Kalan v. Health Center Commission of Orange County, Virginia et al, No. 3:2016cv00023 - Document 29 (W.D. Va. 2016)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 7/26/16. (hnw)
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CLERK' OFFt U.S, ST. : ce DI cour ATROANQKQ, VA FlEn k I THE UN I N TED STATES D I STRI CO URT CT FOR TH E W ESTERN DI STRI O F V I N I CT RGI A CHA RLOTTESV I LLE D I VISI ON JUL 2 6 2 1 25 J K C. DLE L Y, ERK CL ERK SU SAN K A LAN , a Ad nitao o h Esaeo s mi sr tr fte t t f Ju M i e de e e ne ck y, c as d, Ci lA cton N o.3: vi i 16CV 00023 Pl ntf , ai if M EM O M N DU M O PI O N NI H EA LTH CEN TER CO M M I ON SSI O F O RAN G E CO UN TY , I N I , V RGI A a l a OR AN G E C OUN TY N UR SI G /c / N H OM E CO M M ISSI ta D OG W O OD ON / VI LLA GE O F O RAN G E CO UN TY H EA LTH AN D REH AB I TA TI , LI ON eta1, . By: on.G l n E.Co 'd H e ma Chi U nie St t sD i ti tJ ef t d a e sr c udge De e nt . f nda s Pli ifSus n Kaln, ad i sr t oft esa eofJ M ikey,tl dt sa ton antf a a as m nita or he tt une c i e hi c i a i tde e nt Heat Ce e Co mison ofOr ngeCo y,Vigi aak/ Or ngeCount ga ns f nda s lh ntr m s i a unt r ni / a a y Nuri Hom eComm isonta Dogwoo VilgeofOr nge Count Heat a Re biiai sng si / d la a y lh nd ha lt ton (s C DogwoodVil ' a OrngeCount Vigni (heû lage' nd a ) y, r i a t ç count ),a welasRa phV, y' s l ndol Meni k, . a Ra phV. e c M . , C.c lci y,$ .Merc '.Kaa brngs c M D. nd ndol M ni k, D.P. (ole tvel i Dr rik' ln i ) camsunde 42U. C.j 1 a saelw.Theca ei pr s nl beo et c tonDogwoo li r S. 983 nd tt a s s e e ty fr he our d Vilge' motont dimist c aitpurua tt Rul l b)6 oft Fe r lRul ofCi l la s i o s s he ompl n s n o e 2( () he de a es vi Pr dur Fort f l i r as , he co tw ilg a t m o i oce e. he olow ng e ons t ur l r nt he ton. Kalan v. Health Center Commission of Orange County, Virginia et al Doc. 29 Fact Backzround ual The f l ng f s,t olowi act aken f om pl ntf com pl nt ar accept astue f pur r ai ips ai , e ed r or poses of t moi t dimis Se Erc onv.Padus 5 U. 8 94( he ton o s s. e iks r , 5l S. 9, 2007) . Dockets.Justia.com De e ntDog f nda wood Vil gei aco y-unhe lh c nt rf c lt i Or nge Count la s unt r at e e a iiy n a y, V igi a.J M i ke w asa it d t D og ood V il e on Ja ua y 26,201 She r quied r ni une c y dm te o w lag n r 2. e r nur i home c r duet s ve a me c lcondii ,i udi ç e l de e i hype tnson, sng ae o e r l di a tons ncl ng s nie m nta, s re i ara fbrlai GERD,chr ni pa nduet ose rhrts f iur t t i a apr vi f 1' til i il ton, o c i o t oa t ii, a l e o hrve, nd e ous al. ' Compl!28.Att tmeofhe a si DogwoodVilge' a s s tf m i c tdt t . he i r dmison, la s sesmen or ndiae ha Mike nee dasitncewihwaki us awheec i,a ha af lrs o i1 '1 !30. c y de ssa t l ng, ed lhar nd d al ik f $0.'d. De e ntDr M e rc a s sgne a or rt tr r d M ike t beta f re wih t hep f nda , ri k lo i d n de ha equie c y o r ns e r d t he l ofaDog wood Vilge saf me r agatbet and awake . c la t f mbe , i l, l r The ompli a lgest t fom ant le ha, r J nua y of201 untlSept m be of201 M i ke sm o m e sw e e m os l i e nde - ie. a r 2 i e r 2, c y' ve nt r ty nd pe nt . , w ihoutas i t nce f om saf o us ofa e pm e . t ssa r t f r e ny qui nt M i y s f e no l st n sx s pa aef lswhie s r i a Dogwood Vil .On cke ufer d es ha i e r t a l l he esded t lage O c obe 11 201 M i ke f loutofhe w he c ri t pr e e ofD ogw ood V il e s a f t r , 2, c y el r el hai n he es nc lag t f . H e ca e pl n wasnotr vi e t i l a tona pr ca i ns a s con i r r a e s d o nc ude ddii l e uto , nd he tnued t m ove o w ihoutas it nce On N ove be 1 201 M i y f l i he r t ssa . m r 9, 2, cke e l n r oom w hie tyi t w a k t t l r ng o l o he ba hr t oom on he own.Dr M e rc t n or e Dog r . r ik he der d wood Vil sa ft i tuc M i ke ast lage t f o nsr t c y o t i 's ksa bengmor co z ntofhers r ngs J a!40. ikey' f lase s nt s ppy' oc nd i gr e gnia uroundi .. k M c s al ssme wa no r vied o updaed. s te s r t O n Fe ua y 1 201 Dr M e c c nge M i ke sta f r s a us f om ia s sed wih br r 3, 3, . ni k ha d c y' r ns e t t r s s i t t onepe s gaibela awal r'oknde nde . 1 !44. ron, t t nd ke't ' pe nt' d. Howe r M ike c i dt i ' ve, c y ontnue o r c ve a s s a e w ih he m ove e s f o Febr r of201 t J of201 Herf l rs was e ei s i t nc t r m nt r m ua y 3 o une 3. a l ik s e ntyi ra edt (1 'I !45. J of201 M ike sc r pln i cae t ts ubsque l nce s o û6. d. ' By une 3, c y' a e a ndi td ha he r quied s g fca as i t nc w ih da l a tvii a ha C ne alze de lt i i e e r i nii nt s s a e t iy c i tes nd d ' r i d biiy, mpa r d ge mobiiy,a oc asona urnay a bo li ontne e. l !46. lt nd e i l i r nd we nc i nc ' d. ' On A ugus 30,201 M i ke f lf om he bed.I r pons ,Dr M e c or r d t 3, c y el r r n es e . ni k de e Dog ood V il ge s a ft pr de M i key w ih a de i d pe i e e m a t e s M i y' f l r s w la t f o ovi c t f ne rm t r tr s . cke s a l ik wasaloee e t $18. l !48.OnSe e r23,201 Mike fl i herr m,whies s lvatd o ; ' d. , ptmbe 3, c y eln oo l he w asr t ni f om t ba hr .She a t m pt d t lf he s l up by hol ng on o he ni ht t nd, e ur ng r he t oom te e o il r e f di t r g sa butf l a i Afe