-RSB Doe v. Pittsylvania County, Virginia et al, No. 4:2011cv00043 - Document 42 (W.D. Va. 2012)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Michael F. Urbanski on 2/3/12. (ham)
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I THE UNI N TED STATES DI STRI CO URT CT FOR THE W ESTERN DI STRI OF VI I A CT RG NI DA NV I LLE D I I O N V SI JA NE D O E, Pl ntif ai f , Ci lA cton No.4: v00043 vi i 11c V. PITTSY LV AN I C O U N TY ,V IRG I I and A N A BO A RD O F SU PER VI R S O F SO PITTSY LVA N I C O U N TY ,V IRG I I , A N A By: M i chaelF.U rbanski U nie St t sD i t i tJudge t d a e sr c Def endant s. M EM O M N DU M O PI I N ON Thi m at ri be or t c tton am o i t dimistl by d e nt Boa d of s te s f e he otr ton o s s ied ef nda s r Supe v s sofPityl ni Count a Pityl ni Coun y, Vigi a( . 1 . TheBoa d' r ior ts va a y nd ts va a t r s r ni Dkt # 4)1 a gume si s r nt n uppor ofism o i a nceaviw oft l w i onsse wih c r lng t t ton dva e he a nc it nt t ontoli Unie St t s Supr m e C o ta Fourh Cic tCo tofA ppe l pr c nt A s s h,t td ae e ur nd t r ui ur a s e ede . uc he B o r sm oton m us be D ENI . a d' i t ED 1 . Theverfed c ii ompli a lgest tt Boa d mee st c amont a r ul ry ope is ant le ha he r t wie h nd eg a l ns t meei wihChrsinprye .Veii dCompl,Dk.# 1 a ! 6,8.A me roft Boad tngs t ita a r rte . t ,t! mbe he r de i r an ope ng pr ye ate h Boa d m ee i whi h pr ye i ie i il Chr si n i na ur , lve s ni a r ac r tng, c a r s û xplc ty i ta n t e' t ti,ii kest na oftes Chrs'ie us ori u't''I a !8.Theveiid ha s tnvo he me l us it l s ' cl i .' d. t s rfe c ompl ntalege t t f e m pl on Aug t1 201 t ope ng pr ye wasasf l ws ai l s ha , or xa e, us 7, 0, he ni a r olo : G r ous heavenl f her w e t aci y at , hank you f t opport t t or he uniy o a es you,and t nk you O Lor be a e you m a a1 oft s ddr s ha d, c us de l hi pos i e. You a e our G od,you a e our K i you a e t r s s bl r r ng, r he ea on 1De e ntBoar ofSupe vior ofPityl ni Count i t goveni body ofde e ntPityl ni Count , f nda d r s s ts va a y s he r ng f nda ts va a y Vigi a.Def nt aeher na trcoleci yr eredt asEheBoa d.' r ni enda s r ei fe l tvel ef r o ç t r ' we a e her God,wihout you,a J s , wihout you,t r r e. t nd e us t he e woul be no lf on ea t a we woul no be a e t stdo d ie rh, nd d t bl o i wn a e e s o Chr si n va ue be or t good pe e of nd xpr s ur ita l s f e he opl Pit yl ni Count A m e ts va a y. n. l Pl i i fa l gest tt a e e i as d t s a w hie t pr ri de i r a t d. a ntf le ha he udi nc s ke o t nd l he aye s lve ed nd he s r s r anda ene bow t rhe .I a !9.Plitf aleg t t e e i t c eof upevio s udi e hei ads d. t anif l es ha, xc pt n he as il s ori r que s he i e l c s s ha a t nded ea h Boa d m e tng snc Oc o r lne s nf e nt c dulng onti t , he s te c r e i i e t be 2008 ( ca es be ive i i i d us he le s t s mpora t obs r a unde sa t wor ngsofhe l al be tnt o e ve nd r t nd he ki r oc govenme .Shei endst c i atndi e r me tng.'I a !1 Pli ifale st t r nt nt o ontnue te ng ve y ei ' d. t 0. antf lge ha t Chr si n pr ye sconve t he t m e s e t ts a ot rnon- ita cii e a e no he i ta a r y o r he s ag ha he nd he chr s i n tz ns r t welomeatBoa dm e tngs d r t ape c ptont tt Boa d i unlkey t te tno c r e i 'k eae ,c r e i ha he r s i l o r a nChrs i nsf i l be us t y do no f l w t Boa d' p e e r d f ihi' nd m a he f llke ita a r y ca e he t olo he r s r f re at 'a ke r ee i anouti ri he owncommuniy.I a ! 11 Pli ifaleg t tû sactze a rsde of sde n r t d. t . antf l es ha t ii n nd e i nt a Pityl ni Co y ghe i enildt atndme tngsofhe BoadofSupe vs swihou ts va a unt s l s tte o te ei r r r ior t t ben s b e tdt p a e sta a v n ea dp ee o r lgo Ch ita t,ot ee cuso o ig u jce o r y r h t d a c n rfr ne eiin, rsini t h x l in f y o he r lgi t tdo notr ogni t deiy ofJ us i l ng bu notlm ied t J i m , t r e i ons ha ec ze he t es , nc udi t i t o uda s Il a Hi s . I s am nd ndui m ' d. ' Theve i c rfed ompl n a l est ta rr a ng a ait leg ha he e di boutt Fourh Cicui' de ii i he t r ts c son n ul J y e v F ryt Co n v 6 3F.d3 (t Ci. 0 1, deci d on J y 29, 2 1 panif o n r . o s h u t , 5 3 41 4 h r 2 1 )2 de 01 , litf c a t t Ame ia Ci lLi ri sUni ofVigi aFoundai I . whih s nta emal ont ced he rc n vi be te on r ni ton, nc, c e n i t e h Boa d m e be t xpl i ng t tt pr c de soft Supr m e Cour a t Fou t o ac r m r t a ni ha he e e nt e he e t nd he r h Cic tCou tofAppe l pr bi l gi l tve m e tngsf om be ng o ne w ih s t r a pr ye s r ui r a s ohi t e s a i ei r i pe d t ec a i n a r , a aki t Bo r t ce s ispr cieofs hpryes' VerfedCo .Dkt# 1 a ! 1 nd s ng he a d o a e t a tc uc a r. ' ii mpl, . , t 2. The Boa d s eq nty pa s d a w rte r s uton on Se t m be 6,2011 a r ubs ue l s e it n e ol i pe r doptng a pr ye i a r 2The Supr m eCour de ed For yt Count spe ii n f wrtofce tor r on J nua y l 5201 . e t ni s h y' tto or i ri a i a l 7 2 2 2WL 11 5 9(a 1 , 01 ) 01 7 5 Jn. 7 2 2 . U. S. ; p lc .I . t 1 Th r s lto p o d st a Cino d rt s lmn z p o e dng o te oiy d a ! 4. e e oui n rvie h tt l r e o o e ie r c e i s f h g Boa d ofSupewi or i i t polc oft Boa d ofSupe vi o st a l f a i voc to or r l s s t s he i y he r r s r o low or n n a i n prye t beofee beor isme tngsf t be ftoft BoadofSupevior.'J a Ex. a ro frd f e t ei or he nei he r r s s' . t A Z !1.Alhought wrte polc pr de t tt prye i t bedei rd b ade i t t he itn iy ovi s ha he a r s o lvee y sgnaed m e be oft Boar i i nott be d i t d orr og z d a a age ie f t m e tng ora m r he d, t s o k se l ec ni e s n nda t m or he e i s patoft publcb i s .'1 a Ex. !2.Them itnpolc pr dest tt pr ri t be r he i usne s' d. t A te iy ovi ha he aye s o vol a iy dei r o ar a i na bassby ame untrl lve ed n otto l i mberoft Boa d who k ha ldei rt he r ' l lve he s pr rori aye nvocai n i hi orhe ca ct a aprva ectz n, nd a co di t t dit t ofhi to n s r pa iy s i t iie a c r ng o he c aes s orhe ownco cince. l a Ex. !5.Ast t me ha c oft pr ye,t wrte polc r ns e ' d. t A ' o he c nis he a r he itn iy pr vi st tdll rl b or t o ngga lt tofi al be nst me tnga t o de ha tsho ty ef e he peni ve ha tcily gi he ei nd he a nda b i soft publc t Cha r r on oft Boa d ofSupe vi o s s l i r ge / usnes he i , he ipe s he r r s r ha l ntoduc t e he i ai ls a r a i t onl t ewhowiht do s t sa f t eobs r nc sof nvoc tona pe ke , nd nvie y hos s o o o t nd or hos e va e a f t BoadofSupevior . Ll a Ex. ! 1 Ast c e ,paagrph6oft wrte nd or he r r s s' ts t A 0. o ontnt r a ' he itn polc pr de asf l s i y ovi s olow : 6. N o gui i or lm ia i s l be i s delnes i t tons hal s ued r ga di a e r ng n i nvoca i s c e t e e t t t Boa d of Supe vior s l ton' ont n , xc pt ha he r r s s hal r eques by t l ng ge of t s polc t t no pr ye s d t he a ua hi i y ha a r houl pr el i oradva e a f t o di pa a t r lgi f ih or os ytze nc ny aih, r s r ge he e i ous a t non- e i ous vi w s ofo he s r lgi e t r. i a a he it i te J a Ex. !6.Thefnalpar gr ph oft w rten polcy sat s: Z t A 11. Thi polc i no i t nde a s l notbe i pl m e e s i y s t n e d, nd ha l m e nt d orc tue i a wa t a fla et Boa d ofSupe vio swih, onsr d n ny y, o fiit he r r sr t nor ex e s t B oa d of Supe vi o s pr f r nc f ,a f ih or pr s he r r s r ' e e e e or ny a t r i o de m i ton. Ra he , t s polc i i e d t elgi us no na i t r hi i y s nt nde o a kno l dge a e pr s t B oa d ofSupe vi o s r pec f r t c w e nd x e s he r r s r ' es t o he di iy of r i ous denom i i and f t r esent and verst elgi natons aihs epr ed pr i am ong t cii actced he tzens ofPityl a Count V igi a. ts vani y, r ni 1 a Ex. ! 11 d. t A . Theverfed c ii ompli tale t ton t da et r ol i wa pa s Se e r6, a n lges ha he t he es uton s s ed, pt mbe 2011,lplirt r lc l,Supe vs CoyE. r ledei r daChrsinpryer' l a !1 tg ro o ol al r ior Havil lve e ita a . d. t 4. ' The ve ii d c pl i f t ra l gest tde pie t pa s ge oft r ol i ûs l s sa rt e om a nt urhe le ha s t he s a he es uton, ûupewi or t t Se em be 6,2011 Boa d m e tng sa e t i i t nto t c i pr yi i t na e of he pt r , r e i t t d he r n e i n o ontnue a ng n he m J s Chrs,a ha i ed,c i dt tpr tc .'1 a ! 1 e us it nd ve,nde ontnue ha acie' d. t 6. ll. TheBoa dha move t dimist veiidc antpurua t Rul 1 b)6)oft r s d o s s he rfe ompli s nt o e 2( ( he Fe r Rul ofCi lPr e e. tr s vi a m o i t di m i s a com pl ntm us c nt i de al es vi oc dur û o ur ve ' ton o s s , ai t o an s fc e f c ua m a t r ac e e ast u t t t t a c a m t r le t ti pl us bl on is f c .' uf i i nt a t l te , c pt d r e, o s a e l i o e i f ha s a i e t a e '' As r t l l556U. 662, hcof v.qba, S. ,1 S. .1 1 ( 29 Ct 937, 949 2009)( i BelAt. p.v. quotng l lCor Twombl 550U. 5 570( v, S. 44, 2007).Thi plusbiiysa r r uie apl ntf t ) s a i lt tndad eq rs ai if o de o ta emor t n ta s e pos i lt t tadefnda ha a t d unl uly.'J a 1 49. m nsr t e ha t he r sbiiy ha e nt s c e awf l ' i t 9 . W he r lng on a m oton t di m i s t co t us ûa c ptt w e l pl d a l ga i oft n ui i o s s , he ur m t k c e he l- e le tons he c ompli a tue' l tuet f t a r a ona e i e e esde i d t r fom i t ant s r 'and t r he acs nd e s bl nf r nc cons rve he e r n he lg mos fvorbl t t pli if' I rav. td Stts 1 F. 472,474( hCi.1 . iht t a a e o he antf.' bar Unie ae , 20 3d 4t r 997) W hie t co tm us ac e a tue a lw el- e d f c uala l ga i , he s m e i no t ue f l he ur t c pt s r 1 lpl ade a t le tons t a s t r or l ga c l i . ll te bar r ial oft e e e sofa c us ofac i s e l onc us ons i- r ad e ec t s he l m nt -l a e ton, uppored b m e e t y r c us r sae e s do nots fc ' l ,1 S. . t1 49. The Supr me Co to lned oncl o y t tm nt, ufi e. qbal 29 Ct a 9 ' e ur uti ist pr d a oa h asf l : t wo- onge ppr c olows I ke pi w ih t s pr nc pl s a c tc i r ng a m oton t n e ng t he e i i e our ons de i i o dim isca choos t beg n by i ntf ng pl di t t be us s s n eo i de iyi ea ngs ha , ca e t hey ar no m or t e e han concl ons, are not entted t t usi il o he as um pton of t ut W hie l ga c us ons ca pr de t s i r h. l e l oncl i n ovi he f a e or of a c pl nt t y m us be s ppore by f t rm w k om ai , he t u td ac ual alegatons. W hen t e ar w el- eaded f ual alegatons, a l i her e lpl act l i 4 c t s d as ume t r ve a iy a d t n dee mi whe he our houl s hei r ct n he tr ne t r t y pl i y gi rs t a en ilme t r le . he ausbl ve ie o n tte nt o ei f l a1 d. t 950.Det ni whehe a c enni ng t r ompl i sa e aplusbl ca m f r i i $ac e ant tt s a i e li or elef s t ontxt s e ii t s ta rq ie t er ve n c u toda o is udca e p re c a dc mmo p cfc a k h t e u rs h e iwig o r t r w n t j iil x e in e n o n s ns ' I e e. d ' 111 . The ve i i d co pl ntale st tt û e t r a pr ye s a m ee i ' oft Boa d rf e m ai l ge ha he t c a i n a r t tngs' he s r vi a e t Es a i hm e Cl us oft Fi s A m e ol t he t bls nt a e he r t ndm e t t Unie St t Cons iu i nt o he t d a es tt ton. VeiidCo .Dk . 1 a ! 