Beacon Wireless Solutions, Inc. et al v. Garmin International, Inc. et al, No. 5:2011cv00025 - Document 38 (W.D. Va. 2011)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 10/5/2011. (jat) (Main Document 38 replaced on 10/5/2011) (ssm).
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A cc di t t nf r ton or ny pos el t d o he r i s' i s e a i hi or ng o he pl i if,t de e nt m a publct pli if 'pr it r i onna i r ga di t antfs he f nda s de i he antfs opre a y nf ton e r ng he a i a i t r by t i erng t c l ps oft a i ton' m a ke va ue t t pl ntf s pplc ton, he e rgg i he ola e he pplca i s r t l o he ai if . The pl i if al o a l ge t tt de e nt m i a opra e t pl i if tade s c e s a ntf s s le ha he f nda s s ppr i t d he a ntf s' r e rt, bra he a i i i fc c r tbewee t pa te ,a we eunusl e ihe t ought e c d n mpled-n-a t ontac t n he ris nd r j ty nrc d hr he pl nt fs'uncom pens ed pr s on ofval e servi and r our f w hi t ai if at ovi i uabl ces es ces rom ch he de e nt be i e by s lng PN D Si o por tng t a i a i O n Aug t 1 2011, he f nda s nett d eli nc r a i he pplc ton. us , t de e nt move t c tt ta frve t t DititofKa asa t dim ist oft f nda s d he our o r nse nue o he src ns nd o s s wo he f trco si t c pl nt Fort r s e ai d be ow ,t cour w ilde t m o i t o l unt n he om ai . he ea ons xpl ne l he t l ny he ton o t a f rve a w ilgr nti pa t de i pa t a t ke u ra s m e i pa' t m otons r ns e nue nd l a n r , ny n r, nd a nde dvi e nt n l he i t t di m i s o s s. Fact and ProeeduralH i ory ual st The c twils ma i et f c s asi mus, nt lg mos f vo a et t pl i if , our l um rz he a t , t t i he iht t a r bl o he antfs t nonmovi pa te Pur m v. ifx Cny.Sc Bd.637F. 421, ( h Ci.201 ) he ng ris. dha Fara t h. , 3d 426 4t r 1 (ii Celtx Co p. Cart 477U. 31 322(98 ctng oe r v. tet S. 7, 1 6:. Be on i i or a e und t l w s ofOnt r o,Ca da w ih is prnci lpl c of ac s nc por t d er he a ai na , t t i pa a e b sn s i To o t Ca a a ( c e No. a !2) Be c nc n u t b sn s i Ca a aa di u ie s n r no, n d . Do k t 1 t . a o o d cs u i e s n n d n n t Unie St t s Bea on Eur ,one ofBe on' a fla e , si or a e t de t l w sof he t d a e . c ope ac s f ii t s i nc por t d m r he a En ln a dW ae , t isp icpa pa eo b i s i En ln (d a !3) Be c n E r p ga d n ls wi t rn i l lc f usnes n ga d. I . t . a o u o e h conducsbusnes i Eur ,t M i eEas, nd Afia. t i s n ope he ddl ta rc Bo h G a m i l e na i la G a n U SA a e i p o a e undert l w sofK a a , t r n nt r tona nd nni r nco r t d he a ns s wiht erp icp l a e o b i s i Ka s s l . t !4 5) Al o g t ep anif alg t h i rn ia plc s f usne s n n a .(d a ! - . t u h h litfs le e h t tbot def nt ha ta a t d busne si c r ce t s y t ngsi and s d g ha h enda s ve r ns c e i s n, onta td o uppl hi n, ol oods i Vigni,h d fn a t d n te ea s ri n .(d Do k t .1 a ! 7- . Ho ve, n r i a te ee d ns e y h s se t s L o =; c e No 9 t ! 9) we r bec us t def nda s sa i a r gi t r ag ti V igi a, he c a e he e nt t ton e s e ed en n r ni t y once t tt s c tm a de ha hi our y p o el e riep r o lu idito o r h d fn a t a t a ve u i Se h ial p o e ' r p ry xecs e s na j rs ci n ve t e ee d n s nd h t n e s k c n c ly r p r' t i t sditit ( ke No.30a 2n.. n hi src. Doc t t 1) I 2003,t pl ntf sde l d a pr i t r wi e es m oniorng a m a ge e n he ai i f ve ope opre a y r l s t i nd na m nt s t ,kno n asFl et a t r t te bl d ow ne s o c m e ci lve cl t e t t t a k a ysem w e M s e , ha na e r f om r a hi e l e s o r c nd m oniorve c e t ough a G PS, o m o t s e a o he ve c e f ncto ,a t t hi l s hr t nior pe d nd t r hi l ' i ns nd o u c mmu iaermoeywi d ie s ( c e No 1a !11) Theplitfsd sg e t e o nc t e tl t rv r. Do k t . t . h an if e in d h Fl t a t rs t m f i e a i w ih ot rve c e bas devi es s h a PN D S ee M s e ys e or nt gr ton t he hi l - ed c uc s . l c n onne ton wih t Fle M a t rs tm , hepli tfsde l d a C o it r ci t he e t se yse t a n if ve ope t pre a y pr t lm ai sbo t tcoul i e f cewih bo hN o t Ame ia a Eur pe n m obie daa ee tc x ha d nt ra t t rh rc n nd o a l t ne wor a c a ne a pr es o t tc d r c t i e a i to , nc udi t ks nd ont i d oc s r ha oul un usom z d pplca i ns i l ng c t i ed a i t o de l d by t Pl i i f t te bl s ur m e s ge de i r usom z pplca i ns ve ope he a ntf s ha na ed ec e s a lve y b t e aP a dah t o ain' (Z a ! 1 ) Th p an if as d v lpe , sp r o te ewe n ND n os l c to . J t 2. e litfs lo e eo d a at f h ' Fl e M asers t m ,a ku que s r e a da a s i r s r c ur t tc d ta i a s o e da a e t t yse t ni e v r nd t ba e nf a t u t e ha oul r ns t nd t r t on bot N o t Am e i n a Eu o n m obie da a ne wor a ta m i m e s st PN D Svi h rh rca nd r pea l t t ks nd r ns t s age o a i ea tvewe a iai .'(d.a ! 1 )Ast s fcss s,t pli if S r anda e ntrci b pplc tons' I t 3. he e a t ugget he antfs t e we r s r cec e vi ompa es g r tng r cu ng r ve ni , ene a i e ni e nuesbypr di c t r wih a ce st t r ovi ng usome s t c s o hei uni s r e,daa s andnewor i r tucur ' (d. que e v r tba e t k nfasr t e. l ) ' By 20 t pli if m ant n,gl lm a ke de 05,he a ntfs i ai oba r t mand i e iid f PN DSf rbot ntnsfe or o h pe s la co me cilve cls Att ss metm e t pl i if as e t Gar n I e ai na r ona nd m r a hi e . hi a i , he antfs s r, mi nt m to l ha a ui e a s gnii a s r oft PN D m a ke f per ona ve c e ,a w ass e ng t d cq r d i f c nt ha e he r t or s l hi l s nd e ki o b e kit t eP make f rc mmeca v hils ( .a !1 ) He c , r u d S pe e ra n o h ND r t o o ril e ce . J t 4. n e ao n e tmb r # 2005, e es nt tve oft pli if m e wih r pr s nt tvesfom Ga m i I er tona t r pr e a i s he antfs t t e e e ai r r n nt nai l o dic sapos i ebusnes a r ngeme .Att smeei t pli if i r s us sbl i s ra nt hi tng,he antf s ntoduc d t Ga mi e o r n l enai lt c e ofde opi auni ap iai Ct i ton' t two di egae ntr tona he onc pt vel ng que plc ton Applcai ' ha ul nt rt ) Ga m i l e na i l sPN D Sw ih t pl i tf s Fl t a t rs t ,t r by e i r n nt r tona ' t he a n if ' ee M s e ysem he e nablng com m e c a fee ope a o st m onio a com m uni a e w ih t rve cl t o h a ril l t rtr o t r nd c t t hei hi es hr ug Cc tmiedi ef eo aGa mi I er tonalPND i t l i e chve ce. (d.a !15. tuso z ntrac n r n nt nai nsaled n a hil ' l t ) ' Se r mont lt r i De e r2005, e es nt tve oft pl ntfsm e wih ve al hs ae , n c mbe r pr e ai s he ai if t t r pr s nt tve ofG a n l t r tonala G a n l e natonalshe dqua t r i K a a Ciy, e e e ai s nni n e na i t nni nt r i ' a r e s n ns s t Ka a ,t dic st deveopme oft Applcain.(d.a ! 1 ) Durngt smeei nss o sus he l nt he i to l t 6. i hi tng, Gam i I e na i c muni ae t t pl ntfst ti wa e t de op afe t r n ntr tonal om c td o he ai if ha t ntd o vel le m a e e s t m a q c y aspos i e butél c d t i r s r c ur ,e ri e a tm et nag m nt ys e s ui kl s bl , ta ke he nf a t u t e xpe ts nd i o de l a i e a e te tm a eme s t m t tutlze we a i tonsa was veop n ntgr t d l e nag nt yse ha ii d b pplcai nd c mp tbewi bohUni dSae a dEu o e nmo ied t n t r s' (d. Th plitfs o ail t t t tts n r p a b l aa ewo k . l ) e anif h e ' and Ga m i l t m a i la ee durng t smeei t c lbor t i de l ng, e tng,a r n n e tona gr d i hi tng o ola a e n veopi t si nd makei t Applcai (d.a ! 1 )Furhemoe,hepli if alge,Ga mi I enai l r tng he i ton. 1 t 7. t r r t antfs le r n ntr tona r pr e t d t t pli if t t durngt de l e es n e o he a ntfs ha , i he veopme oft Applc i n,i woul i k t nt he iato t dû wor o f r ai abusnes a r ng m e t twoul f il c m pe aet Pli tfsf t i o m lze i s ra e nt ha d ary o ns t he a n if or her de opme ef t a a co r ilus oft Applc ton. (d. vel nt fors nd ny mme ca e he iai ' I ) ' Tofcl aet ej itd v lp n o teAp iain, a o a dGami l tr ain l a itt h on e eo me t f h pl to Be c n n r n nen to a i c a re t d sl s t erp o reayif r to t e c ohe.(d. t 1 . Top e e t h g e d o ico e h i rp itr n o main o a h t r l a ! 