ge ne i s ofm a e i lf c tlough m e e s c a i ort buidi ofo c rae nui s ue t r a a t lr r pe ul ton he l ng ne ifrn eu o a o h r' aev. r v 7 9F.d21 , 4( t Ci.1 8 ) Theeo e Smlr n ee c p n n t e . 'Be l Had , 6 2 3 21 4h r 9 5 . rf r,s ee g u u p re s e uain . .sn t n u ht d fa as mmayj d me t to ' El sv ns p o td p c lto . i o e o g o ee t u r u g n moin. mi . ' Na' As nofBus & Educ.Ra o,I .53F. 55, ( h Ci.1 ) M orove,apl nif tl s' . di nc, 3d 62 4t r 995 . e r aitf c n o rl o ar s o s t amoinf rs mma yj d me t oa ta a a n me t oc re t a n t ey n e p n e o to o u r u g n t c s n me d n t o rc d tce ce i ac mpan c aln e b ad fn a tsmo inf rs mmayj d me t S e ei in is n o lit h le g d y e e d n ' to o u r u g n . e Gimourv.Gaes M c l t . Donal & Co.382F. 1 2,1 5( 1hCi.2004)(' pl ntf ma no d , 3d 31 31 1 t r 1 ai if y t A a n h rc mp an t r u ha g me ti ab ifo po ig s mmayj d me t'; r lvW ht me d e o lit h o g ru n n re p sn u r u g n .l Baca ie ' Ska ka I .v.Bat l M e ll t, 2 F. x556,563& n.6( h Ci. )@ o.07ns .nc tele m' ns.26 App' 1 4t r 2008 1 ,a ia ea 2008W L 238562,a *6, 084) valbl t t 2008U. App. S. LEXI 1 a *18- ( i t t S 916, t 20 notng ha ot rc r uis sm ia l pr hi ta pl i iff om r i i ne c a m s i o he i c t i l ry o bi a ntf r a sng w l i n ppost o t s m a y ii n o um r j udgme a notngt tdititc t wihi t FourhCic tha a e Gimou) nt nd i ha src ours t n he t rui ve doptd l r. B. THE STATUTE OF LI I ONSBARSCLAI A CCRUI BEFORE FEBRUARY 12, 2007. M TATI MS NG Se ton 1 a st s aut oflm ia i t tt f um sa eus sf ge r l c i 983 dopt he t t e i ttons ha he or t t e or ne a p ro a ij r c s s Owe v Ok r, 8 U. 2 , 4 - 0( 98 ) Vigna ssaueo es n l nu y a e . ns . u e 4 8 S. 35 2 9 5 1 9 . r i i' tt t f lmiai a i bl t j1 a tonsi t yeas Se Va.Codej8. - A) Ho ve, i ttons pplca e o 983 ci s wo r. e 01243( . we r f de a 1 w is l gove nst ques i ofwhe a ca e ofa ton a r . See Cox v.St on, e r l a t ef r he ton n us c i cc ues ant 14 529F. 47,50(t Ci.1 .A fdealc us ofa tonac r whenGhepl ntf hasd 2d 4h r 975) e r a e ci cues ' ai if a t co pl t a pr s ntca e ofa t o ' when t pl i ifç an tl s ta obt n r le . Ba m e e nd e e us c i n'' he a ntf s i e ui nd ai e i f' y c ' A r a La ndr a Dl C l a ng Pe i Tnz tFt d v.Fe ba Cor ofCal,5 U . 1 2, e u y nd ' e ni y ns on s m r r p. . 22 S. 9 201 ( 997) Se Nasm v.W ade M d. eofCo rci 64F. 951 955( h Ci.1 ( n 1 . e i r n, Hous re ton, 3d , 4t r 995) e ba )( di t tac us ofa tonunde j 1 3ac r a t saut oflmiainsbegns nc hol ng ha a e ci r 98 cues nd he tt e i tto i r ng ( n t pl i ifpos e s ss fce f c sa utt ha m donet hi t r as bl unni d whe he antf s s e ufi int a t bo he r o m hat e ona e i r wilrvea hi c us ofa ton' .Pl ntf fl hi Orgna Co antnoe rirt non nquiy l e l s a e ci ' ai if ied s ii l mpli ) ale ha Febr r 1 2009,t da e he sgned t Orgi lCom pl i a m a ha pl c i i t ua y 2, he t i he i na a nt nd y ve a ed t n he prs maii s tm.Se Housonv.Lac 487U. 266( 988 ( crbi t prs ion lng yse e t k, S. 1 ) des i ng he ionmaiboxr ll Theeor pli ifsi tntcli mus ha ac nz a trFe uay 1 20 l ue . rf e, antf nsa ams t ve c ed fe br r 2, 07 f t m t be tm e y t l d. or he o i l ie Cl m O ne ac r i J 2008 whe pl i ifr ce ve t l te f om t Cl r oft ai c ued n une n a ntf e i d he e t r r he e k he Supr m e Cour ofV igi a. The l te a s d hi t the s nthi pl adi t t wr e t r ni e t r dvi e m ha e s e ngs o he ong a la e c t t tV igi a l w woul ba hi fom a l t appe . Ther f e, a m One i ppe l t our and ha r ni a d r m r ae al e or Cl i s no ba r d by t s a u e oflm ia i ast ba i oft cl i a os afe Fe ar 1 2007. t re he t t t i t tons he s s he a m r e t r bnl y 2, ForCl m Tw o,pl i i fc a m st the w asde e p i a a ce st 1 w bookswhie he ai a ntf l i ha ni d hys c l c s o a l wa i s e a ho i a PCC a KM CC a t tt sde a wasduet t r src i polc e s n pe i l usng t nd nd ha hi ni l o he e titve ii s a pr dur sf i a e i s cilho i nd oce e or nm t s n pe a usng.Pl i ifwasi s g e ton a PCC fo Aug t antf n e r ga i t rm us 1 2006,untlO c obe 1 2006. Fr t n untlFe ua y 2009, pl ntf w a i s c a 7, i t r 9, om he i br r ai i f s n pe i l housi atK M CC . ng Pl ntf s cl m sbased on conduc atPCC fom August2006 t O ct ai if' ai t r o ober2007 f l al beyond t s at e of lm iatons. By t tm e pl ntf l PCC i O ct he t ut i ti he i ai i f eft n ober2006, he had 15 knowldgeofhi a lge fusr t r a ona ea ce st coursf lw lbr y m a e il or e s le d r taed e s bl c s o t or a i ar t ra s di fc t c a tng a i tt i f i uly ont c i n ns iutonala t ne A c or ngl pl i if s c us ofa ton a tor y. c di y, a ntf a e c i boutPCC ac r e be or Fe ua y 2007,and c a m sa c u d f e br r l i boutPC C a e tm e ba r d. r i re Pl ntf s c ai s bas o c ai if l m ed n onduc a K M CC f om O c obe 1 2006,t Fe a y 1 tt r t r 9, o bnl r 2, 2007,f lbe al yond t s a ut oflm ia i be a e he r ogni d by Fe ua y 2007 t he di he t t e i t tons c us ec ze br r he d notha phys c a e st l ga m a e i sne es a y t c le hi Aug t2006 c ve i al cc s o e l t ral c s r o ha l nge s us onvi ton. ci Pl i ifwasi KM CC s i housng fom Oc o r2006t ough Fe ua y2009, nd pl i if antf n pecal i r t be hr br r a antf r cog ze hi a l ge fusr t phys c la c st l ga m a e i l s afe hi a va i e ni d s le d r t a ed i a c es o e l t r a s oon t r s ni l n K M CC' s c a hous ng. A c or ngl Cl i Tw o a S pe i l i c di y, a m boutK M CC i a s tm e ba r s