Innotec LLC v. Visiontech Sales, Inc. et al, No. 3:2017cv00007 - Document 132 (W.D. Va. 2018)

Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Senior Judge Glen E. Conrad on 7/20/18. (hnw)

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I THE UN I N TED STATES DI STRI COURT CT FOR TH E W ESTERN D I STRI O F V I I I CT RG N A CH AR LOTTESV I LLE D I I ON V SI CLERK' OFFI U. DI COUR' S C: S. SL ) I OTEC LLC, NN A i fLEL E,A TY I I V OtNOK Pl i if a ntf , JUL 22 2 1 . 08 - J BK C, U ', ERK CL LERK . VI ON TECH SA LES,I C . e a . SI N , t l, Ci lAc i N o. 1 vi ton 3: 7CV 00007 Def nt , enda s M EM O R AN DU M O PI I N N O V I ON TECH SALES, N C. SI I , By:H on.Gl n E. e Conr ad Se orU nied St t D i t i tJ ni t a es sr c udge Count c ai Pl ntf , er l m ai i f I NNOTEC,e al, t . Count cl m D e e nt . er ai f nda s Thi c s i p e e t b f r tee u'o t ed fn a t'moi nf rpata j d me to s a e s r s nl eo c h o l n h e e d n s to o ril u g n n y t t p e dn , rils mmayj dg n,o ,nt atr aie t c mp lab taina t Co n he la igs pat u r u me t r i he l n tv , o o e r irto s o u t a e l of t pl i if s c pl i . Fort f l w i r s ,t c tc l s t tCount Im us he a ntf om a nt he olo ng ea ons he our onc ude ha t be a bir t d. A c r ngl t c r w ilg a t def nda s'm oton t c pela bir ton and r ta e co di y, he ou t l r nt he e nt i o om r ta i d n wih u j eu ie ismoin f rp ril ud me to tep e dig o frpat ls mma y e y t o t rj dc t to o at j g n n h la n s r o ri u r a a j udgme wihrs c t t tco . nt t e pe t o ha unt Innotec LLC v. Visiontech Sales, Inc. et al Doc. 132 Backzround 1. The Parti es Pl n if l t c LLC (ûnnotc' i a Col a lmied labiiy com pany bas i aitf nno e ed n i e' s l ) ordo i t i lt Laf t Col ado t m anuf ur and s i el rcal and m echani com ponent ayete, or hat act es upples ect i cal s. A len Ti a Col l ng, orado r dent i t m anagi m em ber of l ec. D ef esi , s he ng nnot endant V i i ech s ont Dockets.Justia.com Sae ,l (c sontc ' i a Vigi a c porton basd i Tr Vigi a t tpur ha e ls nc. C i e h') s vi r ni or ai e n oy, r ni ha c s s ounder c e e c i of i e , a ow ne of el c r c a m e ha c c pone s 1 The f e t i al nd c ni al om nt . f c r nd r , hi f xe utve V i i e h i Ri ha d Pe r ul,a Fl i r s de . Pe r ul i a s t ow ne ofV i i ec Sal s s ont c s c r r a t orda e i nt r a t s l o he r s ont h e Gr HongKong,Lt (t HK' ar ltde iyba e i HongKong. oup d. C VSG ' eae ntt s d n ) ll. lnnot s Com pl ntand t A greem enton w hi C ountI i Based ec' ai he ch s O n Fe ua y 1,201 l e f l d t i t nt a ton a i t Vi i ec V SG H K,a br r 7, nnot c ie he ns a c i ga ns s ont h, nd Pe r ul,s ki t obt i pa e tf pr t or r d fom I e The c ra t ee ng o an ym n or oduc s de e r nnot c. ompli c ai ant ont ns fve c s ( )iBrac ofConta tby Vii t h - Fort s l of goodspu s n t t i ount: 1 i e h rc sonec he ae rua t o he ExcusviyAgr me ';( t e hofContac byVii e h-Unpadi c sf t s eof l i t ee nt' 2) d ac Br r t sontc i nvoie or he al g o sa d o e p r h s o d r' ( )i j tEn ih n a an tVii ne h' ( ç e c o o d n p n u c a e r e s' 3 k us rc me t g is so tc ' 4) s a h f 5 ' un ' Br Contac byVSG HK''a ( t ronalLibiiyagans OwnesofVii ec a VSG HK. r t ' nd 4)t s 7 pe a lt i t r sont h nd ' ' Com pl 8- 2,Doc tN o.1 . 1 ke . Th frtc u ti te s be to te isa tmoin. l Co n 1 l oe alg st t e is o n s h u j c f h n tn to n u t , nn t c le e ha Vii e br ac d t t r ofa ExcusviyAgr e e by f ii t pa t i c is d sontch e he he e ms n l it e m nt alng o y wo nvoies s ue by l t c f r goodss d unde t a e e : nno e o ol r he gr em nt I t Exc us viy Agr m e ,Vi i e h, ' n he l i t ee nt sont c as k Buyer' a I e , nd nnot c, ' as t le ,' a e t en e i t a e l i a ee en f t t l r' gr ed o t r n o n xc usve gr m t or he se pur ha e ofal V i a Cha ge Ada e s ....The t r s of s h c s 1 vopl y r pt r em uc pur s sa e t bei a or nc wih t Sele ' q ai n da e cha e r o n cc da e t he lr s uot to t d M a c 28,201 Pa nti r quie by wie orby c k t t rh 3. yme s e r d r hec o he or roflmo e asf t rs tf t t r i Shoul t Buye f i de r t c urhe e orh he en. d he r al t pa f t g o y or he oods w he due t Sele ha t opton t t e t n , he l r s he i o r a s h f l e a a m a e i lbr ac oft Exc usviy A g e m e , uc aiur s t r a e h he l i t r e nt and s e l ga r m edi s ek e l e e. The Exc us viy A g ee e alo pr vi s t t i t e nt of a l it r m nt s o de ha n he ve di e r at t t agr ent t uns sput el ed o he eem , he uccessf part shal pay ul y l t t s es f pa t i a tonalt a l s s t t e t r pa t o he ucc s ul r y, n ddii o 1 um ha ihe ry lI t ei r pe tve flngs t pa te s e i esr ert Vii e a (VSG . To a d c u on, t n h r es c i ii , he ri s om tm ef o sont ch s t ' ' voi onf si he c tw ilal ysr f t t sdefndan asçvii ec ' W he quotng fom s h doc ens,he c tw ilmake our l wa eer o hi e t i sont h.' n i r uc um t t our l t a oprat s tt ton w ihoutusi b a ke s he ppr i e ubsiu i t ng r c t . ma be c le on t pa a r s bl s f t s c s ul y a ld o y, ea ona e um or he uc es f pa t s a t ne f es . . ry' tor y e . . I r la e on t Excl i t A gr e e , V ii e h m ade t o n e i nc he us viy e m nt s ont c w o der of V i a Cha ge A da e s f om l t . l e fle r s vopl y r r pt r r nno ec nnot c il d s h o de s a de i r d s h goodst V i i e a t y wer uc r r , nd lve e uc o s ont ch, nd he e a c e by V i i ec w ihout pr es a a e co onni i al c ept d s ont h t ot t nd r nf ng n l m a e ilr pecs I t c ha i t n de i r d t i ce f t ra es t. nno e s n ur lve e wo nvoi s or paym ent.... N ot ihs andi t above f s and oblgatons V i ont has w t t ng he act i i , si ech f l t m a pa e of t i voi es a i t r o e i br ac aied o ke ym nt he n c , nd s he ef r n e h ofco r c ,i udi t t r soft Exc usviy Agr em e . nt a t ncl ng he e m he l it e nt I a T 1 1 . Ba e o t ef rg i alg to s In tc se t rc ve te a u t du d. t ! 