8) rv n t e unau horz us ordicl ur oft s r d i o m ai n,hepa te exe ut d on De mbe 1 t ied e s os e he ha e nf r to t ri s c e ce r 4, 2005amut lnondicoszea ee ntCi ua sl lr gr me Nondicos eAgr me ) whi e ompase s l ur ee nf', ch nc ss nonpublci or ton r r ng et re iy' d i nf ma i ega di ihe ntt s t knowhow, r r ,s t r a ha dwa e ofwa e nd s e iiain a dgt e p o reay i fr to ' l a ! 1 ; c e No.1 1a 1) P ru n p cfc to s n oh r r p itr j n o main. d. t 9 Do k t '( - t . us a t t t N ondi c os e A gr m e ,t pa te a e bot t tt y w oul no di c os t ot r o he s l ur ee nt he r i s gr ed h ha he d t s l e he he pa t spr pre a y i or a i w ihoutc e ta t tt y w o d utlze s h i or a i ry' o i t r nf m ton t ons n nd ha he ul ii uc nf m ton onl f t pur e ofd va ua i a pos i e bus ne sr a i hi w ih t o he pa t ' y or he pos t l tng e s bl i s el tons p t he t r ry. ' ( Docke No.1a !20;Doc tNo.1 1a 2. t t ke - t ) Thepli if m ant i t t a trt pa tese c e t Nondicl ur Agr eme ,he antfs i a n ha , fe he ri xe ut d he s os e e nt t pl i if S nve t d sgni i anttm e a r our esi t deve opm e ta t s i oft a ntf s t s e i fc i i nd es c n he l n nd e tng he Applc ton,a prvi d Gami (nenai l wihe e i a e st a us oft iai nd o de r n ltr tonal t xtnsve cc s o nd e he Pli if 'pr it r t e ai sha d r a fr r a t isne wo k i r sr c u ea antfs opre a y elm tc r wa e nd imwae nd o t t r nfa tu t r nd s ve a i tons whihco tt eprpreays r c oft Pli if. ( ke No.1a ! er r pplcai , c nsiut o itr evies he antfs' Doc t ' t The pl i if a s r t tt y tc rbut d f a ur a d i n i as f nc i a ntf s s e t ha he t onti e e t e nd es g de , u tonal s ii a i ,Eur a l nguaget a l tons know - ,a pe s nne w ho pr de pec fc tons ope n-a r ns a i , how nd r o l ovi d e e i de o e s r c t te bl d t pa te t de i t ta de t xt ns ve vel pm nt e vi es ha na e he r i s o s gn, es nd bug he Ap l ain. (d. Fu te o e t plitfsa e t a t ye p n e sg iia t e o re i pi t ' I ) rh nn r,he an if v r h the x e d d i nfc n r s u c s n c o ' as i tng G a m i l e a i t m a ke t A pplc ton a t deve op pot nta di t i ton ss i r n nt m tonal o r t he i a i nd o l e i l srbu i newor .(d. Thr houtt de l t ks 1 ) oug he veopmen oft Applc ton,t plitfsale Ga n t he iai he anif lge, nni I em a i nalc nt to onve t t pl i if r pr s n a i ofc pe a i f t pl ntf s yed o he a ntf s e e e t tons om ns ton or he ai if ' de opme ef t.td a !22. vel nt fors L= t ) Cons uentt t pl ntfs e f t,t pa tesc um ma e t Applc ton by eq o he ai if ' fors he ri ons t d he ia i de o ng atee m a ge e s t m t ti e aedt pli if Fle M a t rs t m wih velpi l t na m nt yse ha nt gr t he antfs' e t se yse t Gami I enaina' PNDS (d. t!23. Su e nty,hedee nt be n i 2007t r n ntr to ls .l a ) bsque l t fnda s ga n o i oport t Applc toni oa1oft i PNDSs di No t Amei a i Eur td a ! nc r ae he iai nt 1 her ol n rh rca nd n ope. L= t Ar ound M ay 2008, he pl i if di co r t tG a m i I e na i lha m ade t t a ntf s s ve ed ha r n nt r tona d he Applc ton' s cii tonspublcl a ia e.(d.a !25. Addii ly,hepli if iai s pe fcai i y valbl I t ) tonal t antfs di c r d t tG a m i l e a i s ove e ha r n nt m tonalha pr vi d t t r pa tesi or a i de l e d o de o hi d r i nf m ton, ve opm nt s uppor , ca es t r by f iia i t t r pari 'a lt t utlz t A pplca i t t and bl , he e ac lt tng he hid tes biiy o ii e he i ton o e bl t i fe tma geme s tmst i ef ewihGami I enai lsPNDS (4. na e her le na nt yse o ntrac t r n ntr tona' . Lz ) Ga mi I e nai na ' publcdic os eoft Applc ton' s cii tonsa r lt d r n ntr to ls i s l ur he ia i s pe fcai nd ea e i o m a i n ca e t A pplc ton' m a ke va ue t pl m e ,ast pl i if 'c pe io s nf r to us d he i a i s r t l o um t he a ntf s om tt r C vebe n a et feey us t Applc ton t i eg a et i fe tma ge e ha dwa ea s ha e bl o r l e he ia i o nt r t her le na m nt r r nd s se wi ( r nltr ain l' PNDs' (d a !2 . y tm t Gami nen to als h . I . t 6) ' Thepl ntfsco me e t ss to M a c 21 2011 as e tng f c us sofa ton: ai if m nc d hi ui n r h , , s ri our a e ci ( )vi ai oft Ka asUnior Tr deSe rt Ac (I 1 olton he ns f m a ces t t KUTSA' a ns bot d e nt,() ' gai t h efnda s 2 ) brac oft No s os eAgre n a i tGami l e naina,( br c ofa i ide h he ndicl ur e me t gans r n ntr to l 3) ea h n mple i-a tc nrc a is b t d fn a t, n ( )u j s e rc me ta an tb t d fn a t.I n fc o ta t gan t oh e e d ns a d 4 nu t n ih n g i s oh ee d n s n terc mpan,h pli if s e ap nna e t nu cins a t p e e t h d fn a t fo h i o litte ant s e k e n n ij n to o s o rv n t e ee d n s rm f c i ui t us o dicl et Applc ton,af la ou i ofa lPNDSs d b t ontn ng o e r s os he ia i ul cc ntng 1 ol y he de e nt t ti or at o utlz t Applc to a o de i f nda s ha nc por e r ii e he i a in, n r r mposng aconsr tvetus o i tuci r t n a1oft de e nt 'pr e a pr isfom t i s l ofPNDSi or a i orutlzng t l he f nda s oce ds nd oft r he r a e nc por tng iii he Applc ton,adn a sa r ofa las $20 milon, n a r ofpunii da ges a a ia i m ge wa d t e t li a wa d tve ma , nd n a a d ofa t r y' f s a c t . w r to ne s ee nd os s On Augus 1 2011 t de e nt m oved t c tt tans erve t t D i ti tof t, , he f nda s he our o r f nue o he s rc Ka a a t dimist c sf bra hofa i id-n-ac co rc a f unus nss nd o s s he ount or e c n mple i f t nta t nd or j t e ihme . Thede e nt alotld on t tda t i a we t t c nrc nt f nda s s ie ha y her ns r o he ompl i ,c e ngt a ant onc di h t t i c u t ye riej rs ito a t b t d fn a t a dt tv n i tc nial p o e i hs o r ma xecs u idcin s o oh ee d n s n ha e ue s e h c l r p r n y t sditit Howe r t de e nt de la lt a a s a nc alt ofa fr ai hi src . ve , he f nda s ny ibiiy nd lo dva e iany fim tve de e es On A ugus 30,2011 t co t a d or la gum e on t def nda s m o i . Bot f ns . t , he ur he r a r nt he e nt ' tons h pa te have s nc fl d br e s i r s ns t t he rng. The de e nt 'm otonsa e t r f e ri s i e ie i f n e po e o he a i f nda s i r he e or rpe f di pos ton. i or s ii Aferconsde i t bref i s t i rng he i s n uppor ofa i opposton t t m o i , hepa te ' t nd n ii o he tons t ri s a p l e sa t hea i a t pa tes bre s f l i t he r ng,t c tw ilde t r m nt t he rng, nd he r i ' i f olow ng he a i he our l ny he de e nt 'm o i t ta f rve a wilgr nti pa t d ny i pa tand tkeund r f nda s ton o r ns e nue nd l a n r, e n r, a e a s m e i pa tt def nda s m o i t dim i s dvi e nt n r he e nt ' tons o s s . Di cus on s si A. M oton t T r f V enue i o ans er 1. LegalSt andard Thec tmus a l amoi t ta frve unde 28U. C.j 1 a .Tha our t nayze ton o rnse nue r S. 404() t s to pr dest t f t c eci n ovi ha, or he onve e eoft pari a winesesa whe et i e e t of ni nc he tes nd t s nd r he ntr ss j siewo l b sr e , d src c u t yta frac s t a oh rdsrc o dv so wi n a u tc u d e e v d a itit o r ma rnse ae o n te itit r iiin t hi dititwhe et ca e mi htha bee br ht eFi src r he s g ve n oug .Se nmec a c S. A. Ge M ot sCor , c ni a P. v. n. or p. No. : -v-9 , 0 7W L41 3 7 a * ( D. . v. 9 2 0 )(t a pligSe to 107c 7 4 2 0 4 0 4, t 2 E. Va No 1 , 0 7 1n p yn ci n 1 1 a) adititc t tfrtde dewhehe t cli mi ha be nbr 404( , src our mus is ci t r he ams ght ve e oughti t n he ta fref n. (iai omitdl.l a pl ngj 1 a ,hede sont ta f ac s rnsee onu ' cttons te ) n p yi ' 404() t cii o r nser a e r sss e t oundl wihi t dic e i n oft dititco t Br k v. r Com pu e Cts.I ,933 y t n he s r to he src ur. oc Ente t r r . nc. F.d 1 5 ,1 5 (t Ci. 9 ) S. . . M a d n 2 5F.d 1 8 2 ( t Ci.1 5 ) 2 2 3 2 7 4 h r 1 91 ; Rv Co v. d e , 3 2 9 , 01 4h r 9 6 ; Si mmonsv. ohns No. 05CV00053,2005W L 31 J on, 7: 59555,a *1( . Va. v.22, t W D. No 2005) . TheUnie St t sCo tofAppeasf t Fourh Cic ta Unie Stt sDiti t t d a e ur l or he t r ui nd t d a e src Co t i V igi a ha e abor t on t f c o s t tar pr ry c i r d i a s s ng w he ur s n r ni ve l a ed he a t r ha e ope l onsde e n s es i n ata se i t l c n e in a di t itr sso j sie S. . , 3 F.da 2 0 01 Ge . rn fr s nz o v ne t n n he nee t f u tc . Rv Co.2 5 2 t 0 - . n y , Crai LLC v.Le pfocEnes.l ,1 F.Su 2d503,50 05( . Va. 02) Vei n e ton a r tr s nc. 92 pp. 4- W D. 20 ; rzo OnlneSe vssI v. s 203F. i r . nc. Ralkv, Supp. 601 6 ( D.Va.2002) Asagenea matr 2d , 23 E. . rl te , t pl i if sc c ofve c m a de e e e. Doe v. he a ntf hoi e nue om nds f r nc Connor , 6 F.Su 21 221 s 79 pp 4, ( . Va 1 9 ) seas Ak r v No f l & W . Co, 7 F.d7 , 0( t Ci.1 6 )(t W D. . 