lo i r ed. Pl ntf ar s t the s d notbe tm e ba r d be us t c r tcour w ihhe d t ai i f gue ha houl i r e ca e he icui t t l he t ii ato ofhe r ng' i s d o Se e be 1 2006, m tlDec m be 2008. Thus pl i if t fc i n not a i ' s ue n pt m r 8, l i e r , a ntf c ude t the coul notha known oft de alofr as bl ac es t cours untl oncl s ha d ve he ni e ona e c s o t i D e e be 2008,w hi h w oul f l w ihi t s a ut o lm iatons l H ow e r pl i if c d a l t n he t t e f i t i .' l ve , a ntf cm r r c ze i A ug t2006 t the w oul be pu s ng hi di e ta al a cola e ala t c e ogni d n us ha d r ui s r c ppe s nd l t r ta ks wihoutt a ssa eoftilc t he s it nc ra ouns lwhe he al ge y a ke t m t tl a a a ,t y e n le dl s d he o ie n ppe l he a lge y r us a pl i ifs le dl ef ed, nd antf oughtanon-to ne sa ssa et c le hi c i nal at r y' s it nc o hal nge s rmi j udgme .Pli ifwoul ha s fr dt har ne esayt brngt a tonbySe e r1 nt antf d ve ufe e he m c sr o i he ci ptmbe 1, 20 w hi h i t ry da a t rt cic tc te e ed hi c vi ton. See V a. . Ct.R . 07, c s hi t ys fe he r ui our nt r s on c i Sup 5 6()(ttnga a alfom t ti c tot Cour ofAppeasi alowe o yi t A: a sai n ppe r he ral our t he t l s l d nl f he a p la tflsan t eo a p a wi i tit da so tetn l u g n ) Al ug Vign alw p eln i e oi f p e l t n hry y f h i a j d me t. t h r ii a c h ho 1 EVe t 4 n houghpl ntf alege hec dno ha knownofisde albeor Dec m ber2008, hi ha asc e f r ai if l s oul t ve t ni f e e s be ouns l o hi s ond ha aspe ii a kno l d i Augus 2008 t tt c r tc tha ale y i f tvel de ed't s ec be tton c w edge n t ha he icui our d r ad ç ec i y ni ' he ef m oton. i 16 al aco c t as pe mison f abea e a lows nvit o k r s i or lt d ppea ,ta s pr biss h pe mi so whe l i lo ohi t uc r s i n n t convi (i r ponsi e,i w hol ori par,f t er ,negl ,or f tcausi l s oft he ct ts es bl n e n t or he ror ect aul ng os he orgi opporuniyf a l ...'Va Codej1 2- .( .TheSupr Cour ofVigi a i nal t t or ppea. ' . 9. 3211D) eme t r ni a r dy de e m i t tpl i if st i c lea t r ned ha a ntf ral ouns ldi no pe f m de i e l f notnotng a e d t r or tci nty or i n a loft c cin.Fa e v.Die t , 081 ,si op.a 2( J n.1 2009) ppea he onvito wlv rcorNo. 341 lp t Va. a 4, . Pl i if s s r t gi de i i t cha l nge t c c i i t cic tcour by r l ng on a nona ntf t a e c c s on o le he onvi ton n he r ui t e yi a t ne w ih a i w erofa t ne ' o tl pl adi on hi beha fi t ad offlng a notc of tor y t d po tor y' t i e e ngs s l ns e ii ie a alwih t c r ui c tc tt es a a m i m um ,t pa talne i nc orf ul t tw o d ppe t he i c t our ons iut , t ni he ri glge e a t ha ul ha prve tdpli iffom rcevi abeae a a.Se Va.Codej8. - . ( pat ve e ne antf r e i ng ltd ppe l e 012711 a ry r pr s nt b an a t ne t f l a m o i i c tm us ha a V i gi a a t e s sgna ur e e e ed y tor y hat ies ton n our t ve r ni tom y' i t e ora pa t pr ee ng pr K mus sgnt doc ry oc di o t i he umenl Va.Sup.CtR.1: ( ns dei asa t; . 5 cou el tned n . atr y lc ns t pr tc lw i Vigi abyt Vigi aStt Ba) Konev.W is 272Va. tone ie ed o acie a n r ni he r ni ae r, ' lon, 5 62- 630S. 2d 744,745- ( 9, 63, E. 46 2006)(ttngapladi sgne byarpr e ai whoi sai e ng i d e esnttve s no a horz dt prci lw i Vigi ai i i a wihou lga efc) Se aloVa.Code t ut ie o a tce a n r ni s nvald nd t t e l fe t. e s j5 1-904( ki t una horz dpr tc oflw aCls 1mide a r.Acc di y,he 4. 3 ma ng he ut ie acie a a s s me no ) or ngl t cl i di nota c ue i D e m be 2008,a t s a ut oflm ia i ba s Cl m Tw o. am d c r n ce r nd he t t e i t tons r ai Fo Cl i Thr e, a ntf aleg t tK M CC s a fo t uc e pl i if s a ce st co t r am e pl i if l es ha t f bs r t d a ntf c s o ur s b s i i ei tCD s ofl lm a e i s a t o ne s pe a tc es Pl i ifw a a t K M CC y e z ng gh ega t ral nd w w pa r ri l . a ntf s t he by O dober2006,a t CD s wer r t ne t pl i ifi Aug t2008. I a a s i a lgh nd he e e ur d o a ntf n us t ppe r n i t m os f vor bl t pl n ift tt scli a r d i Aug t2008,wihi t t y rsaut of t a a e o aitf ha hi am cc ue n us t n he wo ea t t e lm iatons. i t i EXHAUSTI OFA DMI STRATI REMEDI ON NI VE ES ThePrs Lii i Reor Ac ($ ion tgaton f m t 6 PLRA')r quiesaprs rt e us a1avalbl 'e r ione o xha t 1 ia e a nitai r dmi srtve emedisbeor brngi acai unde 42U. C.j 1 3.42U. C.j1 () e f e i ng l m r S. 98 S. 997ea. SeeW oodf dv. or Ngo,548U. 81 85( S. , 2006)(ttngt tCg xha toni nol rlf t t sai ha del usi s onge et o he dicei oft dititcour, i ma or Pore v. se,5 U. 51 532( s rton he src tbut s ndat f); tr Nusl 34 S. 6, 2002) (ttngt tt PLIA a i t i li t s t,whehe t yi vege r lcic tnc so sai ha he L pples o û nmae uis t r he nvol ne a rumsa e r al pa tc arepiode ,a whet rt yalgee e svef c ors ot rm ' ''800t v. riul s s nd he he le xc s i ore ome he ong', h l Chu ne,532U. 731 739( )(i ngt tt PLRA r r admi srtveexha ton r r S. , 2001 fndi ha he equies nitai usi prort t tlng ofa f r c vi r g s s te n i t f r ofr le t i a e s ks i not i o he i i ede al i l i ht ui ve f he o m e i f he nm t ee s a ia et oughe usin ofa nitai rme e ) Purua t t PLRA,prs nesmus valbl hr xha to dmi srtve e dis. s nt o he io r t no j s i i aetmeyg iv n e b t s as tmeya pe l h o g ale eso a albe t u t nt t i l re a c s u mu t lo i l p a t r u h 1 lv l f v i l i a a nitai rviw a de a ofrle.W oodf d,548U. a 93 ( di t tt PLRA dmi srtve e e ny nil eif or S. t hol ng ha he r uiesi ope exha ton' ofi tt i na a i s r tve