1 Th Esa l h n Clu eo t eFis Ame d n , d rfe mpl t # , t 7. e tbi me t a s f h rt n me tma e , s a ia et t sa esa t i poltc ls vii t o h t Fouree t Am e pplc bl o he tt nd her iia ubdi sons hr ug he t nh ndme ,s e nt e Eves v. ofEduc,330U. 1,15( 947) c ron Bd. . S. 1 , omma t tt g r ntihalma no nds ha he ove nme ' l ke s 1 r pe i a e t bls en ofr lgi ' U . Cons .a e 1 Spe i i ly, he ve ii d aw es ctng n s a i hm t e i on. S. ' t m nd. . c fca l t rf e c pl i a l ges om a nt le : 1 8. The Boa d' polc pr tce a c t r s i y, ac i nd us om of o ni pe ng m e tngswih s c a in pr ye sha t e pur eofad nc ng one ei t e t ra a r ve h pos va i pa tculrf ih t t e l i ofot rr lgi . ri a at o he xcuson he e i ons 1 9. Thes pr r ha t e f c of adva i a pa tc a e aye s ve he f e t nc ng r i ul r f t by a f la i t gove nm en ,ie. Pit yl ni Count wih aih f ii tng he r t . , ts va a y, t Chr s i t i taniy. 20. The s t in pr r c ecara aye s onvey t i he mper s i e m e s misbl s age t tPityl ni Count a t Boa d ofSupe vio se s a ha ts va a y nd he r r s r ndor e nd f vo Chrsiniy. a r ita t VeiidCo l, t # 1 a ! 1 - 0. rfe mp .Dk . , t ! 82 TheBoa d r iest r ea g e sa t why pli if sEsa ihmen Clus s ts d r a s h e r um nt s o a ntf tbls t a e ui houl be di m i s d, s s e none ofw hi h hasa m e i. The Boa d fr ta gue t tpl ntf sve ii d c ny rt r i s r s ha ai if r fe c pl i f l t s f c e l pl a t ts ha sa ng t brng t sa i n de pie bi i om a nt ais o uf i i nty e d ha he s t ndi o i hi cto s t nd ng Fourh Cic tpr c n t t c t a y. Se ond,t Boa d e r ous y a s rs t tt doc rne t r ui e ede t o he on r r c he r r one l s e t ha he t i oflgil i i e satve mmuniy a i st as tbr t pple o ui oughta ns t Count a isBoa d ofSupe v s s gai t he y nd t r r ior , a oppos d t a s ta i tm e be s oft Boa d i t i i vi ualc pa ii . Li wi e, he s e o ui ga ns m r he r n he r ndi d a c tes ke s t Boa d as e t t tl s a i i m uniy a a l s a i t s i oni p i l ge s el iss t r a r s rs ha egi l tve m t nd egi l tve e tm al r vie hi d t ec a i n pr ye pr c i fom a c tt i lc l gewhe i f c ,t edoc rnesa e a i bl onl a r a tce r onsiutona halen n, n a t hos ti r pplca e y t a tviisi e a t l a ng, c a ope ngi ai n i not Fi ly,t Boa d o c i te nt gr l o awm ki whih n ni nvoc to s . nal he r a gue t tt a l d pr c i e ofr gul r y o ni ism e tngs w ih Chr s i n pr ye i l w f , r s ha he lege a tc e a l pe ng t e i t i ta a r s a ul butc r lng Supr m e Cour a Fourh Cic tde i i c pe t oppos t conc us on. ontoli e t nd t r ui c sons om l he ie l i The c t dd e s ea h oft s a gum e t i t n. our a r s es c he e r n s n ur A.Pl ntf HasAle d l ur i Fac Sufiintt ConfrSt ngt Chale t ai if lge nj y n t fce o e andi o lnge he Board' Prac i ofO pe ng Boar M e tngsw ih Se t i n Pr ye s tce ni d ei t c ar a a r. Pli ifalege t ts ha r gulry at dBoad m e tngssnc Oc obe 2008a a ntf l s ha he s e a l tende r ei i e t r nd itndst c i t dos l a !1 Plitf obecst t Boa d' pr tc ofope ngis ne o ontnue o o. d. t 0. anif j t o he r s acie ni t m e tngsw ih Chrs i n pr ye be a e s doe no s c i t t pa tc a f t pr ot by ei t it a a r c us he s t ubs rbe o he r i ul r aih om ed t Boa d' ope ng pr r t pr ye s c he r s ni aye ; he a r onve t s i notwel om e a t m ee i ; he y hat he s c t he tngs t pr ye s c ea e a pe ce i t tt Boa d i unlk y t te non- i ta f il ,a t a r r t r pton ha he r s i el o r at chrs i ns a ry' nd he p a esma eh rfe lk a o tie i h ro c mmu iy I a ! 1 .Th Bo r a s rsta ry r k e e l ie n u sd r n e wn o nt . d. t 1 e ad se t h t t e ealg to d n ts fiin l alg ij r i fc. h s l ains o o u fce ty le e n u y n a t e Thesa ng is i t sca ei c r l dbyt Fo t Cic tsde son i Suhr v. t ndi s ue n hi s s ontole he urh r ui' cii n e Ha vwoodCount 1 F. 1 ( hCi.1 .Suhr i ve adiplyoft Te v, 31 3d 083 4t r 997) e nvol d s a he n Co m a en s i t m ai c toom oft H a m ndm t n he n ourr he ywood Coun y, o t Ca olna c t us t N r h r i our ho e. Pl ntf vi w e t dipl y a a pa t t t co t oc di a f ot rm e tngshel i ai if e d he s a s ry o wo ur pr ee ngs nd our he e i dn t c rr he ou toom.Ree i HaywoodCount ssandi c le ,t FourhCic trc ze j ctng y' t ng halnge he t rui e ogni d t tigj ij yt tgi ssa ngt pli if i t s c s si t tc us dbyunwec ha tthe n ur ha ve tndi o antfs n hee a e s ha a e lome di e tco a tw ih a r lgi di pl y t ta r c nt c t e i ous s a ha ppea st be endor e by t s a e. Suc pe s r o sd he t t h r onal 6 c n a t t saes ns r drlgo ss mb l m i p e ieyt ij r t a wa s fiin t o tc wih tt-po o e ei iu y oi s r cs l he nu y h t s u fce t o s confrsa ngi SchoolDititofAbi onv. hempp,374U. 203( 963)' Suhr ,1 e tndi n src ngt Sc S. 1 . ' e 31 F. a 1 3d t 086. l Sc m p s hoolchidr a t i pa e t s d t s hooldi ti t com pl ni oft n he p, c l en nd he r r n s ue he c sr c , ai ng he s hool spr c i ofr adi Bi e ve s s a r c tng oft Lo d' Pr ye e c m or ng be or c ' a tce e ng bl r e nd e ii he r s a r a h ni f e c as e be n. The Cour had ltl d fi uly fndi t tt s ude sa t i pa e s ha l s s ga t ite i tc t i ng ha he t nt nd he r r nt d s a ng t c le t pr c i ofs t ndi o ha l nge he a tce chool a r pr ye : The pa tes he e a e s hool c l e a t r pa e s who a e ri r r c hidr n nd hei r nt, r diec l a f t d by t l r ty f ec e he aws a pr c i e ag ns whi h t i nd a tc s ai t c he r c ompli s a e die t d. The e i e e t s ey s fcet gi t a nt r r c e s ntr ss ur l ufi o ve he pa te s a ng t c pl i r i s t ndi o om a n. 374 U . a 224 n. A st Fo t Cic tnot d i Suhr ,û he pp t r c ze ç s rt l S. t 9. he ur h r ui e n e s m sc hus e ogni d a piiua s a i Fi s Am e t ke n r t ndm e val s s fc e t gi s a ng t r i e i s s c er ng t nt ue uf i i nt o ve t ndi o a s s ue onc ni he Esabls ntClus a t Fr e Exe c s Cl us 't t epe s nsdie ty a f t by a lge t ihme a e nd he e r ie a e o hos r o r c l feced le d vi ai oft Fis Ame oltons he rt ndme . 1 1F. a 1 (ii As' ofDaaPr esi Sev. nt' 3 3d t 086 ctng sn ' t oc sng r Or ni to eI v.Ca 397U. 1 15 ( 970). ga zains nc. mp, S. 50, 4 1 ) J tas i Sche pp a Suh e, a ntf i t sc e hasalege diec co a tw ih t us n m nd r pl i if n hi as l d r t nt c t he s c a i n pr ye pr c i es oft Boa d. A s s h,pl i ifhasa l ed s a ng t pur ue he e t ra a r a tc he r uc a ntf leg t ndi o s r Es a i hm e Cl us cl i . t bls nt a e a m Cont a y t t Boa d' a gum e ,t Supr m e Cour ' opi on i V a l y Fo c r r o he r sr nt he e ts ni n le r e Chr s i n Cole v. m e i nsU nie f Se r to o Chur h a St t l ,454 U . 464 ita l ce A rca t d or pa a i n f c nd a e. nc. S. ( 982) s rspli ifssa ngi t scae.l ValvFor e, antfs rsde sof 1 , uppo t antf tndi n hi s n le g pli if, e i nt M ar and and Vi gi a,l ned f om a new sr ease t cerai sum l gover entpr yl r ni ear r el hat t n us nm opert y norhw e tofPhiade phi ha be n c t s l l a d e onve t t V a l Fo ge Cl s i n Coleg wiho a yed o he ley r ui ta l e t ut ny fna a pa nt Pli if s d, jctngt t prperyta fron Esa ihme Clus i ncil yme . antfs ue obe i o he o t rnse tbls nt a e gr ounds Concl ng t tpli tfslcke sa ng t c le t c . udi ha a n if a d t ndi o ha lnge he onve nc t Cour ya e, he t r easoned: W e smpl c i y annots t tr s ee ha eponde sha alege a ijur of nt ve l d n n y an ki ec y nd, onomi o o he ie,s fc e t t c e sa ng. c r t m s ufi i n o onf r tndi Re ponde s c pl i ofa tans e ofpr pe t l t d i Ches e s nt om a n r fr o r y oca e n tr Count Pa. The na e pl i if r s de i M a yl nd a V igi a y, m d a ntf s e i n r a nd r ni ; t i or ni a i lhe dq re s a e l cae i W a hi on,D . her ga z tona a ua tr r o td n s ngt C. The la ne oft ta f rt ough a ne r l s Ther ca m y er d he r ns e hr ws eea e. i li t t t G ove ha he nunent has vi a e t Esa ihm e Cl us does ol t d he t bls nt a e no pr de a s c al lc ns t r t ovi pe i i e e o oam t c r i s ar h of he ount y n e c gove nmw n alw r ngd ng a t r vea t i di co res i f de al t o oi nd o e l he r s ve i n e r cour . t 454U. a 486- (oot esomitd) l c rs t t pli ifi t sc e,heValeyFome S. t 87 f not te . n onta to he antf n hi as t l pl ntfssmpl h no diec contc wih t cli e Esa ihme Cl us vi ai n s fce ai if i y ad r t a t t he am d tbls nt a e ol to ufiint t c e sa ng. Se Suhr 1 F. a 1 o onf r tndi e e, 3l 3d t 086. I Suhr t FourhCic tr a he t smec uson,sai VinValyFogete n e,he t rui e c d he a oncl i ttng,t j le r h g SuprmeCour confr t tapr rEsa ihme Clus plitf mus al die tij y, e t imed ha ope tbls nt a e anif t lege rc nur l et a e pein e b t eSc e pan if, o< r s be tdt u wec merlgo s i h t x re c d y h h mpp litfs wh wee u j ce o n lo eiiu k e r i esorw e e f ce t a s e s c albu de t a d t m . Valev For 454 U . a xe c s r or d o s um pe i r ns o voi he ' l ce, S. t 48 n. ( s usi Sc mppl' 1 F. a 1 Thi i notac e,a i Val For whee 7 22 dic sng he .' 31 3d t 086. s s as s n lev ce, r t epanif ' tk wa a( r a ta o j cint u c n t uina c n u t' I Rah r ii h litfs sa e s i e bsrd be t o n o si to l o d c . d. te ,t s me o t ' pl i t tpl ntf , a l gi t ts haspe s naly he r t c i t ty Chr si n pr ye s of a n ha ai if by le ng ha he r o l a d he ons s en l i ta a r t eBo r a isme tng , a alg ddrc ij r s fiin t c n e sa dn t b i gt i h ad tt ei s h s l e ie t nu y ufce t o o fr tn ig o rn hs e Es a i hm e Cl us cha l nge.3 t bls nt a e le 3Noneoft ot rc e cie b def dant s ppo t ac r r poston. l r U . Cat i Confr e,88 F. he he as s td y en s u rs onta y ii n e S. holc eenc 5 2d 1 2 ( d Ci.1 9) c n ene ac aln et t etxe e tsauso t eCah lcCh r hba e o isp b i 0 0 2 r 98 , o c r d h le g o h a x mp tt f h t o i u c s d n t u l c c mpar iga an t boto Th c u t e e sa dn b cus tepani ss fee n drc p ro a ijr : a i n g is a rin. e o r d nid tn ig e a e h litf u frd o ie t es n lnuy f ç-r,h ceg plitfshveno be ijrdi asf et groa wa t dsi uiht msle fo oh r çl ete lry anif a t en nue n ut nl esn l y o it s he evsrm te le ki y ng ciienswho a e ge r l aggre d by a cl m e c tt i vl a i Fort tr as n, he lck s a ng. l tz r ne aly i ve ai d ons iutonal ol ton. ha e o t y a t ndi ' d. ' a 1 2 - 5.Li wie i Al n v. rz t46 U. 7 7 7 5( 9 4 ,h Co r f u t a plitfsc a ln i gt e t 0 4 2 ke s , n l W i h , 8 S. 3 , 5 1 8 ) t e u t o nd h t an if h l g n h e e 8 TheBoa d as a s rst ta cli off ur har i r nde e s c atve o m oo by r lo s e t ha ny am ut e m s e r d pe ul i r t ispa s ge o t Se e be 6,2011r ol i whi h pr de t tçno pr ye s d t s a f he pt m r es uton, c ovi s ha û a r houl pr e ytz o a nce a f t ordi pa aget r i ous f ih o non-elg ousvi w sof os l i e r dva ny aih, s r he elgi at r r ii e oh r. Ve iidCo l, t # 1 a Ex. !6.De pt ten nscaint n o t eS p e e t es' rfe mp .Dk . , t A ' s ie h o e tra o e f h e tmb r 6,2011 r s uton,t ve ii d c pl i a l st tS u ni or a t Se e be 6,2011 e ol i he rf e om a nt lege ha t pe s s t he pt m r s , Boa d m ee i g s a e t ri e im t c i pr yi i t na e ofJ s Chr s , ha r tn t t d hei nt ntc o ontnue a ng n he m e us i t and ve, i e d c ni u dt t r cie' d. t 1 Fu te,npaa rp 1 o t ev rfe c mplit nd e , o tn e ha p a tc . a ! 