t sf l,Sus n Kaln wa a s d by Dogwood Vil ge sa ft tM i ke e l ga n. tr hi al a a s dvie la t f ha c y had r c ve a de i d pe i ee m ates a a ir l c onherwheechar e ei d fne rm tr tr s nd nt-olba ks l i. On N ove be 30 201 ,M i y f l whie a t m ptng t sti he w he c rwihout m r , 3 cke e l l te i o i n r el hai t as it e. co di t t c s sanc Ac r ng o he ompli , hebr keson he whe l i we enotl ke a t tme. ant t a r echar r oc d t he i Dr M eni k o der d Dogwoo Vilgesaf t plc a ir l ckson M ike swheec r . c r e d la t f o a e nt-olba c y' lhai, alhough Ka a waspr vi l a s d t tt shadale dy bee done. i y' f l rs was t ln e ousy dvie ha hi ra n M cke s al ik upgrdedt ç1 'J=!52. .Merc snotsfo J nuayof201 a Fe uayof201 a o $9. /. Dr rik' e r m a r ' 4 nd br r 4 i c t d t tM ike wasi pe ntwihta f r . t nuor M ikey' us ofa de i ndia e ha c y nde nde t r ns e s Furhe e, c s e fned pe i t rma tes wa dic i ued on Fe ua y 15 201 Ho ve , hecompl i ca mst t rme e tr s s s ontn br r , 4. we r t ant li ha D ogwood V il e' r cor da e M a c 5, 4 i c t t tM i ke di no wal on he ow n lag s e ds t d r h 201 ndi a ed ha c y d t k r and r r m axi um assit equi ed m s ance. On M ar h 1 201 anur i ade a Dogwood Vilgef c 9, 4, sng i t la ound M ike l ng on t foor c y yi he l ofhe r . i y' lh a m wa hype - xt nde unde he a bl poold a ou herhe d. r oom M cke s e r s re e d r r nd ood e r nd a Att tm eofhe f l,M ike sbe a whe c i we e no e pped wih f lalr st t he i r a l c y' d nd elha r r t qui t al a m ha w o d ha al r e D o o V il ge s a ft ts w a m ov ng.M i ke s f r d a dee ul ve e t d gw od la t f ha he s i c y uf e e p l ce a i a a r ton bove he l f e br ,a s a ll e a i on he l te bow ,a s e lng on he l f r e t ye ow m l ac r ton r ef l nd w li r et m a bl She a s c pl i d ofne k,s de ,a hi pa n. ndi e. l o om a ne c houl r nd p i M i ke w a t a pored t Cul pe Regi lH os t a putt c y s r ns t o pe r ona pial nd mders ton.Hos t l eda i pia s a fc os d t l ce a i on M i y' f e d w ih s ur s A CT s n r ve ed t tM i ke t f l e he a r ton cke s or hea t ut e . ca e al ha c y had ' cat r s r hnoi bl i t font ll % te ed uba ac d ood n he r a obesa a facur oft lf poseror s nd r t e he e t t i ma lay snus whihpeha e e dt t ltrlor t wal'I !62. rysas xilr i , c r ps xtnde o he aea bial 1. d. ' X-a lo rv ae ta Mik yha a imp ce dsa r da fcu eo he lf wrsg 'ak o n td e e ld h t c e d n l a td itl a il a tr f r e t it, ' ' mmiue i l c l tf m or lnec fa t eofhe lf hi ' a i e tpl r le f i ' I M edialsa f ef e a k r c ur r el p, nd t f eu a fuson. d. ' l ' c tf de e m i d t tM i ke r quie w rs a hi s ge y.H o e r M i ke s c t o t r ne ha c y e r d it nd p ur r w ve , c y' ondii n de e i a e and s w asad it d t t i ens ve c r uni.A s ond CT s a s e t t t ror t d, he m te o he nt i a e t ec c n how d ha M ike had ac lps d lf l a S c y ola e e t ung nd t mode a erg plur le f son,pos i y duet bl '1 r t i ht e a f u i sbl o ood. d. ' !6 OnM ac 2 2 4, ike r c ie ac e t u e S ede f u d y ltra t a eo 8 . 4. rh 2, 01 M c y e ev d h s t b . h id o r a s ae the g f 8 On M a c 1 201 Ka a fl t sa ton a ns Dogwood Vil ge Dr M e rc a r h 5, 6, l n ied hi c i gai t la , . r ik, nd t Co y,algi vi ai of42U. C.j 1 3a saelw. ctcal Kaa camst t he unt le ng oltons S. 98 nd tt a Spe ii ly, ln li ha D o ood V il ge a t Count d pr ve M i ke ofhe ci lr gh s a s c e by f r la gw la nd he y e i d c y r vi i t , s e ur d ede a nd saelwsa dr g lto s whe t e fie t p e e t e ij re a s bsq e td ah( u t tt a n e uain , n h y ald o r v n h r nu is nd u e u n e t Co n l. lnalo a srsac ) Kaa s se t ommon1w cai ofne i nc a i ta1def nt ( a lm glge e gans l enda s Count1) She 1. se sc mp nst r d ma e i tea u t f$ ,0 ,0 .0 p e a dp s-u g n itr s, e k o e ao y a g s n h mo n o 40 00 00 , r - n o tj d me tn ee t a t nw y' f e a cos s a a o he a opra e r le . n Apr l29,201 D og ood V il ge to s e s nd t , nd ny t r ppr i t e i f O i 6, w la tldamotont dimist c ai purua t Rul 1 b)6)oft Fe r Rul ofCi l qe i o s s he ompl nt s nto e 2( ( he deal es vi Pr edur .U pon a s i a i n ofdi m i s by t pa te ,t co ute er d a o de o M a 1 oc e tpul to s s al he ri s he t ' nt e n r r n y 3, 201 dim isng bot c sa ns t Count a Co 1 a i tDogwood Vil ge The 6, s s i h ount gai t he y nd unt 1 gans la . co the d a he r ng on t m o i t d s i s o J y 1 201 The m oton hasbee f l br e e ur l ai he ton o i m s n ul , 6. i n uly i f d a i no rpe f dipos to nd s w i or s ii n. St andard ofR evi w e Rul 1 b)6 oft Fe r RulsofCi lPr dur pemisapa t t movefr e 2( () he deal e vi oce e r t ry o o di m i s lofa c pl i f f iur t s a e a c a m upon whi h r i c n be g ant d. s vi s sa om a nt or a l e o t t l i c elef a r e To ur ve dimis lf f iur t sa eac am ,apli ifmus esa ih S a al a i lt 'by pladi s s a or al e o t t l i antf t t bls i ci plusbiiy' f e ng d acualc e tt ta l t c t o d aw t r as bl i e e et tt de e n i la e ç t ont n ha lows he our t r he e ona e nf r nc ha he f nda t s ibl f frt mic o he s onduc alge 'As r tv.l l 556U. 66 6 ( t le d. hcof qba, ' S. 2, 78 2009) I r lngona1 b)6) .n ui 2( ( moton,a lwel- e ded al ga i i t c pli ta et ke astu a a 1r as bl f c ua i l lpla le tons n he om a n r a n r e nd l e ona e a t l i e e e a edr wn i t pl i ifsf vor Ed r v. t cfGol bor 1 F.d 231 244 nf r nc s r a n he antf a . wa ds Ciy ? ds o, 78 3 , ( hCi.1 99 . 