r m edi s bef e flng a f de a eq r t pr r us i ' ns iuto l dm ni ta i e e or ii ny e r l s tc le ngprs c tons.Topr pel e us acam, n i t mus fl gre nce ui halngi ion ondii ) o ry xha t li a nmae t ie iva s wih s fcintde alt a e t io ofii l oft pos i ec tt to lc am swhih a eno t ufi e t i o l r prs n fc as he sbl onsiu i na l i c r w a l ge asa ba i f r le . See Sm ih v. le d s s or e i f t Rodrcue N o. 06- 00521 2007 U . Di t LEXI i z, 7: cv, S. s . S 43571 2007W L 1768705( . Va. une15, , W D. J 2007)(ii M o ev.Fed.Bur a ofPrs ns ctng Ge eu io , 11 F. x471, ( 0t Ci.2004).Fal et e us i a afr tvedefns t t 8 App' 476 1 h r ) iur o xha t s n fimai e e ha de e ntha t bur n ofpl a ng a pr ng. Anders v.X Y Z Cor H ea1h Ser .I , f nda s he de .e di nd ovi on r. t vs. nc. 407F. 674,681( h Ci. ) 3d 4t r 2005 . Pl ntf s it an i or alcom pl nton Augus 29,2008,cl m i t ei CD sof ai if ubm ted nf m ai t ai ng hat ght l m a er al w er confscat f om hi . How ever he di nots i aregul gri egal t i s e i ed r m , d ubm t r evance 18 a boutt s c i c ton. l t V D OC ,flng a r g a greva e f Le lr vi i a hi onts a i n he ii e ul r i nc or vel e ew s pr r quiiet e e e st o xhaus t VDOC' a nita i r m e es Pl ntf sf iur t tl a r g a t he S dmi sr tve e di . ai if a l e o ie e ulr g iva ewoul ma t scam une re nc d ke hi li xhause a s j c t dimis l td nd ube t o s sa. Ho v r plitf alg si hi r s ns t t emoinf rs mmayj g n t a h we e , anif le e n s epo e o h to o u r ud me t h t e w asuna e t tl a a t o lgr e nc bec us K M CC saf t awa a1 hi pens bl o i e ny ddii na i va es a e t f ook y l s , pr ve i hi fom dr tngt gre ef ms $( na nitai rme i not e ntng m r afi he ivanc or . $Aj dmi srtve e dy s cons de e t ha be n ava l bl i a prs r t ough no f ul ofhi ow n,w a pr ve e f om i r d o ve e ia e f i one , hr a t s s e nt d r a ii hi s l ofi . M oor 51 F. a 725. Thus t he pr s of i i spr ve i a e va lng m e f t' ' e, 7 3d t , t n i on f c al e nt nm t s w f om us ng t a i s r tve pr es ... t pr s t te s s o pa rbe om e una iabl r i he dm nit a i oc s , he oce s ha xi t n pe c s va l e i raiy.'Ka v.Stpp, F. 678,68 ( h Ci.2006) eM ic lv. n,31 F.d n e lt ' ba e 458 3d 4 7t r .Se thel Hor 8 3 5 529( Ci.2003)( di t tdititco terdi f lngt consde prs ne' cam 23, 3d r hol ng ha src ur re n aii o i r io rs li t the w asuna e t s i a greva ,a t r o e l cke a l bl adm i s r tve r m e es ha bl o ubm t i nce nd he ef r a d vaia e ni ta i e di , bec us prs e oye r us t pr dehi wiht nec s ayf ms;M ilrv. rs a e ion mpl es ef ed o ovi m t he e s r or ) le Nori, 247F.d 736,740( h Ci.2001 (ttnga nitai r dyrnderduna ia ewhe 3 8t r ) sai dmi srtve eme e e valbl n prs ofiil prventprs rfom usngi) A dititc ti Eoblg edt e ur t ta ion fcas e ione r i t. src our s d iat o ns e ha ny de e t i e usi we e no pr ur d fom t a ton o i to ofprs ofi il . Aquia f c s n xha ton r t oc e r he ci r naci n ion fca s' ' lr Avelvedav. rel 478F. 1 1 ( 0t Ci. ) la Te rl, 3d 223, 225 1 h r 2007 .SeeKa 458F. a 686(i ng ba, 3d t fndi a fda t o t pr s ofk i l a K a ' ot rgre nc s a f lngsm e e y t n i t a f i vis f he i on t a s nd ba s he i va e nd ii r l ur n o di put w ih e de ,r quii t f c - i rt eva ua e t c edi lt oft w ine s a s e t vi nce e rng he a t fnde o l t he r biiy he t s es nd ot re de i t rcor ; sv.W a hi o 300F. 829,8 - (t Ci. he vi nce n he e dl Lewi s ngtn, 3d 3132 7h r 2002) ( e da nitai r me esexha t whe prs ofi i sfie t r s ndt i t de me dmi srtve e di used n ion tcal ald o epo o nmae g iva sbe a et erme e ha be met re nce c us hos e dis d co t unavalbl' Foul v.Cha e ,262F. 687, ia e' l; k ni r 3d 19 6 8(t Ci. 01 (a ) Gi ntepa t ua p rp ci sr q ie wh nc nsd rn a 9 8h r 20 ) sme . ve h ri lr e s e tve e ur d e o ie ig c moi nf rs mmayj g n, d ciet ds s Cli Th e b s do u e h use to o u r ud me t 1 e ln o imis am r e a e n n x a td a i sr tve r m edi bec us pl i ifa l gest pr s ofi al pr ve e hi f om flng dm ni ta i e es a e a ntf le hat i on tci s e nt d m r ii gre i vanc s 1 e. 5 D. PLAI FFI NOT ENTI NTI S TLED TO RELI AGAI ANY OFTHE DEFENDANTS I EI EF NST N THER THEI R PERSONAL OR OFFI AL CAPACI ES. CI TI De e ntçot rJ ne a J hn DoeOfi a sa St f 'i no apr rpa t t f nda s he a nd o fcil nd a f s t ope ry o t sj 1 a ton. hi 983 ci Tosaeacl m unde j1 3, pli ifmus aleg Shevi ai ofarg s c e by tt ai r 98 a antf t l e ' olton t iht e urd t Cons iuton a l w s oft U nie St t s a m us s he tt i nd a he t d a e , nd t how t tt a l ge deprva i was ha he le d i ton c ommitdbyape s aci unde c orofsaelw.'W es v.At ns 487U. 42,48( 988 . te ron tng r ol tt a ' t ki , S. 1 ) l i wel s tl d t tonl a tpe s ' a a tunderc orofs a e l w ,a t r f e,a de e nt t s l e t e ha y û r on' m y c ol t t a nd he e or f nda i aj1 3a ton mus qualf asat ron.'A goupofi viuas whehe a a a nc a n 98 ci t iy û s ' r pe ndi d l, t r s n ge y, de rme , asafofnures ofi es orofiil,i no ai ron'underj 1 t obti pa t ntor tf s , tc r, fcas s t c s ' pe 983 o an r i . See Ba nesv. ker le Cor . e M ed.St f , o.3: elef r Bas vil r C n. afN 07CV 195,2008 U . D i t LEX I S. s . S 487 2008W L 2564779 ( D. J 25,2008) Fe g onv. or n, 90Ci 631 26, E. Va. une ; r us M ga No. v. 8, 1 U. DitLEXI 8 1 W L 115 9( D. Y.J 20,1 ) Se as W ilv. 991 S. s. S 295, 991 75 S. N. une 991 . e lo l M ihia De tofStt Polc 491U. 5 70( 989)( s rbi at s 'orj1 . c c n p' ae ie, S. 8, 1 de ci ng s on'f per 983) A c or ngl pl i iff l t s a e a c a m u c di y, a ntf ais o t t l i pon whi h r le m a be gr nt d,pur ua t 28 c ei f y a e s nt o U. C.jj1 5()2)B)i)a 1 5A( () a ns dee ntC herJ nea J Doe S. 91 e( ( (i nd 91 b)1 , gai t fnda c ot a nd ohn Ofi a sa St f,' i i t r naed a ade e nt fcil nd a f'and t s e mi t s f nda . 