9 2 ; e lo es . rok Ry. .3 8 2 8 8 4h r 9 7 ç Of co s w e r cog z t prm a y rghtoft pl i ift c ur e, e ni e he i r i he a ntf o hoos hi f m ,a s l c i note s l e s onz e e ton a iy t beovet own.l Howe r t pl ntf sc c o ve dema l sdeee ewhe t o rhr ' . ' ve ,he ai if hoie f nue nds es frnc n he s ti notfl d i t di t i ta di s on i w hi h i r i ,G l m or n Coa Co p. Ra ne s ui s ie n he sr c nd vi i n c t esdes n ca l r v. t r Gr u PLC, 5 F. u p. 6, 3 ( . Va 1 9 ) o wh nltl e it t c n e t h c o e o p. 8 4 S p 43 4 7 W D. . 9 3 , r e ite x ss o o n c t e h s n f u wih t c us ofaci Se. xtl M a h. I .v. W a s or m t he a e ton. Te ie c s nc H. r how & Sons I , . nc.No. 4: 05CV00066, 06W L 21 20 3723,a * ( . Va. a 27,2006 ( ttonsomitd) Alhough t 2 W D. J n. ) ciai te . t t deg ee ofde e e due t t pl i ifm a va y, he def nd none he es s ils de s he r f r nce o he a ntf y r t e ant t l s tl houl r teb r e tos o ta û ebaa c o e ute i i (tlfv r(n )t t u iile o o a d h u d n s h w h t t ln e f q iis s n i a o a d ha j d ca c n my n t h s c nincet a1pa tesfvo s ti a he f um.' Doe 796F.Supp.a 221(uotng onve e o l ri a r ui n not r or '' , t q i Elrdc v.Bouchad,620F.Supp. 68 ( . Va.1 ).Fe r co t i Vigi aofe di e r 678, 4 W D. 985) deal urs n r ni tn a s st f l w i f c o si de e m i ng whe he t ba anc ofe te f vor t a f rng a s es he olo ng a t r n t r ni t r he l e quii s a s r ns er i c s t adifrntvenue:()t c ninc oft winese '( t c ninc oft a e o fee 1 he onve e e he t ss 2) he onve e e he , pates ()s tmai i e iy;( fines;( t a ia lt ofc ri ; 3 yse tc ntgrt 4) ar s 5) he valbiiy ompulor pr e s ()t s y oc s ; 6 he c tofobani t at nc ofwine ss ( e eofa ce st s c ofpr f a ()t os ti ng he tenda e t se ; 7) as c s o oures oo ; nd 8 he i e es si ha ng l lco r r i s de i ed a hom e. Optc Ca e Cor v. a s El c nt r t n vi oca nt ove s e c d t i al bl p. M s . e . Co t. ,21F.Supp.2d58 592( . Va.1 .Theweihta or t t efcor nsr Co. 2, W D. 998) g cc ded o hes a t s s dc rs houl ore pondwiht de eet tea hi cst polc be nd sci 1 4() t ma t he gr ha c mpa t he iy hi e ton 40 a- o ke t ti û a y,e diius, a i xpe i ' Glmor nCoa Cor ,85 F.Supp.a 437 he ralû s xpe to g) nd ne nsve. n ca e ' l p. 4 t (i to o te ) ct in mitd . a 2. A nal i ys s A c i r ton oft baa eofe t fc or,asde c i dbeow,r ulsi t c ts onsde a i he lnc quiy a t s s rbe l es t n he our' c l i t r t i ve i t sditita ac or ngl t de t de e nt'moto t oncuson o e an nue n hi src nd, c di y, o ny he f nda s in o ta f rve .1 r ns e nue a. Conveni ence oft w iness he t es The con ni nce oft w ines e f c orwei hsi f vorofr t i ng ve i t s ve e he t s s a t g n a e a ni nue n hi ditit Thede e nt ls fvepotnta wine s s alofwho a eempl d byt src . f nda s it i e il t s e , 1 m r oye he d e n sa r sdei Olt Ka a ,a oxi t l t nt fvemie fom t f de a ef nda t nd e i n ahe, ns s ppr ma ey we y-i ls r he e r l co t us i Ka asCiy,Kans ,a a oxi ae yonet us m ie fom t f r l urho e n ns t as nd ppr m tl ho and l s r he ede a c u to s i Ha s n u g ( c e No. 4a 5) Al o g r tiigv n ei t i dsrc wil o rh u e n ni o b r . Do k t 1 t . t u h eann e u n hs itit l h i on nincet de e nt 'pa t wine s by o i ng t m t ta lfom Ka ast nc ve e he f nda s ry t s es blgi he o r ve r ns o Vigi a,t oursha r a e ye pha iedt ti c i rngwhehe t ta f rac eunde r ni t t ve epe t dl m sz ha n onsde i c t r o r ns e as r 28U. C.j1 a,t i nve e t pa t wine s i notafode t smeweghta t S. 404() he nco nince o ry t ses s f r d he a i s he i onve e t non- ry wine s . USA La .l .v.Bi Engi r d Suppl me s& nc nince o pa t t s es' ' bss nc o- nee e e nt Nurtom I , 1: cv47,2009W L 1 tii nc.No 09 227867,a * ( D. M a 4,2009)(iai t 4 E. Va. y cttons omitd ;s eas Lycos I v. vo.l ,499F.Supp.2d685,693( D. 2007)(t he te ) e lo .nc. Ti nc. E. Va. s n W c i rngt c onsde i he onve e e ofwine s s t sco t a aditnc i be we n pa t wine s s ninc t s e ,hi ur dr ws si ton t e ry- t s e a non- ry w ines esa afor gr a e w e ghtt t c ve e e ofnon- r y w ine s . nd pa t t s nd f ds e t r i o he on ni nc pa t t s es' ' (iainomitdl.Thepli if i ntf t onl nonparywine s si t sc e o ofwhom ctto te ) antfs de iy he y t t s e n hi as , ne rsde i Fr ea t ot ofwhom r iesi Toont Ca a.( ke No. 1a ! e i s n anc nd he her esd n r o, nad Doc t 22- t 11i) (v)) A wines fyi fom Frnc t Ka a Ciywoul ta la a tonal600mies (i, i . t s l ng r a e o ns s t d rve n ddii l t n i t wine sw a fyi t W as ngt D . A w ine sf yi f om To o o t K a as ha f he t s s l ng o hi on, C. t s l ng r r nt o ns 1 Thec tnoest i pplc biiyt t sc eoft bal eofe t f t srgar ngt avalbiiyof our t he na ia lt o hi as he anc quiy acor e di he ia lt compulol pr e sa t cos ofobti ngt a tndanc ofw ineses Ac r ngl t cour' anaysss tf t s y oc s nd he t ani he te e t s . co di y, he ts l i e orh bel doe nota es t e f ct s ow s ddr s hes a or . Ciy wo dta la a to l500 mie t n i t wines wasfyi t W a hi on,D. t ul r ve n ddii na ls ha f he t s l ng o s ngt C. Be a e ta f r i venue f om V igi a t K a asw o d wor m or i onve e e o t c us r ns e rng r r ni o ns ul k e nc ni nc n he pl i if 'nonpa t w ines e ,t co tsc i r ton oft s f t advi e f r t ni ve ue a ntf s r y t s s he ur ' ons de a i hi ac or s s or e ai ng n i t sditi t n hi src. b. Conveni ence oft partes and ease ofacces t sources ofproof he i so W ih r s c t t i resr a di c ve e e t t pa tesa e s ofa e st t e pe t o he nquii eg r ng on ni nc o he r i nd a e cc s o s c ofpr , hec tc l st tt ef cor lke s c i f vorofr t i ng ve i our es oof t our oncude ha hes a t s i wie ut n a e ani nue n t sditit Thepli if a urt ymanant tt de e nt t velnots hi src. antfs cc ael iti ha he fnda s û hal hownt tgher ha t il doc e t a o he pr a epa tc a l bul o difc tt ta po t ort ti i s how a um n s nd t r oof r ri ulry ky r fiul o r ns r, ha t s ome grae i ii ' o t dee nt ft brng gher pr t ' r i at nf t pli if e tr mposton'f r he fnda s so i t ij oof o'Vigni ha or he antfs t brng t rpr t K a a Ciy. S im esI t r l l . A pe O i Co. 604 F. pp.978 983 o i hei oof o ns s t tl n e oi. nc v. x l , Su , ( D. Y.1 .s eas Mave v.De Cor ofAm.3 F.Supp. 7, 1. ( De. S. N. 985) e lo , r v. p. , 96 91 935 129 D. l 1 (enyi t d e nt'moi t tanse ve a obs r i t tt ç fnda sha 975) d ng he efnda s ton o r fr nue nd e vng ha he i e nt ve de f ie t s w t tr l va doc a ld o ho ha e e nt umen snow l a e i Flrdac dno bec t oc t d n o i oul t onveninty e l i r duce a tili Delwae' l fc,hedee nt c e a t motonshe rngt t nto d t ra n a r ). n a tt fnda s onc ded t he i ai ha ta pori di c r f om K a a t Vi gi a w oul no i onve e e t def nt . He , r ns t ng s ove y r ns s o r ni d t nc ni nc he enda s nce tec u ti d t a p ryc n e in ea dd s o e yc n en ug tec u tor ti j rs it n h o r fn s h t a t o v n e c n ic v r o c r s z e h o r t ean u idci o i t sditi t n hi src. C. Syst at c i egriy and fai s em i nt t rnes Thi f c ori r atsabr d ara ofco i r tons o y t ofwhih a er lva t s a t nco por e oa r y nsde a i , nl wo c r ee nt o t sc s --doc tc tonsandt c tsf m iirt wih t a i bl lw. Coor Br wi hi a e ke ondii he our' a la iy t he pplca e a s e n: Co. Oa Beveaa l ,549F.Supp. 764,773( D. 2008 .Fis, t r s tt v. k r esnc. 2d E. Va. ) rtwih epec o doc tc tons t pl ntf sobs r t t a co di t t m os r ce Fe a J c a ke ondii , he ai i f e ve ha , c r ng o he t e nt der l udi i l 10 Ca eoa St tsi ,t sc s wilr a h tila oxi t y s ve mont s s l d a itcs hi a e l e c ra ppr mael e n hs oone i t sditit r n hi src t ni woul i Ka as Doc tNo.1 Ex.B..Howe r do tconsdeai donotc ry ha t d n ns .