4- 7 s d n h o e ong l ai n , n oe e ks o e o r h mo n s e e unde t i c ,aswe la it a t ne f esi un'd he en.'1 a 9. r he nvoies l s s s tor ys' e nc e r i ' d. t i l ec s it d a c nnot ubm te opy of t Excl i t A gr em e as a exhi t t t c pl i . he us viy e nt n bi o he om a nt TheExcusviy Agr eme i c t st ti wa ' de e f tve asofM a c 28,201 bewe n l i t e nt ndia e ha t s t ma feci rh 3, t e l ecEne gy Syse LLC ...(Selr) a Vii ec Sals l ....(Buye '. Compl nnot r tms C le ', nd sont h e , nc t r)' ' . Ex.B a 1 D oc t N o. 1 2. The a e m e l t r i ntte t t le ' a 'lm o e A dva e t , ke gr e nt a e de ii s he i l r' s tr t c se nc Enegy Syse LLC' (innotc AES' . l a 4. Alen Ti who i i tfed i t r tms 'i e l ' d. t ) l ng, s denii n he Exc us viy A gr e e a t Ge r lM a l it e m nt s he ne a nage ofl no e AES,s gne t a e e on be l r n tc i d he gr em nt ha f oft te iy. Ri ha d Pe r ul s gne t a e m e on be fofV i i ec ha ntt c r r a t i d he gr e nt hal s ont h. The Exc us viy A gr e e i l l i t e m nt nc udesa a bir ton c a e on w hi t pendi m oton t n r t a i l us ch he ng i o c mpe i b s d Th ca e p o ie ,i pet e tpat t a d an c nr v riso ds t s o l s a e . e lus r vd s n ri n r, h t s j y o to e se r ipue n g ars ng outoforr l tng t t s Agr e e s lbe r ol by bi ng ar t a i n i ac or nce ii e a i o hi e m nt hal es ved ndi bir to n c da wih t t n- ure Comm e c a Ar ta i Ruls oft Am e i n Ar tai As oc ai n.'' t he he c r nt r i l bir ton e he rca bir ton s ito 1 a 3. The ca e f t rpr de t tCgj a e me t abir ton s l be s cii ly d. t lus urhe ovi s ha dthe gre nt o r tai hal pe fcal e orea e unde t prvalng abirton l ' t t ûgj decson rndee by t nf c bl r he e ii r tai aw, ha tthe ii e rd ' he abtao t)s l b Gn la d bndn o te p ris' a d ta du g n ma b e tr d i r irtrs hal e a n i i g n h a t , n h t j d me t y e n ee n e ' conf miywiht de soni a cou tha ngj idi o ' I or t t he cii n ny r vi urs din. d. ' 11 1. Subs que Pr e alH i t v e nt oc dur s or On M ar h 1 201 t de e nt a we e lm ot c' c pl i ,a V i i e h fl d a c 6, 7, he f nda s ns r d r e s om a nt nd sont c ie c ount r ai ag ns l e a Ti e cl m ai t nnot c nd ng. A lhoug t def nda s de e ce t i a l to t h he e nt ni d ra n lega i ns unde l ng Count 1 i t r a w e , t y di not r i e a bir ton as a a fr a i de e e t ryi n hei ns r he d a s r tai n f im tve f ns o Coun 1 N o di t y as e t a a de e e t t I e c t . r d he s r s f ns ha nnot c anno r cove unde t Exc us viy t e r r he l i t A g ee e be us i w asnota pa t t t tpa tcul rc r t r m nt ca e t ry o ha r i a ontac . I e a Ti s e n l m ove t di m i s t c nt r l i fl d by V i i e h. nnot c nd ng ubs que ty d o s s he ou e c a m ie sont c The pa te a a ed bef e t co t f a hea i on t m oton on Se em be 21 201 ri s ppe r or he ur or rng he i pt r , 7. D ur ng t he r ng,t def nda s t ough c i he a i he e nt , hr ouns l e e s d t desr t a end t a w e , e , xpr s e he i e o m he ns r de e e ,a co e cl i . By o de e er d Se e be 22,201 t c tr f r ed t pendi f ns s nd unt r a m r r nt e pt m r 7, he our e e r he ng moton t dimist Unie SttsM a srt J ge J lC.Hoppe purua t 28 U. C.j i o s s o td ae gitae ud oe , s nt o S. 636( ()B) a die t t dee nst fl anymotont a ndt a we ,deens ,a b)l( , nd rced he fnda t o ie i o me he ns r f es nd count cl m w ihi f t e da . The de e nt m o er ai t n our e n ys f nda s ved t a e w ihi t alote tm e o m nd t n he l t d i pe i The pr pos d a e d pl adi i ude t f l ng a tona def ns s rod. o e m nde e ng ncl s he olowi ddii l e e : La k of St ndi c a nc. Pl i if I e , LLC i not a pa t t or a s g t y t t s a ntf nnot c s ry o i na or o he oc l d Exc us viy Agr e e a has no s a ng t as e t a ale l it e m nt nd t ndi o s r ny cli s o def ns s bas on or a ii unde t Excusviy am r e e ed rsng r he l it A gr ent eem . A r taton. bir i The Excl i t A gr em e c nt i a bi ng, m a t r us viy e nt o a ns ndi nda o y a bir ton c a e r ui i prva e bi ng a bir ton of a l r ta i l us eq rng i t , ndi r ta i l di put ari ng underor r atng t t tA gr ent s es si el i o ha eem . Propos A m . De ens !! 1 - 2, ke No. 2. ed f es 1 1 Doc t 53- 2 2Th ma itaej d eh sise arp r i whih h rc mme d t ttec utga ttedee d ns e gsrt u g a su d e o tn c e e o n s ha h o r rn h fn a t' moint a n t i a s ra d fn e t In tcsc mplit ln tcddn toj c t tema srt j d ' to o me d her n we nd ee s s o n oe ' o an . n oe i o be t o h gitae u ges r por . Co eque l by s pa a e o de , he co ' wila e t ns nty, e r t r r t ul l doptt tr om menda i t ha ec ton. 4 l t m ea tm e t pa t e e n he n i , he ri s ngage i di c r whi h l t a s res of di put t t d n s ove y, c ed o e i s es ha uli ael r ule i varous m o i . For i tnce on Dec m be 22,201 l e tl a tm t y es t d n i tons nsa , e r 7, nnotc ied m oton f e ar m en oftm e t desgna e e rs on t ba i t tt de e nt ha f ie t i or nl ge t i o i t xpe t he s s ha he f nda s d a l d o coo r t durng t di c r pr e s On J m ay l 201 l no ec m oved t compe t pe a e i he s ove y oc s . af r 6, 8, n t o l he def nda s t pr de pr r a c pl t di c r r pons s The di c r m otons a e nt o ovi ope nd om e e s ove y es e. s ove y i nd ot r nondi pos tve pr ti l m a t r w e e a s r f r e t J he s ii era te s r l o e e r d o udge H op pe. By or r e e e de nt r d Fe uar 1 201 J br y 2, 8, udgeHo gr nt d l t ' m o i t c ppe a e nno ec s ton o ompela die t d t de e n s nd r c e he f nda t t rs o e pond t t di c ve y r ue t a i s no l t rt n Fe ua y 22,2018. J o he s o r eq s s t s ue a e ha br r udge Hoppe al o s gr nt d I ec' m oton f r e a ge e oftm e t de i t e r s a e nnot s i o nl r m nt i o s gna e xpe t . The de e nt di not c pl w ih J f nda s d om y t udge H op s Feb a y 1 201 or r The pe' nl r 2, 8 de . y m ant i d t t c pla e was no l r ne s a y be us t pa te r a d a or l i ane ha om inc onge ce s r ca e he ris e che n a s tl m e a e m enton Fe ua y 21 201 t da be o e t i di co r r s e te nt gr e br r , 8, he y f r he r s ve y e pons s w e e due. e r On M a c 2,201 t def nda sm o dt e o cet al ge