1 Def 5 bndan sdi notdesrbeune aused a i sr tverm e esf pl ntf' ot rcli . t d ci xh t dm nitai e di or ai ifs he ams 20 Pl n iff ist sa ea ca m upon whih r ifm a be g a e agans J aitf al o tt li c ele y r nt d i t ohns n, o Va sand Rie;a uthi fr tca m a s f bo s is li boutm idieced orundelve ed ma l a s r t i r i; nd a bouthi t r c a m a s hid l i boutt s i ur ofm a e i sf om hi c l . he e z e t ral r s el Se ton 1 r quiesa s i ofper ona f ul on t pa4 ofa de e c i 983 e r how ng s l a t he l f ndan e t rba e t ihe s d on t de e nt spe s lc he f nda ' r ona onduc ora her sco t not ' nduc i e c i oft de e nt spolc e t n xe uton he f nda ' i i s orc t s Se Fiherv.W as nct n M e r polt n Ar Tr nstA u hor ,69 F. 11 11 us om . e s hi o t o ia ea a i t . 0 2d 33, 42- 43( h Ci.1 ,a ogatd onohe gr 4t r 982) br e t r oundsbyCnt ofRi ri v.McLa i 500U. 44 v. vesde ughln, S. ( 991 .Alhoughplitf na J ms Vas,a Riea dee nt,hef l t r aet r 1 ) t anif mes ol on, s nd f s fnda s ais o elt hei pos tonsorper onala i nst t c le e polc e or a l ge de i tons ofr as bl ii s cto o he ha l ng d i i s le d pr va i e ona e ac e st c t.Bec us J c s o ours a e ohns wa Die t o t VDOC durngt alege e nt d snot on s r c or f he i he l d ve s oe byis l i ej 1 labiiy.6 Se Vi tef mpos 983 i lt 1 e nnedgev.Gibs 550F. 926, ( hCi.1 b , 2d 929 4t r 977) (ttngs r s yla lt unde j 1 ma no bepr c tdonl ont t yo r ponde t sai upevior ibiiy r 983 y t ediae y he heor f es a s i ) Plitf f l t de ci how a dee ntr ae t eihe t PCC maloom safs uperor. anif ais o s rbe ny fnda elts o t r he ir tf' a l ge m ihandlng ofout ng m a lort Unie S a e PosalSe vi e' a l ged f iur t le d s i goi i he t d t t s t r c s le al e o dei rhi a aldoe e s Pli ifas f l t des rbehow a defnda r a e t lve s ppe um nt . antf lo ais o c i ny e nt elt s o co r tona ofi e s's i ur ofhi pe s lpr ry r a di hi c i na convi on. reci l fc r e z e s r ona ope t eg r ng s rmi l di Ac or ngy, antf f l t sa eacli upon whi h r te m a begr nt d agans J ns c di t pli if ais o t t am c e if y a e i t oh on, Va s a Rie;a i ta de e ntf rhi frtcai abo t a lge m iha i ofma l s , nd f ga ns ny f nda o s is l m ut he le d s ndlng i; a a ns a de e ntf rhi t r cl i a nd gai t ny f nda o s hid a m boutt s i ze ofm a e i l f o hi c l he e ztr t r a s r m s el. Thedef nda sa eenttedt quaii d i muniy i t i per ona ca c tes e nt r il o lte m t n her s l pa ii . Pl i ifna e t de e n si t i pe s lc pacte ,a t de e nt as e tt antf m s he f nda t n her r ona a ii s nd he f nda s s r he 1 6 , Noneoft polci chale he i es lnged i t sa ton ha aVDOC D ie t ssgnaur o evi nceofaDie t ,s n hi ci ve r cor i t e r de r cor a ova orpa i i ton. ppr l rtc pa i de e eofqua ii d i muniy.Unde t d ti ofq lfe i m uniy,t ve l e ofii s f ns lfe m t r he ocrne uaii d m t tgo rz nt fcal m pe f r i di c e i r f tonsge r ly a e s e ded f om la lt f ci ldn age i of r r o m ng s r tona y unc i ne a l r hi l r i biiy or vi m s ns a a t rc s hei onduc doe notvi a e c ea l e t bls d s a ut y orcons iutona r ght ofwhi h a t s ol t l ry s a ihe t t or tt i l i s c ras bl pes wo dha known. Hal v.Fizc ad, U. 8 81 ( 2) e ona e ron ul ve ' row ' t erl 457 S. 00, 8 198 . W he he a def ntc n c ai qua ii d i m uniy i a pu e ques i ofl w and i pr ry t r enda a l m lfe m t s r ton a s ope l dee mi pr ra.Sa irv.Kaz,533U. 1 200- ( )( fe byPe ronv. tr ned etil uce t S. 94, 01 2001 modiid as - Calh n,1 9 S. . 0 (a 21 20 9 ( r ti lwe c ursteds rto t d tr n la a 2 Ct 8 8 J n. , 0 ) pemi ng o r o t h icein o eemie t whihquaii i c lfed mmuniypr t a l efrt) t ong o nayz isl. Qualfe i iid mmuniyi a i t s n mmuniyfom s trt rt nameedee et la lt A t r ui ahe ha r fns o ibiiy. pl i ifbe st bur n t s a ntf ar he de o how t ta de enda ' c duc vi at t pl i tf ' rghtl ha f nts on t ol ed he a n if s i .7 Br ntv.Mut 994F. 1 1 6( hCi.1 .Howe r adee ntmus de tae va h, 2d 082, 08 4t r 993) ve , fnda t monsrt t tt rghtwasnotc e ry esa ihed a t tmeoft i i ntt r cevequalfed i ha he i l a l t bls t he i he nc de o e i ii mmuniy. t He yv.Pur l,501F. 37 378( hCi. 7) t-heunlwf nes oft a tonmus be m' nel 3d 4, 4t r 200 . ûl a ul s he ci t a pae twh na ss e fo t epes e tv o a o j ci eyr a o beo fca c r e wi p r n e se s d r m h rp ci e f n b e tv l e s na l fiil hag d t h knowldgeofesa ihe l ' Lopezv. ns n,91 F. 486, ( hCi.1 .Se e tbls d aw. ' Robi o 4 2d 489 4t r 990) e Ande s v. ei on, U. 635,6 ( )(ç- si no t syt ta ofki a toni ron Cr cht 483 S. 40 1987 ç-hi s t o a ha n t al ci s l pr t c e by quaii i muniyunl st ve ya ton i que to ha pr vi usy bee hed oe td lfed m t es he r c i n si n s e o l n l u a ul... i i t s yt ti t lg ofpr - xitng 1w t unl wf nes mus be nlwf but t s o a ha n he i ht e e si a he a ul s t a rnt' ppae . ). Afe r viwi pli ifscli sa t r e nt1w a t tm eoft i i nt , i i tr e e ng a ntf am nd he elva a t he i he ncde s t s 1 Bec us pl ntf fiedt sa ea cai a 7 a e ai if al o tt l m bouthi frtcli a t alege miha i ofmai, hi t r cl m s is am bout he l d s ndlng l s hid ai a boutt s z e ofm a eral f o hi c l a J