4t r 9 ) Howeve,(lj botom,apl ntf mus C r sa t t ai if t nudgeg r cai a r st lnefo he) l ms c os he i r m conc i bl t pl i e't r s s di m i s l' W a M or Docs LLC v. e va e o ausbl o e it s s a . ' g e . Coza t 68 F. 359, r , 0 3d 3 4 6 ( t Ci. 01 )( u tn Bel l Co . Two l, 5 U. 5 4, 7 ( 0 7) The 6 - 5 4 h r 2 2 q oi g lAt. p v. mby 5 0 S. 4 5 0 2 0 ). compl ntm us c ai s fcen f c sko r iea rghtt r i a ai t ont n ufi i t a t d a s i o elef bovet s c a i lve 'a t he pe ultve e l' nd is a e a c ai t r le t i pl usbl on isf ce ' Tw om bl 5 U . a 555,57 A lhoug a it t l m o e i f hat s a i e t a .' y, 50 S. t 0. t h co pl ntnee no c a n de a l d f c ua aleg i ns i m us c ai m o e t n ll bel a m ai d t ont i t ie a t l l ato , t t ont n r ha 'a s nd e us ons'a ;a f m ul i r ia i oft e e e sofa c e ofa ton w ilno do.' d. t oncl i ' nd ' or a c ec t ton he l m nt aus ci l t '1 a 555.nc i rngaRul 1 b)6)moto t c t yc i re bisat he t or l onsde i e 2( ( in,he our ma onsde xhi t tac d o r en-dt i t c ai .Se Philpsv.LCIItll ,1 F. 609,61 ( hCi.1 9) ef e o n he ompl nt e li n '.nc. 90 3d 8 4t r 99 . D i si seus on D og ood V il ge m ove t di m i s t c pl i ,a gui t tK a a ha f ie t sa e a w la s o s s he om a nt r ng ha l n s a l d o t t plusbl cam f r le unde j1 W he af rlsaut d snote iil pr defra a i e li or eif r 983. n edea tt e oe xplcty ovi o prvaerme apli ifc n e o c he rg sunde t saut t ought a nue ( )a i t e dy, antf a nfr c r iht r he tt e hr wo ve s: 1 n i idrg ofa tonunde t saut isl,o ()ac us ofa tonbr mple iht ci r he tt e tef r 2 a e ci oughtunde j1 See r 983. g r l CiyofRa ho Pal Vede v. a ,5 U. 11 11 21( ) Tosaeac us enealy t nc os r s Abr ms 44 S. 3, 9- 2005 . tt a e ofacin unde j1 apli ifmus e tbls t ts hasbe nde i dofarghtg rnted to r 983, antf t sa ih ha he e prve i ua a e by t Cons iu i orl w soft Unie St t sand t tt s de i ton r ule f om co he tt ton a he t d a e ha hi prva i es t d r nduc t c ommit by apes n a tngunde c o o saelw. etv.At ns 487U. 42,48( 988) ted ro ci r olr f tt a W s ki , S. 1 . çnor rt s e r r s t ou j1 howeve,apli ifmus a sr t vi ai o a ' de o e k ed e s hr gh 983, l r antf t se the olton f f der lr xht notm e e y a vi a i n off der ll w . Bl s i v.Fr s one 5 U . 329,340 e a i , rl ol to e a a ' e sng ' ee t , 20 S. ( 997)(mpha i i orgi l.ft r i novi ai ofafderlrg ,he ei noba i fra 1 e ss n i na) I he e s olton e a ihtt r s ss o cli unde j1 Clr v.Li 8 F. 15 1 ( hCi.1988 . am r 983. ak nk, 55 2d 6, 61 4t r ) l tei tn c s , yfiigt p e n M ik y' ij i sa ds s q e t ah, ln n h nsa t a e b al o rve t c e s nure n ub e u n de t Kaa n c e t tDogwood Vilgevi ae M ikey' c vi rg saspr e t d by t M ediai Ac , ont nds ha la olt d c s i l i ht ot c e he c d t 42U. C.j1 1 S. 396- 396v;t M e c eAc,42U. C.j1 .heFedea Nuri Ho he diar t S. 395,t rl sng me Reor Ac (k f m t; FNHRA',42U. C.j1 -fde a rgultons a saer gultonst t ' ) S. 3961 e r l e ai ; nd tt e ai ha ; gove n t m a r he nage e a a i s r i ofnur i f iii s 1The c pl i s t f t m nt nd dm ni taton s ng ac lte . om a nt e s orh f ur e n s ii vi a i ofM i ke s c vi r g sunde t s l w s o t e pec f c ol tons c y' i l i ht r he e a . l o de t de e m i whehe apa c a sa u or pr vii c e esaf de alrght t n r r o t r ne t r li ulr tt t y o son r at e r i , he SuprmeCour oft Unie Stt e tbls dat e fco ts:()Scongrs mus ha e t he td aes sa ihe hre-a tr e t 1 t e s t ve i e dt tt pr soni que tonbe it pli if'( t pl ntf mus de tae ntnde ha he ovii n si nefthe antf ; 2) he ai if t monsrt t tt rghtpup ore y pr t c e byt sa ut i no s ( g a a or ha he i tdl o e t d he tt e s t o t ue nd m phous'ha is va 't t t e f re n wo l sr i j diil o ee c ; n ( )ûh sau emu t n mbg o syi s n o c me t u d tan u ca c mp tn e a d 3 i e ttt s u a iu u l mpo e t a bi ng oblga i on t St t s ' Bl s ng 520 U . a 340- Eve i al t r e f t sa e ndi i ton he a e .' es i , S. t 41. n f l h e ac or r me,heBl snct tonl ceaesar tabl prs i t tt rg i e orea eunde j tt esi es y r t ebut e e umpton ha he iht s nf c bl r 1 3..sa 341 Cong e sma e iil fr cos e o c me unde j1 3,o i maydo s 98 Jt t . t r s y xplcty o e l e nfr e nt r 98 r t o i plc ty by c e tng $a c pr ns ve e or m e s he e t ti i om pa i e w ih m i il r a i t om ehe i nf ce nt c m ha s nc tbl t i vi le ore ntunde j 1 *1 ndi dua nf e me r 983. d. 5 Fi yea sl t ,i G onza U ni r iy v. oe t Supr e Cour c a ii t co uson ve r a er n ga ve st D , he em t l r fed he nf i . t tha de ope a ha d vel d mongdititc t i i e ei Bl snc. U. 273, ( 2) src ours n ntmrtng esi 536 S. 283 200 . 