6. rh r i rg a h 0 f h eiid o an , 'l pl ntf i cae t t(rj i e t co i atndi e r g dlme tng. 1 a !1 ai if ndi ts ha dshe ntnds o ntnue te ng vey Boar ei ' d. t 0. ' Ass h,t ve ii d c uc he rfe ompli on isf esa e apl usbl bassf pl ntf ' as e to t ts a nt t ac t t s a i e i or ai ifs s ri n ha he ha be n a w ilco i t be d r c l a f c e b t Boa d' r gul rr f r nce t s e nd l ntnue o i e ty f e t d y he r s e a eee s o Chrs i t i isope ng i a i . Se W ynne v.Town o Gr a Fa l , F. 292,296 i taniy n t ni nvoc tons e f e t ls 376 3d n. (t Ci. 4) c r. nid,5 U. 11 ( )( di t tadopto ofasmiarpr ye 2 4h r 200 , e tde e 45 S. 52 2005 hol ng ha in i l a r polc di notm oo a Es a ihm e Cl us c le whe e t Town Counci con i d is iy d t n t bls nt a e ha l nge r he l tnue t prcieofsctra pr r; heit efF1 .nc. CiyofLa l 779F.Supp. 1 a tc e ain aye) At ss a.l v. t keand, 2d 330, 1 ( . Fl 2011 (s tmael be aus Pli if c e notonl t tt Ciy' ofi a 337 M D. a. ) iuli t y, c e antfs ontnd y ha he t s fcil txe mp sau o rcal dsrmiao yp iaesho l lc e sa igb c u ete ween t es n l s be t a xe t tts f a il ici n tr rvt c os a k d tndn ea s h y r o p ro al uj c y y t tec le g ddsrmiain I Ku t v. k r8 9F.d l3 ( C. r l 8 )apo es ro p lsp ya d o h haln e ici n to . n rz Ba e, 2 2 13 D. Ci. 9 7, rfso f hi o h n o sc lrh ma ito j ce t t e cu inof o tessfo d l eigsc a rmak d rn t p ro rsre e ua u ns be td o he x lso n nh it rm ei rn eulr e r s u ig he eid eev d v f rmor ng prye i Congrs . Pl ntf cai dt tt sp a tc simaiedno beive s whih t cour f o ni a r n e s ai if l me ha hi r c ie tg tz n- le r , c he t ound is fiin t c nfrsa dig.ç sAl nma e ce ralg t n o simai ijr wi n tsfiet l ka n ufce to o e tn n t A. l k s la, l ai s f t tc nu y l o u fc o i e e o g l n pli ifpes l t t c antf ronaly o he onduc hec le sunl s...heplitf pe s ly hasbe n denidabe . t halnge es t an if r onal e e nest' ' Kurz,829F. a 11 .Si ia l t cl m e si aiai asocit w iht decson byt Unie Sttst t 2d t 41 m lry,he ai d tgm tz ton s aed t he ii he td ae o o e dylmairlto t teVaia wa tormoeadseuaiet c ne sadigu o ctzn o p sdt p n i o t eainso h t n so e t n p clt o o frtn n p n i es p oe o c c v i ta a to Ameia sUntdfrSe aaino Ch rha dSaev. a a , 8 F2 1 4 2 l(dCi.l 8 ) se h t cln. rcn ie o p rto f u c n tt Re c n 7 6 .d 9 , 0 3 r 9 6 , e . as S hlsn e v. s r ssCo t So teWa, l U. 2 8 21 ( 9 4) as caino p ee ta dfr r lo c e ig r Re evit mm.o tp h r4 8 S. 0 , 9 1 7 (so ito f r sn n o me me eso teAr dFoc sRe ev lc e p ro l tk a ddietij r t c le emii r rsr esau of mb r fh me re sr e a k d esna sa e n rc nuy o halng lay eev tts t me e so Co g e s; t d S ae v Rih r s n 41 U..1 6 1 9( 9 4 (a p y rlc e sa dn t r q ie mb r f n r s l Uni tt s . c a d o , 8 S 6 , 7 1 7 ) t x a e a k d tn ig o e ur e publcdis m i ton oft e i s e nai he xpendiu e oft Centa l t lge eAge y,t Cour concudi t tio ivoke t r s he r l neli nc nc he t l ng ha t n t j iil o rtecama t s h v aKesn ltk i teo to , o at riulr c nceeij r,o a udca p we h li n mu t a e p ro a sa e n h uc me' r pat a, o rt nuy' r c t rc ij ri i s ots mehn moeta te rl e g iv n e ') l c nrst teplitfsi e c o tee di tnuy'n h r, o tig r h n g neai d re a c s'. n o tato h an if n ah fh s e z ' c ss panlfh r alg sta s wa drcl ij rda dafce b p ro al wi sigtescainpa r ae , litf ee l e h t he s iety nue n fetd y es n l mesn h e tra rye e y pr tce oft Boad.A ss h,s ha s fce l pld sandi t c lnget Boa d' pr ye pr cie und aci s he r uc he s ufilnty e t ng o hale he r s a r a tc s er t Es a i hmen Cl e. he t bls t aus 9 polc i unc tt ina , a s t t Ciy i no a t l f l ng t tpolcy, tc n ha dl iy s onsiuto l but lo hat he t s t cualy olowi ha i i a r y be s d t tt ena t e ofRes uton 1 0 i t s c s i s f c e to r nd rt or g n ai ha he c m nt ol i 0- 41 n hi a e s uf i i nt t e e he i i al conr ryame ea taci '). toves r bsr ton.' Fi ly,t Boa d as e t t tt r i no c us c m e ton be wee a ofi i Boa d na l he r s r s ha he e s a al ol c i t n ny t c al r a i a t s c a i n c e oft i a i de i r d by t i vi cton nd he e t r a ont nt he nvoc tons lve e he ndi dualBo d m e be s ar m r. The e i no m e i t t sa g e .The Fo t Cicui hasr pe t dl cons de e ope ng r s rt o hi r um nt urh r t e ae y i r d ni pr yer a l lgove mne m ee i t be gove nm e s ec Fo e m pl i Tur rv. t a s t oca r nt tngs o r nt pe h. r xa e, n ne Ciy CounciofFrdeiks ur 53 F. 35 (t Ci. l e rc b g, 4 3d 2 4h r 2008) c r. nid,555U. 1 ( , , e tde e S. 099 2009) Reie J sieSa d aDa O' n o , iigf r h Fo rhCic i p n lrj ce t s me trd u tc n r y Co n r wrtn o t e u t rut a e, ee td he a a gum e t Boa d r i esher r nt he r as e: l i tue t t Tur r a t ot r Counc l m e be s t ke s e t s r ha ne nd he he i m r a om pe s na r s nsbiiy f t r Ca lt Or pr ye s Bu gi n r o l e po i lt or hei l o der a r . t ve t f us oft pr ye so go r e b i s a t ope ng of he oc he a r n venm nt usnes t he ni t Counc ls m ee i ,w e a e w ih t Di t i t Cour t t t he i' tngs gr e t he sr c t ha he pr r a i s a e gove nm e ts e h. aye s t s ue r r n pe c J-a 355.l Tune ,a hee,heope ngpr er weedei rdby ame roft goveni #s t n r r s r t ni ay s r lvee mbe he r ng boa d,534 F. a 353,a t Fourh Cic tsconc us on t tt ope ng pr ye w a r 3d t nd he t r ui ' l i ha he ni a r s go nune s ec a i wih e lf r ehe e.Li wie, n W ynne,Chrsin pr ye by t ve nt pe h pples t qua o c r ke s i ita a r he m e be soft Tow n Counc lofG r a Fa l ,Sout Ca olna wasf und t be ism pl no m r he i e t ls h r i o o si y t c tt i ly a ce a e l i l tve pr ye . 376 F. d a 301 02. ons iutona l c pt bl eg s a i a r' ' 3 t Thi co l i m a s ns The Boa d co r l t f nna a f um f t o ni s nc uson kes e e. r nt o s he o t nd or or he pe ng pr er . Thepr ye sa e de i r d e l i l by B o r m e be s N o m e be oft publc i ay s a r r lve e xc usve y ad m r. m r he i s a f de a o r t iy t of e apr ye .By of e i o y Cl s i pr ye s t B oa d hasnot f or d n ppo tm t o f r a r f rng nl ui tan a r , he r a t m pt t c ea e apublc f um i whi h a 1ar wel om e t e e st i f ihs Ra he ,by te ed o r t i or n c l e c o xpr s he r a t . t r pr yi t onl one de t t Boa d i per i s bl w r ps t pow e and pr s i e o t a ng o y iy, he r m m s i y a he r e t g f he 1 0 Pityl ni Count gove nm e ar und t pe s nalr lg ousbelef ofi vi Bo r ts va a y r nt o he r o ei i i s ndi dual a d membe s Pli y,t pr c ie i gov r e e s me ofr lgi 4 r . anl he a tc s e nm nt ndor e nt ei on. Fu t r t r i no c tt tona s g fc nc t t f c t tt ope ng pr ye oc r r he , he e s ons iu i l i nii a e o he a t ha he ni a r cu s be or t gav f lsa t Boa d be nsisofk ilbusnes . TheFourh Cic tsc l i f e he el a l nd he r gi t t a i s t r ui' oncuson i W vnn ma t spoi a n e kes hi nt bunda l ce : nty lar Publc ofi a s b i i cai nsoft e Al ght be or e gi i fcil ' ref nvo to h mi y f e nga ng i publcbusne sha awa ,ast M as g Cha s 463 n i i s ve l ys he rh v. mber, U. 78 ( 9831Cour s c r f l e ai d,bee pa tofour S. 3 1 ) t o a euly xpl ne n r N a i n' hit y. The Tow n Counc lofGr tFa l r m ai f e t t o s s or i ea ls e ns r e o e ge i s h i a i nga n uc nvoc tons pror t Counc l m e tngs The i o i ei . o r uniy t do s m a pr de a s c ofs r ngt t be i ve s ppo t t o o y ovi our e t e h o le r , a a tme ofqui tr feci n f r al Thi o nd i e e l to o l. s pporuniy doesnot t t , howe r pr det Town Counc l ora ot rl sa i body, ve , ovi he i, ny he egiltve lce e t a nc is ow n r lgi vi w s i pr er nc t a 1 i ns o dva e t e i ous e n ef e e o 1 ot r ,a t Tow n Cou ldi he e. The Fis Am e he s s he nci d r rt ndm e t ba s n r s h ofi a pr f r nc f oner lgi a c r pondi ofii l uc tcil e e e e or e i on, nd ores ng fc a dic i i ton ag ns alo he s s rm na i ai t l t r . 376 F. a 302. 3d t I e i t sr r t wrte polc a t d by t Boa d mir r t ta edby t nde d, n hi ega d, he itn i y dop e he r r o s ha dopt he For yt Count Boa d ofCom m i s one s i J vne . A she e, he wr te polc i J ne s h y r si r n o r r t it n i y n oy r pr de t tt o ni pr ye w oul notbe k ls e orr c ovi d ha he pe ng a r d ' i t d e ogni e asa a nda ie f rt û zd n ge t m o he m e tng s t ti m a be cl a t pr eri no c i r d a pa toft publc bus nes .' 65 e i o ha t y e r he ay s t ons de e r he i i s' 3 ' F. a 3 3d t 44. The Fourh Ci c tnone hel s f t r ui t e s ound t Fo s h Count Boa d' s t r a p a r , he r yt y r s ec a i n r ye s delve ed bef e t of i a a nda c m en d,t vi a e t Es a i hm e Cl us Thus a i r or he fci l ge om ce o ol t he t bls nt a e. ,s 4Eve i m or difcul c e , whe et go r e ofiil di notdot pr yi t nn e fi t as s r he venm nt fcas d he a ng hems ve ,butr herc le el s at ald upon r i ouslade sfo l alc e tonst delve t i elgi e r r m oc ongr gai o i r he nvocains t Fourh Cic thasco i r dt to , he t r ui nsde e he s e c t b ta o teg v mme t u jc t Esa ih n Clu esrtn Ciigo es c c s, i s nv p eh o e h t f h o e n s be to tbl me t a s cuiy. tn n u h ae Smp o . s Ch se fedCo n yBo r o S p r io s 4 4 F.d2 6( t Ci. c r. e id 5 6 U. . 3 ( 0 5 , h c u tn e tril u t a d f u e vs r, 0 3 7 4h r) e t d n e , 4 S 9 7 2 0 ) t e o r i , Tu n rn tdta çt i ni o tes e k r a dterso sblt frtese c , s i ta c s,e sce ry r e oe h ttj de ty fh p a e, n h ep n ii y o h p e h wa,n h t ae ls lal lhe t i ati a et t gove n entt n t s e he e, a et s ke st r wer notgovenm e ofiil. trbutbl o he rm ha he pe ch r bec us he pea r hee e r nt fcas Smp o n n tee sh l ta çh s e h . . sg v rme t p e h' 5 4F.da 3 5(u tn Si s n 40 i s n o eh ls ed h t te pe c . wa o en n s e c .' 3 3 t 5 q oig mp o , 4 ' F.d a 2 s .Li wie i J v r t eFo rhCic i h l t a tef c t a t p a r we eno d lv r db 3 t 8 ) ke s , n o ne ,h u t r u t ed h t h a t h t he r yes r t ei e e y govenm enalofk il w a no dipostve.çtwa t govenm e alsti f t dei r ofs tra pryes r t t as s t s ii ç s he l r nt e tng or he lvey eca in a r t tcou td c tt ina difc t nott ewhoa t l ga t i aton. 653 F. a 350. ha re onsiuto l fiuly, hos cualy ve he nvoc i ' ' 3d t 11 i J ra W vnne,hef c t tt Chrsin pr ye i dei r d by t Boa d prort t n ovne nd t a t ha he ita a r s lve e he r i o he openi gavelt ofici l begi t m eetng doesnotalert gover ent endor entof ng hat t aly ns he i t he nm al sem t pr ye norc tt i l i m uni iss c ara c r c e . he a r ons iutonaly m ze t e t i n ha a t r Ac r ngl t ei no m e i t t Boa d' agum e t tpl i ifha f ie t a lge co di y, her s rt o he r s r nt ha antf s al d o le ij r i fc s fiin t c n e u o h rsa i t b igti a to nu y n a t u fce t o o fr p n e tndng o rn h s cin. B . The Speech orD ebat Cl e oft Cons iuton,and t R el ed C om m on Law e aus he tt i he at D oc r nesofL e s atve I m uni y and Le s atve Pr vie C annotShi l f om ti gi l i m t gi l i i l ge, ed r Es abls ent Cl e Sc utny t Boa sPr t c ofR e ar y O pe ng I s t i hm aus r i he rd' ac i e gul l ni t M eetngsw ih C hri i Prayer. i t stan The Spe h orDe t Clus Doe NotShil t Boa d' Se t ra Pr ye Pr c ie ec ba e a e s e d he r s c a in a r a tc fo Consiutona Reviw. r 'm tt i l e Ato a a gum e ,a i s e e a b i tng,t Boar ar d t t Spee h or rl r nt nd n uppl m nt l r e i he d gue hat he c D e t Cl us oft U nie St t Cons iu i pr bis a ba e a e he t d a es tt ton ohi t nyone f om que toni t wor r s i ng he ds s n by any me rofa lgiltve bod es e i l i munii t Boa d a Pityl ni poke mbe e sai y, s ntaly m z ng he r nd ts va a Count f om a Es a i hm e Cl us c l nge t go r e -pons r d pr ye . Thi y r n t bls nt a e hale o ve nm nt s oe a r s ar enthas no m er t gum i. The Spe c o De t Cl us r i o c st s pa a i ofpo e sand pr t c sl gi l tve e h r ba e a e e nf r e he e r ton w r o e t e sa i i pe nce. Se Eastand v U. Se vce n' Fund,421U. 491 502( 975) Unie nde nde 5 e l S. r i me s S. , 1 . td , . St esv.Brwse,408U. 501 507(972) Grve v. t Stt ,408U. 606,624at e tr S. , 