on,Vas,andRie t defnda t a ealo e il t qualse he eiur t i s r m s el, nd ohns s f, he e n s r s ntted o i d i m u t f rt e r s m niy o hos ea ons. 22 c e rpl i iff ist s l a antf a l o how t ta de e ntsc nd tvi aedhi rghtt r s na e a c st ha f nda ' o uc ol t s i o ea o bl c es o co t ort tt m e hodsus by t V D OC w e e c r y t c e ry es a ihe l w a t ur s ha he t ed he r ontar o l a l t bls d a t he tm e Acc r ngl t de e nt a e e il d t qua ii d i m uniy i t rpe s lc pa ii . i . o di y, he f nda s r ntte o lf e m t n hei r ona a c tes a. Pl i iff ist s antf al o how t tade e ha f ndantsc ' onduc vi a e pl i ifsrg t olt d antf i ht t r onabl accesst cours. o eas e o t I at ha a cons iuto lr g t r as bl a es t co t t c lenge t r nm es ve tt i na i ht o e ona e cc s o ur s o ha l hei convitonsorvi c t t rco tt i rght Se Boundsv.Sm ih,430 U. 81 838 ci ndi a e hei nsiutonal i s. ç t S. 7, ( 977 .Howe r (Boundsdi notce t a absr c,fe sa ngrghtt a1w lbrr orl al 1 ) ve ,t d rae n ta t r etndi i o a i ay eg a s sa e ' t e o i ns a e m ea f e urng ( r s bl a s i t nc '' hes pt o r 5 ns or ns i C ea ona y dequa e opporuniy t pr s nt a t t t o ee cl i e vi a i off a m d ol tons undam e a c tt i nt l ons iutonalrght t t c t . Le i v. e 51 U . i s o he our s ' w s Cas v, 8 S. ' 3 351( 996)( tngBo , a 825) Thus Bo doe notrquieapatc a 43, 1 quoi unds 430 t . , unds s e r riulr m ehod t ens er as t o ur e onabl ac s t c t bu r quie o y asa e pr de c pa lt t e ce s o ours t e r s nl t t - ovi d a biiy o brng a a ton r lt t a c i i a al c lt r la t k,oraci lrght vi a i I a i n ci ea ed o rm nal ppe , ola e a tac vi i s olton. d. t Pl i iff ist e tbls t f l e ofprs ofi il t a ss i antf a l o sa ih he aiur ion tca s o s it n t pr pa a i a tlng ofm e ni f l alpa s he e r ton nd i i a ng ul eg per . TheVDOC, PCC,a KM CC polcesdi notde pli ifr a ona ea e st c t. nd ii d ny a ntf e s bl cc s o ours I t d, hes polci f iia ed pl i if sa ce st l ga m a e i l a i tt tona a t ne t ns ea t e i es ac lt t a ntf c s o e l t r a s nd ns iu i l tor ys o a s s hi w ih hi diec a ala s a e ha a pe ii s i t m t s r t ppe nd t t be s tton. V D OC D O P 8 w a ef e tve w he pl i i fa ved a PCC a KM CC a t oug 22 s f c i n a ntf ni t nd nd hr h De e be 1, e m r 2006. Thepolc alowe pl i ift ltg t o t i o be l a a ce s iy l d antf o ii a e n her wn ha f nd c s i tt i ll ga s r ce a de c i by i tt tonalope a i pr dur s. The polcy m ade a ns iutona e l e vi s s s rbed ns iu i r tng oce e i f c lt s w a de prm a iy r s a iiy' r n i r l e pons bie f Ce ur ng com pla e w ih t s ope a i pr ed e i l or û ns i i nc t hi r tng oc ur a t i tt i ll vel' Fur he m or a f c lt sw a de w asr s t he ns iutona e . ' t r e, a iiy' r n e pons bl f e urng VD O C i e or ns i s a f s c pla e w ih t polc .1 o n D e e be 1 2006,D OP 822 w ass r e d by D OP t f om i nc t he i y 8 cm r , upe s de 861 3. Thi newe polcy s ilpr d t tpl i ifm ay ltga e on hi ow n be f ha ac e s . s r i tl ovi ed ha a ntf ii t s hal, ve c s t l ga s r i e i l ng t f c lt a t ne a l w lbr r m a era s and r c ve i o m a i n o e l e v c s nc udi he a iiy tor y nd a i a y t i l , e ei nf r to on how t a ce sl gals vi s o c s e er ce . PCC l 867 pr ve e pl ntf f o ha ng phys c a ce st t 1 w lbr r OP e nt d ai i f r m vi i al c s o he a i a y c l c i ,butpl i ifcoul r ce ve fve l ga m a era sf t e daysa a tm e b s itng a ole tons a ntf d e i i e l t i l or hr e t i y ubm ti r que tt sa f Asl a pl i ifr t ned t m ae il , c d r que tm or ma e i s e s o tf. ong s antf eur he tra s he oul e s e t ral. Furhe m or PCC l P 867 a l e pl i ift c a tt i tt i t r e, O low d a ntf o ont c he ns iutonala t e t s em e tom y o uppl nt a ce st l ga i or a i n. The polc eve pr de pl i ifa pr e e t c pl i a utt c s o e l nf m t o i y n ovi d a ntf oc dur o om a n bo he l c ofcon a tw ih a i tt i ak t c t n ns iutonala t ne Pl i ifa ist the w r e t o oft tor y. a ntf dm t ha ot o ne he i tt tonala t ne butPCC s a fa l ge y t d hi t tt y di notha a i tt i na ns iu i tor ys t f le dl ol m ha he d ve n ns iuto l a t ne a t ttm e. H ow e r pl ntf d snotde c i any ef or t c r c t p o e or tor y t ha i ve , ai i f oe s rbe f t o or e t he r bl m r ues PCC s a ft pr vi a s uton,a pe m it by t polc eq t t f o o de ol i s r ted he i y. Bot KM CC l 867 a KM CC LOP 841B,whi h we ea ove by de e nt h OP nd . c r ppr d f nda Huf m a a f m e K M CC W a de ,a ho i e pl i i ft ha a e st l ga m a e i l . f n nd or r r ns ut r z d a ntf o ve cc s o e l t r a s Pl i ifa xe s d l lm a e i sw ih hi Spe i lH o i La Li a y R e a ntf l s e ega t ral t s c a us ng w br r ques For st the t m ha s ntvi i tt i lm a lt t Tr a m e Pr n Supe vi or sofk e. Pl i ifr c ve c es e a ns iutona i o he e t nt ogr m r s ' t a ntf e ei d opi ofhi r ue t d m a e i s nott a t books s eq s e t ral , he c ual .Thes polci alo pr ded t na e a e i es s ovi he m s nd m aii address f t t i tt i lng es or he wo ns iutonalator t neyst pl nt f coul cont t di hat ai i f d act o scussl egal 1 pl ntf di notnam eaPcc war n asadefnda . 