o a s tl nta e nta t rh 8, he e nt ve o nf r he le d r l eteme gr eme nd o s a f t r pr ee ngs i l i di c r untlt co ' r e o t de e nt 'm oto t y urhe oc di , nc ud ng s ove y, i he ul ul d n he f nda s t i n. Tha s m e da l e m ove f s nc i ,i l ng i unt r di m i s of V i i e s t a y, nnot c d or a tons nc udi nvol a y s s al s ont ch' c e c am ,bas d on t de e nt 'f iur t c pl wih t dico r or r I r pons ount r l i e he f nda s al e o om y t he s ve y de . n es e, t def nda sar d t ts nc i we eunwara e bec us t c eha s tld. On M a 1 he e nt gue ha a tons r r ntd a e he as d ete y 8, 20l t c ' i s d a m e or ndum opi on a o d i whi h i de lne t e or e t 8, he oul s ue t m a ni nd r er n c t c i d o nf c he ale d or l s tl m e t ag e m en a t r f e de e t de e nt 'm oton. The co ta s l ge a e te n r e t nd he e or ni d he f nda s i ur l o d ne wih u p eu ie I n tcs moin f r sncins Th d fn a t h ve sn e fld e id to t rj d c n oe ' to o a t . e ee d n s a ic i o e s e e a r pons t I ec' di c r r que t i a o da e w ih J e H oppe' uppl m nt l es es o nnot s s ove y e s s n cc r no t udg s Febnl y 12,2018 or ar der. See D ef 'Suppl Res s. . pons t Feb.12,2018 D i O r D ocketN o. es o sc. der, 128. On M a c 9,201 be or t c tnle o t af eme i d motons t de e nt rh 8, f e he our ld n he or ntone i , he f nda s fld te isa tmoin f rp ril u me to tepe dn s pata s ie h n tn to o a t j dg n n h la ig , ril ummayj d me t o , n a r u g n, ri t atr ai e t c mp labtain a t Co n 1o l n tcsc mpan . l se i gj d me t he l n tv , o o e r i to s o u t f n oe ' o lit n e k n u g n e r o t epe dng o s mmayj g n ,hed fn nsag et tlnoe d e n th vesa dng n h la i s r u r ud me t t ee da t r u ha n tc o s o a tn i t s u rt Exc usviy A gr e e tbe us i wasnota pa t t t tc r t A le na i l o ue nde he l i t e m n ca e t ry o ha ontac . t r tve y, t de e nt a gue t tl ec ca t s ek t e or e c r t lo i tonsa i i f om t he f nda s r ha nnot nno e o nf c ontac ua blga i r s ng r he Exc us viy A g e m e wihout c pl ng wih t a bir ton pr son c a ne t r n. l l it r e nt t om yi t he r t a i ovi i ont i d he ei n t eve t tt co 'de lne t grntj he nt ha he ul ci s o a udgme ont pl di o s t nt he ea ngs r ummayj r udgme ast nt o Count1 t de e nt con e t t l e s c ai s unde t Excl i t A gr e e is d , he f nda s t nd ha nnot c' l m r he us viy e m nt shoul be s r d a r e r d t a bir ton a t Exc us viy A gr e e e es l m a t . D e s ' eve e nd ef r e o r ta i s he l i t e m nt xpr s y nda es' f . ' Re y Br 5, Docke N o. l 6. l ec oppos s t de e n s m oton i al r pec s. The pl . t 1 nnot e he f nda t ' i n l es t m oton hasbeen f l br ef and i rpe f r ew . i uly i ed s i or evi Di scuss on i 1. M ot on t C om pelA rbiraton ofCount1 i o t i Und e s i ca e a ,t c tm us fr t c i r t de enda s m o i t c pe er xitng s l w he our t i s ons de he f nt ' ton o om l a bir to a t Count I of t c pl i , r tai n s o he om a nt go r t r g s a r ponsbiii s of t pa te w ih r s c t a a bir ton ve ns he i ht nd es i lte he ri s t e pe t o n r ta i agre nt Patn Gr nc & Pa ng l .v.Ska ka U. Bl .l ,380 F.d 200,20 (t e me . te adi vi nc ns S. dc. nc. 3 4 4h Ci.2004)(ii Mos H.Cone Mem' Hos v.M ec y Co t.Cor ,460 U. 1,24r ctng es l p. rur nsr p. S, 25 ( 98 ) TheSuprmeCour ha i eprtdt FAA t rfe t' lbealf erlpolcyfvorng 1 3). e t s ntr ee he o elc ç i r ed a i a i a ar t aton agr ent ' M oses H .Cone M em ' Hos ,460 U . at 24. Secton 2 of t A ct bir i eem s.' l p. S. i he k ovi s t t wrte a r e e t t a bir t c t ove s es a i i out of a e s i c r c t pr de ha it n g e m n s o r t a e on r r i r sng n xitng ont a t û hal be va i ir s l ld, r evoc bl ,a e or ea e,s ve upon s h gr a e nd nf c bl a uc ounds as e s a l w or i eq t xit t a n uiy f t r or he evocaton of any cont act'' Dean W it Reynol l v.Byr , 470 U . 213, 218 i r .' ter ds nc. d S. ( 9 5 ( u tn 9 U. C.j 2 . $ is tr ,te Ac e v s n pa e fr t e ecs o 1 8 ) q o ig S. ) ; t ems h tla e o lc o he x rie f By di c e i by a di t i t c t b i t ad m a t s t tdi t i t c t s l die t t pa te t s r ton s rc our , ut ns e nda e ha s rc our s ha l r c he r i s o p o e t ar t a i o i s es a t w hi h a a bir ton a ee e ha bee s gne ' r ce d o bir ton n s u s o c n r t a i gr m nt s n i d. ' (mphass i orgi ) (ii 9 U. C.jj e i n i nal ctng S. A c or ngl k c t s d ad es t c di y, t our houl dr s he a a bir biiy of t pl i ifs cli a t oute of t ltga i ' R evna v. l ' Bank of r ta lt he antf ' am t he s t he ii ton. ' nt l Commece 839F.d 373,378(t Ci.20l . r , 3 5h r 6) I de di a m o i t c pel a bir ton, t c ts û ol i s r c l lm ie t n ci ng ton o om r ta i he our ' i e s ti ty i t d o r de e m i ng a bir biiy a e or ng ag ee e s t a bir t ,l a ng t m e is of t cl i t r ni r t a lt nd nf ci r m nt o r ta e e vi he rt he a m a any def ns s t t a bir t . Re nd e e o he r t a or' publc ofN i a ag v.St nda d Fr tCo. 937 F. d 469, ' i c r ua a r ui , 2 478 (t Ci.1 ) d- ,a tramotont c 9h r 991 .Cl -hus fe i o ompelabirton hasbe fl t co 'mus r tai en ied, he ul t t Cef a n f om f t r a ton'untli de e m i s a bir biiy.' Sif e v.Aut D a a Pr ce s ngs r ri r urhe c i i t t r ne r ta lt ' l e o. t o s i l ,696 F.App' 576,577 (d Ci.201 )( i Sharfv.W el sl ' Newor Lt ,376 nc. x 3 r 7 quotng i lnes ntl t k. d. F. 720,726 ( h Ci.200 ) The co tt y no atrt ss que ng,'1 ( tng Dea 3d 7t r 4). ur k ma t le hi e nci ' d. cii n W itrRe ds 47 U. a 21 ) e ni t moto i ma i t atr tve.Se i ( di te vnol , 0 S. t 8 , ve f he in s de n he lenai e d.hol ng t tt diti tcour e r i r i on a def nda ' moton t dim is bef e r s vi is ha he src t red n ulng e nts i o s s or e ol ng t moi t compe abirtonl Ha nsv.Fihbe k, 3:7-vton o l r tai ; wki s c No. 1 c 00032,201 U. Dit LEXI 7 S. s. S 1 70678,*8( . Va.Oc.1 201 ( W D. t 6, 7) Moon,J.