1 ; a l Unied aes S. 25 ( 972) Powelv. ccoma k,395U. 48 5 ( 969 ;Unie Sttsv.J hns 383U. 1 ; l M r c S. 6, 03 1 ) td ae o on, S. 5Aril 1 Se ton 6oft Unie Stt Consiutonpr desa f l : tce ci he t d aes tt i ovi s olows , The Se t s a Re e en a i s l r ce ve a Com pe a i f r t r Se vi es t be na or nd pr s t tves ha l e i ns ton o hei r c , o as e ti d by Law,a pai outoft Tr as y oft Unie Stt . The s l i al Cas s c rane nd d he e ur he td aes y hal n 1 e , exc pt Tr s Felny, a Br ch of t Pe ce be prviege fo Ares durng t r e ea on, o nd ea he a , i l d rm r t i hei Ate tndanc att Se son oft rr s c i Hous s andi goi t a rm r ng fom t s m e; e he s i hei e pe tve e, n ng o nd e ni r he a andf ra Spe ch o D e t i et rHous ,t ys l notbequesi o ny e r ba e n ihe e he hal tonedi a ot rPlc n ny he a e. U. Cons.a4. ,j6. S. t l 1 1 2 1 9 1 8( 9 6 ; n e v. a d o e 3 U. 3 7 3 3 7 ( 9 ) Th ca s p oe t 6 , 7 1 6 ) Te n v Br n h v , 41 S. 6 , 7 - 4 1 51. e lu e r tcs m e r ofCongr st r i r i o lgiltvea t o t motvai f a t pe f ma e mbe s es t om nquiy nt e sa i c s r he i ton or cual ror nc f o l gi l tve ac s ' Br w ser 408 U . a 5 d r t bur en ofde e ng' c r a n s t , f e sa i t ,' e t , S. t 09, t om he d f f ndi ' e t i uis Dombr kiv.Ea ta 38 U. 8 85( 967 ( rc im) andkr t c e nce of ows slnd, 7 S. 2, 1 ) pe ura , t om he ons que s f ltg i srs t,'d.s eUnie Stt v. lt ki442U. 477,487,489( 979 ,Doev. iiaton' e uls'i , e td aes Hesos , ' S. 1 ) . M c la 41 U. 306,318 1 ( 973) Powel395U. a 5 03,505; ohns 383U. a Miln, 2 S. -9 1 ; l, S. t 02J on, S. t 1 Te y,341U . a 377.I ea h c e,heSpe ch o De t Cl us mus be a ple ii 73; nne S. t n c as t e r ba e a e t p id sn s h awa a t i ur t i pe nc oft l gilt ewihou at rngt hit rcbaa uc y s o ns e he nde nde e he e saur t t le i he so i lnce oft t e c eq lbr hesofG ove m ne . Br w se , U . a 508. he hr e o- ua anc r nt' e t r 408 S. t ' Cf e Fe r lSpe h orD e t Cl us ,ofc s ,... is t r s i c i d t f er l t' -h de a ec ba e a e our e by t e m s onfne o ed a lg sao s' UntdS ae v. l c 4 U. 3 0 3 4 ( 9 0 .Ass c ic tp o d e iltr . i tts Gil k, 45 S. 6 , 7 1 8 ) ' e o u h,t mmo rvie i mmuniy t t m e r oft Boa d.Nordoe t Vigi aCo tt i pr det Boa d t o he mbe s he r s he r ni nsiuton ovi he r a c rf unco tt i lc ny ove or ns iutona onduc . The Vi g ni Cons iuton c a nsa pr son s m ia t t ri a tt i ont i ovi i i l r o t Spe c orD e t Cl us a i abl t m e be s o t V igi a Gene a A s e bl he e h ba e a e pplc e o m r f he r ni r l s m y: tM e r oft Ge r lAs e bl s l,i a1c s se e tea on,f l orbr c oft û mbe s he ne a s m y hal n 1 a e xc pt r s eony, ea h he pe e beprviege fom a r s durngt s s i oft i r s c i hous ' nd f ran ac , i l d r re t i he e sons her e pe tve es a o y , s e horde t i et rhous s l notbeque to i a ohe plc ' Va Cons.a4.V,j pe c bae n ihe e hal sined n ny t r a e. . t l l ' 9. W hie t spr s on pr desc t i l gi l tve i m uniy t m e be s oft G e r l l hi ovi i ovi era n e sa i m t o m r he ne a A s e bl f r s ec m a on t tooroft tbody,i i no ,b is ow n t r s a i a et s m y o pe hes de he l ha ts t y t e m , pplc bl o l lgove nm e a e ii s s h a t Boa d. oca r nt l ntte uc s he z Fort s m e r as t r i no t s i oni prviege a i a e t b a i s on i o he a e on, he e s e tm al i l pplc bl o ar dm s i nt evi dence t Boar s Chr s i pr he d' i tan ayerpractce ati ue i t s case. A gai t Speech orD ebat i ss n hi n, he e Cl e applesonl t m em bersofCongr nott t Boar A ssuch,any cl m ed evi i y aus i y o ess, o he d. ai dentar 13 prvie towi fom t Spe c o De e Cl e' t halnotbeque tone 'lngua ha no i lge l ng r he e h r bat aus s s l s s i d' a ge s a i aton t t Boa d ort sca e. Gil k,445 U . a 37 La Count y Es a e . nc. pplc i o he r hi s loc S. t 4; ke r t t s I v. Ta Re lPlnni Age 440U. 391 403- ( 979 . hoe g' a nc ncv, S. , 04 1 ) N orD oesCom m on Law Leci l tve I m univ Shi d t Boa d' Pr yer f om sa i m t el he r s a sr Cons iu i n R e e . tt t o vi w Th c s lw i ce rta a ylgsaiei nt6e j y db idviu l mb r o e a e a s la h t n e iltv mmu i no e y n i d a me es f y t Boa d m us be r e i t c m on l w . Se La Count y Es a e ,440 U . a 404he r t oot d n he om a e ke r tt s S. t 05; Br ev. ddl 631F. 272, ( hCi.1 0) Unde t c uc Ri e, 2d 275 4t r 98 . r he ommonl l a lgilt s aw,oc l e saor, s d i t i i vi c pa ii , nbei ue n her ndi dual a ctes ca mmunefom cvi rght s t br r i l i s uis oughtunde 42 U. C. r S. j1 f a tonstkendint s r ofceti lgii t lgiltvea tviy.' Boga v. 983 or ci a di he phee ran e tmae e sai ci t '' n Sc tlars 5 U. 44,54( 998)( tngTe y,3 U. a 376) The eaet ras ot-lri, 23 S. 1 quoi nne 41 S. t . r r wo e ons why c ommon 1 w lgiltvei a e sa i mmuniy ha noa ia i t t sca e Fis,s h i t s pplc ton o hi s . rt uc mmuniy onl t y e endst Boa d me be ss d i t i i vi lc pacte ,a doe nots el t Count a xt o r m r ue n her ndi dua a iis nd s hi d he y nd t Boa d,a e ii ,f om c tt i he r s nttes r onsiutonalr vi w oft i ac i e e he r tons.Se ond,l gi l tve i m uniy c e sa i m t o y a i s t ac i ii s i e r lt t l s a i pr e sa doesnote br e non-e s a i nl pple o tv te nt g a o he egi l tve oc s nd m ac l gi l tve a t s h a o ni pr ye s c s uc s pe ng a r . 6 çl <a e iltv i ni d e n tof o re b ralu iile e o lgsaiea t.Th tsu wa stldb gsaie mmu t o s o, c us , a ljdca rviw fe iltv cs a ise s ete y y i l aina erya l 0 , e Mab r v Ma io ,lCrn h( U.. 1 7 a e rsl i Ki o r v. mpi t s al s 8 3 se ru v . dsn c o a c 5 S) 3 , nd xpe sy n l un b n o sn, 1 3U. 1 ( 8 0 ,tetrto tï Co r' c ssitrrt gteraho teS e c o De ae mp o (0 S. 68 1 8 )1h is fhs u ts a e nep ei h e c fh p eh r b t n Clue' P wel3 U. a 5 3.t 'ep r s o tepoeto afr e lgsaosino t frsalu iil a s. o l, 95 S. t 0 th upoe f h r tcin f d d e iltr s t o o etlj dca ' f b rve o ljsaieato b tois r ta lgsao saen t srce fo o hid rdi tep ro ma eo e iw f e iltv cin u t n u e h te iltr r o ditatd rm r n ee n h efn nc f t i lgiltvet s by bei c l i oco tt deendt i a i .'l a 505. her e sal a ks ng aled nt ur o f her ctons' d. t 14 a. Comm on La LeailtveI w sa i mmuniyOnl Pr e sl vi lBoa d t y otct ndi dua r M e r 'Aci nsoft Boa da Count Re an Subi c t Consiuto mbe s to , he r nd y m i eto tt i nal Re e . vi w ûg-heSu e Cour haslf nodou t tmu cpalte a l a go r nt aeno t-l prme l t et bt ha nii iis nd oc l venme s r t e il d t i m uniy f om s t unde s t o 1 ' Be kl v v. ntte o m t r uis r ec i n 983.' r e Com m on Counc lofCha l s on, i re t 63F. 295,296( hCi.1 , r. nid,51 U. 1 3( 996)(ii Le t r nv. 3d 4t r 995)cetde e 6 S. 07 1 ctng ahema TarntCount Nacoi It lge ea Coor nainUni,507U. 1 1 ( 993);Owe ra y r tcs neli nc nd di to t S. 63, 66 1 ) n v. t ofl pe Ciy nde ndenc 445U. 622,65 (98 .TheFo t Cic ti Be klvc ude e, S. 0 1 0) urh rui n r e oncl d d ha am unii lt i noti t fom s ci 1 3 la lt f unc tt i na e c me s s t t cpaiy s mm me r e ton 98 i biiy or onsiuto l na t nt a ot r l s a i a tvii s oft l all gil t e. 63 F. a 296. A st Be kl v c tt nd he egil tve c i te he oc e s a ur ' ' 3d t he r e ot r expl ned' ai . 01-hodng t d y ta a mu iiai d e n t e j y 1 . li o a h t 1 n cp l y o s o no t i m t iy w ih r pe t t a s o is l gi l tve body ...s d m m t t es ct o he d f t e s a i houl com e asno s pr s I f t e r ot r c r ui t tha c i r ur i e. n ac , ve y he ic t ha s ons de ed t s is ha et r hed or pr s d t t a muni i iy i not hi s ue s ihe l e ume ha cpalt s e il d t abs ut l gi l tve i m uniy f s t br ntte o ol e e sa i m t or uis ought unde r sci 1 e ton 983. I at300. d. Asi Be kl y,pl ntf he en ha nots d t m e r oft Boa d i t i i vi ual n r e ai if r i s ue he mbe s he r n her ndi d c pa te 'r t r t s tna e onl Pi tyl ni Co y and isgove ni bod t Boa d. a cii s a he , he ui m s y t s va a unt , t r ng y, he r Th Fo rhCic i i Be ke rj ce t e tnso o lg saiei nt t teg v r me tl e u t rut n r ly ee td he xe in f e iltv mmu i o h o en n a y e iy is f a t s m er as nga i he e: ntt tel, nd he a e oni pples r I t f ce of ovewhel ng au ho iy, t Ciy of Cha l son n he a r mi t rt he t re t atmp s t j siy is cam o a oue lg sai i nt b te t o u tf t li f bs lt e ilt mmu iy y ve r frn e t t ta i o a p lc j siiainss p ri te eee c o he r dt n nd o iy u tfc to u po t h i ng l gil i i muniy f i vi l lgil or . W hie t r i e satve m t or ndi dua e sat s l he e s i e al nde d ong t a t o of g a i i vi ua l gi l t s a a 1 r dii n r ntng ndi d l e sa or t l l ve sofgove n e a br d i m uniy f om s t bas d upo t i e l r m nt oa m t r uis e n he r l tm at l sl i actvii , and t egii e egi atve i tes hough t e ar undoubt y her e edl sr publcpolc j tfc tonsfrs h i tong i iy usiiai o uc mmuniy,t Supr me t he e Coul has i tuc e t tt de e es a ia e t a of i i l i a ' t ns r t d ha he f ns va l bl o n fc a n ' - - -. - . pe s na ca ciy a ton smpl û e una ia e' i a s tagans r o l pa t c i i y t ar val bl ' n ui i t a gove nm ent e iy. r al ntt 1 . at300- l. d 0 7 The hol ng i Ber e i a pl s di n kl y s m y uppo t d by Supr m e Cou tpr e nt See e. , re e r ec de . . c. Boca 523U. a 53(d unii iist msl c nbehedla ef c tttonal n, S. t t M cpalte he eves a l ibl or onsiui voain . .Ast Co r noe i Owe ,tj ec n e'st t u tfe (r ni i dvd a ilt s' o ) he u t td n n ith o c l ha j siid g a t n iiu l g n ng i mmuniy fom pe s lla lt t govenme a ofiilli t edecsons howe r aels t r rona ibiiy o r ntl fcas n hos ii , ve, r e s c peli i no w holy i pplc bl ,whe t la lt oft m uni i len iy i a i s ' 445 om lng, f t l na i a e n he i biiy he c pa tt s t s ue. ' U.. t6 3.Th Owe Co r sae tha tej siiain fri nii o fcasfo Sa 5 e n u t ttd d t h u tfc to s o mmu zng fiil r m t pe s nalla lt ha ltl f c w he s ti br r o i biiy ve ite or e n ui s ough a ns t gove nm e a en iy is l . t gai t he r nt l tt t e f' ' 1 a 653 n. TheOwe Cour c l d. t 37. n t oncudedt tt de ii n hol ngt tm uni paii ha ha i our c so di ha ci ltes ve no i mmuniy fom da a la lt to ng fo t i c tt tonalvi ai ha m onie wel t r m ges ibiiy l wi r m her onsiu i oltons r zs l w ih de l e si t c m on 1 w a ourow n pr t ve opm nt n he om a nd onounc m e son of i i i m unii e nt f c al m tes und j 1 3. I a 657.l La Co r Esaes t Cour noe t twhiei viua er 98 ' d. t ' n ke untv tt ,he t td ha l ndi d l me r oft Ta eRe ona Plnni Age y IC mbe s he ho gi l n ng nc ITRPA' ha i ' d mmuniyf l sai I t or egiltve a tvii , heag y is fdi no :;ft e r s nde sha e c e unc tt i llgilton, ci tes t enc tel d t $1 h e po nt ve na t d onsiutona e sa i t e i no r as w hy r i faga ns TR PA is l s d nota ua el vi c t pe ii r ' her s e on ele i t t e f houl deq t y ndi a e ttone s i eet. 440U. a 405n. (ii M onelv. Y. t Dçp' ofSocalSe vc , U. ntrss' ' S. t 29 ctng l N. Ciy t i r ies 436 S. 658( 978) Refrncngisde sonsi Owena Monelt Co ti Le t 1 ). ee i t cii n nd l,he ur n ahenua sae n ttd, çgj s de sonsmakei quiecea t t u i vai gove n ntofi al, cpaiisdo kthe e cii t t l r ha, nlke rous r me tci s munii lte 7Thee l pr edur hit y oft Suhr ca eas s akst t sis . T'edititcour i tal dim is dt ary oc al sor he e s lo pe o hi sue h src tniily s s e he Esa ih e Clus c lnget t Te Co m a e sdipl i t Ha oodCount c t eo tbls m nt a e hale o he n m ndm nt s ay n he yw y ourhous n lgiltvei m u t gr e sai m niy ounds, di t tt count c m isoner,t c ym a ge ,a t c mt is f hol ng ha he y om s i s he ount na r nd he ot y tel we ea1 mmun fo s t S h ev Bd. fCo r,8 4 F. u p. 2 , 3 - ( . N . l 9 ) Afe t a r li e r m ui u r . o mm's 9 S p 9 7 9 2 33 W D. C. 9 5 . tr h t . r i a whiet ca ewason a l t Fourh Cic tde de Bekly.Ba e on isr i i Bekly,t ulng, nd l he s ppea,he t rui ci d r e s d t ulng n r e he Fo t Cic tafim e t dim is oft i vi de e nt i Suh e, r vereda r m a urh r ui fr d he s s al he ndi dual f nda s n r but e s nd e ndedt c s a t he a e s o defndan Ha e t ywoodCo y,tea ngt Count t ought Boa dofCo m isones ast onl de e nt' unt t vi he l y, hr he r m s i r, he y f nda .' Suhr ,1 1 F.d a 1 e 3 3 t 085. 