1 h ends ha e s ol e he c d , h ny i o r vs s n h Al o j Kaln cont t tdefndant vi atdt M ediai Act s eo l ctst p o iin i te t uh a e o FNH RA , hi l pa toft M e ca d Ac . ss h,t c t illm i is dicus i t t FNH RA . w ch s r he di i t A uc he our w l i t t s son o he Sp cfc l t eCo r rj ce ten to t tk n higs o t fa u mb g o l c n erd e iial h u t ee td h o in ha k yt n h r o n na iu usy o fre y, a rg 'c ds r ac eofa tonu rj 1 L.I t d,t Cour obsr dt t kf iht' oul uppo t aus ci nde 983.dsnsea he s t eve ha,d i Congrs wihest ce t ne rg se or a eund rj 1 imus dos i cea a e s s o rae w iht nf ce bl e 983,t t o n l r nd una bi m guous t r s no l s a no m o e t n w ha i r qui e f Congr s t c e e ne em e s nd r ha t s e r d or e s o r at w r g se o c a e unde a i ple prva e r g ofa to ' 1 a 290. s a r e,i r t t xt i ht nf r e bl r n m i d i t i ht c i n. d. t ' A ul û whe e he e a sr t eofasat epr denoi c tont tCo r si e e t c e t ne i vi l nd tucur t ut ovi ndiai ha nges ntndgdj o r ae w ndi dua rght ,t r i no bass f a prva e s t' l a 28 Furhe m or , he Cour not d t tis i s he e s i or i t ui. d. t 6. t r e t ' t e ha t i ple r g ofa ton ca e s d gui e t a ys sast w he he a sa ut c e sr g s m i d i ht c i s s houl d he nal i o t r t t e onf r i ht e orea eunde j 1 l l ohe wor ,û(l quetonwhehe Cong e s..itndedt nf c bl r 983.d.n t r ds ûtthe si t r r s . ne o ce t aprvaerghtofacin gs defnii l ans rdi t ne tve'wher aitt ebyis rae i t i to ij i tvey wee n he gai e saut t tr g a t n p iaerg t t a yi e tfa l ca s' l . t 3 8 ( u tn To c Ro s& ems r ns o rv t ih s o n d niibe ls.' d a 28 - 4 q o ig u he s ' Co. Re ngt 442U. 560,576(1 79) Ass h,dg c tsr ei dic nlngwhehe v. di on, S. 9 ). uc ial our' ol n s e i t r pero rg se s i t j1 c e s dt rf enotdifrfom isr ei dic r ng s nal iht xitn he 983 ontxt houl heeor fe r t ol n seni w he he pe s t r r onalrght e s i t i ple rghtofac i c e . 1 a 285. i s xit n he m i d i ton ont xt' d. t ' The Su e e Cour ha onl t i f m d t ts a ut pas e pur ua t t pr m t s y w ce ot ha t t es s d s nt o he Consiuton' Spe ng Clus ga rs t e or a ergh s a oneoft e c s sc e ne tt i s ndi a e ve ie o nf ce bl i t , nd hos a e onc r d a pr vi i i t M edi i A c . onz a,536 U . a 280- .l W ide v.V igi a H os t l o s on n he ca d t G ag S. t 81 n l r r ni pia Asn.t Sup e Co tpemitdhe lhc r pr dest brnga j1 s tagans sae s ,he r me ur r te at ae ovi r o i n 983 ui i t tt ofi asi o d t e o c ar i s me prvii unde j1 ()13( oft Me c d fcil n r er o nf r e embure nt o son r 396aa( )A) he diai Ac. U. 498,51 ( 990) I s hol ng,heCour f t tt pr so di notc e t t496 S. 2 1 .n o di t t ound ha he oviin d r ae m er l a pr e alrghtt tr t be a om pa e by a fndi ofr s bl s a ey oc dur i ha a es cc ni d i ng ea ona ene s nd a uac buta s t the lh c r pr de s ha % s t ntve r g t r as bl a ade t deq y, l o ha a t a e ovi r d ç ubs a i i ht o e ona e nd qua e a (embureme lrt . 1 a 51 M os i tnty,t Cour noe t ttgl M e c i Ac ri s nt aes' d. t 0. t mpora l he ' t td ha tthe diad t c n an n c mpaa l p o iinf rp iae u iil ra miitaiee f re n . l . t5 1 o tis o o rbe r vso o rv t j dca o d n srtv n o c me t' d a 2 . ' Be us t M ed c d Actpr son a is i W ide i ve y dif r tfom t onesa is i ca e he i ai ovii t s ue n l r s r fe en r he t s ue n t sca e,t co tmus de e newhet rt pr vii ct i t c hi s he ur t t nni he he o sons ied n he ompl i m e tt ant e he Blsigf co s S eDo v. d , 01F.d3 8 3 5(t Ci, 0 7 ( eemi ig u igte e sn a tr. e e Kid 5 3 4 , 5 4 h r 2 0 ) d tr nn , sn h Bls i fcor, t rt pl ntf ha a e ore bl fde a rg unde j1 ( ()oft e snc a t s whehe he ai if d n nf c a e e r l iht r 396aa)8 he M e c i Ac) diad t. Ast t fr tBl s i f t , wood Vil gec e t tCo r sdi note c o he is e sn: acor Dog la ont nds ha ng es d na t a oft f de als a ut s c t d i t c pl i t c nf rf de alrght upon nur i hom e ny he e r t t e ie n he om a nt o o e e r i s s ng r i nt . esde s Congr s i en t be ftt pli tf r quie mor t as wi t tkhepl i if es ' nt t o ne i he a n if e r s e han ho ng ha d t antf f l w ihi t g ne a zone ofi e e tt tt s a ut i i t nded t pr ec . .' Gonz ,536 als t n he e r l nt r s ha he t t e s n e o ot t . . ' aga U . a 283. a he , çhe pl i i fm us de onsr t t tt f r ls a ut c e t a S. t R t r' t a ntf t m ta e ha he ede a t t e r a es n i vi l e or a erg i t cls ofbenei ai t whih(l beongs'Ra hoPaos ndi dualy nf ce bl iht n he a s tcires o c she l .' nc l Ve des 544 U. a 1 l ot rwor , hepl i ifm us s t tt sa ut ha a r , S. t 20. n he ds t antf t how ha he tt e s n k û i t ka e f cuson t be ke cl s ' Gonza ,536 U , a 284.i a ut t tf us on unm s a bl o he net d as . ' ga S. t t t es ha oc st t pe s r gul t r t rt t i vi l pr e t d c e t no i plca i n ofa i e t he r on e a ed a he h% he ndi dua s ot c e r a e m i to n nt nt o c e rght onapatculrcls ofpe s .' e nderv.Sa onfr i s ri a a s rons'Alxa ndoval532U. 275,28 ( ) , S. 9 2001. l t sca e t c ur doesnotbele t tCongr si ende t co e f de alrght t n hi s , he o t ive ha es nt d o nfr e r i s o nur i home r sde st o h t f de alsaut y a r gult y pr vii ct d i t sng e i nt hr ug he e r t t or nd e a or o sons ie n he c pl i t The c pl i i l om a n . om a nt nc udes s ve a r quie e s unde t M e c r A c a t e r l e r m nt r he di a e t nd he FN H RA , hi c e n t qualt oflf f nur i hom e r i n s s r c a a tvii s w ch onc r he iy ie or s ng esde t , e vi es nd c i te pr de t r s de s nur i hom e a m i sr to a co pla e w ih ot r l w sa ovi d o e i nt , sng d ni t a i n, nd m i nc t he a nd pr e sona sa r . U. C.jj1 - b) () 42U. C.jj 1 ( ,() Theei no ofsi l tndads 42 S. 