( tngt tt c tS tco i rt moton ) noi ha he our k mus nsde he i t co labirton befr r i on t moton t dimis' ( ttons omit ) Fort s o mpe r tai o e ulng he i o s s' ciai ) ted . he e r as , he cou tw ilfr tco i rt de e n s m oto t c pela bir ton ofCount1 e ons t r l is ns de he f nda t ' i n o om r tai . The U nie St t Cour of Appe l f t Fourh Cic t has he d t t a pa t c t d a es t a s or he t r ui l ha r y an c ompelabir to unde t FAA i i esa ihesf elme s:û 1 t e se ofadiput r tain r he f t tbls our e nt i ) he xitnce ( s e be wee t pa tes ( awrte a ee ntt ti l esa a bir ton pr son whi h pu pors t n he ri , 2) it n gr me ha ncud n r ta i ovii c r t t c rt diput,( )t r ai hi oft ta a ton,whih i e de e byt a e nt o ove he s e 3 he eltons p he rns ci c s vi nc d he greme , t i esae orf ei commece a ( t fiur ne ec or rf a oft g ai if t o ntrtt or gn r , nd 4) he al e, gl t eus l he pl ntfl o a birt t diput ' Ad ns v.La Rea l ,303 F. 496,500- ( h Ci.2002) r tae he s e. ' ki bor dy. nc, 3d 01 4t r ( tton a i enalquotton maks omit . l t s c s ,l e c ess t scond ciai nd ntr ai r ted) n hi a e nnotc ont t he e el m e t a gui t t ba ed on t de e nt ' pr ed a e e n , r ng ha , s he f nda s opos m nded a w e t Count 1 û he ns r o ,t t a bir ton pr s on w oul no a y t t s di put ' Se Pl' Br i Opp' 1 D oc tN o. r ta i ovi i d t ppl o hi s e. ' e .s . n n 3, ke l1 l t c aler tve y a g t t t de e n s w a ve t r g t enf c t a bir to 0. nno e t na i l r ues ha he f nda t i d he i ht o or e he r t a i n pr s o Fort f l i r s ,t c ttndsI t c' a g e sunpe s i ovi i n. he olow ng ea ons he our i nno e s r um nt r uasve. A. Enf orceabiiv ofthe A rbiraton Provi i lt t i s on I is fr t a gum e ,w hi h i s m e ha difc t t f l l e a n t is r nt c s o w t f i ul o olow, nnot c ppea s t s r o ugges t t t by a s r i t t l e l c sa ng t s unde t Exc usviy A gr e e , t ha s e tng ha nnot c a ks t ndi o ue r he l it e m nt he de e nt a e ba r f om e o c ng t a e e ' a bir ton pr s o a ns I ec Thi f nda s r r ed r nf r i he gr em nt s r ta i ovi i n gai t nnot . s agume i wihoutmei f a l s t e ra c .Fis,Seve i abirtc weei itnt r nt s t rt or t eat hre e sms rt k j n f r taim r nconsse g wi oh rd fn e gas db t ed fn a tj Rul 8d ( )p o i e t ta ( p ry ma saea t t e e e s s r ie y h e e d n s, e ( )3 r v d s ha a a t y tt s h m a s pa a e cl i s or de e e a i has r ga dl s of c i t nc '' Tr xysN .A m .LLC v. ny e r t a m f ns s s t , e r e s ons s e y.' a Evrz ClymontStçl I ,No.109-va a e , nc. : c 00684,2011U. Dit LEXI 5 S. s. S 2041,a *4 ( De. t D. l M a 1 201l ( i Fed. Ci P.8d)3). y 6, ) quotng R. v. ( ( ) Sec ond,t Supr m e Cou thas m a c e rt t$ pa t s c le t a he pr son he e r de l a ha $ ry' ha l nge o not r ovi i a oft c r t or t t c r c as a whol does notpr ve a co tf o e or i a s c fc he ontac , o he ont a t e, e nt ur r m nf c ng pe ii ag e me t abirt ' Re - ce e,W .I v.J c on,561U, 63,70 ( ) Thec t r e nt o r tae.' ntA- ntr , nc. a ks S. 2010 . our m us Ct an ar t aton cl e as s abl fom t contacti w hi i appears and enf ce i t ireat bir i aus ever e r he r n ch t or t accor ng t is t m s unl s t pal y r stng arbir i s t l chalenges t di o t er es he ' esi i t taton peciicaly l he e o ce biiy oft a bir ton cl us is l . G r nie Roc Co.v.l ' Bhd.ofTe m s e s 56l nf r a lt he r ta i a e t e f' a t ' k ntl a tr , U. 287,301( 0) Hee,rt rt n c esi t vai t oft abirton clus is l, S. 201 . r ahe ha ont tng he ldiy he r tai a e tef l ec cies t t def nnot t o he endant own argum ent chalengi l ec' abiiy t enf ce ot s' s l ng nnot s lt o or her provi ons of t Excl i t A greem ent. Such argum ent how ever w hi bear on t f nal si he us viy s, , ch he i diposton oft u ryi dipu e,a epr ry r s r d f t a bir t a do notpr cl s ii he nde l ng s t r ope l e e ve or he r taor nd e ude e or m e of t a bir ton pr s o Se M ur ihi v. Shutl Expr s ,l , 71 F. 1 nf ce nt he r t a i ovi i n. e it te e s nc. 2 3d 73, 18 ( h Ci.201 (ûn viw ofis gae e ng f ton,t s peofa moton t co l 4 4t r 3) û e I t tke pi unci he co i o mpe a bir ton i r ti t t c i r ton of c le s s c fc t t a bir ton c a e. A bs nta r ta i s esr c ed o ons de a i ha l nge pe i i o he r ta i l us e c r r agr e e by t pa te , ge r l c r t def ns t t a e a i a e t t e tr ont a y e m nt he ri s ne a ontac e es ha r pplc bl o he n ie c rc ...ae rs r fr t fr i whih t diput uli t y wilbe r s ve ' ' onta t r e eved o he oum n c he s e tmael l eol d.l ', D ockserv.Schw art be g, F.d421 425 ( hCi. z r 433 3 , 4t r 2006)(k' SuprmeCour hasi tuced ifhe e t nsr t -- t t d oc dur ques i whi h gr o of t di put a be on is fnal di pos ton a e ha pr e al tons c ow ut he s e nd ar t i s ii r p e u tv l n tf r t e j d e b t fr a abtao ,t d cd .' (mp ss i o ii a) r s mp iey o o h u g , u o n r irtr o e ie') e hai n rgn l ' ( i Howsm v.De n W itrRç ds l . 53 U. 79,84 ( ).J kev.Br ,875 quotng a a te ynol , nc, 7 S. 2002) es , ooks F. 7l 75 ( h Ci.1 )(i ca e t aleg dee spe ti t t e ie co rc,r he 2d , 4t r 989 i us he l ed fct ran o he ntr nta t at r Be t s iial t t abirtonca e,he aepr rylf t t abirt f r ol i ' . han pecfc ly o he r tai lus t y r ope l et o he r taor or es uton.) ' Thi d,unde t cic sa es pr e ed,t f c t t l ec i not a s g t y t t r r he r um t nc es nt he a t ha nnot s i na or o he Exc us viy A gr e e doe not pr cl l it e m nt s e ude Vi i e h f om e or i t a bir ton c a e sont c r nf c ng he r ta i l us a i tl e û hie a c r c c nnotbi pa te t a bir t dipu est y ha no agr e ga ns nnot c. t l ont a t a W nd ri s o r ta e s t he ve t e d t abirt,;td o r tae i oesnotf l ...t tunde t g dealAr tai Ac a oblgai t olow ha r he Fe r birtonq t n i ton o a bir t a t che onl t one who ha pe s ly s gne t wr te a bir ton pr vi i '' I ' r t a e ta s y o s r ona l i d he it n r t a i o s on.' nt l Pa rCo.v.Sc be s e M ac ne & Anl e GM BH,206 F. 411 41 ( h Ci.2000) pe hwa dis n shi n aa n 3d , 6 4t r (leai i orgi l (uoi Fis rv.I ' Ba 28 F. 231 233 ( Ci.1 ) I t d, atrton n i na) q tng se ntl nk, 2 2d , 2d r 960). nsea 'r elesa ihe c twll- tbls d ommonl