16 n tej yi nt fom s i ete a s ueo q ai e - n e j1 8 '5 7U. a 1 6 o no mmu iy r ut i r b olt r u lt d u d r 9 3. 0 S. t 6 . - h i 5 The e or co m on 1 w l i l tve i m uniy hasno a i t o t t i tt i ld e nt i r f e, m a eg s a i m t pplca i n o he ns iutona ef nda s n t s c e. hi as b. Com m on La Legi l tve I m uniy A pple Onl t Legii a e Le s a i w sa i m t is v o tm t ci l tve A ctvii N ott Openi Praver i tese o ng s. The s ond r as w hy l gi l tve i m uniy ha no a i to t t sca e i be a e ec e on e sa i m t s pplca i n o hi s s c us lgiltvepr ri be e sa i aye s yondt pr rs opeofc he ope c omm onl w lgil tvei uniy.Thepur e a e sai mm t pos ofl sa i i muniy i t o pr t c t i t grt oft lgil tvepr es byi urngt egiltve m t s t o e t he n e iy he e sai t oc s ns i he i pe nce ofi vi ll gi l or -' Br w s e ,408 U . a 507. A ss h,l gi l tve nde nde ndi dua e sat s ' e t r S. t uc e s a i i muniy o y a i s I n t s r ofl tm a e l gi l tve a tviy.' Tenne 341 U . a m t nl pple ç he phe e egii t e s a i c i t ' i y, S. t 376- (s- sCour hasno he iaedt s ti t rgh sofprvaei vi l whe i f 77 d-hi l t t stt o usan he i t i t ndi duas n t ound Cong e swa a tngouti islgiltver e.) s eBrwse,408U. a 528(e sai r s s ci sde t e sai ol '; e e tr ' S. t lgiltve i mmuniy a f ded byt Spee h orDe t Clus û sno pr hi ti r i t a tviist t t for he c bae a e û doe t o bi nquiy n o c i te ha a e ca u l ori de aly r l t t l s a i a f is bu nota par oft l gi l tve p oce s r s aly nci nt l e a ed o egi l tve f a r t t he e s a i r s isl ';Alxa erv.Hol n,66F. 62,65( hCi.1995 (dsgiltvei tef) e nd de 3d 4t r ) s e sai mmuniyonl l t y atc st lgiltvea tons' Br & W ila onToba oCor .v. ila ,62F. 408, ta he o e sai ci .l; own lims cc p W lims 3d 41 ( C. r 1 9 )(t'eClu ei n t t b s r, ba k t o iiino s isa an t 5 D. Ci. 9 5 ûf -h a s s o,o e u e a ln e pr hbto n ut g i s c es me I pr e sonl t eco r sonala t pr pe l t htt f lwihi t ongr s n. t otct y hos ng es i c s o ry houg o al t n he l s a i f ton hos ' ene a l done i a s s i oft Hous by one ofisM e be s i egi l tve unc i -t e g r ly n e s on he e t m r n r ltont t busne sbeor i. Kibour v. eai o he i s f e t' l n Thomps 1 U. 168, ( )5 .Br , on, 03 S. 204 1881 .) uce ', 631F. a 279(e sai i 2d t lgiltve mmuniya ple t Slgilt sofa poltc ls bdi sonofa t p is o 'e saor ny iia u vii saef n to ln )i algsaiec p ct' ; e n u /v Cole, 8 F. p 2 0, 0 ( D. tt u cin ig n e iltv a a iy' Gre b r . lir 4 2 Su p. 0 2 2 E. ) Va.1 (t yt ea tvii pr rytr dlgiltveaepr e tdfom i uiybyt 979) ( onl hos ci tes opel eme e sai r otce r nq r he s e hordebaeca e.'.l Boga t Cour f t a tonsoft M a ofFalRi r pe c t lus ' n ) n,he t ound he ci he yor l ve, 17 M a s c et i i r s a hus ts n ntoduci abudg ta sgni a or na ei o 1 w t bepr e t d by t ng e nd i ng n di nc nt a o otc e he doc rne ofl s a i i m uniy b a e t hey we e i t r ls e i t l gi l i pr s .' ti egi l tve m t ec us t t r n eg a t ps n he e satve oce s' 523 U. a 55.He e i contas, t ng a S. t r ,n r t no hi boutt Bo d' s c a in pr rpr c i a oa hes he ar s e t ra aye a tce ppr c s h a i e a l gi l tve s e uc n nt gr l e s a i t p. Though notr ogni d by t Boa d i a gum e orbrefng, he l adi l s a i ec ze he r n r nt i i t e ng egi l tve prye ca eofMarhv.Cha r,463U. 78 ( 983,di i fc,nvol c i rtono t a r s s mbe s S. 3 1 ) d,n a ti ve onsdeai f he i e s to of l gi l tve i m uniy a l gi l tve pr ye . The Ei ht Cicui Cour ofAppea s nt r ec i n e s a i m t nd e s a i a r g h r t t l' de ii e e syrj ce t agume t tt Ne as Le saur sprye pr tc c d cson xprs l ee td he r nt ha he br ka gilt e' a r acie oul n t ec le g db c us i i s b e tt lg sai i nt , ttn ,t l ed fn a t ag e o b haln e e a e t s u j c o e ilt mmu iy saig ith e e d ns r u ve g t tt c pli spr r c tt e i ha he ha a n' aye s onsiut mmune s e h a t tvit ly e r ac r ai t t pe c nd ha rual ve y t eltng o he pr ye s her l sr quii s h pr ye sa t c a r-t u e e rng uc a r nd he ompe a i pa dt r or elgiltvea t ns ton i he ef -ar e sai c s i mmunefo c le .'Chn r v. as 675F. 228, (t Ci.1 2) rv' o ohe r m halnge' mbes M rh, 2d 232 8h r 98 , e d n t r go n s 4 3U. 7 3( 98 ) Th EihhCic irj ce t elgsaiei nt ag me t r u d , 6 S. 8 1 3 . e g t r ut ee td h e iltv mmu iy r u n , c ncudi asf l : o l ng olows H e e no s ec ac i t by a l s a o i a i s r, pe h tviy ny egil t r s t s ue. M o eove , r r ted lb rtv po eso teljsauewiln tb i ie t h eieaie rc s f h e iltr l o e mpard o a y d g e b j d ca r s lto o te cam b o g t b n e re y u iil e ou ln f h li r u h y Cha be s The pr ye p a tc , a t di ti cour f und,be r m r. a r r c i e s he srct to as no s t ntve r l ton t t pr es ofe c i l gi l ton. N or ubsa i e a i o he oc s na tng e s a i i t i pe s he nde ndenc of a i vi uall gi l t t ea e d by t s e ny ndi d e s a or hr t ne hi acin. Se Unie Stt v.Brwse ,408 U. 5 ( 972) to e td aes e tr S. 01 1 . l vi l pr ye by l s a or i not a i s ndi dua a r egi l t s s t s ue. W e hol t t d ha l gi l tve i m uniy does not ba a ot r s pr e sai m t r n he wi e oper Fi s rt Ame m e c l nd nt halenge t t f m a , e t bls o he or l s a ihed pr c i e of t a tc he Ne a ka l sat e by whih i co ns e a c pli t ope br s egil ur c t mpe ats ha an o n e h s s i w ih pr ye . ac e s on t a r M ar 675 F. at232- I t rcertor ipetton t t Supr e Cour,t N ebr ka sh, 2d 33. n hei i ar ii o he em t he as l gi l tve of i i l s e sai fc a s oughtr vi w oft Ei t Cic t shol ng t tl gi l tve i m uniy doe e e he gh h r ui' di ha e s a i m t s no ba a Es a i hm e Cl us c lenge t t pr yerpr c i e oft Ne a ka Legi l tle. t r n t bls nt a e ha l o he a a tc he br s s a tr M a s 463 U. a 786 n. l ise ui decson,t Cour lf undit be t Ei h r h, S. t 4. n t ns ng ii he t e4 sur d he ght Cic tsdecsonrjci t e e i ofl iltvei rui' ii ee tng he xtnson egsai mmuniyt l sai prye .Se i a t o egiltve a r e d. t 7 5 8 .Mo e v r t eCo r' o no n wh r s g ssta id dn th v j rs ito o t a 8 - 6 ro e ,h u ts piin o e e ug e t h t t i o a e u idcin r h t i wasot r s ba r d by t docrneofl sai i t he wie r e he ti egil tve mmuniyfom r a ng t me isoft t r e chi he rt he Esa ihm e Clus c lenget t pr ye pr c iesoft Ne as Legil t e.Ass h,he t bls nt a e hal o he a r a tc he br ka saur uc t hit y oft M a s de s on s pporst pr poston t tl gi l i i m uniy doesnotba a s or he r h ci i u t he o ii ha e satve m t rn Esa ihm e tCl us c lnget l giltvepr ye . t bls n a e hale o e sa i a r Li wie t dititco ti Ku t v. ke,630F.Supp. 856( D. 1 ,ev' ke s ,he src ur n rz Ba r 850, D. C. 986)r d onot rcr he ounds 8 F. l1 ( C.Ci.1 ) c r.de e 48 U. 1 ( 988 ,ee tda , 29 2d 33 D. r 987, e t nid, 6 S. 059 1 ) rj ce Spe e orD e t C l us c le t t l gi l tvepr ye pr c i esofCongr s r i t tno eh ba e a e ha l nge o he e s a i a r a tc es , ulng ha i mmuniya idbe aus trj prcieo lgiltveprye doesnotpr deme ni uli t pple c e tthe a tc f e sai a r ovi a ngf nput i o ...l gi l tve de s on m a ng. l a di s nttl d t t D i t i tofCol bi Cic tCour nt e sai ci i ki ' n ' s e i e o he sr c um a r ui t ofAp a s opi on r veri t dititcou ti Kurz on sa ng gr pe l ' ni e sng he src r n t t ndi ounds t n- r ui J tc , he cic t usie Rut Ba rGi bzgm 't (rq a c dwiht dsrc c ur,lfndnotzehol bl kaget h de ns lr o e din c or t he itit o t i lr s d oc o K u t s c ai aga ns t c ai a Tr a ur ofi e s by r a on oft Spee h orD e t r z' l m i t he hapl ns nd e s y fc r es he c ba e Clus W hie i pia i l pr ye i Co es doe nota a t be ûnt gr lt lwma ng.' a e. l ns r tona , a r n ngr s s ppe r o i e a o a ki '' Kurz,829F. at11 n. ( ns g, , se i . t 2d 46 2 Gi bur J.dis ntng) TO b s r M a s a K urz i ve pr ye s by l gi l tve cha ai , a he t n e u e, r h nd t nvol d a r e sa i pl ns r t r ha i iiu llgiltr .Re a de s te ec s ss u rl rj c tea g me tta o nn p a es ndvd a e sao s g r ls,h s a e q aey ee t h r u n h t pe ig ry r aea tvte itg a t lwma i a s b e tolgsai ei nt Lie s ,n ti c s , r ciiis ne rl o a kng nd u j c t e iltv mmu i y. k wie i hs a e t Boad' polc pr dest tlj pr rs lnotb lse o r ognie a a age aie he r s iy ovi hatithe aye hal e itd r ec z d s n nd tm f t me tngora pa toft publcbusnes. Ve iidCompl,Dkt # 1 a Ex. !2.Suc or he ei s r he i i s' rfe ' . . ,t A h a tvii ,onl Gc s ly ori de a l r a e t l gi l tv af a r ,' ew s e , c i tes y t a ua l nci nt ly el t d o e s a i e f i s 'Br t r 408 U . a 528, S. t a nott l a pa ce oft l gil i pr es ,' ave,408 U. a 626,a e o sdet nd ç ' nd r l he e satve oc s'Gr l pa t S. t r uti he r a m ofpr t c i af or d by t doc rne ofl gi l tve i m uniy. el o e ton f de he ti e sa i m t The Boa d' Pr c i e ofOpe ng 1 sM e tnas W ih Chr si n Pr ye l N otShi de r s a tc ni t ei t i ta a r s el d Fr Consiutona Re e bv Any Tesi onilPrviec om tt i l viw tm a i l e. The Boar s ar entt issect an pr pr i ar prot ed by a t tm oni d' gum hat t ari ayer actces e ect es i al prviegea a e be i l nd r yond co tt i lr e lke s m is st ma k. I c r tt t nsiutona eviw i wie s e he r n ontas o he p iie ee j e b me eso Co g e su d rteS e c o De aeClu e te ei n rvlg noy d y mb r f n rs n e h p e h r b t a s ,h r s o a ol e(e de ir prvie f sa el saor f rt i l sa i acs' Gil k,4 U. bs ut kvi nta y i lge or tt egilt s o her egiltve t.' loc 45 S. a 373.N o hast Cour r c t r he t e ogni e a a ol e t s i o a prviege f s a e o l a z d n bs ut e tm ni l i l or t t r oc l l gi l t si c vi c es l V il ofAr i on He ch sv. e r ian H o i D e l en e sa or n i l as . n lage lngt i t M topolt usng ve opm t Com .429U. 25 (1 ,heCour de i dt d lr al udiili uii it lgil i , S. 2 977)t t clne o ecae lj ca nq res no e satve motvai t beof-i t,sai tll s e ta di r i tnc st me smi tbe i ton o flmis ttng,tin ome xror nay nsa e he mber gh c l t t sand a t i lt t s iy c aled o he t t ra o e t f once ni t pur e ofofi i a ton,a t ug e n t r ng he pos fc al c i lho h ve hen s h t tm ony f e nty wilbe ba r d by prviege ' 1 a 268;s e a s M a vl nde sf Fa r uc es i r que l l re i l .' d. t e l o r a r or i Re esntto l .v. haee,1 F. D. 30 ( Md.1 ( na n, .a Mot pr e ain,nc Sc fr 44 R. 292, 4 D. 992) Mur gha J nd z, J,c uni (i' docti ofl iltvei . onc ng) tfhe rne egsai mmuniy ( h i iss tntvea t tmoni t bot n t ubsa i nd esi al a pe t)... not...ne esaiypr bij cali r i olgiltvemotvewheet s cs does c s rl ohi t udii nquiy nt e sai i r he c le d lgil tvea ton i alege t ha vi ae a ove rdi fee sa ng publc ha lnge e sai c i s l d o ve oltd n ri ng, r -t ndi i po1e ') iy. . ' Te tm o a exc us o r r esa prvie a e notf vor Thi i s be a e t s i ni l l i na y ul nd i l ges r a