8 ai if d de e nt m a t r . I ed, a ntf wr e t one oft KM CC' i tt i te s nde pl i i f ot o he S ns iutonala t ne t di c shi l al tor ys o s us s eg que to ,butpl i i fwasdi s t si wih t a t ne be a e he di notgi pl i if( t l s i ns a ntf s a i ted t he tor y c us d ve a ntf t ua ac as it nc ' o f l pl adi . s s a e' t ie e ngs l i c e rt tt e polci do notvi a e Bounds r r m e f r t V D O C t t s l a ha hes i es ol t ' equie nt o he o f c lt t pl n i f sr s bl a e st c t .The pr de pl i ifm ea t r ques l ga a iia e ai t f ea ona e cc s o our s y ovi d a ntf ns o e te l m a e i s f o t i tt i s 1 w lbr r e a f o i tt i la t ne . Pl i tf s t ral r m he nsiuton' a i a i s nd r m ns iutona tor ys a n if a gum entt tBoundsr quie pr s ofi a st gi pl ntf ph i a a ce st t booksi no r ha e r s i on tci l o ve ai i f ys c l c s o he s t s uppo t d by l w . The polci spe m it d pl i i ft r c i co e ofhi r ue t d l ga re a i e r te a ntf o e e ve pi s s eq s e e l m a e i s a s h ac es t l galm a e i s C a he t n t c pa lt oft ni pag i a l w t ral , nd uc c s o e t ral , d t r ha he a biiy ur ng es n a r lbr l ... st t uc t 'ofpr di r a ona e a c st cours. Le i ,51 U . a 357. i ay, i he o hs one' ovi ng e s bl c es o t w s 8 S. t Pl i ifa s com pl i t he i nott a ned i l w a di no know how t s a tr s a c ng a ntf l o a ns hat s ri n a nd d t o t r e e r hi hi i as a he f uls t e c - t s t m f pr ve i hi f om di c r ng t a l ed s de , nd a t he xa t cie ys e or e ntng m r s ove i he leg l ga fa i hi c i i pr e ngs Howe r t Supr m eCour dic am e t pr mie e l l ws n s rm nal oce di . ve , he e t s l i d he e s t taSglaemus e bl t prs rt dic rgre nc s a t ltg t efe tveyonc i ha tstt t na e he ione o s ove iva e , nd o iiae fci l e n c t be us û o de a t c e r ofs h s phi tc t d l ga c pabiii s upon a m osl our ' ca e t ' t m nd he onf r al uc o s i a e e l a lte ty une duca e a i ed l r l ilt r t pr s popul t o i ef e tve y t de a pe m a nt t d nd nde a ge y lie a e i on a i n s f c i l o m nd r ne pr vi i ofc o s on ouns l whi h w e do notbele t Cons iuton r quies ' Le i ,51 U . a e, c i ve he tt i e r . ' w s 8 S. t 354. l c us on, he V D OC , n oncl i t PCC , KM CC polc e di no unc tt i l pr ve and i i s d t ons iutonaly e nt pl i iffom r cevi l lm aera so fo a c sng i tt i a t ne . Thes polc e antf r e i ng ega t il r r m c es i nsiutonal tor ys e ii s provi m eans by w hi pl ntf coul chalenge hi convi i Accor ngl pl ntf f l t ded ch ai if d l s cton. di y, ai if ais o , es a i h a de alofr as bl a e st c t . t bls ni e ona e cc s o our s 25 Pl i iff ist esa ih s equa um ofderme c us d byt antf a l o tbls om nt ti nt a e he c le ed c ha lng onduc ofsa eofi a st tr s t d i t t t t fcil ha e ule n he i er u i n a orde a o pl i if s pe ng orc e pl t d nt r pt o nd/ l y f a ntf ' ndi ont m a e ltga i ii ton. The r ghtofr s bl a es t c t ti a il r t t unde l ng cl i ,wihout i ea ona e cc s o our s ts nc la y o he r yi am t wh c aplitf c n o ha es fee ij r b b igs u o t fc u t'Ch itp e v Hab r , ih an if a n t v u fr d nu y y en h t u o o r. rso h r . r u y ' 536U. 403, 5( S. 41 2002) .Thus, pli ifmus as itt t undel ngcam i a c d nc a antf t lo d ae he s ryi li n c or a e wi Fe e a Ru eo Ci iPr c d r 8 a,u t si i we eb i gid pe d n l p rue . .' t d r l l f vl o e u e ()j s a f t r en n e n e ty u s d . . h ' l a 41 (nenalf not omit .tl-hepr diaecli g t bedesrbe wele d. t 7 itr oot e ted) t-j e c t am musl l c i d l nought o a y t ç rvol ppl he nonf i ous't ta t s es nd o how t tt i r ua e'na ur oft underyi c a m i ha he a g bl t e he l ng l i s m or t n hope. l a 41 A c or ngl i or rt pl d a ba kw a d l ng de a of e ha ' d. t 6. c di y, n de o ea ' c r ooki ni l r as bl a es t cours c a m ,a pl i ifm us s c fc ly i t f a non-r vol l ga e ona e cc s o t li a ntf t pe i i a l den iy f i ous e l c a m t ta de e l i ha f ndants a t o pr ve e hi fom ltga i 1 a 41 1 ,Le i ,51 U . a ' c i ns e nt d m r ii tng. d. t 5- 6' w s 8 S. t 353 n. Thi r uie e m e t C nm a e m us c e f w a d w ih s m e hi m or t n 3. s eq r m nt ans he k t i t om or r t o t ng e ha va a co l or a l ga i ofi onve e e ordel y i hi i tga i orpr ec ton of gue nd nc us y le tons nc ni nc a n s ns i ton os u i l gala tons.... The f c t ta i a e m a notbe a e t ltga e i e c l t m a rhe e ci a t ha n nm t y bl o ii t n xa ty he mw d srsi n ts fiin t d mo taet ea t a ij r ee n o a a c s t c u t cam. e ie s o u fce t o e nsrt h cu l nu y lme t f n c e s o o rs li ' ' Godf e v. a hi on Cnt sV a. She if N o.7: c 0018 2007 U . D i t LEXI 6051 a r v W s nct y. . rf , 06- v7, S. s . S 9, t *3 2007W L 2405728, t*13( . Va. 9, a W D. Aug.1 2007 ( tngLe s 518U. a 35l. 7, ) cii wi, S, t ) PCC I 8 wasefe tvewhiepl ntf wasa PCC d i t t ry- ype i i OP 67 fci l ai if t urng he hit da rod n 2007 whe he c d a a hi c n oul ppe l s onvi o How e r i w a no untlM a 2008 w hie he w a a di n. ve , t s t i y l st K M CC t tpl i if fl d hi fr ta t pta a pr K a ha a ntf ie s is tem t o ppea ofhi convi ton.9 Pl i tf m a l d l s c i 1 a n if ie . lA feru ucc s ul tyi t ge hi cou - ppoi e de e e c el o fl a a g t ns es f l l ng o t s rta nt d f ns ouns t ie n ppeali Augus 2006, pl ntf y n t ai if h dan nalr e fl o hsb hafwi tecrutc u t moint s s e j d me twhc ddn t e u s a o -t n y i n i e l t h ic i o r a t o u p nd u g n, ih i o rq et o e h o ppe um nt n y o he ong our, le dl s d nac ur t hi pr K a aldoc e si M a 2008t t wr c t al ge y ba e on i c a e s o . i or a i n i t 1 w lbr r H ow e r M a 2008 w asl ng pa tt s x- on h pe i i whi h nf m to n he a i a y. ve , y o s he i m t r od n c t Co tofAppea sha t pow e t gr nta be a e a he ur l s he ro a l t d