( ke 4, ) ve , cke i rtons ar dipostve w e ghti a c tsana ys s ofw he he t t a f r a c e. Fi e ca ca S. A .v. s ii i n our ' l i t r o r ns e as nm c ni P. Gen.Mot sCo .No.1: cv- 4, 7W L41 or m , 07- 79 200 43074,a * ( D.Va. v.1 2007) t 8 E. No 9, . S c n ,h c u t ic msn r ao wh ic n o a j dc t t Ka s s1w camsi e o d te o r d s e o e s n y t a n t du iae he n a a li n t sc s . Thepl i if 'frtc us ofa ton e hi a e antfs is a e c i manae fo KUTSA,asa u ebas d on t ts r m ttt e he Unior Tr de Se r t Ac ,whih hasbe n ad ed i amos e y sae i t c ty, f m a ces t c e opt n l t ver t t n he oun r i l ngVigi a Va. ncudi r ni. CodeAnn.j59. 336( e t2011.Thepl ntfs rmani cams 1- W s ) ai if' e i ng li de i fo s tld,wi l a plc bl lga prncpl ,na y,br a h ofc r c , ea h ofa rve r m ete de y p i a e e l i i es mel e c onta t br c n i le -n fc c nrc, n u j te rc me t Ass c tec u t abo sn r sr ain wi mpid i-a t o ta t a d nus n ih n. u h,h o r h r r o e e v to s t h r s e t oisc p ct t a j dc t t pan if'Ka s slw cams S e ec, v o d Fol e p c t t a a iy o du iae he litfs n a a li . e , ..Re n l s i l c v. iNo 30 CV6 7 201 W L 1 2 6 0 a * ( D. . r 2 , 01 )( n igt e n . Pa, . :9 5 , 0 2 5 2 , t 9 E. Va Ma . 5 2 0 de yn h de enda t sm oto t t a f rdes t t f c t tt c tm i htbe r quie t a y a f e g f n' i n o r ns e pie he a t ha he our g e r d o ppl or i n s a e' l w s a obs r i t tC e r c t a e r gul r y c le upon t a y t l w ofot t t s a , nd e v ng ha d de al our s r e a l a l d f o ppl he a her sae ' Glmor n Coa Cor v.RanesGr p. tts); a ga l p. t r ou PLC,85 F. pp.436,438( . Va.1 4 Su W D. 993) ( a i t deenda ' motont ta frfom Vigi at Ne Yor a rmaki t t grntng he f nts i o rnse r r ni o w k, nd e r ng ha t he e i no r a o t s pe tt ta N e Y o k c t ilha dif c t i er e i V igi a k r s t e s n o us c ha w r our w l ve f i uly nt pr tng r ni s urte 1w' ; l v.Kitv,396F.Su 261 265( Del 1 ( a i t d e ns ec iis a ' Hal ta ) pp. , D. . 975) grntng he efnda t' motont ta f rfom De a r t Ne Yor a sai t tt G l ntf se pha i t t i o r nse r l wa e o w k, nd t tng ha he d ai if m ss ha p t sCour woul havegr t re riei a yi Delwar lw t t pe n sae 1w cai hi t d eae xpe ts n ppl ng a e a o he nde t t t a l ms i exa rtd'. s ggeae ' ) d. I e e t i havi I alcont ove s e dec de athom e nt r s s n ng oc r r is i d The c t ec ze t tt sc e f t e con r ve s e t tbe r s e r l ton t our r ogni s ha hi as ea ur s t o r i s ha a om e a i o K a as Notonl i K a a t de enda t 'ho e bu i i a s t l to w he e t pa te ns . y s ns s he f n s m , t t s l o he oca i n r he ri s e e e i o t N ondi cl ur A g e m e a c nt r d nt he s os e r e nt nd onve d s ve a tm e t di c st ne e r l i s o s us he de lpme toft Applc ton.( ke No.1 a 7. Furhemor,t pa te a e dt t veo n he iai Doc t 4 t ) t r e he ris gre ha Ka aslw wo dgovent Nondicl ur Agre n.(#=a 7- ) ns a ul r he s os e e me t J . t 8. On t ot rha t c t e v st t asdic s a he he nd,he our obs r e ha , s us ed bove t de e , he f ndan sha t ve a k o e g dt ep o reyb t o tec u tse ecs o p ro a j rs ito o e te c n wld e h r p it oh f h o r' x r ie f e s n lu id ci n v r h de e nt a ofve i t sditit Furhe mor t pli if ale t tbot d e n s f nda s nd nue n hi src . t r e,he antfs l ge ha h ef nda t h v c usdtriu ij r i Vigna h ver g lrys l ie b sn s a dd rv ds bsa ta a e a e o t s nu y n r i i, a e ual oi td u ie s n ei e u tn il o c s esrve i Vigni a ha co te bra hofc r ti Vigni ( ke No.1a al e nue n r i a, nd ve mmitd e c ontac n r i a. Doc t t ! 4 5. He c , l o g Ka s sma h l age tritrs i ter s lto o t i c s wihn ! - ) n e at u h n a y od rae n ee t n h e oui n f hs a e t i h isb r es Vigni p se s sa la t o itr s i t i c s ' a j dc to t o d r, r i a o s se t e s s me n ee tn hs a es du iain. e. Bal ance offact ors Bas d on t pr ce ng a ys s t c tc l e he e di nal i , he our onc udest tt r l va f t s wei h i ha he e e nt ac or g n f vorofr t i ng ve i t sdi ti t I a e nt t t e e t tba a i t f c or a e a ni nue n hi s rc . n ny ve , o he xt nt ha l nc ng he a t s yi l acos r ul, t c ta f dss ede e e et t pl ntfs c oieofv nuez eds l e es t he our for om e . f r nc o he ai if ' h c Furhe m o e, hec tnot t t de e nt sils de t bur n C o s t r r t our es hat he f nda s tl houl r he de t how t tûhe t ha t 2 Ase l neda xp ai bove apl ntf' c c off u or na iycomm a de eenc Doev.Co s 796F. ai ifs hoie or m di rl nds f r e, nnor, , S pp 2l 2 ( . Va 1 9 )a i ad cso f o e sl t b o etrwn. Ak r v No fl & W . . , u . 4, 2l W D. , 9 2, nd s e iin % t ai o e v rho ' es . rok n y ' Rv Co. 3 8F.d7 , 0(t Ci.1 6 ) Th pani si tei tn cs a mie yfretap rino ta d frn ed e 7 2 8 8 4h r 9 7 . e litf n h nsa t ae d t dl ofi o t f h t eee c u f t o t t fc t tV igi ai nott rhom ef u .G l ca Coa Co p.v.Rat sGr PLC,85 F.Sup 436, o he a t ha r ni s hei or m amor n l r ner oup. 4 p. 4 7( . Va 1 9 ) F rh r r,h d fn a t c ne dta tepanif s re d re e mo eofh t eee c 3 W D. . 9 3 . u temoe te ee d ns o tn h th litfs urn e v n r ta d frn e bec us ltl exit t c ctt sc ewiht i c e f r l a 438.Eve a s ngt tt deenda s a e ite ss o onne hi as t her hos n o um. d. t n s umi ha he f nt' agume ha m e i,t pli if c ceofve woul cal o y çe s'weghtt n i ot r s w oul 1 r nt s rt he antfs' hoi nue d ry nl K s ' i ha t he wie l d. d. Thus t c to evest tt pl ntfs'c c off u sild ,he our bs r ha he ai if hoie or m tl emandsa l s s edefr nce Se Coli v. t ea t om e e . e lns Srih.n .7 8F. 91 , 2 ( t Ci.1 4)iA)dsrc c utsrq ie t weg tefcosiv le a d tag tlc, 4 2d 6 9 2 4h r 98 (' itit o ri e urd o ih h a tr n ov d n I ûu ne s h b ln ei sr n l i f v ro t d fn a t t ep an ifsc o c o f nl s o l r r l b lq ls t e a a c s to g y n a o f he e e d n, h litf' h i e f o m h u d a ey e ds b d' ( oigGulOiv. let3 0U.. 0l 5 8(9 6). imre .'qu tn f 1 Gi r, 3 S 5 , 0 1 4 )) ' b 12 b ln eo e ute i i terfv rgn )ta j dca e o o a c n e e c t al ris aa c f q i s s n h i a o a d h t u iil c n my nd o v nin e o lpat i e fvors ti a he frz .' Doe 796F.Supp.a 221(uotngEl i v. had, F. a ui n not r o t '' , m t q i drdce Bouc r 620 Supp. 684( . Va.1 ).Ast f e nga l i de tae ,t deenda sha 678, W D. 985) he orgoi nayss monsrts he f nt ve f ied t s ts y t sbur n- t de e nt ha f ie t s a l o a i f hi de he f nda s ve a l d o how t tt bal nc ofe te tls ha he a e quii s it i terfv ra dt a j dca e o o a dc n e e c t a1 a t sfv rs i i Ka s s n h i a o n h t u iil c n my n o v nin e o 1p ri a o ut n n a . e Ac r ngl t c twilde t defndan s m o i t ta f rven . co di y, he our l ny he e t ' ton o r nse ue B. M ot ons t di m i s i o s s The c r now cons de s t de e nt 'm o i t dim i st c ou t i r he f nda s tons o s s he ount i t co pl i s n he m a nt frb e c o a i id i-a tc nr c a df ru j s e c me t o r a h f n mpl -n fc o ta t n o nu t mi h n . e 1. L egalSt andard (l pur eofaRul 1 b)6)motoni t ts t s fce yofaco ai ; i-he pos e 2( ( i s o et he ufiinc mpl nt tmpo tnty,ghemoton)doesnotr ol conet s r mdi t fcs t meisofacli i ra l t i es ve tss urot ng he a t,he rt am, ort a i biiyofdee es''M c ne v. cnel,616F. 393,4O8(t Ci. 0) he pplca lt fns .' Bur y Cuc i li 3d 4h r 201 ( i Ed r v.CivofGol bor 1 F. 231 2 ( hCi.1 ).Thus t prpe quotng wads t ds o, 78 3d , 43 4t r 999) ,he o r i uiy i û twhe he apli tf wiluli ael pr vai butwhehert cli nti e ild t nq r s t no t r a n if l tm t y e l t he a ma s ntte o o fre i e c t s p o t is camll' S h u rv Rh d s 41 U. 23 23 ( 9 4 . fe v d n e o u p r (t) li s. c e e . o e , 6 S. 2, 6 1 7 ) ' I c tmpltngaRul 1 b)6)moi ac t t onsde t c an isl an n one ai e 2( ( ton, our may t i r he omplit tef d c a doc ent t ta e a t che t i . CA CII ',l v.St Pa Fi e & M a i I . ,566 ny um s ha r ta d o t' ' nt l nc. . ul r rne ns Co. F.d 1 0 1 4( t Ci. 0 ) s eas Fe . Ci. 1 ()(t c p o awrte i srme t 3 5 , 5 4h r 20 9 ; e lo d R. v P. 0 c ç o y f itn n tu n A t ti a e bi t apla ngi par oft pla ngfralpur e .); vet leIvet sv. ha s n xhi t o e di s t he e di o l pos s' Fa tevil n sor CommecilBuides I , 6F. 1 1 ( hCi.1 )(ttngt tt dititc t r a l r. nc.93 2d 462, 465 4t r 991 sai ha he src our pr ry c i r d a pa toft c pl nta c ofa c t c i c r c a t he t t ope l ons de e s r he om ai opy onsnz ton ont a t tac d o he