ed. s s o c us hey dc t a ne t f t on r ve he undam en al i i e t tthe publc ...ha t rghtt e r m a s t prnc pl ha t i s he i o ve y n' e de e''Tr mme v. td St e ,445U. 40, ( 980)( tngUnie Sttsv. ya vi nc .' a l Unie ats S. 50 1 quoi td ae Br n, 339U. 323,331( 950).Pdvie sc e ntymus bettityc tu anda c td S. 1 ) lge ons que l t d rcl onsr ed s c epe T y t t ve y lm ie e e t tper itng a r f alt t s iy ore udi r e nte de e onl o he r i t d xt nt ha m ti e us o e tf xcl ng el va vi nc 20 hasapublc g ta c ndi t no m al pr domi ntprnci eofutlzng a1r tona m e ns i ood r ns e ng he r ly e na i pl iii 1 a i l a f as rani t t t ''1 ( tngEl nsv. td Stts 36 U. 206,234( 960 or ceti ng he nzh.' d. quoi ki Unie ae , 4 S. 1 ) ( a ure , , se i ) Frnkf tr J.disntngl. Ther a ' s ve a r as w hy l s a i t tm oni lprviege ha no a i a i t t s e l e r l e ons e egi l tve esi a il s pplc ton o hi c e. Fi s , t Boa d' openi pr ye s do no f l w ihi t s r ofl gii a e l s a i as r t as he r s ng a r t a l t n he phe e e tm t egi l tve a tvii ,i c nnotb c edi y ar d t ta c c i tes t a e r bl gue ha ny ommon l e de i r prvie applest t s aw vi nta y i lge i o hi c e.Se EEOC v.W as Subur nSa tr Co n,666F. p.2d526,531( M d. as e h. ba niay mm' Sup D. 2009) ($T1 prviegei onl pemit t prtc a tonst taeconsdee lgiltve.) afd, 1 :g he i l s y r ted o oe t ci ha r i rd e sai ', f 63 ' F. 1 4( h Ci. 1.Unlket s cainprye sa is her Ell sai a t,t one 3d 7 4t r 201 ) i he e tra a r t sue e,'legiltve cs he s f whiht i or c he mmuniy a prvie aegrntd,ypial i vet a gonof t nd i lge r a e t c ly nvol he dopti l pr pe tve l sai -yper es r l t tesa ihg1... g rlpolc afci t lr r os ci ,egiltvet ul , ues ha tbls a enea iy fe tng he age po ai ' W as Subur Sa tr Comm' 631F. a 1 (ntr lquoai a pulton. ' h. ban niay n, 3d t 84 i ena ttons nd cttonomitd) Bec us t Boad' o ni pryesa eno l sai a tons t ei no iai te . a e he r s pe ng a r r t egiltve ci ,her s l s a i prvie as oc a ed w ih t Boa d' s c a i n pr ye pr c i e. egil tve i l ge s i t t he r s e t r a a r a tc Se ond, n i a c m on l w l s a i t tm oni lpr vie w e e t a t h,i w oul c eve f om a egi l tve esi a i l ge r o tac t d no pr cude t c r fom e mi ng t consiuton iy o t publc p a r oft Boa d. t e l he ou t r xa ni he tt i alt f he i r ye s he r Thec le ha lnged c onduc i t sca ec it entr y ofwor s n asopeni pr ye si a t n hi s onsss iel ds poke ng a r n publc f um . R ie it l s a i prvie m a s el l gi l t s ...f om t tf ng a i or l the egi l tve i l ge y hi d e sa or r es iyi bout non- i m a t r r l t d t l gi l tve c nd t' K a v.Ciy ofRa ho Pal Ve des N o.0 publc te s e a e o e sa i o uc ,' v t nc os r , 2- 03922,2003W L 2529471 a *1 ( D.Ca. t 1 2003 ,heprvie c nnots el publc 0, t 0 C. lOc. 0, ) t i lge a hi d i a tons oft Boa d fom c tt i ls r i ci he r r ons iutona c utny. l e t r i no ne t i i e i o t m otvesofa i vi nde d, he e s ed o nqu r nt he i ny ndi dualBoa d m e be o r m rr t Boa d' de i r tve pr e s sbec us t c le d pr ye sw e e s he r s lbe a i oc s e a e he ha l nge a r r poke a o a i n l ud nd n 21 pu i f ral t he r Thus t e de ece r t t sc s i ve no c lnget l il tve blc o 1 o a . , he vi nc ntal o hi a e nvol s hale o eg sai i pe nde ndenc w or no i e f r nce w ih t l gi l tve pr es ,norpos s a t e tt is e, ks nt r e e t he e s a i oc s e ny hr a o t i e r t A low i t co tt as e st c tt i lt oft w or s nt g iy. l ng he ur o s s he ons iutona iy he ds poke by t Boa d n he r m e be si pu i m e tngspos s no bur en t t e m e be s N o oft ta tona polc m r n blc e i e d o hos m r . ne he r dii l i y r tonalsa i a et t doc rnesofl sai i a i e pplc bl o he ti egiltve mmuniy orprvie ha a a ia i t i l ge ve ny pplc ton he e I c r t t r i a ver sr ng f r li t r s i t e or e e ofc vi rght s a ut s r . n ontas s he e s y t o ede a n e e t n he nf c m nt i l i s t t e t tpr de r edi s f vi a i oft Co tt i n. Se e. , ic ha ovi em e or ol tons he ns iuto e. c. M t hum v.Fose ,407 U . tr S. 225,242( 972)(t- veypur eofj1 wast i epos t f rlc t bewe t 1 tl r pos -he 983 o ntr e he edea ours t en he St t s a t peo e,a gua di nsoft peopl s f de a r gh s o pr ec t pe e f o a e nd he pl s r a he e' e r l i t -t ot t he opl r m unc tt i lac i n unde c orof s a e l w,C t rt ta ton be e c i l sa i ,or onsiutona to r ol t t a whe he ha c i xe utve, egi l tve j d ca.' s eas UntdS ae v.r i 1 7F. D. 6 ,1 4( D. l 1 8 )(e ilt e u iil' e lo ie tts Ivn, 2 R. 1 9 7 C. Ca . 9 9 lg sai ); v prvie ofco mt boa d ofs r i or m us yi d t t ne f r d s l ur t e o c Votng i l ge t y r upe v s s t el o he ed o i c os e o nf r e i Riht Ac) Ea tEndVent es LLC v.I . lac o Sa HaborNo. 39 20l1W L g s t; s ur s nc Vil e f g r , 09- 67, 6 3 7 8 a * ( D. Y. c 1 , 01 )(Be a s t s b e t te o whihPli if s e 3 7 0 , t 4 E. N. De . 9 2 1 l c u e he u j c matr n c ant s e k t f tsi e tmonyi oneoft c nta is si t sc s ,t lgiltveprvie i i pplc bl ' I s he e rl sue n hi a e he e sai i lge s na ia e.). n s ,t Boa d' s c aran pr ye pr tce ar nots e ded f o c tt tonalr vi by um he r s et i a r ac i s e hi l r m ons iu i e ew gr s ng att i pplc e sr ofl s a i t tm oni lprvie a pi he na i abl taw egi l tve es i a i l ge. Fi ly,i J na l n oyne ,Tur r Si ps a W vnn t Fourh Cicui r e l de i d f r r ne , m on, nd e, he t r t ec nty c de ou l s a i pr ye c s s i vi l lgove n ent le ii s a t rgove ni b es a egi l tve a r a e nvol ng oca r m a ntte nd hei r ng odi , nd ne t rl s a i i m u t norprvie pr l d t cou tf o r ac ng t m e isoft ihe egi l tve m niy i l ge ec ude he r r m e hi he r t he 22 Esa ihmen Clus is Fo al oft er a o , hedoc rne ofl sa i i muniy a t bls t a e sue. r l hes e s ns t ti s egiltve m t nd prvie ha no a i a i n t t sca e. i l ge ve pplc t o o hi s ' C . Suprem e Court and Fourt C i tPrecedentCom pelt C oncl on thatt h rcui he usi he Board' Practi ofR egul y O peni It M eet ngsw ih Chri t an Prayer V i at s ce arl ng s i t si ol es t Es i entC l he tablshm ause. D iag e i w ih t c ea hol ngsoft Fourh Cic ton t uncons iutona iy of s r e ng t he l r di he t r ui he tt i lt s c a i n l gi l tve pr ye , he Boa d a g st tispr c i e ofChr s i n pr ri e t ra e sa i a rt r r ue ha t a tc i ta aye s c tt i l Boundbyc r lngFo t Cic tprc n,t c t trj tt Boad' onsiutona. ontoli urh rui e ede t he our mus eec he r s ar l ent gtm . I W vr e dec ded i 2004,a J n m , i n nd oyne ,de i t spa ts m e , he Fourh Cic t r c ded hi s um r t t r ui m ake i ve' cl a t ta l lgove nm e tvi a est Es a i hm e Cl us by ope ng is s t l e r ha oca y r n ol t he t bls nt a e ni t m ee i w ih s c a i pr ye .The Supr m e Cour de ed c ri a ir vi w i ea h c e. Thos tngs t e t ran a r e t ni e tor r e e n c as e de i i a e t 1 w oft scic ta bi ng pr c n on t sc t c sons r he a hi r ui nd ndi e ede t hi our . Thef t i W vnn be rasr r emblnc t t sc e.The e,heTo Co lof acs n e a tong es a e o hi as r t wn unci Gr a Fa l ,Sout Ca olna ope d ism e tngsw ih a pr rl d by a m e be oft Counc l e t ls h r i ne t e i t aye e m r he i. 8N ordoe t poltca que ton docrne r s byt Boa di pasi i isSupplm e alBre ,Dkt #34, r s he ii l si ti aied he r n sng n t e nt if . ba , rve o teBo r sscainpa e pa tc .Un e tep lia q eto d cr ,t ej dcayi d p ie o e iw fh ad' etra ry r rcie d r h oic l u sin o ti çh u iir s e rv d f t ne t j rsito t ass d cso se cu ieyc mmitdt asp rt ba c o go e n. Ta lrv Kela uidcin o ses e iin x lsv l o t o e aae rn h f v mme t' vo . lo g e ' Brwn& Ro t r ie.n .65 F.d40 4 7n. ( hCi. 01 ) AsteCo r o tie i Ba rv Car3 9 o o Sevc s lc, 8 3 2, 0 9 4t r2 1. h u t ul d n ke . r, 6 n U. 1 6 21 (9 2 : S. 8 , 7 1 6 ) Pr i nton t s f e of a y ca e hel t i ve a poltcalquesi i f nd a t t l om ne he urac n s d o nvol ii ton s ou exualy de onsrbl c tt i m ta e onsiutonalc omm im e oft is t a c di t poltca de t ;ora t nt he sue o oor nae ii l parment lc o j iil dso ea ea d ma a e besa d r sfrrs vn i o t i o sbit of ak f udcal ic v rbl n n g a l tn ad o eolig t r he mp si ly y ; i d cdigwih u a iiil oiyd tr n t no akn ce ryfrn nu iil srto ; rte e i n to t n nt p lc eemiai f id lal o o j dca dicein o h a o i mposi lt of a co ts unde tki i sbiiy ur' ra ng ndepe nt rs uton w ihout e esi lc of t nde e ol i t xpr sng a k he r pec due c di t brnc ofgovenme ;ora unus ne d f u es t oor nae a hes r nt n ual e or nque toni adhe e e si ng r nc t a poltc de son ale o iial cii r ady made or t potntaiy of embar sm ent fom m uliai ; he e ilt ra s r tf rous pr onounce ent by va i de rm ensononeque ton. m s rous pa t t si Ra he t n demonsr t ç t xt l de onsr bl c tt i c m im e oft i s t a c di t poltc t r ha t a e ç e ualy m t a e ons iutonal om t nt he s ue o oor na e ii al a d rm e 'i ,t Esabls e Cl ecomm andst tçcongr ss l m a no lw r s tng a e tbls e epa t nt' d. he t ihm nt aus ha t es hal ke a e peci n sa ihm nt ofr lgi ' U . Cons.a e 1 The is i t sc ei notpoltc oronec m itd t t diceton oft ei onv S. ' t m nd. . s ue n hi as s iial om te o he s r i he lgilt e.Rahe ,i i af nda e al ihts curd byt Consiuton a pr e e byt c t. e saur t r t s u m nt rg e e he tt i nd otctd he ours 23 W vl 37 F. a 294.Eac oft Counc lme r wa Chrsin,a t o ni o me, 6 3d t h he i mbe s s ita nd he pe ng r cl i pori oft pr ye sf e ue l r f r e t û e us' S es Chrs , i i t' or os ng ton he a r r q nty e e r d o t s y k us i t' ' s 5' l 'l ' Chr . çsa or' l Dur ng t pr ye s c tz a t ndi t m e tngscus om a iy s ood a bowe t vi .' d. i he a r , ii ens te ng he e i t rl t nd d t i hea ,a t her ds nd own r sden spa tci t i t pr ye sby s ng t e i t ri paed n he a r ayi t Amen'a t e l ' t he nd. d. Wy e aflo ro t W ic nfi ,o j ce t teTo Co nclsp a tc o rfri t nn , olwe f he c a at b e td o h wn u i' r cie f eezng o h ç e us Chr s ' i ispr ye sa r is l it' n t a r nd eque t d t tt pr ye s be lm ie t God a t tm e b s s e ha he a r i td o nd ha m er ofdif r tr lgi be i t d t gi p a r . 