395i3( , d ; S. 396rb) d . r s do t tnur i hom e r s de sa e bene it d b t s pr sons a t tM i y f l w ihi ubt ha s ng e i nt r fte y he e ovi i , nd ha cke e l t n t ge r z o i e eti t epr vii . he neal one f ntr s n hes o sons Howe r j 1 i me ntt pr ec agans ve , 983 s a o ot t i t de i ton ofd i ht , t br de orvag rS ne is or çnt r t ' . . Gonza ,536 U . pr va i ' g s not he oa r r ue be ft ' i e es s . .' ' ga S. a 283.i t Gonza t s a ut y l ngua m us u m bi t ' Pos ga, he t t or a ge t na guous y i c t t tCongr s l ndi a e ha es i e d t sa u et c e f de a rg s' Fi r v. Cr s Ct ,13 F.Supp. 1111 111 nt nde he t t t o onf r e r l i ht . e s La os e y. 2 ' 3d , 6 ( . ' i. 5 . ' D.W s 201 ) W Thecour be ivest tt unmitkabl f usoft s sa ut y a r g a o y t le ha he sa e oc he e tt or nd e ult r p o iin i o tec n u t ften ri ho fcl is Asa i ta n t,h f j rt o r vso s s n h o d c o h u sng me a ii e . n ni l o e te i o iy f t i ma c t t tha c i r d w he he t FNH R A a isr gul t o c e a prva e r g of our s ha ve ons de e t r he nd t e a i ns onf r i t i ht a ton ha c ude t tt y do not' J me v.Bd. Cur t so t Uni ofM o.No. 09 ci ve oncl d ha he . a s ' of a or f he v. , 4: - CV-2066-RW S, 1W L 1 0,a *3( D.Mo. a 1 2011.TheFNHRA waspa sdi 201 4791 t E. J n. 8, ) se n o dert i ovi f t ove s g a i pe ton ofnur i hom e t tpa tc pa e i M e c r r os pr de or he r i ht nd ns c i s ng s ha r i i t n di a e a M edi ai pr a s' Gr m m e v. o J K a Reg' Ct s - e H a el 570 F. d 520,523 nd c d ogr m . a ' r J hn . ne l r .Gl n z , 3 (d Ci.2009) Themaort oft r uie nsi t M e caeAc a t FNHRA ae 3 r . j iy he eq rme t n he di r t nd he r f e o whata s le nur i f c lt mus do i or rt r evef de a f ng, a he t n ocus d n kild sng a iiy t n de o ec i e r l undi r t r ha a tcultng a s t ntverght hel byt nur i homer i nt . eAnde s v.Dooly, ri a i ny ubsa i i s d he sng esde s Se r on e No.1 CV- 205- 051 HSG,201 W L 31 67,a * ( D. l J 7,201 (çk t rt n 6 621 t 3 N. Ca. une 6) tlahe ha phr i t s ec i nst f uson t nur i ho e r s de sw ho i t y be i f om t asng he ubs to o oc he s ng m e i nt neviabl neft r he FNHRA,Congrs chos t f usoni tt i polcge la prciellnec s ayf e s e o oc nsiutonal i is nd a tc s e s r or M e caea Medc da nitai '(ntr lquottonmaksomitdl;s eas di r nd iai dmi srton.'i ena ai r te l e lo Sc e dtege v. l n Long Gr Re b.& H e lh Ca e Ct . N o.1 C 831 201 W L hw r f r A de ove ha at r r, 3 6, 4 1 884471 a * ( D.11M a 1 201 (i ngt tCongrs di no grntrght t nuri , t 4 N. 1. y 2, 4) fndi ha e s d t a i s o sng fciiyrsde sbutCgj t d,Cong e sc et i eoblg tonson ..nuri fclte a lt e i nt ûinsea r s hos o mpos iai . sng a iiis r quii t m t e ur t tnuri fclt r i nt rc veceti be is' . nt e rng he o ns e ha sng a iiy esde s e ei ran neft ,) Eve he ' i plm e i r gultonssa et tt y k nt i t r quieme st ta i tt i mus m e t m e ntng e a i t t ha he ' an he e r nt ha n nsiuton co t e i od rt q aiya a(kle n rigfcl y i teM e iaep o r m, n a an ri n r e o u l s s ild u sn a ii l n h d c r r g a a d s u sng f t f ciiy i t M e ca d pr a ' a C e v a t ba i f rpari pa i i M e c r a a lt n he di i ogr m ' nd i r e s he s s o s tci ton n di a e nd M e cad, 42C. R.j483.( .Fi ly,hequalt oflf pr sonsi t sautskpe konl di i ' ' F. 1b) nal t iy ie ovii n he tt e ' a y s i t r s ofi tt i lpolc a pr c i ,' i vi lca e and s r c . onz a,536 U . n em ns iutona i y nd a tce ' not ndi dua r e vi es G ac S. a 288. s s h,t c tc l s t tt unm i t bl f usoft s s a ut s a r gul to t A uc he our onc ude ha he s aka e oc he e t t e nd e a i ns i on t d i i pos d on nur i hom e f c lte who r ce ve f de alf ng, a he on t s he utes m e sng a iii s e i e r undi r t r he be fted ca sofnur i ho er i e s ne it ls sng m esd nt . Furhe m or t c tbe i ve t tt l ng ge i t M edi a e Ac a t FN RH A , t r e, he our le s ha he a ua n he c r t nd he whi h r f r t t nur i homer sdent,i ditnguiha e fom t e i i rght- onf ri c e e s o he sng e i s s si s bl r he xplct i s c e rng lnguag t tc t ha f ndt bec iialt s a e ha ours ve ou o rtc o how c r sonali entt c e t f de a ong es i nt o r a e e r l rg s I Gonza ,t Supr Cour f i ht . n ga he eme t ound t tTil VIoft Ci lRi t Ac of1 a ha te he vi gh s t 964 nd Til I oft Ed ton Am e e sof 1 c e e i vi lrght be us oft r te X he uca i ndm nt 972 r at d ndi dua i s ca e hei unmitkabl f usont be ftedcas.536U. a 28 n. ( i t tTil V1prvi t t sa e oc he neit l s S. t 4 3 notng ha te o des ha k n op ro i teUn td Sae s al.b s be tdt ds rmi to u e a yp o rm o i l es n n h ie tts h l..e u j ce o ici nai n nd r n r g a r r a tviy r cevi Fede a fna a as itnc on t bassofr ec o ,o nai na org n,' nd c i t e i ng r l i ncil ssa e he i ac ol r r to l i i 'a Til I p o i e t a dn on ro i teUntdS ae s alo t eb sso s x ..es be td t X r v d s h t i l es n n h i tts h l, n h a i f e ,.b u j ce e r e t di c i i ton unde a e a i n pr r m ora tviy r e vi Fe r lfna ala s sanc ' o s rm na i r ny duc to og a c i t ec i ng de a i nci s i t e' (mpha i i orgi l) Theei asgnii a dfernc bewe nt lng i Til V1a e ss n i nal. r s i tc nt if e e t e he a uage n te nd Til I whihkdie l a plest i vi û ro , a t L te X, c ç rcty p i o ndi dual pes ns' nd