prncplsditt t ti a a opraec eanonsg t yc aw i i e cae ha n n ppr it as inaor an e o ce orbe bo by,a a bir tonpr vi i wihi a c ta te ut by ot rpari . I nf r , und n r ta i o son t n on r c xec ed he tes' d. ' a 41 1 (mphassadde . t 6- 7 e i d) O ne such st i exi t w hen a nons gnat y i equiabl s opped f om ar ng t i i iuaton s s i or s t y t r gui hat t s nota pa t t t a bir ton cl us t uia e e t r y o he r ta i a e. t t bl s oppe pr c ude a pa t f om a s ri r g s Eq l el s ry r s e tng i ht he ot r i e w oul ha ha aga ns a he w he hi ow n c he w s d ve d i t not r n s onduc r nde s as e ton of t e t e r s ri hos rght co rr t e t ' 1 a 41 1 ( tton a i ena quotton maksomitd) tnt i s ntay o quiy. d. t 7- 8 ciai nd ntr l ai ' r te . i he l a bir t o con e ,t doc rne r c ni s t ta pa t m a be esoppe f om a s r i t tt r tai n t xt he t i e og ze ha ry y t d r s e tng ha he l k of hi s gna ur o a m i t n co r c pr l s e or e e of t conta t s ar ta i ac s i t e n te nt a t ec ude nf c m nt he r c ' bir ton c a e w he he has c i t nty m a n a ne t tot r pr s ons oft s m e c r c s d be l us n ons s e l i t i d ha he ovi i he a ont a t houl enf ced t benefthi .' I or o i m ' d. Appl ng t e c ept, t Fo t Cic t ha k d moe s cfcal t t ka yi hes onc s he urh rui s t hel r pe ii ly ha g1 nonsg t y i esoppe fom rf i t c ywih a a btai caus whe i gsse ng inaor s t d r eusng o ompl t n r irton l e n t i e ki or r c i sadiec benei fom aco rc c ani a ar tai clus ''R..Grfi & Co. 1 e eve r t ft r nta t onti ng n birton a e.' J ifn v.Be c Cl 1 Home r As' I . 384 F. 1 1 ( h Ci.2004) ( t ain i a h ub 1 ownes sn, nc, 3d 57, 6l 4t r alerto n orgi l ( i l ' Pa rCO, 206 F. at418 . Thi t tke niest tano inat y i na) quotng ntl pe , 3d ) s es t cog z ha r nsg or s d be es o d f om de ng t ti i bound by a a bir ton c a e when is c ai s a i t houl t ppe r nyi ha t s n r ta i l us t l m ga ns t e sg ao y ûrs g fo te c nr c c n ann te abi ain ca s . Am.Ba kesI s h in tr a ie l r m' h o ta t o tiig h r t to lu e' r ' n r n. Gr v.Long,453 F. 623,628 ( h Ci.2006)( i R..Grfi 384 F. a 1 . p. 3d 4t r quotng J ifn, 3d t 62) nons gna or s c ai s û r s f om 'a c r tco a ni a a bir ton pr s o whe t c a m s i t y' l m a i e r ontac nt i ng n r t a i ovi i n n he l i s ek t e or e r ght cont ne i t tc r c . Thom asv.Pr r s i Le i N o.1: 7- ve o nf c i s ai d n ha ont a t' ' oc e sve asng, 1 c 01 ,20l U. Dit LEXI 1 651 a *8 ( M d.Oc.25,201 ;se as l ' Pa rCo. 249 7 S. s. S 7 5, t D. t 7) e lo ntl pe , 206 F. a 418 ( di t tt pli ifc d notsek t e ore rg spr vi d unde a 3d t hol ng ha he antf oul e o nf c iht o de r c rc a a d t c r c' ar tai clus ) Be a et ts e mi st nau eoft onta t nd voi he onta ts birton a e. c us he et xa ne he tr he nons gna or s a l ga i i t y' le tons a i t t s gna or t cou t m us e m i t und l ng ga ns he i t y, he r t xa ne he eryi c pl i t de e m i w he heres op ls d a y. A m . nker l . r ,453 F. a 627. om a nt o t r ne t t pe houl ppl Ba s ns G p. 3d t l t s case,i i cl f om t com pl ntt t cl m s f br n hi t s ear r he ai hat he ai or each ofcont act ass t r ered i Count1 arse f om t Excl i t A gr ent cont ni t ar taton provi on. The count n i r he usviy eem ai ng he bir i si i l ed kBr s abel t each of Cont actby V i i ech - For t sal of goodspurs r sont he e uantt t Excl i t o he usviy 10 Aa e me . Compl 8(mpha i a d) The c ti oportsby rfr nc t pa a r phs r e nt' ' . e ss dde . oun nc ae ee e e he r g a pr ce ng i, e r ofw hi h de c i t i e di t s ve al c s r be he i us viy A gr e e and r l t d pur ha e . I a Excl i t e m nt e ae c s s ' d. t ' 5. l par aph 1 l ec r er n agr 4, nnot ef ences sever t m s oft Excl viy A greem ent i udi t al er he usi t , ncl ng he pr son r quii t tal pur ha esof Vi pl y Cha ge Ada or be m a i a or nce w ih ovi i e rng ha l c s vo a r r pt s de n cc da t t t r soft Se l r s quot ton da e M a c 28,201 t pr s on r rng t tpa e be he e m he le ' ai td r h 3, he ovi i equii ha ym nt m ade by w ie ta f r o bus ne s c c w he d i a c da e w ih t Seler s quo a i a r r ns e r i s he k n ue n c or nc t he l ' t ton, nd t pr son s a i t t t f iur t pa f goods whe d m a be tea e as a m a e i l he ovi i t tng ha he a l e o y or n ue y r td t ra b e c oft ExcusviyAgre ntby t Sele .1 a ! 1 I paaga 15,I e ct t r a h he l i t e me he lr d. t 4. n r rph nnotc ies o t pr s on of t Exc usviy Agr em e t tpe m is a s ce s ulpa t t r c r ator s he ovi i he l i t e nt ha r t uc s f r y o e ove t ney' fesi t e ntt ta lws ti fld i rltont t a e me . 1 a ! 1 l pa a a e n he ve ha ny a ui s ie n eai o he gre nt d. t 6. n r grph 1 I ecaleg t tVii ec ma t or r ofVi ayChage Adaptr kgj r ince 6, nnot l es ha sont h de wo des vopl r r e s tin ela on t Excusviy Agee t'a t tl t tle t oder. 1 a ! 1 l paa a 1 he l i t r men,' nd ha nnoec ild he r s d. t 6. n rgrph 7, l t c a l s t tV i i e h i s f ie t m ake pa e oft i c ,a i t r o e i nno e lege ha sont c d a l d o ha ym nt he nvoi es nd s he ef r n br a h ofc r c,i udi t tr oft Excusviv Acre nt' 1 a ! l (mphass ec onta t ncl ng he ems he l i t e me . d. t 7 e ' i a d) Conssent wih t tr of t Excl i t Agee t l ec alges t t dde . it t he ems he usviy r men, nnot le ha V i i e h' ac i c tt e a û a e i lbr c of c r t' a t t i i e il t r cove sont c s tons ons iut i t r a ea h m ontac ,' nd ha t s ntted o e r t a t ne 'f esi ur e i brngi t i t nta to asw el ast a ount d f pr uc s he tor ys e nc r d n i ng he ns a c i n, l he m s ue or od t s idunde t a ee nt 1 a ! 1 's as i a 9. upple r he gr me . d. t( 8, ee lo d. t D e pie ha ng s d t e o ce varous t r s oft Excl i t A g ee e ,l t c now s t vi ue o nf r i em he us viy r m nt nno e c e t ti s ul notbebound by t abirto pr son,whih br dl c r Sg ny ontnds ha t ho d he r tain ovii c oa y oves tal c r ve s e or diput s a i i outof orr a i t t s A g ee e .' Com pl Ex.B.at3,s e ont o r i s s e rs ng el tng o hi r m nt' . 