c ai ) Thec tmus a c ptaloft algai i t c anta t ea drw a1 ompl nt. our t c e l he le tons n he ompli s nz nd a l 13 r as bl i e e e i f voroft pli if Edwa ds 1 F. a 244. Alhough t c mpli e ona e nf r nc s n a he antf. r , 78 3d t t ( o ant a atc by aRul 1 b)6)moi t dimisdoe notne dealdf t algai ,a ta ked e 2( ( ton o s s s ed tie acual le tons p anifso l aint p o d tego n so (tle tte n t rle rq rsmo eta lb l litf bi to o r vie h r u d f i nilme t o eif e uie r h n a es g s a c us o ,a a f m ul c r ia i oft el m e sofa ca e ofa ton w ilno do. nd oncl i ns nd or ai ec t ton he e nt us ci l t ' ' BelAt.Cor v. l l p. Twombl 550U. 5 555( 07) Asumi t tt fcua algai i y, S. 44, 20 . s ng ha he a t l le tons n t co pli ta- t e t y ç tbee he m a n l nl, he d e mus nough t r ie argh t r i abovet s ultve o a s i t o elef he pec a i l vel' I e -' d 2. A nal i ys s Fort r s nsde al d bel t c r wilgr ntt de e nt 'm otonst dim ist he ea o t ie ow, he ou t l a he f nda s i o s s he i ple i f c c r tcl i ast Be on a w ilt ke und r a s m e t m otonst m i d-n- a t ontac a m o ac nd l a e dvi e nt he i o dim i st i ple c r c c ai ast Be on Eur pe Addii ly, he c ur w ilde t s s he m i d ont a t l m o ac o . tona l t o t l ny he dee d ns moi n t ds s t eu j t n ih n cam. fn a t' to s o imis h nus e rc me t li a. Im pled-n-f cont i i act ractcl m ai The pl i if ,i CountI Ioft compl i ,sa e ag ns t de e nt a c ai f a ntf s n 1 he a nt t t ai t he f nda s l m or br a hofa i id-n-a tc r t Thed e nt ha move t c t rRul 1 b)6) ec n mple i fc ontac. efnda s ve d he our unde e 2( ( t di m i st scl i . The de e nt a gue t tt c ur m us dim i s t i ple c r c o s s hi a m f nda s r ha he o t t s s he m i d onta t cli a t Gn mi l er tona on t gr und t tKa a 1w pr cl am s o r n nt na i l he o ha ns s a e udesacli f br a h of am or e c a i ple i f c c r twhe a ex e sc r tgove nst diput i s a on t n m i d-n- a t ontac n n pr s ontac r he s ed s ue, nd he gr m d t tBea on' as e ton ofow ne s p i t def ndan s s t a e r qui e a w rtng. ot ha c s s ri r hi n he e t ' ofw r e r s ii ( c e No 1 . Th d fn a t f rh ra g t a tec u t s d s s t i idc nr c Do k t . 6) e e e d n s u te r ue h th o r mu t imis he mpl o ta t e c ai ast G a m i U SA on t gr lm o r n he ound t tt pl i if ale i ufi i f ct r ga di ha he a ntf s l ge ns fc ent a s e r ng Gami USA.( ke No.1 ) r n Doc t 8. 14 () 1 Gar n I er i mi nt natonal G a m i l e na i lc e t tKa a l w pr c ud a ca e ofa t o f br a of r n nt r tona ont nds ha ns s a e l es us c i n or e ch a i id c r tEwhe a e or ea e e es c ta tr gult st r a i oft pa te n mple ontac s n n nf c bl xpr s on r c e a e he eltons he ri s wihr s c t t diputd is ' I eCor v. mit Su ta I . 444 F.Supp. t e pe t o he s e s ue. c ' p. Ha lon ndsr nd nc, 2d 1 65 1 7 ( Ka . 0 6 ; e as Zwvc r v. . f t Co r o J fe s nCny.Ka . 1 , 1 0 D. n 2 0 ) s e lo a t Bd o Cnv. mmDs f efro t . n, 48 F.d 1 1 ( 0t Ci.2007)(dtha l be nKa as1w t tûhee se eofa 3 3 086, 094 1 h r ; s ong e ns a ha t xitnc n I e esa e me pr l t i oft e senc ofa i idone.'( tngErc o v. xpr s gre nt ecudes he dea he xit e n mple '' quoi is n Ch re ,1 4P. 5 , 5 ( n.1 21).Ass c ,h d fn a t ag eta t epanif'e p e s als 9 6 2 6 3 Ka 9 )) u h te ee d n s r u h t h litfs x r s c r c cl i ,ba e on t a l ge br ac oft Nondi c os e A g e m e , ec udest ont a t a m sd he le d e h he s l ur r e nt pr l he pl i if 'at r tvec am f br a h ofan i i d-n-a tco r c be a et i ple c ta t antfs le nai l i or e c mple i f c nta t c us he m i d on r c c a m em a t s fom t s e f c s a c r lm sa e f om w hi h t e es c r c cl i li na e r he am a t nd ic l t nc s r c he xpr s ont a t a m a ies Thepl i if countrby a g ngt ta û c ur t r a ng oft e ieCompli ce ry rs . antfs e r ui ha n t c a e e di a he ntr ant la l s wst tt a lge i ple i f tc r c i ve y dif r ntt a f rm or e e i t n, ho ha he le d m id-n-ac onta t s r fe e o, nd a e xt nsve ha te( n ico u eAg e me t. ( c e No. 3a 9. Ac o dn t t epanif,h i le h No ds ls r r e nl' Do k t 2 t ) c r ig o h litfs t e mp id ' i f c c r c c a m e br ce f rm or c n- a t onta t l i m a s a e onduc t n t a l ge us a di c os e by t t ha he le d e nd s l ur he de e nt oft A pplc ton, ncl ng t def nda t 'a l ed pr m i esofc pe a i a f nda s he i a i i udi he e n s leg o s om ns ton nd t pl i i f 'unc pe a ed pr vi i o r our e ,de l en c t ,a r a e s v c . he a ntf s om ns t o s on f es c s ve opm t os s nd el t d er i es (d.a 9- 1) l t 1. The e e sconta a i s t Nondi c os e A g e m e ,i pos upon Be on and xpr s r ct t s ue, he s l ur r e nt m es ac Gn m i I e na i lt f l i oblga i : r n nt r tona he olow ng i tons Eac pa t agr est ti w ilno a a tm e o i a m a m e us a oft o he h ry e ha t l t t ny i r n ny r r e ny he t r part sConfdentall or aton f any pur e exceptf t lm ied pur y' i i nf m i or pos or he i t pose of eval tng a pos bl busi ua i si e ness r atonshi wih t ot part .... Each pary el i p t he her y t a e t tjtwilnotdicos a oft Confde ill or tont a pe s gres hali l s l e ny he i nta nf mai o ny ron ore iywihoutt prorwrte c e tofg t rpa t . ntt t he i itn ons n eihe ry) 15 ( ke No.1 1a 2. I t i c ai ,t pli if alget tt dee anséntni ly Doc t - t ) n her ompl nt he antfs le ha he fnd t û e tonal i a wilulybr a hedt Nong icl ur Ag e me byma ngt Applc ton,o t rwih nd lf l e c he djs os e r e nt ki he iai tgehe t i or a i a s ii a i r l tng t r t publc y a ia e a ac s i e t t r pa tes' nf m ton nd pec f c tons e a i he e o, i l va l bl nd ce sbl o hid ri . ' ( ke No.1a !!39- ) Doc t t 40. Thepli if sr t et i i i d c ta tcli i am os i ntc lng antfs tucur her mple on r c am n l t de ial a uage.Unde r t he di ofCountl1i t c he a ng l n he ompl nt t pli if a lget tt pa te 'c s ofde lng ai , he antfs le ha he ri s our e ai a t s r undi cr lmsa sg ve rs t l n i id-n-a tc r c by a n o t nd he ur o ng ic l t nce a ie o i mple i f c onta t nd m ng he a Pl i i f a t Def nda st tt Def nda t woul no us ordi c os t A pplca i a a ntf s nd he e nt ha he e n s d t e s l e he i ton nd , i or to a s ci ai r ai t rt wihoutt Pli if,c ent,3 ( oc tNo 1 nf main nd pe fc tons eltng heeo t he antfs ons . p ke . a !46. l t nextpaag a t pli if alget t deenda sCntntonal a t ) n he r r ph,he antfs le hathe f nt s e i ly nd i w iluly br ac d t pa tes i ple i f tc r c by m a ng t Applca i n, oge he w ih lf l e he he r i ' m i d-n- ac onta t ki he i to t t r t i o m a i n a s cii a i r l tng t r t publc y a l bl a ac es i e t t t r nf r to nd pe t c tons e a i he e o, i l vaia e nd c sbl o he hid p ris' (d a !4 . dto al ,hepan if alg i t eb d o t c mp an ,h u hn t a t . I . t 7)Ad i n ly t litfs l e n h o y f he o litt o g o e ' i e unde t he di ofCount1 1 f c sr ga d ng t de e nt 'a l ge pr i e ofc pe a i r he a ng 1 , a t e r i he f nda s le d om s s om ns ton a t pli tfs'unc nd he a n if ompe atd pr son ofr s ur e , vel ns e ovii e o c s de opme c t,a r l t nt os s nd e aed s r ie .( c e No. a ! 1 - 2) Thepan if c n e dt a t e ef cu l le ain srth e vc s Do k t 1 t ! 7 2 . litfs o tn h t h s a ta alg to s tec t s pe oft i pled c r tcl i beyo t m e e us a di c osle by t de e nt o he co he m i ontac a m nd he r e nd s l tr he f nda s f t Applc ton,whihf mst bassoft e es c rc cai ( ke No. a 9- 1) he iai c or he i he xpr s onta t l m. Doc t 23 t 1 . Des t t ead tona al tonsr ga di t defnda t pr s ofc pe a i pie hes dii l legai e r ng he e n s' omies om ns ton a t pl i if 't c pe a e pr vi i n ofs r c s t c tnone he e sf ndst tt nd he a ntf s m om ns t d o s o e vi e , he our t l s i ha he pl i if 'i ple c r tcl m e a t f om t s m e f c sa c r um s a est tgi r s a ntf s m i d ontac ai m na es r he a a t nd i c t nc ha ve i e 3 E leri t compl nt t pl i tf spr de mor f c ualde a lw ih r s ctt t s cii c s of i n he ai , he a n if ovi e at t i t e pe o he pe fc our e d aig a d s ro n i gcr u tn e t whih t plitfsr f ri p r g a h 4 o t ec mp an .( c e No 1 e l n u r u d n ic msa c s o c he an if ee n a a r p 6 f h o l it Do k t . n a ! l - 2) t ! 