ppea ,e n i pl i ifm a l d hi a al l ve f a ntf ie s ppe t t c r c coul.Pl ntf a ist thekne heha a a o he or e t ' ai if dm t ha t w d n ppea a lbl t hi bec us he l vaia e o m a e ur d hi c ge s ouns t fl oneon hi behafi Augus 2006.Pli ifsdec son t ha anonel o ie s l n t a ntf ii o ve atme fl amoi nt s s e dj d me tise d o anoieo a pe lwa ars lo panifs to y ie to o u p n u g n n ta f t f p a s e ut f litf c own de son; aitf doesnotaleg a de e ti r as cii pl n if l e ny f c n e onabl a e st coursasr l i t hi e cc s o t eatng o s d cso t fl a' to t s p ndj d me t' e ii n o ie t in o us e u g n . mo ' Pl i ifa gue t tt a l ge Bounds vi atons f hi di e ta a ntf r s ha he le d ol i or s r c ppea occ r d whe t l ur e n he PCC and KM CC sa fdi no pr dehi wih l ali or i n ora ssa et know whih t f d t ovi m t eg nf mato s itnc o c c t o fl hi a a pa r k whiea PCC a KM CC. Pli iff t t PCC a KM CC our t ie s ppe l pe wor l t nd antf auls he nd sa ff notpr di r s bl a e st lgalma e i sf hi t G ope l a f l t f or ovi ng ea ona e cc s o e t ral or m o ' pr ry nd uly a c rana a sr'cai ondie ta al ( ondAm . s e ti nd se t' l ms rc ppe . Sec Compl5. Eve i t lw lbrr . ) n f he a i ay pr de pl i ifwih t core maii a e sf t Cour ofAppeasby whe hemaie ovi d antf t he r ct lng ddr s or he t l n ld hi a s ppea doc e si M a 2008,i wa silbe l um nt n y t s tl yond t saut ype i whe eheco d he t t or rod r ul r ce ve a be a e a a ,as um i he c d o r om e t c rbut p neglgenc ba f be a ed e i l t d ppe l s ng oul ve c he ont i or i e r or l t a al.Se Va. ppe s e Codej 1 2- 1D)( ni beaeda pe whe delyi pa tal 9. 321.( ba ng lt p al n a s rily ati a et a l t. trbutbl o ppelan) Fur he m or ,t c ai spl i ifi e d t a gue on a t r e he l m a ntf nt nde o r ppea had no c nc ofs c s l ha e uc es . Plitf wo l h veag e ta h sc n cinvo ae d ep o e sb c u eag a dj r mu t anif ud a r u d h t i o vito iltd u r c s e a s rn u y s i ue an i ct ent he w as deni acces t i or a i aboutt pr s m aibox nze,a hi ss ndi m , ed s o nf m t on he i on- l l nd s 27 s n e e w a i vi a i ofhi cons iuto lrght . Pl ntf c pl i t the kne e t nc s n ol ton s tt i na i s ai i f om a ns ha w i om e hi w a wr wih t i c m e ' buthe coul notdi c rt i o m a i t s ç s t ng s ong t he ndi t nt' d s ove he nf r ton o uppor t hi hunc ( condAm.Compl6. Howe r t camspli ifi e dt rieondie t s h. Se .) ve,he li antf ntnde o as rc a ppea w oul notha pr ded hi an r i . Pl ntf sA lor pl a f r cl ed a a lt t l d ve ovi m y elef ai i f f d e o e os n biiy o c l nge hi i c m e . Se e. ,M as v. hale s ndi t nt e, g. on Com m onw e 1h,21 V a 1 at 9 . 091,1 098, 4 S. 2d 25 E. 11 1 ( 979) Te yv. 6, 21 1 ; n' Commonwe 1h,30Va App.1 1 97,51 S. 2d233, 36 at . 92, 966 E. 235( .CtApp.1 (ttngg lyplawave dee e t taos befr t pl ) Theprs Va . 999) sai uit e i d fns s ha r e o e he ea. ionm a l r e hasno obvi r l nce t pl i if s c nvi ton,a he f is t de c i how i ibox ul ous e eva o a ntf ' o c i nd a l o s r be t w o d ha be n a r as t ove t n hi c c i Pl ntf al o f l t de c i how hi ul ve e e on o rur s onvi ton. ai i f s ais o s rbe s s nt nc vi a e a cons iutona rgh be e e e ol t d tt i l i t yond hi m e e c us on. s r oncl i The a tona cl i s pl ntf i e d t a g on ha asr e a s ha no c nc of ddii l a m ai if nt nde o r ue be evi w l o d ha e s c s . Pl i ifa gue t the w oul have r i ed t f l ng c a m s i hi s a e ha s uc e s a ntf r s ha d a s he olowi l i n s t t bea peii n i heha r a onabl ac es t c rs hi guit plawasi unt r be a e d e e tto f d es e c s o ou t: s ly e nvol a y c us ef ns c ouns lwih l i or to l di t apos i ede e e;c e t hed nf ma i n ea ng o sbl f ns ouns lo t pr ec orunl uly e r he os ut awf l wihhe d DN A t t and m i l adi y pr f r d e de e a bl s ai ;t i c m e w a t l es s s e ngl of e e vi nc s ood t ns he ndi t nt s iva i ,c n ld' ouns lf ie t fl anotc ofa e a ld o ie ie ppea orr pr s ntpli tf a apos-ra hea i , nd l e e e a n if t tti l rng' a t c r ui cour f l t advi e pl i ifoft diposton ofhi non- tonw y' pos -ra he i c t t aied o s a ntf he s ii s at s tt i l m o i H ow e r t Supr m e Co tofV igi a a r ady de e m i t tpl ntf spl a w a ton. ve , he e ur r ni le t r ned ha ai i f e s know i a vol a y;c ng nd unt r ouns lw e e no i f e tve f f ii t not a a a 'a t thi e r t ne f c i or a lng o e n ppe l nd ha s , k o n a dv ln ayg it pe wav dal nj rs ito a d fns sa alb ep irt h s n wig n ou tr u l la ie lno -u idcin l ee e v ia l ro o i y guit pl Furher or t non- t e sf lng had no l ly ea. t m e, he at om y' ii egalef ect. See K one,272 V a.at62f 63, 0 S. 2d a 745- Thus a1 oft e cl m s pl i i fs ys he w oul ha br htha no 63 E. t 46. , l hes ai a ntf a d ve oug d 28 c nc ofs ce son ha asr ew,asale dy deer ne byt Supr m eCo tofVig ni ha e uc s be evi ra t mi d he e ur r i a. l c l i t cl m spl i ifs yshe w oul ha r i ed o bot di e ta a a o n onc us on, he ai a ntf a d ve a s n h r c ppe l nd n s a e ha a ,i i w e e notf t a l gedl de i i ntac es t co t pr ded b PCC a t t be s f t r or he le y fc e c s o ur s ovi y nd K M CC s a f w oul notha e il d pl i ift hi r quesed r le . The e or ,t aleg y t f, d ve ntte a ntf o s e t e if r f e he l edl 20 pr nt d c a m s ha no r a onabl c nc ofs c s a w e e ba e m e e y on hope. eve e l i d es e ha e uc es nd r s d r l A cc di y,pl ntf f is t es a i h a de a ofr as bl ac es t cour s or ngl ai i f a