'e as Pl' Br i Opp' 1 1 (ugge tngt tt ExcusviyAgreme i kmmaeil't t s lo .s .n n 3- 4 s si ha he l i t e nt s k tra' o hi i dipueandt tisabir i pr son s dnota y) Suc a atmptt G ai t be ft s t ha t r taton ovii houl ppl . h n te o ç m he ne i cl of t cont and s m ulaneousl avoi is bur he ract i t y d t dens' i t ver st i t t t docti of ' s he y iuaton ha he r ne l1 e t bl e t quia e s oppel s eks t pr ve . l ' Pa r Co. 206 F. d a 41 By s eki t enf r e o e nt nt l pe , 3 t 8. e ng o o ce pa tc a t r s of t Exc usviy Agr m e a a s r i cl i s t tm us be de e m i d by ri ul r e m he l it ee nt nd s e tng a m ha t t r ne r f r nce t t a ee e ,I e i e t bl s oppe f om denyi t t i i bound by t eee o he gr m nt nnot c s quia y t d r ng ha t s he a bir t o pr s on c a ned t r i r t a i n ovii ont i he e n. To t ex e t tl e a s a guest tt a bir to pr son,i bi ng on i,doe he t nt ha nnot c l o r ha he r t a i n ovi i f ndi t s notc rt cl i s a s re i Coun 1 t c ti u bl t a e The c ts c us on t t ove he a m s e t d n t , he our s na e o gr e. our ' oncl i ha t cl i s a s r e i Count1a i e fom t Excl i t A gr e e f r c os a a gum e t t he a m s e t d n r s r he us viy e m nt o e l es ny r nt ha t cl m s do not f lw ihi t s he ai al t n he cope of t ar t aton pr s on. Am .Banker l Gr ,453 he bir i ovi i s ns. p. F. a 63 .s e a s Am .Rec r Cor v.Com put rze The m a l aci l . 96 F. 88, 3d t 0, e l o ove y p. ei d r l m nc, nc , 3d 93 ( h Ci. 1 4t r 996) ( i t t a smial wor d abirton pr son e mpa s tal notng ha i lry- de r tai ovii nco sed kl di put s ha ng a s g fc nt r a i hi t t cons tng a e m e ' i w hi h t pr s on s e vi i nii a el tons p o he uli gr e nt' n c he ovi i wa c ai d) s ont ne . B. W ai ver l ec at r tve y a gue t tt de e nt waved a rghtt y had t enf ce t nnot le na i l r s ha he f nda s i ny i he o or he a bir ton pr s on con a ne i t Exc usviy A gr e e . W hie t s a gum en pr e s r ta i ovi i t i d n he l i t e m nt l hi r t es nt s e ha ofa c os rque ton,t c tuli at l co ude t ti i wihoutm e i. om w t l e s i he our tm e y ncl s ha t s t rt i nde t FA A , a pa' m a l e is r gh t co pe a bir ton i i ks i def ul i k u r he ly y os t i t o m l r t a i f t i n a t n t pr ee ng w ih s h a bir ton.' Ro a M c w t v.Sa a r Cons e U SA .l . 700 F. d oc di t uc r t a i '' t - lary nt nde um r nc , 3 690,702 ( h Ci.201 (uoi 9 U. C.j 3) Alhough t sprnci e ofde a ti S ki t 4t r 2) q tng S. ). t hi i pl f ul s t n o a wai r' i i 'no i ntca .' 1 û nlke s e w a ve doc r nes t c r um sa es gi ng rs ve , t s t t de i l' d. û i om ' u i r t i , he i c t nc vi i e t a s a u or de a ta e lm ied a i lg oft f de a polcy f vorng a bir ton,a e no t o t t t y f ul r i t nd, n i ht he e r l i a i r t a i r to be lg l i e r d, nd t pa t oppos ng a bir ton be r a he bur n t pr def ul. I i hty nf r e a he ry i r tai as avy de o ove a t' d. ' ( ttonsa i ena quottonmaksomit ) ciai nd ntr l ai r ted . 1 2 For i tnce i i y f ii t as e ta bir to as a a tr ai de e e doe no nsa , û mpl alng o s r r tai n s n fim tve f ns s t cons iu e de aul of a r g t a bir ton. For e t r v.Pe Lyon Hom e sl . 553 F. 340, tt t f t i ht o r t a i ' ' r se nn s nc , 3d 343 ( h Ci.2009 . tsi lry,dea a pa tcpain i ltgai wilnotal c tt e 4t r ) t mial ly nd rii to n ii ton l one onsiut d fut' I Ho v r $ p rywil ea tt rg t oabtain i i ço s bsa t l u i ze ) ea l. d. we e ,C at l d fulis ih t r i to f t s u tni l tl gs ' a r ay i t l iain ma hn r t a o s bsq e ty p nnt abtain wo d p eu c te p ry he i g to t c iey h tt u e u n l e i r i to r ul rj die h a t opposng t sa '' I (leai i orgi l ( i M a Founds,I v.Sal Cor , i he ty.' d. atrton n i na) quotng xum . nc. us p. 779 F. 974,981 (t Ci.1 ) kf dipostve deemi ton i whehe t o i 2d 4h r 985). t' s ii -he tr nai s t r he pposng p ry h s s fee a t a p eu ie' RoaM c arv 7 0 F.d a 7 2 l ma ig t i a t a u fr d cu l rj dc . ' t- la t, 0 3 t 0 . n kn h s d tr n to ,h c u tsg i e b t f co s t 1 tea u to ted ly a d ()t ee tn eemi ai n te o r i u d d y wo a t r:$ ) h mo n f h ea ; n 2 h xe t ( oft movi pa t sti lore t a tviy. 1 The c twilc i rea h oft r e nt he ng ry' ra - in ed c i t ' d. ' our l onsde c he elva f c or i t n. a t s n ur 1. The am ounto t de a f he l v Tur ng fr tt t a ni is o he mountof t de a t de e nt fl d t r moton t c he l y, he f nda s ie hei i o ompe l a bir ton o Count I a oxi a el t r e n m ont a t I t fl d is c pl l .3 The r ta i f ppr m t y hi t e hs fer nno ec ie t om a nt Fourh Cic thaspr vi l hed t td deay ofs ver lmont ,wihoutm or ,i i ufi int t r ui e ousy l ha t l a e a hs t e s ns fce t d mo taet o p sn p ry s fee a t l rj dc . L-a 7 3( e ci n t esx-n o e nsrt he p o ig a t u frd cua p eu ie' p. t 0 d s rbig h i a d ' ha fm on h dely i t ca ebef e i ast ea i l s t i co rs t o he ca e i vi l- t a n he s or t d ltve y hor' n mpa ion o t r s s nvol ng r ' teis e .Al o g t eln t o d ly i t i c s i s me tln e ta tep ro a is e h su ) t u h h e gh f ea n h s a e s o wha o g r h n h ei d t su h i s v r lc s si whc teFo rh Cic i h sfu d n ihee tp eu ie s ei (o lcig n e ea a e n ih h u t ru t a o n o n rn rj dc , e d. c le tn c s s,i i sgniianl s trt n t lngh ofdea i t pr vi c e i whih t a e ) t s i fc ty hore ha he e t ly n wo e ous ass n c he Fourh Cic tco l d t tltga t ha wave t rgh t a bir to Se ç, ,For s r, t r ui ncude ha ii n s d i d he i t o r tai n. ev g. m je - 3I t err p yb it t e d fn n si dc t t a t y atmp e t watu tl h y we ep r t dt a n n h i e l rel h ee da t n iae h t he t t d o i ni t e r e mie o me d e l t i ans e a def e be o em ovi t c her w r nd ens s f r ng o ompelabirton,i or rt avoi an ar e t tt wavedt r ta i n de o d y gum nt ha hey i hc rghtt abir t by notr sng a bir to a a afim ai defns W hiet c thasno r s n t queton t i o r tae aii r tain s n fr tve e e. l he our ea o o si he snc rt oft sr pr s nt i çhe m ovi pa y' r s n fr dea i no r l n t t dea ti iy u r i e iy hi e e e aton, d t ng rt s em o o ly s t eeva t o he ful nqur nde (out Cic t p e e e t' RoaMcary 7 0F3da 7 2. F rh rui rc d n. t- la t, 0 . t 0 l ' 1 3 5 3 F3 a 3 3 (mph szn ta te mo i p ry S ie u tlt e e o tilt tl i 5 .d t 4 e a iig h t h vng a t û td n i he v f ra o ie t wa s m oto t co pe ar ta i ' a t t by t tm e i r t o ye s of ltg i ha oc r e i n o m l bir tons' nd ha , hat i , ' ove w ar ii aton d cu r d i whiht g antfs ha e ge i e tnsvepr tilprpartonsl;Frs rv. erl Lync n c he pli ifl d nga d n xe i era e ai ' a e M ril h Pire,Fe r& Smih,l . 