52 . 16 t t re e sco r c c am . Thex o ic os eAg e me c emplt d t f o hei xpr s nta t l i 4 nd s l ur r e nt ont a e he onua i o ta ton f û posi eb i srlto hi ' t e t pate- a a ee ntt a ee ( cke No.1 1a sbl usnes eains p'bewe n he ris n gr me o gr . Do t - t 2. Thea tonalc ) ddii onduc t tt pl ntfsaguee e edt sopeoft e e sc r t t ha he ai if r xc ed he c he xpr s ontac a fr dt bassoft i i c ta t(heprmie ofco ns tona t pr so of nd ome he i he mpled onrc t o s s mpe ai nd he oviin sr ie a rs c )fowedfom t pm is efrst wor t r as i busne s evc s nd e oures l r he e ' fo t o k owad old i s r lto hi or i ot rwor ,towe fo t ta e me t a e ' ovii n i t e ai ns p , n he ds l d r m he sgr e nt o gr e'pr so n he N ondi c os e A g e m e . K a m l w f owns u n ag e m e st a e I p.Dr sl m r e nt ns s a r po r e nt o gr e. nde ug W hol aesGr I v. ntn,8 F.Supp.1 1 ( Ka 1993 (bs r ngt t eslr oups nc. De o 33 507, 524 D. n. ) o evi ha a e m e st a eea eunenf c abl duet c t'i biiyt s yt t r ofa a t l gr e nt o gr r or e e o ours na lt o uppl he e ms n c ua a e me t tt pari i e t r a hi t ftr ) M o v. aeBan ofStnly,770P. gre ntha he tes ntnd o e c n he uu e; hr Stt k a e 2d 4 6 4 98 ( n 1 8 )( eemii ta ap r o tdc nr c b r n e ie c o ame t go 6 , 7 - 0 Ka . 9 9 d tr nng h t u p re o ta t o e o vd n e f ei f n t mi a l c d es e ilt nnsa t ,wasnot ng mor t n a unenf c a e he nds nd a ke s nta e nd, hus hi e ha n or e bl a e me tt agee;seas Spa eTe h. v.Cor v. i Co.209F.App' 236, ( h gre n o r l e lo c c De p. Boeng , x 240 4t Ci.2006 (kA1 çgr mentt age ...i u orea eunde Vigi alw.'ctngBe ze r ) t( n a ee o re' s nenf c bl r r ni a '(ii a r HomesCop . VM l Ande SouhbrdgeVe ur,235F. pp. 485, 489( D.Va v. F/ n t i nt e Su 2d 488, E. . 20 2 .He c ,hepanif'mpl dc nrc cam fisn t nyb c u et l x r s 0 :) n e t litfs i i o ta t li al o o l e a s he t p e s e e c r c r a est r a i oft pa tesw ih r pe tt t di put i s y' c Cor , F. onta t egul t he el tons he ri t es c o he s ed s ue ' I e p. 444 Supp.2d a 11 buta s be a et e e sc r t lpr son u whi h t pl i if t 70, lo c us he xpr s ontacua ovii pon c he antfs bas t ri id co r c c am i onet tt lw consde sune or a e. e hei mple nta t l i s ha he a i r nf ce bl The pl ntf sa g t tt c ts d notdi m i s t i pled c r tcl i d t ai i f r ue ha he our houl s s he m i ontac a m ue o t i quiyt twoul rs t Doc tNo. a 1 1 ) I t i ans rt t c an,he he ne t ha d e ul.( ke 23 t 2- 3. n her we o he omplitt 4 l t c tsvi oft ca e,a da a t ta cr dbas don t al d br c oft expr sc ta t n he our' ew he s ny m ge ha c ue e he lege ea h he es onr c i e ty t s damaget tac r d ba e ont alge br a oft i i conr ct na ey,t s xacl he ame ha c ue s d he le d e ch he mpled ta , m l he c e nta dam a soc sone by t vi ai oft N o s l t eAgr m e t oug t ale dicos e ons que il ge ca i d he olton he ndicosl r ee nt hr h he lged s l ur oft pl n if 'pr itr i or i Thus underbot oft ec ta tt ores t m ea ur ofda a i he aitfs oprea y nf maton. , h hes onr c he i ,he s e m ge s dfee trm ta alg dys san du e teu j s e rc me t li a dsuse ifa ifrn fo h t l e l u tie nd rh nut n ih n cam, s ic s d nr . e defndan sa nc s ver la fr ai de e eswhih,i s c s ul wilde e tt pl i if ' e t dva e e a fim tve f ns c f uc es f , l f a he antfs a ntf s ont nd ha , f he our cli f br c oft Nondicl ur Agr e e . The pl i i f c e t t i t c t am or ea h he s os e e m nt5 dim is st pl i if 'i id c r c cli ,he wilbel twih no r dy f t aleg s s e he antfs mple onta t am t y l ef t eme or he l ed dicl ur oft Applc i n i t Nondicos r Agr e s os e he iato f he s l u e e mentlt rpr a e ovesi ld o nvai r ver hi r um nt s s a e t e or a e pe t def nda s a f r a i de e e . H owe , t sa g e i m ipl c d m nf ce bl r he e nt ' f im tve f ns s6 be us s d t de e nt 'de e e pr ve s c sula t t pli if 'e es c nta t ca e, houl he f nda s f ns s o uc es f s o he antf s xpr s o r c cli , hede e e woul smula usy de ea t i pledcon r c c am . am t f ns s d i t neo l f t he m i ta t l i 7 The pl i if al o a gue t K a asl w doe no pr c ud a i ple c r tc ai by a ntf s s r hat ns a s t e l e n m i d ontac l m Be on Eur be aus Be on Eur w a nota pa t t t N ondi cl ur A gr e e a ac ope c e ac ope s ry o he s os e e m nt nd, t r f e be a e t e e sco r c do notr ul t Be on Eur s i e a tons wih t he e or , c us he xpr s nt a t es eg a e ac ope' nt r c i t he d fn a t.( c e No. 3a 9. Tob ltrt i c ne to t panif rf rt te ee d ns Do k t 2 t ) o se hs o tnin,he litfs ee o h N ond s os r Agr m e is f whi h c tt e a ag ee e e cu e onl by Be c a i cl u e ee nt t el, c ons iut s n r m nt xe t d y a on nd Gnmi I enaina.( ke No.1 1. Furhemor,t pli if r ee Coun 1 oft r n ntr to l Doc t - ) t r e he antfs efrnce t 1 he c ompl i - t c am , o hts ey by Be on a i tGa mi I enai l r r ngt ant he l i br ug oll ac gans r n nt r tona , ega di he 5 spe fc l , t de e nt as e ta afimai deen e t t br ac ofco r ctcl m t f l ng ciialy he f nda s s r s fr tve f s s o he e h nta ai he olowi t ore f l eofc i r ton,f llet pef m ac tonpr c n , tt t oflmiai ,and fiur t he is: aiur onsde ai aitr o ror ondii e ede t sa ue i ttons al e o miiaed ma e a dt pe drc v rbed ma e.( c e No 1 a 8) tg t a g s n o la e o ea l a g s Do k t . 9 t . 6 Thepl ntfsaecorec t tKans slw a ii tst pos i lt ofs h a i quia er ul. Des t ai if r r t ha a a ntcpae he sbiiy uc n ne tbl es t pie Kans lw' ge al ul t anex e sconta tprcl c mia cl msf br ac ofa i i co r c or as a s ner r e hat pr s r c e udes onco t nt ai or e h n mpled nta t fru j te c me tKa sslw rc g ie ta tth s te re , ihicu eu j s e rc me t n i le o nus mih n, na a e o nz s h tûle e h ois whc n ld nut n ih n a d mpid l co r tma howeve , a lbl i t co r c i voi une or e bl rs nded,orwavedbyt pa t s ki ntac y, r be vaia e f he nta t s d, nf c a e, e ci i he ry ee ng t rcv n'1eCon.4 F. u g 2 a 11071(omoeo telseas Fe R. v. 8a CA pedn ta o eo e ' c r ,44 S p . d t 7 - fo t mi d;e lo d. Ci P.() i laij ht t sae acl m f r ifmus co am ... de nd f t r i s t ts ai or ele t nt a ma or he elef oughtwhih ma i uder ifi t atmatve , c y ncl ele n he le l o dfee typ so rle '; e . Ci. 8d()(A p ryma st u 2o mo esae nso acam o r ifrn t e f eif' F d R. v P. ( )2 ç at y e o t r r ttme t f li r ) E de e e atr tvel orhypot tc l eiheri asngl c nto defns ori s pa aeones l apa t make f ns s le nai y heialy, t n i e ou r e e n e r t . f ry s atr ai sae ns tepedigi s fiin ia yo eo te i s fiin.) l n t ttme t,h la n s ufce tf n n fh m s u f e t' e ve c '. 7 A defns t tdef t a e e sconr c wilas de e tani id-n-ac co r c be us ,t pr e t e e ha eas n xpr s ta t l lo f a mple i f t nta t ca e o ov he exitnc ofa i id-n-a conr c , pl ntf esentalymus pr t s elme st tc se e n mple i fct ta t a ai if s i l t ove he ame e nt ha omprs a ie n e e sco r t U nde Ka aslw ,a i pled-n-a co r c çi o énfre fom t f csa cic sanc s xpr s ntac. r ns a n m i i fct nta t is ne i er d r he a t nd r um t e oft ca e'bu whih i t f he s t c s not onnalyorexplcty sae i wo ds' Sm ih v.Am oc Pr Co.31P. 255, l iil t td n r .' ' t o od. , 3d 265 ( n 2 01 ( u tn At h s n Cn v Fa me sUn o Co o As ' v Tu n u l7 6 P.d 91 , 2 ( n 1 8 ). Ka . 0 ) q o i g c io t . r r i n - o sn . r b l 3 2 7 9 2 Ka . 9 7 ) , él ,a i ple i fc c r ti atueconta ta ii fo m ut lagrem e and i e t pr ie,bu whee t-hus n m id-n-a t ontac s r r c rsng r m ua e nt ntnt o om s t r tea re n a dpo s h v n t e nv ral e jesd. S ot . u nMc r c .n .No. - 4 , h ge me t n rmie a e o b e eb l x rse ' c tv Ra di comik Ic, 0840 5 y ' 2 0 W L3 61 01 a * 4( Ka . t 3 2 0 )(ln I r P n Ce tTrn n Co, 31F.d1 2l 1 2 (d 09 5 3 , t 1 D. n Oc. 0, 0 9 ct g n e e n n . a s . .8 2 2 , 2 8 3 i Ci.1 8 :; e a s S t 31P.d a 2 5 (tt g t t n i le -n f c c n r c Gst ep o u t fa r e n , r 9 7 s e lo mi h, 3 t 6 sai ha a mp id i -a t o ta t t h r d c o g e me t n i ato g ii n t x rse i wo d '(iaino te l. l u h t s o e p esd n r s'ctto mi d) h t 18 br ac oft No s l ur Agr e e - t d m onsr t ye f rhe t tt Nondicl ur e h he ndicos e e m nt o e tae t u t r ha he s os e Agre ntdoe no rgult Be c Eurpe' i ea tonswiht dee nt.