he FNHRA'Ilngua whih S a ge c onl a i s t i vi lr s de st oug t a e m e ofs a e t a e f de alf y pple o ndi dua e i nt hr h he gr e nt t t s o cc pt e r undst o c e t c t n pl w hi h wilpr de ce t n be ft t i vi lr i nt .' hw e dtec , r a e erai ans c l ovi rai ne is o ndi dua es de s ' Sc r f er 201 W L 1884471,at*6.A st Supr e Cour expl ned i Car on v.Uni siy ofChi 4 he em t ai n m ver t caxo, The e woul bef rl s r a ont i e aprva er m e i f vorof r d a e s e s o nf r i t e dy n a i vi pe s i Cong e s i t a o dr fi Til I wih a ndi dual rons f r s , nse d f a tng te X t n unm i t ka e f us on t be ft d cl s had w rte i s m pl a s a bl oc he ne ie as , it n t i y s a ban on di c i i t y c s r m na or onduc by r c pi nt of f de a f t ei e s e r l unds or a a pr bii a i t t di bur e e of publc f s ohi ton ga ns he s s m nt i unds t o e ai duc tonali tt i nse ged i di c i i t r pr t c s. ns iuto nga n s rm na o y ac i e 441U. 677,690- 99( 979) Thecou tbeive t tt lng gei t M e c r Ac a S. 93, 1 . r le s ha he a ua n he diae t nd t FN HRA f lswihi t lte caego y des rbe i Ca he a l t n he at r t r c i d n nnon,asbot saut sr quienur i h tt e e r sng hom e f iii st t ke pr rc r ofr s de si or rt r c ve f der lf . ac lte o a ope a e e i nt n de o e ei e a unds Si ia l i Doe v. i d, he Unie St t s Co tofAppea s f t Fourh Cic t m l ry, n K d t t d a e ur l or he t r ui deemi dt tj1396aa( )oft M e cadAc c e tda e or a erghtunde j 1 tr ne ha ()8 he di i t r ae n nf ce bl i r 983. 501F. a 356.Tha pr sonpr de t ttl sat pl frme ca asitnc mus .. 3d t t ovii ovi d ha dal t e an o di l ssa e t . pr vi t ta 1i vi swihi t m a a ia i f me ca a ssa eundert pl n o de ha l ndi dual s ng o ke pplc ton or di l s it nc he a s l ha o ha l ve pporuniy t do s andt ts h as it nc s l be f nihe wih r as bl t t o o, ha uc ssa e ha l ur s d t e ona e pr ne st alei bl i vi l ..' U. C.j1 ()8 . Cour not t tt ompt s o 1 lgi e ndi duas..'42 S. 396aa( ) The t ed ha he pr son wa expr s l i e ovi i s e sy ntndedt be fté l'i vi l elgi ef M e c i as itnc o ne i i ' ndi dua s i bl or di ad s sa e, al whi i l d t pli if t r s na y pr ch nc ude he antf ,o ea o bl omptm e ca a ssa .Doe,501F. a 356. s di l s it nce 3d t Thi pr son i ditng s efom t e a is i t sca e, c e iil f uson t ovi i s si uihabl r hos t s ue n hi s whi h xplcty oc he r ae e iis Se Fir,1 F.Sup 3da 111 (omparng j1 ()10 , c ha egultd ntte . e e s 32 p. t 6 c i 396aa ( ) whih s smia lnguaget j1 i lr a o 396a()8 ,ot pr sonsi t FNHRA a fndi t tt wee a () t he ovii n he nd i ng ha hey r di tngui ha e be us t f m erç or di e ty c e r d a f de alrghton M edi ai s i s bl ca e he or i e r c l onf r e m e r i c d be i i r e and f us d on t r i entoft r gh -- lgi e i vi l r t rt n t nefc a i s oc e he ec pi he i t - e i bl ndi dua s a he ha he r ult enii ')Thec tbeive t tt pa sngrfrnce t t nur i ho r i nt eg aed ttes'. our le s ha he s i eee s o he sng me esde s i t s at es ar i ufici t show Congr s'cl and unam bi n he t ut e ns t ent o es ear guousi entt conf feder nt o er al rg st i vi l lkeM ike .2 i ht o ndi dua s i c y Fi l t t e e t tKa a r le on f r lr ul tonst s w Congr s i e t naly, o he xt nt ha l n e i s ede a eg a i o ho es ' nt nt o c e t e or a erght,t SuprmeCour ha e iil hedt tdllnguagei ar ai r ae nf ce bl i s he e t s xplcty l ha sla n egulton ma i y nvoke a prva e r g ofa ton t tCo r s t ough s a ut y t s cr a e buti m a no i t i ht c i ha ng e s hr t t or e t e t d, t y t c ea e a rghtt tCo r s hasnot' A l xa r 532 U . a 291 Fi ng t tt f r l r t i ha ng e s . e nde , ' S. t . ndi ha he ede a s a ut a i s do notc ea e enf r e bl f de a rght , he c r al o bele s t tt f r l t t es t s ue r t o c a e e r l i s t ou t s i ve ha he ede a r ul tonsdo noti eg a i nvoke a e or a e rght A s s h, he cour c udest tt fr t ny nf ce bl i s. uc t t oncl ha he i s Bl sngf t , r o es i acor na r wedby t hol ngi Gonz ,i notme i t sca e. he di n aga s t n hi s A st t s c B l s i f t ,t c tc i r w he he M i ke s pur t d r g s o he e ond e s ng ac or he our ons de s t r c y' pore i ht aes v g a da rho t t no c me two l sr i j d ca c mp tn e Asa iiil r o a ue n mop us ha e fr e n ud tan u iil o ee c . n nta not Ka a a g t tt sf c o i m e bec us t f er lsa ut a r gultonsa ewrte e, l n r ues ha hi a t r s t a e he ed a tt es nd e a i r itn c ea l e l ry noug f rt c tt a y t i r uie e st t f t i t s c s .She a s not s h o he our o ppl he r eq r m nt o he ac s n hi a e lo e t tgo r e a nc esr ul ry i e pr tand a y t s r quie e sw he as e sng ha ve nm nt ge i eg a l nt r e ppl he e e r m nt n s si whe he nur i hom es a e i c m pla e. ow e r t pr r q s i i w he hert aleg t r sng r n o i nc H ve , he ope ue ton s t he l ed r g sa eva and a or i ht r gue m phous no s m pl t l nguage i t unde l ng l w s , t i y he a n he ryi a . I t c pl i ,K a a lss s ve a tc vi rght ' hel by M i ke t tw e e vi a e by n he om a nt l n i t e r l t i l i s ' d c y ha r ol t d de e nt ,i l ng he r g t a quat s r i i t pr venta i nt ,he r g t r c ve f nda s nc udi r i ht o de e upe v son o e cc de s r i ht o e ei c r t a t i o m a nt i he hi s pr c i bl w e l be ng,he r g t be f e