81 F. 250,25 (t Ci.1 ec nne t nc, 7 2d 2 4h r 987)(i ng t tt def nts fndi ha he enda ' f ur and- - l yea de a i m ovi t c pel a bir ton s ppo t d a f ndi of ac ual o - one ha f r l y n ng o om r ta i u r e i ng t p eu ie. rj dc ) M or ove ,no hi i t r c d s e r t ng n he e or ugge t t tt t r e n- on h del y,i a of is f s s ha he hi t e m t a n nd t el, c u e I n tct s fe a t a p eu ie TheFo rh Cic i h sma ece rt a ûmjr d ly a s d n o e o u fr cu l rj d c . u t rut a d la h t t ee ea , g w iho m or w ilno s fce t c tt t w a ve . M a t ut e, l t uf i o ons iu e i r' ' xum ,779 F. at 982. s e alo l r 2d ,e s n e M ec y Co t.Co. 656 F. 933,93 ( h Ci.l 1 (n ba (tti onl whe t sdea rur nsr , 2d 9 4t r 98 ) e nc) û s y n hi ly l r s lsi a t lprj d c t a i ma a u tt d ea l'wi i te Ac.) Ac o dn l,t e e ut n cua eu ie h t t y mo n o d fut t n h t'. c r igy h h ' l t oft de ay is l i nots fc e t m ee l ec' hea bur n ofpr ng de a t eng h he l t e f s uf i i nt o t nnot s vy de ovi f ul. 2. The nat and ext oft def ure ent he endant lti i actvii s' i aaton i t es Thes c n f co i tep eu ie iq iy lo st t en tr a d e tn o t emo i g e o d a tr n h rj dc n ur o k o h au e n x e t f h v n pa t sltgai a tvii .Se Rot- wry,700F. a 70 $A1 i t caewihdely,t ry' ii ton ci tes e aMcla t 3d t 4.i s s he s t a he ( m ova ' pa tci ton i ltga i a tviy a o w ilnots f c as t di pos tve que to ;s nt s r i pa i n ii ton c i t l ne l ufi e, he s ii si n i wh t e t ep ryo j ci t abtai nh ss fee a ta p eudc .'Patn 3 0F.d a 2 6 eh r h at be t o r i to a u frd cu l ri ie' te , 8 3 t 0 ng r ' (mphass i orgi l ( i Mi ostaeg l .v.La ii,268 F. 244,249 ( h Ci. e i n i na) quotng cr r t y. nc urca 3d 4t r 2001) ). l iily te c u tmu trj c lnoe ' rla c o t efc t a b t sd sfly b if d ntal, h o r s ee t n tc s ein e n h a t h t o h i e u l re e is m oto t di m i s Vi i e h' c e c ai bef e t de e nt m ove t c pe t in o s s sont c s ount r l m or he f nda s d o om l ar taton. See Pl' Br. i Opp' l5. A s t Foulh Cicui expl ned i Paten, i i bir i .s n n he ' t r t ai n t t s i ppr pra e t co i r ç c i t t tt m ovi pa t d d noti ta e i a s s i t tpary' na o i t o ns de û tviy ha he a ng r y i nii t n s e s ng ha t s def t.' Paten,380 F. at 206. Becaus t r erenced m oton w as f l by l ec,r her aul ' t 3d e he ef i ied nnot at t a t e d fn a t,te c u ti u a e t fn t a p eu ie r s le fo t e d fn a t' h n h ee d n s h o r s n bl o id h t rj d c e utd r m h c e d n s r s e i oppoyton t t moton. Se W he lng Hos ,I v.Heat Pl n oft Uppe e pons n ii o he i e ei p. nc. lh a he r Ohi Valy,l ,683F. 577,588 ( h Ci. 2)( di t tt movi pa t so ii o le nc. 3d 4t r 201 hol ng ha he ng ry' pposton t moin fldb teplitfsc ul n t er l du o t s p o'afn igo p eu ie . o to s i y h an if o d o b ei p n o u p l idn f rj dc ) e e t Lie s ,t e c u t fn s n p eu ie aiig fo te fl g o a a s r a d k wie h o r id o rj dc rsn r m h ii f n n we n n coun e cl i by t de e t r am he f ndan s The Fourh Cic thaspr vi l hel t ta pary' tlng ofan t. t r ui e ousy d ha t s ii answer or com pul sory count cl m i ûnot neces iy i er ai s t sarl ncons s e w ih an i ent t pur i t nt t nt o sue a bir ton. Pat n,380 F. a 206. Tha i e pe i ly tuei aca e s h ast s i whih onl r ta i ' te ' 3d t t s s c al r n s uc hi, n c y s me b tno al o t e panifscamsa e s b e tt a btain. M o e v r a i Patn, o , u t l, f h litf li r u j c o r i to r r o e, s n te l n tc ( k sn s o n o p eu c aiig fo t sa p c o rh d fn a t' p etil n oe i e o h wig f rj die rsn r m hi s e t f te ee d n sj r-ra ma actviy.' I i t' d l e s r la on t di c r c nnot c' e i nce he s ove y onduc e i t s c e i al o una lng. Alhough t d n hi as s s vaii t t r or r ve s t t t pa te ha e ge i e e i wr te di c r a ltga ed a he ec d e al ha he r i s ve nga d n xt ns ve it n s ove y nd ii t num be of di c r di put , û e e pa tc pa i n i di c r s ove y s es û r r i i t o n s over i not s t c e t i c t m y s ufi i nt o ndi a e de a l . Ro a- cla t 700 F. a 70 M or ove , t di c r r que t by bot s d f u t' ' t M w ry, 3d t 4. e r he s ove y e s ed h i es c r a m uliude of i s o he t n t e r l t d t t Exc usviy A g e m e . l t ove ed tt s ues t r ha hos e a e o he l i t r e nt n he a e e of a a s ri n t t t de e nt i pr ry be f t f om c bs nc ny s e to ha he f nda s m ope l ne ied r onduc i di c r tng s ove y pr or tlflng t i t m oton,t c ti u bl tlc ude t tt def nt 'us of t i t ii he nsant i he our s na e t oncl ha he enda s e he d so r p o e sc usd ln tct s fe t p eu ierq ie t s p o t fn igo d ful. ic vey r c s a e n o e o u fr he rj d c e ur d o u p r a idn f ea t Se t (mphaszi t tt pl ntf fie t e anho t dico r c e ês e i ng ha he ai if ald o xpli w he s vey onduce û ul be td k d wo t (he defnda ') ad nt e, or una iabl, i abirton' Patn, 38 F.d a 207 o t e nts va ag val e n r tai l; te 0 3 t age' r he scover y ( e vi t t t pli if de obsr ng ha he antf monsrtd t r uli di tae i es tng sadvant ' f om t di no c onduc e i t ca e) t d n he s . Fi al ,t c u'mu trjc I n tc sagu ntta t ed fnd nswav d terg t n ly he o l s ee t n oe ' r tne h t h ee a t ie h iht o t com pelar t i by f lng a m oton t enf biraton ii i o orce an aleged or s tem entagr ent whi has l al etl eem , ch snc bee de e byt c t i e n nid he our.SeeP1' Br i Opp' 1 ( toni S tgrae utlzai .s .n n 6 quesi ng k wha e tr ii ton $ t ltgain ma hi r c d bei gi ).Alho h whehert