1 a 29 95. The dit i tc tf und t tt f e en e i ons nvie o ve r ye s d. t 4s rc our o ha he M a rs yor e ponde a t m e tng t tt Counc lha a w a do i t twa a wasnotgoi d t he e i ha he i d l ys ne t ha y nd ng t c nge. 1 a 295. W ynne t s ii d t tt r a t rs bec m e ve y unc f t bl ,a o ha d. t e tf e ha he e f e he a r om ora e nd came t beosr i da te t difrntybyt Councl l a 295 96.He li d o tacze nd r aed fee l he i. i t r Esa ihme Clus s tf lwed.J.a 296.Afe s twa tl butbeor ti ,heTown tbls nt a e ui olo -a t p tr ui s ied, f e ralt Councla pt ars utonpr di itrgi t tCthei ai s lnotc ai o i do ed e ol i ovi ng,ne lq,ha 'l nvoc ton hal ont n r g a es a s cfcbelef ... a s cii r i on. -za 296n. Re es,a tr ddr s ny pe ii i s of ny pe tc elgi ' l.t 'JJ 2. grdl s fe a i oft r ol i t M a n dopton he es uton, he yor nnounc d t thewoul no pr bi a Counclm e r e ha d t ohi t ny i mbe f om m a ng a s c fc r e e t El us ' i e usChrs ,' çchr s . I A st r s u i r ki pe i i ef r nce o des ,' d s l it' or ç it' d. ' he e ol ton di notdi c i t pr c i e ofChrs i pr rc le d by W ynne, he di ti tco t d s ontnue he a t c itan aye ha l nge t s rc ur c n ld dt a t er s lto di n tmo tWyn e srq e t o ij n tv rle, d,owhc t e o cu e h t h e ou in d o o n ' e u s f r n u cie eif i .t ih h Fourh Ci c tag e d. t r ui r e l W vnne, he Fourh C ic tdi c s d i de a lt Supr e Cour ' l gi l tve pr ye n t t r ui s us e n t i he em ts e sa i a r de son i M a s a t f t rg da eon t pr pe s ope oft M a s de sonpr de cii n r h, nd he urhe ui nc he o r c he r h cii ovi d byt Cour i Count ofAle nvv. he tn v l/he ACLU Grae Pitbur Cha e,492U. 573( 98 . e tr ts /h ptr S. 1 9) The Fourt Ci ts m ar zed t hol ng i M ar h asf l s: h rcui um i he di n s olow l M a s t Cour uphel t Nebr s l i l t e' pr c i e of n r h, he t d he a ka eg s a ur s a tc openi each s i w ih a nons ar an prayer 1 by a chapl n ng esson t ect i ed ai pad wih publc f . The Cour ba e t s hol ng on a i t i unds t s d hi di n e ensve hit rc i r c l di t tsnc me be soft xt i so ial nquiy, onc u ng ha i e m r he Fis Congr s ha a t i ed t a rt e s d u horz he ppoi t e of pai c pl i n m nt d ha a ns onl t e da bef e a e i t t l ngu y hr e ys or gr e ng o he a age of t he Esabls e Cl us , t t i hm nt a e hey c d not have i t nded t oul ne he Esa ih nt Clu e Co f r i wh t te h d j s d cae tbl me s a s % o bd a h y a u t e lrd a ce a e. Jl a 78 90.TheM as Cour as poi e o t t c ptbl ' .a t 6't rh t lo ntd ut ha t ' a tc of ope ng s sons wih pr ye ha c i d he û ci e pr ni es i t a r s ontnue w ihouti e r pton e s nc t te r y s s i n of Co e s 'a t nt r u i ver i e ha a l e s o ngr s ' nd hast e f l d c itnty i mos o t sae . L a 788 i n olowe onsse l n t f he tts' i t be ' 89. Elhi uni ue hi t y' l d t Cour t Sa c ptt i t r e a i of d- s q s or ' e he t o i c e he n e pr t ton t Fi s Am e en dr fs e who s w no r l t e t t t he r t ndm t a tm n a ea hr a o he Es a i hm en Cl us a i i fom a pr tce of pr ye s m ia t t bls t a e r sng r ac i a r i lr o t t no c le ha w ha l nged. I a 791. Thus t Cour c ude t t ' d. t ' , he t oncl d ha igl i tto nvoke Di ne g da e on a publc body e tused wih vi ui nc i nr t t m a ng t l ws i no ,i t s c r ums anc s a d t i l ki he a s t n he e i c t e , n esablsunent ' of rlgi ' 1 a 792 (mpha i a d) The M as Cour ei on. d. t ' e ss dde . rh t e phas z d,how e r t tt l gi l tve pr ye a i s t r di m ie ve , ha he e s a i a r t s ue he e d no a t m ptt o pr el i ora nc a one,ort di par ge a t te û os ytze dva e ny t o s a ny ot r f ih orbelef' L. a 794he , a t i . ds t 95. ' u W vr e 376 F. at297. m , 3d TheW ynne de ii we o t e an t tsx ye r lt r i Ale nv,t Co t c son nt n o xpli ha i a s a e , n l che he ur pr vi d f t rgui nc on M a s by e a ni t tS e n t S que hi t r of o de urhe da e rh xpl i ng ha s ve he uni not s o y' lgsai ep a e c nj tf c ne o aylgsaiepry r t a ha eteefc o aflai e iltv ry r a usiy o tmp rr e ilt a es h t v h fe t f fiit v ng t govenme twiha ones ii fihorbeif' l ( tngAle ny,492U. a 603 . he r n t ny pecfc at le . d. quoi lghe ' S. t ) Ast Fourh Cicui e ai d,çthe( l he Cour flt rsr sdt twhieMa s ma he t r t xpl ne çrl Aleg nyl t t he tese ha l rh y r ha f und t thi t y c n t f e tt co tt i nalt ofnons c a an r f r nce t r lgi by ve o ha s or a a f c he ns iuto iy e t ri e e e s o e i on t go r nt't Cour ha ne hedt t: sor ca 1l ii t prciest t he venme , he t d ver l ha hit y nl egtmae a tc ha de nsrt t govenme ' ale a et apatc a s c orcee ''l (uotngAle nv, mo tae he r nts lginc o riulr e t r d.' d. q i lche h r tn 492U. a 603( S. t emphassa dbyFo t Cic t) As t Fourt Cicui i W ynne i dde urh ruil. he recogni t A leahenv Courtconcl zed, he l uded t : hat M a s pl i y doe no sand f t s e ng pr ii ...t t r h anl s tt or he we pi oposton ha al ac e e pr ctce 200 ye r ol a t i e va e s a e 1 c ptd a i s a s d nd he r qui l nt r c tt i lt y . . The hi t y oft s N a i n,i i pe ha onsiutona oda . . sor hi t o t s r ps s d t s y, co a ns num e o e m pl s of ofi i ac s t t a o a nt i r us xa e f c al t ha e ndor ed Chr s i niy s cii ly. Som e of t e e m pl s d t s i ta t pe tca l hes xa e a e ba k t t Foundi of t Re i b t s he ia ofofi al c o he ng he publc, ut hi rt ge tci di c i i ton a i t no s rm na i ga ns nchr s i ns has no pl e i t i ta ac n he j rs nze c o t e Esa ls me t Clus . W h tv r es te u ip d n e f h tbih n a e ae e le h Esa ibme Clus mayme n (nd weha hel i t me no tbls nt a e a a ve d t o an o tca p eee ee n frrlgo o e n n eiin , tc rany fiil r frnc ve o eii n v r o r l o ) i e ti l g m e at t ver l as t t gove nm e m a not de on t at a ans he y e t ha r nt y m sr e prf r n e o o epa tc lrs c o ce d(n l dn apr# r nc ee e c f r n riua e t r r e icu ig e e e forChrsi t ov r ot rr i ons The cla etc itani e he elgi ). y e r s omma of nd t Es a i hm e C l us i t tone r lgi de m i aton can he t bls nt a e s ha e i ous no n i not b ohca l prf re o e a oh r Th r h vebe n b e c e o e f il eer d v r n te . ee a y e ra h s f t sc hi omm a t oug ut t s Na i s hit y,but t y c no nd hr ho hi ton' sor he an t di i s i an wa t f c oft co m a m ni h n y y he or e he m nd. l a 297( i Aleche 492U. a 603- (mp i a byFourhCic t (ntr l d. t quotng l nv, S. t 05 e hass dded t rui) i ena quottonsa cttonsomit l. ai nd iai ted) TheFourh Cic ti W vnneco l d iss t r ui n ncude t ummar ofM a s a Ale ny a f l y rh nd l ghe s olows: Thus M ar h a A leche t c t t i vi w of our N a i s s s nd l nv ea h ha , n e ton' l ong a S que hi t y,' a l gi l tve body ge a l m a nd s uni sor ' e sa i ner ly y, wihout vi a i t Esa ihme Clus , i t oltng he t bls nt a e nvoke Di ne vi gui nc f is l be or e gi i is publc bus nes But da e or t e f f e nga ng n t i i s. Mas a Ale h n as tah ta algsaie b d c n o, rh nd lg e y lo ec h t e iltv o y a n t c i t nt w ih t Esabls e Cl us , i xpl t' t s pr ye ons s e t he t i hm nt a e i oi' hl a r e o j ru iyt 'fiit'teGo en n wi o es cfcfi o p o tnt o ' tl e'h v rme t t n peii at r a a h h be l fi pr f r nc t o he s le n e e e e o t r . 1 a 298. d. t Appl ng t epr c de st t o ng p a r oft Gr tFa l Town Counci t t yi hos e e nt o he peni r ye s he ea ls l ha , a he e, outne y i s r r i l nvoke t na e ofJ usChrs ,t Fourh Cic thel i W yn t tt d he m es i t he t r ui d n ne ha he Tow n Co i' pr c i ofChr s i n pr ye cr s d t c tt i llne es a i he i M a s unc l s a tce i ta a r os e he ons iutona i t bls d n r h and A lechenv: l The pr r c l d he e s a i s p c r t t t pr ye aye s halenge r t nd n har ontas o he a r hel nott cons iut an Gç t i hm ent ofr i on' i M ar l d o tt e tes abls ' elgi ' n sh. n M a s t a oved pr ye w a cha a t rze as ( ns c a i n' r h, he ppr a r s rcei d d e t ra ' no a l i l' i e t c pli had a tnna i y t emove al nd t vi' nde d, he ha an c ' fi tvel û r d 1 r f e es t Chrs . M a s 463 U . a 7 n. 4. H e e on t e er nc o i t' ' r h, S. t 93 1 r , he ot her ha nd, t pr ye s s he a r pons r d by t Town Co i oe he unc l tr s eque l ' c a ne r f r nce t C es Chr s ,' a t f nty' ont i d e e e s o û us l i t' nd hus pr o e one r lgi ove al ot r ,di di t To n' c tze om t d e i on r l he s vi ng he w s ii ns al de ong nom i tona lnes na i l i . l s wemus rj c t eTo Co n i' a g me t ta M as n um, t ee t h wn u cls r u n s h t rh r nde s t c l ge pr ye s c tt i l M a s does not e r he halen d a r onsiutona . rh pe m i l gi l t s t d wha t di ti t c t a t a f l t i l r t e s a or o o t he sr c our , fer ul r a , f ound t Tow n Counc lofGr atFa l di he e-t ti ,t enga he i e ls d r ha s o ge, as pa tof publc busne s a f t ctz my as a whol, i r i i s nd or he iie e n pr ye s t tco a n e i i r f r nce t a de t i whos di niy a r ha nt i xplc t e e e s o iy n e vi t onl t e of one f ih bele y hos at ive. The i a i a i s he e, nvoc tons t s ue r whih s c fc l c l upo J s Chrs, a e sm pl no c pe iialy al n e us it r i y t c tt i ly a ce a e l gi l tve pr ye lke t t a oved i ons iutona l c pt bl e s a i a r i ha ppr n Ma s Rahe ,t y e rh. t r he mbod t pr ieki ofta nceme l' y he ecs nd ddva g nt' of one pari ul r r lgi t tc a e i on hat M a s c utoned ag ns . rh a i ai t Acc di y,w e hol t dit i t c tdi no e r i f ndi t t or ngl d he s rc our d t r n i ng ha t cha l nged pr ye s vi a e t Es a ihm e Cl us and he le a r ol t d he t bls nt a e e j i igt eTo Co ncllr m iv kngt ena o as e i c no nn h wn u i û o n o i h me f p ct f i de t a s i t d w ih a one s ii f ih or b i i pr ye s iy s oc a e t ny pec fc a t elef n a r gi n a To n Counc lm e tngs' ve t w i e i .' l a 298- 301 30 Thi ca e i f c ualy a l ly i s i s bl f om W ynne, hi h, d. t 99, - 2. s s s a t l nd ega l nditngui ha e r w c asc r lng pr e nt r qui e t cou t o de t Boa d' m oton t di m i s ontoli ec de , e r s he r t ny he r s i o s s. The Fourh Ci c t s2011J t r ui ' ovne de i i r af im s t sc us on. I J r c son e fr hi oncl i n oyne , a ntf s r pl i if s t For yt Co t Boa d ofCo m i s one s c l ngi t pr c i e ofope ng is ued he s h un y r m s i r , hale ng he a t c ni t m e tngsw ih s c a i n i a i de i r d by l a r lgi us l a r . The i a i a t ei t e t ra nvoc tons lve e oc l e i o e de s nvoc ton t he D e m be 1 2007 Boa d m ee i a t nd by pl i i f ,lke a m os e r pr ous i a i n, ce r 7, r tng t e ed a ntf s i l t ve y evi nvoc to i nvokedt na eofJ s . TheDe e r1 200 pr ye alo ma anumbe o ot r he m e us c mbe 7, 7 a r s de r f he r e e est s cii t ne sofChrs i niy. ef r nc o pe fc e t i ta t J oynert dif r f o W vnne i t tt i a i w e e gi n by r lgi usl de s hus f e ed r m n ha he nvoc tons r ve e i o ea r f o t c m m uniy,asoppos d t t Boa d m e be st m s l .The Fo t Cic tdi no r m he o t e o he r m r he e ves ur h r ui d t fndt sditnci t bedipostve, di t ttitwa t govenment s ti frt i hi si ton o s ii hol ng ha cj s he l r al etng o he delve y ofs c a i n pr yer t tc td c tt i ldifc t nott ewho a t ly g ve i r e t ra a s ha oure onsiutona fi uly, hos cual a t i a i ' 653 F. a 35 he nvoc ton. ' 3d t 0. A sw a t c s i W vnne, nd he e a trt c tt i s he a e n a r , fe he ons iutonalc le t t s c a i n ha l nge o he e t ra pr yerpr ci ewa r i e t For yt Coun y Boa d de i t f malzeisl giltvepr ye a a tc s a s d, he s h t r cded o or i t e sa i a r Polcy; i Unde t wr te polcy,t i r he it n i he nvoc ton woul no l nge be d i t d ai d o r k se l o r ogni e a a a r ec z d s n gend ie f t m ee i s t t i m a be a t m or he tng o ha t y cl a t pr ye i not c i r d a pa t of t publc bus ne s ' e r he a r s onsde e r he i i s. ' Thepolc alo sa e t tno dy t hal ber quie t pa tci t iy s t t d ha bo t l e r d o ri pae s i a prye t ti ofeed, a t ttnlihert Boa dnort n ny a r ha s fr ' nd ha i et he r ' g he Clr s l e ge i a prori r r viw of o i ve e t e k ha l nga n ny i nquiy, e e , r nvol m n i t c e of a pr ye t be ofe ed by a i n, he ont nt ny a r o fr n nvocai nal to s ake ' Fi ly,t B o d c arfe t t t pr r w e e i pe n' na l he ar l ii d ha he aye s r s not i e d,a s lnotbei e nt d o c tue i a wa t ntnde nd hal mplme e r onsr d n ny y, o a fla e t Boa d w ih, nor e e s t Boa d' pr f r e f r f ii t he r t xpr s he r s e e enc o , a f t or r i ous de ny aih elgi nomi ton. l ta t sat goalof na i ' nse d, he t ed ' t polc w a t da know l dge a e pr s t Boa d' r s c he i y s o i c e nd x e s he r s e pe t f t di st ofr lgi d m i to a f ihs rpr s nt or he ver iy e i ous eno nai ns nd a t e e e ed a pr c ied a nd a tc mong t ctz nsofFor t Count ' he iie ysh y.' l a 344. d. t To be s r ,t m it n polc a t d by t For yt Co y Boa d, i t ta t d i u e he te i y dop e he s h unt r lke ha dop e n W ynne a a i s he e,i f c a l n t a . l a 353. D e pie a i oft spolc nd t s ue r s a i ly eu r l d. t s t dopton hi i y, ho ve , hepr r a t Foryt Co y Boa d me tngst e a e y contnuedt r f r nc we r t aye s t he s h unt r e i i pe t dl r i o eee e s cii tnesofCl siniy. 