f om ha a ds a e o ta n r i a n r ghe t a tca e l- i r i ht o re r zr , he rghtt a c pr he i c r pl n,a he r g t r s de i a e f c i y a efs i nty r i o om e nsve a e a nd r i ht o e i n n f e tvel nd tc e l ma nage f c lt Agai t e pr vii nsa e c e ned w ih i posng r r m e s on t d a iiy. n, hes o s o r onc r t m i equie nt he 2 Th c utcn wld e tec tayh dn b teUnidSae Coro Ap elfrh Thr Cicii e o rak o ej sh onrr olig y h t tts ut f p as o te id rutn e Grmme, nwhc Kaa rle. ec u th we e,oisan mbe o dsrc c u t i c n ldigt th a r o ih ln els Th o r, o v rj n u r f itit o rs n o cu n ha te r as ng i Gr eri conta y t t Supr m e Cou tshol ng i Gonza Se e. ,Fi r ,1 F.Supp.3d a e oni n amm s r l o he e r ' di n ga. e. M. e s 32 t l l Ba m v N. th s Ho D.7 4 F. u p 2 41 , 2 ( D. Y. 0l ) Ha i sv. v o Be t Co o , 0 l 9; u . Du c e s s , 6 S p . d 0 4 8 N. N. 2 1 . wk n Ct . f n . l . 8 0 , F. u p. d 1 6 ,1 6 ( Coo 2 1 ; n a v J h o - ahesHe l Ca e l c, . 9 CV- 7, 0 W L S p 2 1 2 1 7 D. l. 01 ) Du c n . o ns n M t r at r . n .No 0 - 41 201 h 3 0 71 , t* - ( D. . u , 8 2 0 . 0 0 s a 8 9 E. Ky J l 2 , 01 ) nur i hom ef c ltes r t rt n cr a i s t tverg sf rnur i hom er i nt t t sng a iii , a he ha e tng ubsan i i ht o sng esde s o he be ft wihi t er r m e s Not bl t f de a r gultonsc ai as c i t t ne is t n hes equie nt. a y, he e r l e a i ont n e ton ha outi t C i sofea h r i en ,' c mus bepr t c e a pr lnes he t ght r c esd t'whih t o e t d nd omot d by t n sng e he ur i homefciiy.42C. R.j483.0. erghsi l t rg t ma gehi o he fna a a lt F. 1 Thes i t ncude:he iht o na s r r i ncil a f r , hergh t c fais t i t o hoos ape s na physc a t rg t tl gre nc ,herghtt r t n e ro l ii n, he i ht o ie iva es t i o eai pe s lpose son,a t rghtt me twihc rani vi l.Thec t e t ttgl rona ss i nd he i o e t eti ndi duas our nots ha dthe rg t a ece r u a iu u , n e sl s b e t oj dca e o c me t'Fir , 3 F. u p. d ih s r la, n mbg o s a d a iy u j c t u iil nfr e n . e s 1 2 S p 3 ' a 111 Fore mpl ,i woul be sr i f wa d f ac t o de em i whe he anur i ca e t 7. xa e t d taghtor r or our t t r ne t r sng r f c lt waspr ve i a r s de f o ha ng r as nabl a e st a t e ne whe e c l c n a iiy e ntng e i nt r m vi e o e cc s o el pho r als a bemadewihoutbengover ad,asrquiedunde j483.0( . t i he r e r r 1 k) Howe r Kaa doe no ve, ln s t a lget tany oft s e i trg swe evi aedbydef nda s I t d,s r f r t le ha he e xplci i ht r olt e nt . nsea he e e s o k ne a i e vag a or s r lz d, ue, m phous qua iy- -i e i e es s' ha a e i uf i e l de i t t be ge lt of lf nt r t ' t t r ns fci nty fnie o j sia l. d F rh r teFo rhCic t nDo f u dt th sf co wa stsidb c us u tc be 1 . u te,h u t ruii e o n ha ti a tr s aife e a e S e ona epr k as bl ompt s'wasdefne i t r lva f de a a sa er ultonsa f ry-i or r nes' i d n he ee nt e r l nd tt eg a i s o t fve ni t da , pe ng on t a i a .501F. a 356. r i no s h gui nc f ne y ys de ndi he pplc nt 3d t The e s uc da e or co t ui t a l ge ci lrght i t sca e. cc r i y,t c tc l ns r ng he le d vi i s n hi s A o d ngl he our onc udest tt s ond ha he ec B l ng f ori notm et. essi act s Fi l t c t i s a Dogwood Vil e doe n0tc e t t tt t r Bl sng naly, he our beleve , nd lag s ont s, ha he hid es i f t i m e ,ast s a ut s a r gul tons una bi uousy i pos a bi ng o i a i on ac or s t he t t e nd e a i m g l m e ndi blg ton sa esa nur i hom ef c lteswhor eve f de alf nds Ho e r a a lt eeBl snc tt nd sng a iii ec i e r u . w ve , s l hr es i f c or ar notm e , he cour c l st tt f de a s a ut s a r gul t o do notc e t a at s e tt t onc ude ha he e r l t t e nd e a i ns r a e ny fde a rg st taee or e bl unde j1 e r l iht ha r nf c a e r 983. 13 Eve i t c t d fnd t tt t e Bl s i f cor a em e i t i t ntca e t n f he our coul i ha he hr e e sng a t s r t n he nsa s , he cour alo bele st tt sa ut y e or e e s he ef t er r m e ss t s ive ha he tt or nf c m nt c m or hes equie nt upporsis t t co l i t t s a ut s a r gul t o f i t c e e or a e r g s Spe fca l i nc uson hat he t t e nd e a i ns a l o onf r nf ce bl i ht . cii ly, t a a st tCongrs i e edt tt Se rtr ofHe 1h a Hu n Sevi s(he ppe r ha e s ntnd ha he ceay at nd ma r ce t ûse r tr ' a t sae ha prmaya hort t e or t M e caeAc a t FNHRA, i c ea y' nd he tts ve i r ut iy o nf ce he di r t nd he ) rt rt n i vi l t oughc esofa tonet ri iil o unde j1 Thelgil i ahe ha ndi duas hr aus ci ihe mplcty r r 983. e satve hit r oft FNHRA c im st ti or rt impr t qua iy ofca ef M e cadso y he onfr ha n de o s ove he lt i r or di i ei bl nuri homer sde s'heFNHRA wo dS ihe g brngs tnda dfcltesi o lgi e sng e i nt't ul ç t r l i ubsa r a iii nt e c inc wihM ediadq lt ofc r r quie nsor( e l et m fom t pr r m. ompla e t c i uaiy ae e rme t ) xcud he r he og a ' ' H. Re 1 391 p .1 a 452(98 . R. p. 00- , t , t 1 7) The saeort Se r t r e lr sc tt he c e a y nsze ompla t ough as ve oft nur i home ince hr ur y he sng fclt a ace tfc tonpr s.42U. C.j1 rg) Suc pr es ma bei taedupon a iiy nd riiai oces S. 396 ( . h oc s y niit rc it fac mp an fo an righ mer sd n . e4 U. C. l 9 rc ()B)i) e ep o o lit r m u sn o e ie t Se 2 S. j 3 6 () 1( (v (e rngnuri ho f clte t pr vi r i