( ketNo.1 e me s t e ae a on o s ntrci t he fnda s Doc a 9. Att motonsheai t dee nt t ke e to t t pli if'poston, t ) he i rng,he fnda s oo xc pin o he antfs ii e mpha ii t tt Nondicos eAg e me enc sz ng ha he s l ur r e nt ompa s Be on Eur t ough acaus s es ac ope hr l e t tpe t et rBe cono Gami I enai t invol o o mor of(her Afiitsi ha nnis ihe a r r n ntr tonalo s ve ne r e t il tlae n i ' t dicos eorrceptofConfde ill onuai '8 ( ocketN o 1 1a 3. he s l ur e i i nta nf ton. D - t ) . Thepl i if 'ar antfs gume ha me i- i Be c Eur i notapa t t t Nondicos e nt s rt f a on ope s ry o he s l ur Agr e nt t n no expr s ag e me e sst pr cudeBea on Eur pe' i id c r t e me , he e s r e nt xit o e l c o s mple ontac cam a i tt dee li gans he fndant.leCor ,444F.Sup 2 a 11 ( i t ti a exprs s c p. p. d t 71 notng ha, f n e s c nrc d dno e itt epanifsi l dc n rc cam wo l n t p e ld d ; e as o ta t i t x s,h litf mpi o ta t li ud o be rcu e l s e lo e Zwvcat48 F. a 1 (ûtha l be nKa a 1w t tShee senc ofa e e s r, 3 3d t 094 tl s ong e ns s a ha t xit e n xpr s a e me pr l t i aoft e se eofa i i one.'(iai omitdl.The gre nt ecudes he de he xitnc n mpled '' ctton te ) de e m i ton ofwhe he Bea on Eur i apa t t t N ondi c os e A gr em e r q r s a t r na i t r c ope s ry o he s l ur e nt e uie n i e pr t ton oft a fla e c a e and oft c r c a a whol . l s a ge r lr e, he nt r e a i he fi i t s l us he onta t s e t A ne a ul t i epr a i orc t c i a m e ni a l le f tofwrten i t me sa ema tr of nt r etton onsnzton nd a ng nd ega fec it nsnt nt r te s lw e cu i eyf rtec u t n n tq sin o fc frd tr n to b tej r . S v yv. a x lsv l o h o r a d o ueto s f a t o eemi ai n y h u y' pie ' Sae ol .Co.865P. 18 18 ( 1 )(ii Fe La Ba o W ihiav. ug,85 fc ns , 2d 2, 5 Kan. 993 ctng d. nd nk f c t Kr 6 P. 1 1,11 ( n.1 ) Howe r t i eprtto ofawrte conrc t ti a guous 2d 1 4 Ka 993). ve ,he ntr eain itn ta t ha s mbi prs t aq si offct Se Gor v. rn,8 P. 330,337( 1 ($ eens ueton a . e e Bee 67 2d Kan. 994) E The itrrtto o awrte c nr c t t sfe fo n iut i aj dca f to a dd e n t n ep eain f itn o ta tha i re r m mbg i s u iil t in n o s o y mc r quieor lt tm ony t de e mi t co r c ' me ni An a guiy i aco r c d snot e r a esi o t r ne he nta ts a ng. mbi t n nta t oe 8 This e i ca s i teNo ds ls r Age me t lop o ie t tç lc p ryi rs o sbl fris s p cf lu e n h n ico ue re n as r vd sha iea h at s eg n i e o t k l Afiits c mpl n ewi al fh tr o t eNo dsls r Age me t'a dta < n ieta Ifr t n fl e' o i c t lo te ems fhg n ico ue re nl n h tç fd nlln omai a a h ' co o rceve fom ordicl e t a Afiit ofapa t m us bete t t s asConfde i l or i r ceve e i dr s os d o n flae ry t r aed he ame i ntal nf maton e i d fo o dslsdt ap ry' ( c e No 11a 3) rm r icoe o a t. Do k t . - t . ' 19 a a untlt ormor me ni ca bec tu dfom t c rc pr sons'(iain a ppe r i wo e a ngs n onsr e r he onta t ovii .'ctto nd i e na quottonma ksomitdl;sealo11Riha dA.Lor W ilsono Co rcsj30: ntr l ai r te ) e s c r d, lit n nta t 7 ( t e 2 1 (t h r am itnc nr c i a iu us afcu l u sini p e e tda t t e 4h d. 01 ) d e e W te o ta t s mbg o , a t a q e to s r sn e s o h m e ng ofis pr s ons r quii a f c ualde e m i ton a t t i e ofpari si e t rng ani t ovi i , e r ng a t t r na i s o he nt nt te n n e i t con r c . Thus t f c fnde m us i e pr tt c r t st nns i lghtoft a r nt he t a t , he a t i r t nt r e he ontac ' e , n i he ppa e pur e oft c r tasa w hol t r l ofc r tc t uc i a e rns c evi nc of pos he ontac e, he u es ontac ons r ton, nd xt i i de e i e a me ni '(oot t omitdl. ntnt nd a ng. f noes te ) ' The c tc udest tt N ondi c os e Agr m e i nm bi our oncl ha he s l ur ee nt s guouson t i s he s ue he i s ge he whe he Be co Eur pe i a pa t t t N ondi c os e A g ee e . o n t fr tpa , t t r a n o s ry o he s l ur r m nt9 N ondi c os e A gr e e pr de t tonl G a m i l e a i nala Bea on a epa te t t s l ur e m nt ovi s ha y r n nt m to nd c r ri s o he conrc.( ke No.1 1a 1. ta t Doc t - t )Theaflaesca erf e e byt deenda sij t fiit lus eernc d he f nt necs nm bi t i t t a e m e r ga di Be on Eur pe' s a us Thi cl us r nde st guiy n o he gr e nt e r ng ac o s t t . s a e e r he Nondicos eAg ee ts c ptbl t t c s l ur r men us e i e o wo ompe i i e pr t tons -o t o ha t t tng ntr e a i - - n he ne nd, ha onl Be on a G a m i l t r tonala e pa test t co r c and,o t o he ha t t y ac nd r n n e na i r r i o he nt a t n he t r nd, ha afi i t s whi h r c ve contde i li o m a i n a e s e i o t n bi oft co r c a tla e c e ei i nta nf r to r w pt nt he m t he nt a t nd t rf ebe mepa test t c r t Se Gor,867P. a 337(ç beambi heeor co ri o he ontac. e e 2d t tTo guous a , con r c m us c nt i pr sons orl ngua ofdoub f orc lc i m e ng,a gl a d f o t a t t o a n ovi i a ge t ul onfi tng ani s e ne r m a na ur la r s bl i e pr t ton ofisl ua . A m bi uiy i a wrten c r c doe n t a nd ea ona e nt r e a i t ang ge g t n it onta t s ot a a u i t a i a i n ofpe tne r e ofi e pr t ton t t f c oft i t lm e l a s ppe r ntl he pplc t o r i nt ul s nt r e a i o he a e he ns rl nt e ve i ge rlyt e ti whih o oft ormor me ni i t pr rme ni '(iai a t neal mc ran c ne wo e a ngs s he ope a ng. ctton nd ' itr a q oainma k o te l.He c , e a s t No d sl s r Ag e me tp e e t a n en l u tto r s mi d ) n e b c u e he n ico u e r e n rs ns n t am bi t on t i ue w het Beacon Eur i apary t t contact t i er et i oft guiy he ss her ope s t o he r , he nt pr aton he c r c on t si s c tt esa ques i off c t ti i ppr i t f r ol i on t s onta t hi s ue ons iut ton a t ha s na opra e or es uton hi 9 w het aconta i ambi her r ct s guouscons iut sa quesi n ofl . Gor ,867 P. at337. tt e to aw e 2d 20 Rul l ( )6 moint ds s.Go e 8 7P.da 3 7 1 Lo d s p a j3 : seas . .. e 2 b () t o imis r , 6 2 t 3 ; 1 r , u r , 07; e lo ea, o Re or DaaI 'aI .v.Nihol,381So. 1 7( a 1 (i ngt tt ti c tdi not c d t ntl nc c s 2d , Al. 979) fndi ha he ral our d eri s b tigt tej r teis eo wh weet ep rist a a r e n ,n ta o r n u mi n o h u y h su f o r h a t o n g e me t ise d f t e d cdn t is ea amatro lw) e iig he su s te f a . G a m i I e na i la s a guesf di m i s oft i ple c r c cl i o t ba i r n nt r tona l o r or s s al he m i d onta t a m n he s s t tBe c sase tonofownes pi t dee nt's t r r uiesam ii ( ke No. ha a on' sri rhi n he fnda s ofwae eq r tng. Doc t 1 a 6- ) Ese ily,t dee nt aruet tbec us t pl ntfsi itt tt dee nt 6 t 7. sntal he fnda s g ha, a e he ai if nss ha he fnda s coul no di c os t Applca i n' s c f c tonsw ihoutt pl i tf s c e , he pl n if d t s l e he i to s pe ii a i t he a n if ' ons nt t ai tf s cli a e l i rghto lce ei t Applcai ( ke No.32a 6. Tohol a am n xcusve i r i ns n he i ton. Doc t t ) dn excusvelc ns ,apa t mus pr uceasgne m ii e de ng t ta f rofowne s p. l i ie e ry t od i d tng vi nci he r nse rhi Ly ikStdo sn . . gl e P o s. n .4 0F.d3 8 3 - 2( t Ci. 0 5 .Be a ete rc u is lc v Bi d a r d .l c, 2 3 8 , 919 5h r 2 0 ) c us h pl i if pr a ntf s oduc no s g d m i i t de e nt a gue t tt pl i if pos es no bas son e i ne tng, he f nda s r ha he a ntf s s s i w hi h t a s r a e us ve lc ns i t Applc ton. How e r t de e c o s e t n xcl i i e e n he ia i ve , he f ndan s a gu e m us t ' r m nt t f l TheNondic osleAgr eme is l i pos supont pa te t oblga i t s e t ai. s l tr e nt tef m e he ris he i ton o e k he ot r sç i rw rte cons ' be o e di c os ng a oft o he pary' c i tal he ' t o it n pr ent' f r s l i ny he t r t s ontden i i fr to ( c e No.11a !2. He c ,h pan if' n itn et a t ed fnd nss o l n o main. Do k t - t ) n e t e litfs i sse c h t h ee a t h ud ha s ve oughta ova be or al dl dic osngt Applc ton se snotfom alce e ba e ppr l f e lege y s l i he i ai t m r i ns - s d cl i ofexc us ve ow ne s p, f o a wel- ounde e a t e or e c t a t l am l i r hi but r m lf d nde vor o nf c on r c ua pr sons t whi h bot pa te agr e ovi i o c h r i