nonmovi pary wa of he ii to c ney' oul ma ned' t ug t he ng t s rq ie t r s o d t a d s o i v moin ma fco it t e p eu ie a ay i,t e F u t e ur d o e p n o ip st e t i o y a t r no h rj d c n lss h o rh Cic thas cou eld ag ns a i a brghtlne nle t tt m e e flng of a dipostve r ui ns e ai t doptng i -i l ha he r ii s ii mo ini ihee typ eudca.RoaM csry 7 0F.da 7 4n.5(iigW h ei , 8 F.d to s n rnl rj iil t- la t, 0 3 t 0 1 ctn e l 6 3 3 ng a 5 0 . I ta ,ten n vngp rymu ts o t a ç cu lp eudc . .e utdt e er m. t 9 ) nse d h o mo i at s h w h t û ta rj ie . r s le h r fo ' a ' W heet 683 F. a 5 lna, 3d t 90. He e, l e me ey ct s t t f c t t t de e nt r nnot c r l ie o he a t ha he f nda s ksmula ii tneousy agueg t tt sc s hag stl 'wihoutofe i a e a tonast ho l r dj ha hi a e d) eted, t ' frng ny xplnai o w i wa p eu ie b te fln o te poe tal ds stv moi n Pl' Br i Op n 1 t s rj dc d y h iig f h tn ily ipo iie to . . . n p' 6. s Cons qu l t c ti co pe l d t cc c ude on t f ct pr s e t l e has f ie e enty, he our s m le o m l , he a s e ent d, hat nnot c al d t me tisb r e o s o n a t a p eu ie W he l ,6 3 F.d a 5 ;P F retr 55 o e t u d n f h wi g cu l rj dc . ei 8 3 t 9l . o r se, 3 ng L . F.d a 3 3 (o ldngta t panif s fe e a t a p eu iewh r t ed fn a tsu eo 3 t 4 c ncu i h t he litfs u fr d cu l rj d c e e h e e d n ' s f t ltga i pr e s pe m it d t de e he ii ton oc s r te he f ndan t de ea s ve al of t pl i t fs' c a m s on t o f t e r he a n if l i s ummay j r udgme a f c t m t rvea t rtil sr t yl Fr e ,817 F. a 252 nt nd ored he o e l hei ra taeg ; asr 2d t (ea hi t s meco usonwhees vealoft pli ifscai weedeeae ons r c ng he a ncl i r e r he antf' l ms r f td ummar y j d me t ve t y a sb f r t ed fnd n d ma d dabtain . u g n o r wo e r eo e h ee a t e n e r irto ) Fo t s r as ,t co ' co l s t t t a bir ton pr son of t Exc usviy r he e e ons he ul nc ude ha he r ta i t ovi i he l it A g e m e t i enf c a e aga ns l e , t t t c a m s a s r e i Coun I f l w ihi t r e n s or e bl i t nnot c ha he l i s e td n t a l t n he s ope of t pr s o a t t t de enda s di not wai t r g t c pel a bir t o c he ovi i n, nd ha he f nt d ve he i ht o om r t a i n. Accor ngl t courtw ilgr t def di y, he l ant he endant m oton t com pelar taton of Count1of t s' i o bir i he c antand sa f rhe j cilpr e ngswih r pe tt t teount Se Choi -Hot s ompli ty u t r udi a oc edi t es c o ha . e cç el l ' , l v. BSR Tropi nt l nc. cana Res a I ,252 F. 707,709 ( h Ci.2001 (sl he FAA ort nc. 3d 4t r ) ûg-q - 16 rq ie a dsrc c u t...t sa j dca p o e dng iv li g is e c v rd b wrte e ur s itit o r o ty u iil r c e i s n ov n su s o ee y i n t abir tonagee nt.)( tng9U. C.j3) Thedee nt'aler tvemoin f j me r tai r me s' cii ' S. . fnda s t nai to or udg nt o t epla n so frs mmayj dg n a t Cou tlwilb d ne wih u p eu iet te n h e dig r o u r u me t s o n l e e id t o t rj d c o h de e nt 'rghtt r i e t i s sdurng t a bir ton pr ce di . f nda s i o a s he s ue i he r ta i o e ngs I l. R em ai na Cl m s ni ai The de enda s ha not moved t c f nt ve o ompela bir ton as t a o he c t i t r ta i o ny t r oun n he com pl nt a ne t r pary ha a gue o s ai , nd ihe t s r d r uggese t t any of t r m ai ng c a m s or t d ha he e ni li co ecams wo d be s bj t t abir to The Fourh Cic t ha rcog z t t untrli ul u ec o r tain. t rui s e nied ha kll oreme of a e nt t abir t unde t Fedea Ar tai Ac ma rquie ûenf c nt greme s o r tae r he rl birton t y e r pi c m e ltga i a t d i i t say t ltga i ofnon- r ta e c a m s or i s i a e e al ii ton, nd he ec s on o t he ii ton a bir bl l i s ues s m at rlr y wihi t dititcou tsdic ei t c r is doc t' Am .Re te a gel t n he src r ' s r ton o ontol t ke . ' cove y Cor , r p. 96 F. a 97.s e a s Chore Ent r . I v. i ke sBa bec Res s ,l ,807 F. 553,558 3d t , e l o l y e sp nc. D c v' r ue t . nc. 3d ( h Ci.2015 (t er c zet trquii t pate t ltgaei t difrntf umsmay 4t r ) iW e ogni ha e rng he ris o ii t n wo fee or be i fci nt and coul l t cont ctng r t Butt s out e i m andat by t Feder nef i e , d ead o li i esuls. hi com s ed he al A r t a i n A c , w hi h r ui e pi e e l ltga i whe e as he e, t a e m e s c l f bir t o t c eq r s ec m a ii ton r, r he gr e nt al or a bir ton of s r ta i ome cli ,bu notot r ....W e la i t t ditit c ts dic eton a ms t he s e ve t o he src our' s r i wh te t sa tefa c ie s gt eqcamsp n i c ncu ino teabtain. . eh r o ty h rn h s e ' oh r li e dng o lso f h r irto ' ) Be a e ne t r sde ha a e s how t r m a ni c ai ss d pr ee i t e nt c us ihe i s ddr s ed he e i ng l m houl oc d n he ve t t courtr red ar t aton ofCount1 t courtwilper i t partest s i addii hat he equi bir i , he l m t he i o ubm t t onal br e i o t s i s . Spe fc l t pa te s l hav t tl A u t 3, 201 t tl i tng n hi s ue cii aly, he ri s ha l e mi gus 8 o ie sm ula ous bre s a e sng t is of whehe t r mai ng cli s s d be sa i tne if ddr s i he s ue t r he e ni am houl tyed pendi t r ol i of t ar taton pr ng he es uton he bir i oceedi rel ed t Count 1 See.e. , Tr d v. ngs at o . g. ouar Dikev' Ba be ue Ress.1 , No.8: 4- v- 703,201 U. Dit LEXI 2013 a * ( . d. c s r c t . nc. , 1 e 01 6 S. s . S 4, t 3 D M 17 Feb.l 201 (ddr sngwhehe t sayno a bir ecli afe havi t pa tesbreft 9, 6) a esi t r o t n-r tabl ams tr ng he ri i he is . sue) Concl on usi For t r as s a e t de e nt 'm oto t c pe a bir ton as t Count1w ilbe he e ons t t d, he f nda s i n o om l r t a i o l g a td, n termo inf r u g nt nt ep e d n so f rs mmayj g n wihr s e t o r ne a d h i to o j d me o h la i g r o u r ud me t t e p c t t a c u twi bed n e wi u p eu ie h t o n l e id t t rj dc . l ho The Cl r i diec e t s nd c pi oft sm e or ndum opi on a t a om pa ng e k s r t d o e o es hi m a ni nd he cc nyi or t al counselofr d. der o 1 ecor DATED:r s * 'hiJJ da ofJ y 20 8 y ul 1 . , Se orUnie Stt sDititJ dg ni t d a e src u e 18

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