1 û s weenotioltdoc urenc s(s ,..amos f pe fc e t uita t ' d. ' e r ' The s ae c r e a q l t our t fhsoft pr ye sr e r t t es , é es Ch i t'f i t 'ort vi .' 1 The J it he a r ef r ed o l us ' l us r s , chr s p sa or '' d. oyne r co tde lne t ç ur a blnd e t t pr c i a efec soft i voc tons a i s ,' nd ur c i d o ç n t i ye o he a tc l f t he n a i t s ue ' a c ude t tr f e est Chr si n be i f i s c a i n i voc tonsgi n a t e tng a l r oncl d ha e er nc o i ta le s n e t ra n a i ve t ç e i f e m m ee i ... dvanc Chrs i niy a ... ade a l a tt o c tz nsf elunc f t bl , tng a ed it a t nd m t e s w ii e e om ora e un el om e,a unw ilng t pa tc pa e i t publc a f i sofFor yt Count ' l a 35 A s w c nd li o ri i t n he i fa r s h y. d. t 4. ' s h, he Fo t Cic the d t tt l gi l tve pr ye oft For yt Count Boa d vi a e t uc t urh r ui l ha he e s a i a r he s h y r ol t d he 28 Esa ls me t a s b c u ei ke g g lj a p r o p b i b sn s a df rtect e r a a tbih n Clu e e a s tt n a e d , s a t f u lc u ie s n o h iz n y s ç i whol i prye st tc angdle iir ee est adeiyi whos di niyonl t eof e,n a r ha onti e xplct efrnc o t n e vi t y hos onefihbei ''I a 3 ( i W vnne 376F. a 301 .Thec te ane at leve.' d. t 49 quotng , 3d t ) our xpli d: Tobesze cii e i ar tde r c s d e tr , tz ns n obus moc a y houl xpec t he ral to a l m nnne of t ngs t tt y do no lke But t Fi s A m e m e r hi ha he ti . he r t nd nt t c t tr lgi f ih sa o a d f e e t f i f om ot r ea hes ha e i ous a t t nds n i f r n ootng r he f m s of s c a o e va . Be a e r lgi us bele i s or pee h nd bs r nce c us e i o if s o i i a e a s c nt a t o be ng,gove nm e ad ntm t nd o e r l o ur i r nt vanc e a em nt nd e f c i e s me of one f ih c ni a pa tc a si f fe tve ndor e nt at a es ri ulr tng or c tze w ho hol de l t a he . Thi i pr i e y t ii ns d vouty o not r s s ec s l he oppos t of w ha l s a i i ca i s ul brng a ie t egi l tve nvo tons ho d i bout l . n o he w or , w ha e r t Boa d' i e i ns is polc a t r ds t ve he r s nt nto , t i y, s i pl m e ed, has l d t e c l t ki o Cd vi i nes t m e nt e o xa ty he nd f t i s ve s he Es a i hm e Cl us s eksr g l t a d.' t bls nt a e e i hty o voi ' Jl a 354- ( i Si on,404F. at284) -s t 55 quotng mps t 3d . The Fourh Ci c tdi tng s d t s c a i n i a i i W vnne and J t r ui s i ui he he e t r a nvoc tons n oyne f om t r r he c r um s a es i Si ps w he e t i a i pr e ng m ee i oft Che t ri l Coun y ic t nc n m on, r he nvoc tons ec di tngs he se ted t Boa d ofSupe v s sw er nons c a i n i bo h polc a pr c i . The wr te pr ye polc i r r i or e e t ra n t i y nd a tce it n a r i y n Si on ma t d nons t ra pr ye ,a t Fourh Cic tk phed t polc pr c s l mps nda e eca i n a r nd he t r ui ' l he i y e iey u be a e t pr ye sw e e nonde c us he a r r nom i to l' J vne ,653 F. a 348. U nlke t na i na .' o r 3d t i he g nune albodi i W ynne a J ove nt es n nd oyne , he Che t r i d Cou y Boa d of Supe v s r ha rt s e fel nt r r io s d (a pie t non- e t a s a r que t d t ti a i r f a n f om us ng Chrs ' nam e o , ts r d o s c mi ni m nd e s e ha nvoc tons e r i r i it s ,r f t tm a t r any de or ha te , nom i tona a a . Si ps 404 F. at284. l s a k co r s t t na i l ppe l' m on, ' 3d n t r nt a t o he pr c iesoft Gr tFalsTown Counc li W ynne t Foryt Count Boa d i J wr ort a tc he ea l i n , he s h y r n oyl , he Pit yl ni Co y B oa d he e, he Cheseri l Count Boa d pr c i d wha ispolc ts va a unt r r t t fed y r a tce tt iy pr a he r s tng i $a w i va i t ofpr ye s' ha ( s rbe di niy i w i a e br ci e c d, e uli n 1 de r e y a r ' t t t c i d vi t n de nd m a ve de 29 tr s'diplyi û cume s ...c o ntwih ourc r c e bot asana in off t a a e m r' s a ng ç e nim ons na t ha a t r h to aih nd s aco r off e r i i exe c s a b oa r lgiust e a e.'1 9 unty r e elg ous r ie nd r d ei o ol r nc ' d. The Fourh Cic ti J t r ui n oyne s t outt e rbounda i ' f l i l tve pr ye : r es i a cl res' or eg s a i a r rvegiltve prye mus srvet be nonde naina s l tl sai a r t ti o nomi to l o ong a t t i r as bl pos i e ts d s nd a sgna ofweco e s ha s e ona y sbl -i houl e i l l m rt rt n e cuso I s o l n trj c tetn t o oh rfi ahe ha x l in. t h ud o ee t h e es f t e at hs i f v r o j t o e l fe u n rfrnc s t s e ii d iis n a o f us n . n rq e t ee e e o p cfc ete , s a ng a one, do not s tce t m a out a c tt i t ndi l ufi o ke ons iutonal c s a e. Butl gi l tve pr ye st tg f t r a s i a pa tc a ve e sa i a r ha o urhe -pr yer n ri ul r nue t r pe t dl s es t gove nm e ha putis wei be nd a hat e a e y ugg t he r nt s t ght hi pa tc a f ih-ta gr s t bou a i s of t Es a i hm e t r i ul r a t r ns es he nd r e he t bls n Cl us Fa t i a de pl i pora a i i de pl pe s l a a e. ih s s e y m t nt s t s e y r ona , nd t gove nm e s d nota a t s es t s ef t hav he r nt houl ppe r o ugg t hat om aihs e i wr a ot r goti rght t ong nd he s ti . 653 F. d at349. 3 The Boa d ar r guest tt pa s o a r s uton on Se e be 6,2011 p ovi ng t t ha he s age f e ol i pt m r r di ha t pr ert be delve e by t de i t Boa d m e be s d notS os ytz ora nce he ay o i rd he s gna ed r m r houl s el i e dva pr a f ih,ordi pa ag t r i ous f ih ornon- e i o vi ofot r , V e ii d Com pl, ny a t s r e he elgi at r lgi us ews he s' r te ' . Dkt # 1 a Ex. !6,al i t c i isClita pryer.TheFo t Cic tsd ii . ,t A lows t o ontnue t u sin a s urh rui' ecsons i W ynne a J n nd oynerhol t t co r r d o he nt a y.R e ol tons ve y sm ia t t Boa d' Se e be 6, s ui r i l r o he r s pt m r 2011r ol i w e e a ed by t l a gove ni bodi i b h W vnne a J es uton r dopt he oc l r ng es n ot nd ovne ,a t r nd he Fourh Ci c the d i e ch c s t tt r ol tons a one di note t r ui l n a a e ha he es u i l d xone a e t c tt i l r t he ons iutona 9The2008hol ng oft Fourh Cicui i Tur ri consse . I Tur r a or nedm i se andm e be oft di he t r t n ne s itnt n ne , n dai nitr m r he Ciy Co lofFr derc bur V igi as t unci e iks g, r ni oughtt i l ar f rnc t J s Chrs i hi prye ope ngCiy o ncude e ee e o e us it n s a r ni t Counclm e tngs co r r t Councipolc ofopeni ism e i w ih no eca inpr ye .Re ie Suprm e i ei , ntay o l iy ng t etngs t ns tra a r tr d e Cou J tc Sa aDa O ' nnor wrtn f rt Fourh Cic tpa l c udedasf l : rt usie ndr y Co , iig o he t rui ne, oncl olows TheCounci' de si t pr deonl nons tran l sa i pr yer ls ci on o ovi y eca i egiltve a s plc i s r l w ihi t r a es t qua ey t n he angeofc onduc per itd by M a s and Si ps n. t m te rh m o n e r t i to t pr yer be nons c a in i na ur i desgned t m a t esr c i n hat a s e tra n t e s i o ke he pr yer a es i e t pe e who c e f om a vare y of bac ounds no t a s cc s bl o opl om r it kgr , to exc ude or dipa a a pa tc ar f t The Counci' dec s o t ope is l s r ge r iul aih. ls i i n o n t l gil tve m e i w ih nonde i tona pr ye s doe not vi a e t e sai etngs t nom na i l a r s ol t he Es a i hm e Cl us t bls nt a e. 53 F. a 356. 4 3d t 30 vi ai n.l e whie t t xtoft r s uto e pous sne r lt t acualpr c iesoft ol to nde d, l he e he e ol i ns s e utaiy, he t a tc he gove ni bo esi W y a J r ng di n nne nd ovne r m a ne l r el s t r a Pl i t f i t sc e has r e i d a g y ec a i n. a n if n hi as a l ge t tr r es oft l nguage oft r s uto Boa d m e be sha t t t d t i le d ha ega dl s he a he e ol i n, r m r ve d a e he r s i e i n t c iuepr yi i t na o J s Chrs,a ha i e c i dt t nt nto o ontn a ng n he me f e us it nd ve, nde d, ontnue ha prcie. Ve ii Compl,Dkt# 1 a ! 1 Asi W yr a J r t meepasa ofa a tc ' rfed ' . . , t 6. n me nd oyne ,he r s ge r s uton pr di t tt pr ye sus d a t o ni ofa gove nm e m ee i s d not e ol i ovi ng ha he a r e t he pe ng r nt tng houl p os ytze ora nc a f ih c l oti m uni t body f om c tt i lc le whe e r el i dva e ny a t a m m ze he r ons iutona ha l nge r isa t lpr tc f ist m e tt sa a d s tf rh i isr s uton. t c ua aci e a l o e he tnd r e o t n t e ol i Pl i i f sale tons i t verfe co pl i s a e a pl us bl c a m t tt Boa d' a ntf ' l ga i n he ii d m a nt t t a i e l i ha he r s s ct r a pr ye pr tc vi a est Es a i hm e Cl us As i W ynn a J e a i n a r ac i e ol t he t bls nt a e. n e nd oyne ,pl i if r a ntf a l ge t tt Boa d r gul r y ope is m ee i wih i a i m a ng e plc tr f r nc t le s ha he r e al ns t tngs t nvoc tons ki x i i e e e e o tl usChr s , t es , o t z i t' t tt spr c i e ha con i tes it' t us' r i rs ' and ha hi a tc s tnued de pie t a 'l ' cl s t he dopton ofa i ne r lpr rr ol i Ass h, antf ha plusbl al ge t tt Boa d ha r a o of uta aye es uton. uc pli if s a i y le d ha he r s un f ul t û l a bounda i s' riutt d i J he i e r c re 'a tc a e n ovne . r IV. Fi ly,heBoar c nnots e t j tf iss tra prye pr tc byi ngnoto nal t da e k o usiy t ecain a r acie nvoki ins ofde oc ac a g ng t tnot ng pr ve t a non- i ta f om be ng e e t d t t Boa d a m r y, r ui ha hi e ns chr s i n r i l c e o he r nd pu i y e e sng hi orhe belef a Boa d me tngs Suc ar i i to dir r t blcl xpr s i s r i s t r e i . h atonalzai n sega ds he f me a pur eoft BilofRi s The BilofRi se sst pr e tt rg so unda nt l pos he l ght . l ght xit o otc he i ht f i vi ual f o popul rt a ndi d s r m a yr nny. W hie t m e be soft Boa d ofSupe v s sof l he m r he r r i or Pityv n aCo nyaes b e tt p p lree to ,h rg to t ectz n o Pts l na ts la i u t r u j c o o ua lcin te ih f h iie s f ityva i Count t be f e f om gove nm en - pons e r lgi i no . I s r , he f yo re r r ts or d e i on s t n ho t t unda e a rghtof m nt l i 31 a c tz n ofPit yl ani Count t be f e f o s t r a pr ye a gove nm entm e i i no ii e ts v a yo r e r m ec a i n a r t r etngs s t d p n e tu nt ef i o t o eee tdb t emaoiyt isBo r ofS p r io s e e d n po h at f h s lce y h j rt o t a d u e vs r . h W ha e re s t Es a i hm e Cl us m a m ea ..., tc r a nl t ve l e he t bls nt a e y n i e ti y m e ns a t ve y l t t t gove n e m a not de onsr t a a t he r eas ha r m nt y m ta e pr ee f onepatculrs c orcee (ncudi apr ee efrnce or ri a e t r d i l ng efrnce f Cl siniy ove ohe rlgi ) tl ce r tc or ui ta t r t r ei ons. t- laes omma of -he nd t Esabls e Cl us i t tone r lgi de he t i hm nt a e s ha e i ous nom i ton c nnot na i a be ofk i l pr e r d o rano he .' La son v.Val nt 456 U . t aly efr e ve t r' r e e, S. - - 228,244 (1 2) Ther ha be br c s of t s co nd 98 . e ve en ea he hi mma t oughoutt s N a i s hit y,bu t y c nnot di i s i a hr hi ton' s or t he a m ni h n ny w a t f c oft c m a y he or e he om nd. A le ny,492 U . a 605. l che S. t Asi i a t s bundan l cl rt tt Boa d' pr ctceofr gulry o ni isme tngswih ty ea ha he r s a i e a l pe ng t e i t Ch ita p a e r n ao lo j s t tc mma d i moint ds s mu tb DENI rsin r y r u s f u f u tha o n ,t t o imis s e s o ED. Ent r d:Fe ua y 3,201 ee br r 2 # - Cr ' . ims Mi chaelF.U r ki bans U nie St t s Di ti tJ t d a e sr c udge -
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