s e d. He ,f t r a onsde aied abov t c tw il a undera s m e G a n nce or he e s tl e, he our l t ke dvi e nt nni l e na i ' m o i t di m i s t i pled c r tcl i ast Bea on Eur ,pe ng nt r tonals ton o s s he m i ontac a m o c ope ndi devel entoft r opm he ecord. On t ot hand,t courtw ilgr G ar i l em atonals he her he l ant m n nt i ' m oton t di m i st i ple c r tcl i a t Be on. i o s s he m i d ontac a m s o ac 21 () 2 Ga mi US r n A G a n U SA a gue t tt co tm us dim i st i ple c r tcl m on t g ound nni r s ha he ur t s s he m i d ontac ai he r t tt pl i tf s a l ge i ufk i ntf c sr a d ng Ga m i U SA . l t a l t c t e t t ha he a n if le ns t e a t eg r i r n nii ly, he our not s ha , be a eBe con ha f ie t sat a i i d c ta tcli a i tGa m i l er tona,i ha c us a s al d o t e n mple on r c am gans r n nt na i l t s alo f iedt sae s h ac am a i tGa mi USA.To t e e t tBe c Eur pema s al o t t uc l i gans r n he xt nt ha a on o y s a e a i ple c r c cl i a ns Ga m i USA , he c tw il a unde a s m e t t t n m i d onta t a m gai t r n t our l t ke r dvi e n Ga m i USA ' m oton t di m i st s c a m , ndi d ve opm e oft r c d r r ng r n S i o s s hi l i pe ng e l nt he e or ega di Ga m i USA ' r l to hi t G a m i l e na i . r n S e a i ns p o r n nt r tonal b. Unj te ihme cai us nrc nt l m The pl i if ,i Co tI oft c pl i t s a e a i tt de enda sa cl i f a ntf s n un V he om a n , t t ga ns he f nt a m or un us e c nt Thed e nt ha move t c t rRul 1 b)6)t dimist s j t mi hme . efnda s ve d he our unde e 2( ( o s s hi cam.Th d fn a t ag et thec u t s ds s t eu j s e rc me tcam a t li e ee d n s r u ha t o r mu t imis h nu t n ih n li s o Gami l tr aina o t g o n st tKa s s1w p e l d sacam f runu te rc me t r n n en to l n he r u d ha n a a rcu e li o j s n ih n whe a e es c r tgove nst diput d is t tBe co sas e ton ofownerhi i t n n xpr s ontac r he s e s ue,ha a n' s ri s p n he d fnd ns s fwa er q ie awrtn ,oa dt tKUTS p e mpstecam f ru j t ee a t' o t r e ur s iig l n ha A re t h li o nus e i nt ( ke No.1 ) Thedee t f rhe aguet tt c tmus dimist nrchme . Doc t 6. fndans u t r r ha he our t s s he unus e c me cam ast Gami USA ont goundst tt pl ntfsale i ufiint j t mi h nt li o r n he r ha he ai if lge ns fce fcsr g r igGami US a dta KUTS p e mp stecam f ru j t mi h n . a t e adn r n A n h t A re t h li o nus e c me t ( ket 18. Doc No. ) Si ia t t l w di c s d a vew ih r s tt i ple c r tcl i s Ka asl w m l r o he a s us e bo t e pec o m i d ontac a m , ns a lke i e pr dest t a s r i ofa e es c t a tc ai pr cl s t s m ula ous i w s ovi hat he s e ton n xpr s on r c l m e ude he i t ne a sri ofa un us e ihmen cam E na e orea ee e sconrc rgul est se ton n j t nrc t li d whe n nf c bl xprs ta t e at he 1 0 Th c u t ip n e wi tee cu ielcn eag n frtesmerao sta irjce ti c ne t n e o r ds e ss t h x lsv ie s rume t o h a es n h t t eetd hs o tni h o i isdic son,s a,ofGa m i l e nai alsm otont dim ist i pledconta tcl m . n t s us i upr r n ntr ton ' i o s s he m i r c ai 22 r ltonsoft pa te wih r pe tt t d s ed is ' I Com . 444 F.Supp. a 11 ea i he ris t es c o he iput s ue. ce ' , 2d t 70; s e a s M e be Se v .Li e l .Co. A m .Na ' Ba & Tr tCo. Sa pa 1 F. d 950, e l o m r r s f ns v. t l nk us of pul , 30 3 9 7(0 hCi.1 9 )(ttn t a a e p e sa re n p e ld st ee itnc o a u j t 5 1 t r 9 7 sai g h t n x rs ge me t r cu e h x se e f n nus e ilme cam unde Ka a lw) Thec t ncl st tunlket pl ntfs i id nrcz nt li r ns s a . our co ude ha, i he ai if'mple c r ctc a m , he pl ntf sha pl d s fc e tf c si t i c pl i t s onta l i t ai if ve e ufi i n a t n he r om a nt o ugge tt t s hat he u j s e rc me t li c ude n t fo b o d rfcsa dcru tn e t ntef csa d n u t n ih n cam o l ma ae rm r a e a t n ic msa c s ha h a t n cru tn e ta gv rs t tee p e sc n rc cam.Th panif ' nus e rc me t ic msa c s h t ie ie o h x rs o ta t li e litfs u j t n ih n ca m i ude t a l a i n t tt de e nt a opra e t Applc ton a i t gr t d i li ncl s he leg to ha he f nda s ppr it d he i a i nd n e a e t i oaco rilpr twhiht dee nt t n s d.( cke No.1a ! 5 ) He e, n nt mmeca oduc c he fnda s he ol Do t t 2. nc whe viwe i alg t t a o a l t teplitfs t t u t n ih n cam e c e stes o e d n ih mos f v rb e o h an if,he mj s e rc me t li x e d h c pe oft N ondi c osze A gr m e ,whi h m a no pr s on f rt s l ofpr he s l tr ee nt c kes ovii o he a e oduc s t i op o ai t Applcai n a pr vi snor dy f s h co nc r tng he i to nd o de eme or uc nduc .Ass h, he t uc t Nondicos eAgee nta g bl doe no Ee ael t r ai oft pa teswihr pe t s l ur r me r ua y s t s gult j he eltons he ri t es c r t t di pu ed i s ' I e Com . 444 F.Supp.2d at11 o he s t s ue. c ' , 70. Bohd f n a t as mo et ec u tods s teu j s e c me tcam b c u e t ee d ns lo v h o r t imis h n u t mih n li e a s KUTSA,unde whi h t pl ntfsbrng Coun loft i c r c he ai if i t her ompli ,t s a e c lc i t r, ant û pl c s onfitng o t di r tt i na y a ot rl w oft ss a epr vi ng c vi r m e e f rm i a opr a i n ofa t a es iuto r nd he a hi t t o di i l e di s o s ppr i t o r de s c e ,' ovi d t tt ç vi r m e e a e notbas d upon m i a opra i ofat a s c e .' e r t' pr de ha he t l e di s r ci e s ppr i ton r de e r t' Ka SttAnn.j60- ( es 201 ) Thed e nsc tndt tbe us t plitfs n. a. 3326 W t 0 . efnda t one ha, ca e he anif' unus e c ntcam fo e ieyfom t dee ns alege mius a dicos eoft j t mi hme li lws ntrl r he fnda t' l d s e nd s l ur he pl ntfs'rdes rt,KUTSA prcl st scam.( ke No.16a 8. Asdic s d ai if ta eces e ude hi li Doc t t ) suse a bove, nviwe i alg mos fvorbl t t pli if,heunus e ihme tcam whe e d n iht t a a e o he antfs t j t nrc n li e om pas e m or co uc t n t m e e us a di c os e ofc i en i li o m a i n i t t nc ss e nd t ha he r e nd s l ur ont d t a nf r to n ha 23 t eu j t n ih n cam c ne ltst ealg to t tted fn a t a p o rae te h nus e rc me t li o tmpae h le ain ha h ee d ns p r p itd h Applc ton a i e a e i i o a c m e c a pr duc w hi h t de enda st n s d. i a i nd nt gr t d t nt om r i l o t c he f nt he ol Ac o dngy tec u t e e Gami I tr ain lsmo int d s s t u j s c r i l,h o r d nis r n nen to a' to o imis he n u t e c me t li Th s smera o sj siytec u tsd na o Gami US Smoint mih n cam. e e a e s n u tf h o r' e il f r n A' to o ds s t u j s e c me tcam,e a de so Ga i US Srlto hpwi Gami imis he nu t mi h n li r g r ls f nnn A' eains i t r n h l e ai l1 nt m tona . 1 Concl on usi Fo t r as de a l d a r he e ons t ie bove, he c tw ilde t de e n s m oton t ta f r t our l ny he f nda t ' i o r ns e ve t t D i ti tofK a a . The cou twilgr ntGa m i l e na i l sm oto t d s i s nue o he s r c ns s r l a r n nt r tona ' i n o im s t pli tfs cai f br c ofa i i d-n-a tc nta t CountIloft compl n ,ast he a n if ' l m or ea h n mple i f c o r c , 1 he ait o Bea on,a w ilt ke unde a s m e tG a m i l er tona ' m o i n t di m i s Coun 1 Ia t c nd l a r dvi e n r n nt na i l s t o o s s t I so Be on Eur ac ope.Li wie t c twilg a Ga n USA' m o i t dimisCo tlIa t ke s , he our l r nt nni S ton o s s un I s o Be on,a wil a unde a s m e Ga n USA ' m o i t dim isCou 1la t Be c ac nd l t ke r dvie nt nni S ton o s s nt l s o a on Eu o The c ta s w ilde t def nda s m o i t di m i st pl i if 'c ai f r pe. our l o l ny he e nt ' tons o s s he a ntf s l m or u j s e c me t Co n I o tec mpan . n u t mi h n, u t V f h o lit TheCl r i die t d t s c riid c esoft sme or ndum opi on a t e k s r c e o end e tfe opi hi m a ni nd he ac om pa ng or rt a lc c nyi de o 1 ouns ofr or el ec d. ENTER : Thi s da ofO c o r 2011. y t be , Chi fU nied St t D i ti tJ e t a es s r c udge : 1 Ofc s ,t ec u tsi tn r igo teu j s e rc me tcam p ran o l t ted fn a t' to s our e h o r' nsa t ul n h nut nih n li etis ny o h ee d ns moin n t ds s.Afe fcu l e eo n,h va ii o teuj s e rc me t li ma betef c so asbsq e t o imis tr a ta d v lpme tte ibly f h nu t nih n cam y h o u f u e u n t moinfrs mmayj d me t to o u r u g n . 24
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