l o t bls ni l e ona e c s o t. b. The rghtpl i t f cl i st de e nt vi a e w a notcl a l i a n i f a m he f nda s ol t d s e ry e t bls d a t tm e oft e nt . s a i he t he i he ve s Pl i ifa guest tt PC C' a K M CC' r i nc on a e c - t s t m a a ntf r ha he S nd S ela e n xa t cie ys e nd pr vi i ofc e ofl alm a eral i t ad o phys c a ce st t m de ed hi r as bl o s on opi s eg t i s ns e f i al c s o he ni m e ona e a c st co t . How eve ,t unl w f ne sofeihe oft e m e hodsw a nota r nta t t c es o urs r he a ul s t r hes t s ppa e t ha tme Pli ifr lesonKno v.J o 977F. 1 ( hCi.1 ,a s rlot r i . antf ei p ohns n, 2d 006 6t r 992) nd evea he a t ii ,butt y a e notco r lng i t s c r tbec us Le i v.Ca e s r ede t m i u hortes he r ntoli n hi icui a e w s s v upe s d he n 1 6. Thus t def nda sdi notvi a e cl a l esabls d l w a t tm e oft e nt . 99 , he e nt d ol t e ry t i he a t he i he ve s A c or ngl t def ndan s a e e il t qua ii d i m uniy. c di y, he e t r ntted o lfe m t The de enda s a e e il d t s r gn i m uniy i t rof i alc pa ii s f o f nt r ntte o ove ei m t n hei fci a c te r m da ge anda rques f ij tver i i moot ma s ny e t or nunci elef s . De e nt a guet tt y a e i f nda s r ha he r mmunefom da a si t rofi a c pacte .Neihe r m ge n hei fcil a iis t r asaenorisotcasaci i t i ofii c pacte aepe s f pur esofj1 3 tt t fi il tng n her fcal a iis r rons or pos 98 da a s a tons W ilv. i hi D e tQfSt t Polce 491 U . 58,70- , n.0( 989) m ge c i . l M c gan p' ae i , S. 71 1 1 . The e or ea , def nda ti i m une t t e e t tpl i ifi s ng a de e nti a ofi i r f e, c h e n sm o he xt nt ha a ntf s ui f nda n n t c al 2 Be a enoneoft cai sha a cha ofs es, plitf ddn t ufrpeu iea ars lo tealg d 0 c us he l m d ny nce ucc s anif i o s fe rj dc s e ut fh l e e t ki ofhi CDsa news pera tcl ske t s r t s c ai s M or i por a l pl ntf f l t lnk a y a ng s nd pa r i e pt o uppo t he e l m . e m t nty, ai if ais o i n defnda t t s alege t ki ,whi enttest m t qualfedi uniy f Cli Thr e. e nt o he e l d a ngs ch il he o ii mm t or am e ca ct f da pa iy or mage Pli if sta f rfom PCC,KM CC, ndt VDOC s t m a s moot s. antf r ns e r a he yse lo s a yij tver i s ugh agans t deenda si t rofki c pa ii .SçeUnc av. n nunci elef o t i t he f nt n hei t al a ctes uma Oz n , 0 F.d2 , 8 - 7( t Ci. 0 7 (o lcigc s st s p r d s s a o ij n t e mit 5 7 3 81 2 6 8 4 h r 2 0 ) c le tn a e o u po t imis l f n u ci v anddecaat yrme e asmootu nprs rsta frfo f iiyofc le daci . lr or e dis po ione' rnse rm aclt halnge ton) 11. 1 Fort f e ngr s , Igr ntt def ndant 'm otonsf s he orgoi ea ons a he e i or ummayj r udgme z a ntl nd s de y asm ootpl ntf ' va i m oto .2 n ai if s r ous i ns2 The Cl r i die t d t s nd c esoft sm e o a e k s r c e o e opi hi m r ndum opi on and t a c ni he c ompa yi n ng or rt pl i ifa couns lofr c d f t de e nt . de o antf nd e e or or he f nda s E s 'iz xT R:hz r dyo-uy21. a t l,o1 l I Se orU nie St t D i ti tJ ni t d a es s r c udge 2 lnot t twhehe pl ntf di ordi not5l copi ofgrev eswih t c tha no i pa on t sltgai , 1 e ha t r ai if d d e es i anc t he our d m ct hi ii ton a t cour gr ntd e y moi f a e enson oftmehefld.Furhemor no Loc Rul oft sc t nd he t a e ver ton or n xt i i ie t r e, al e hi our r uie pl di fom aprso rpr e ngpr j t bewrte i apa tculrc or wih apa tcul i tume , eq r s ea ngs r i ne oc edi o .-t o itn n ri a ol , t ri ar nsr nt oronpatc a pa r The c ta ept bot t d a ha itnpl di ,r r e st whehe t ya e riulr pe . our cc s h ype nd ndwrte ea ngs ega dls o t r he r wrtenonnor lsi dpa r a mos,i no al ofhi 5 pag offlngswe eonr gulr8. 'x 1l' pe .l it ma ze pe , nd t f t l, s 00 es ii r e a 5' 'pa r f rhe not t tCM / doesnots t tpl ntf' pla ngscont n lad- i t t bl k-nkt t bl -nk u t r e ha ECF how ha ai ifs e di ai e pencl ex , ac i ex , ue i txtbl i underi ng a r i undelni e , ue-nk lni nd ed-nk ri ng. 2plitf fldamoint e pa dterc r t a mirc r sfo panifssaec i na p o e dn s(o 1 15 2 anif i e to o x n h e od o d t eo d r m litf' tt rmi l r c e ig n . 0 ) fldaû to f rme n t d a a dsbmimoin '(o. 0 ) Gldsv rl to st s b tre ua moin ie ç in o a s o r; n u t t s'n 1 2 , e e ea moin o u miirg lr to s mo o o bif (o 1 3.l 5 1 6 1 ,1 l, n rq etda c s t CM/ t eeto ial fl a drtiv r res n . 0 0 , 0 . 08 1 )a d e u se ce s o ECF o lcr nc l ie n ere e y d c me t ( .l 0 .ld n t moin a mo tb c u elara yh v a c s t pet e trc rsfo te o u ns no 1 ) e y he to s s o e a s l d a e c e s o ri n e od rm h e n c i na pr ce ngsa ldo notr quieftt rdoc nt fom pli ifi lghtofhi ar dy Gl r s e t rmi l o edi nd e r t he ume s r r antf n i s lea ed e pons s o t ed fn n s mo in f rs mma yj d me t Plitf d dn t e u s a y a d t n l x e so o t , e u s h e e da t ' to s o u r u g n . an if i o r q e t n d ii a e t n in f i r q e t o me l ve t a e ors e en a r pons ,tl a c ofdoc e the s htpe s i t fl orot m ie ea o m nd uppl m t ny es e 5 e opy um n oug nnis on o ie, he s etbihg o cu et fl o to t .Ac o dn l, ofrh r epo ei n c sayt a j dct ti c s. sa ls o d a s o ie u f i me c r igy n ute r s ns s e e sr o du iae hs a e Pl ntf doe notne acc s t CM / ai if s ed e s o ECF a he m a s pa rpl adi t t c tf enty i o CM / a he s y end pe e ngs o he our or l nt ECF nd c dm a ha oul ke ndwrte copisofdoc e sbef eflngt m frhi ownr co d. itn e um nt or ii he o s e r 30
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