nt wih aittme t tar i n ma fl a rquii sng me a iiis o o de esde s t t ae nt ha esde t y ie s c pl i wih a St t s ve a c rii a i a nc r s tng r s de a e a ne e ta om a nt t a e ur y nd e tfc ton ge y e pec i e i nt bus nd gl c nd mia oprai ofr sde pr t i t fclt ';42U. C.j l - () )B)(a ) I sppr iton e i nt opery n he a iiy' ) S. 395i3c(1( sme. f t sa efndst tanur i hom ef c lt i noti c he tt i ha sng a iiy s n ompla e, hesa em a t r i t t inc t tt y e m na e he fclt spa tci toni isfdea f ngplnorprvi f s cfcrme e .l j a iiy' ri pai n t e rl undi a o de or pe ii e dis d. 1 rh)1 . es i rmedisi l de aloff ngt t fclt a s s tofa 396 ( ( ) Thos pecfc e e ncude ni undi o he a iiy, sesmen c vi pe ly,a i l na t ppoi m e oft m por r m a ge e ,o c os e oft f c lt i e e ge y nt nt e a y na m nt r l ur he a iiy n m r nc st tons I j1 ( ( . Seceayma as de f ngt t saei heors fndsa iuai .d. 396rh)2) The rtr y lo ny undi o he tt f he i vi ai 1 j 1 ( ( .Cong e sbeive t tChe es nci wilbei olton.d. 396rh)3) r s le d ha ' s a tons l nvoke bybot t t d h he Secr ar and t St eswheneverneces ary t pr ot com plance w ih t requiem ent of et y he at s o om e i t he r s pari pa i a as ur hih quaiy c r f nur i f ciiy r sde s' H. Re No.1 391, tci ton nd s e g lt a e or sng a lt e i nt . R. p. ' 00- pt 1 a 472.Alhoughi ufiintonisownt prcl e or me unde j1 rsde s . ,t t ns fce t o e ude nf ce nt r 983, e i nt a s ha t r g t voi e gre nc s t t nur i hom e f c lt wih r s c t t i l o ve he i ht o c i va e o he s ng a iiy t e pe t o he r lramentorc r t ti ( fist be f nihe ..' U. C.j1 ()l( ( ) çet t a e ha s or al o ) ur s d..'42 S. 396rc ()A)vi. Furhem or Cong es s ii d t tt s e or eme pr vi i dono pr c udea t r e, r s pecfe ha he e nf c nt o sons t el n i vi fom purui a acin u rc ndi dual r s ng n to nde ommo lw. U. C.j 1 rh)8 ,s eas H. n a 42 S. 396 ( () e lo R. ' Re No.1 391 pt 1 a 472(i- Co te e p. 00- , . , t dl -he mmite mphasze t tt rme e s cii unde i s ha he e dis pe fed r t a e m e a e note us ve a s ul notbe c tue t lm i t us ofot rr m e e he m nd nt r xcl i , nd ho d ons r d o i t he e he e di s t tm a bea l et et rt Stt o t Se r t r unde St t orFe r ll w. s d ha y vaiabl o ihe he a es r he c e a y r ae de a a Nor houl t s ii d r medi beconsr d t lmi r me e a ia et r sde sa c mon lw , he pecfe e es tue o i t e di s val bl o e i nt t om a i l ngprvaerght ofa ton t e or e c ncudi i t i s c i o nf c ompla wih r quieme sf nur i ince t e r nt or sng fcltes' . Cong e ss ciialydi notpr l i vi a tonsunde c a iii .) As ' r s pe fc l d ecude ndi dual ci r ommonlw,t a he l s a i hi t r behi t FN HR A pr desf t r s egi l tve s o y nd he ovi urhe uppor t t a gum e t tCongr s di t o he r nt ha es d notitndf r i nt t brngacinsunde j1 SeeBa 76 F. ne or esde s o i to r 983. um, 4 Supp.2da 42 t 4 (ide iyi t tcommon1w a to a eno prcude byFNHI i a i caint tntri k ntf ng ha l a cins r t e l d RA s n ndi to ha tsng homer i nt a e no wihouta r med apoi whih woul obvit t ne d t c e t esde s r t t ny e ynt c d a e he e o r a e anohe enf c abl rg .) t r ore e iht' . ' Fi ly, he co t le s t tt se or e e s he e i di tng s bl f om t e na l t ur be i ve ha hi nf c m nt c m s s i ui ha e r hos f i ufii tt pr l a a tonunde j 1 Thea lbiiyofa itr gre nc ound ns fcen o ecude n ci r 983. vaia lt n nenal iva e pr e s c e wih a opto t fl c oc s , oupld t n i n o ie ompl nt die ty wih t sa eort Se r tr i ai s r c l t he t t he c ea y, s c ti y mor c era nl e ompr he i t n t r m e t twasa l et i vi l who s pe t d a e nsve ha he e dy ha vaiabl o ndi dua s us c e vi ai ofj 1 olton 396ai W ide.496U. a 5 (i ngt tt Vigi adi notal he t n l r S. t 23 tndi ha he r ni d low alh car pr derst chalenge t over lm e hod by whi t rr m burs entrat w er e ovi o l he al t ch hei ei em es e deemi d)Thes cii algainsi t sc e ie.ne ienc byt dee ns ae tr ne . pe fc le to n hi as . , glg e he fnda t r e i ty w ihi t s pe ofc pl nt t tr s de sha a rghtt brng t t a t nton of xplcil t n he co om ai s ha e i nt ve i o i o he te i t esae t eSe rtr o t n ri gh mefcl y S e ec.4 U. C. 1 9 rc( )B)i h tt ,h ceay, r he u sn o a it . e , . , 2 S. j 3 6 () 1( (v) i (iAqrsde ma fl ac antwih aStt s v ya ce tfcai age yr peci çg e i nt y ie ompli t ae ur e nd rii ton nc es tng r i nta ea neglc a mia oprain o rsde pr ryi t f iiy. Thi esde bus nd e t nd sppr ito f e i nt ope t n he aclt ' ). s e or e e s he e i a s unlke t one a i s i W r R v.Ciy ofRoanoke Re vel en nf c m nt c m s l o i he t s ue n i ht t de opm t a Housng A ut iy,w hi h di notpr vi i vi l w ih a pr dur t br ng vi a i ns nd i hort c d o de ndi dua s t ny oce e o i ol to t t atentonoft De rme ofHousnga Ur nDe opme (k ',a s ey o he t i he pa t nt i nd ba vel nt $ HUD' nd oll ) r i o HUD' g ner la hort t a t e or eco pla e, ndc of f de a fmds 479 eled n S e a ut iy o udi, nf c m inc a ut f e r l l . U. 41 428( 987 . r e c saei r uie t mant npr e esanda quaesa ft S. 8, 1 ) Hee, a h tt s eq rd o i ai oc dur de t tf o i si t vi ai oft sauor rquie nt bynu snghomefciii . U. C.j nvetgae oltons he ttt y e rme s ri a ltes 42 S. 1 -( . c t le t ttgj ead nitai pr durss uarl ditnguiht s 395i3g) The our beives ha 'thes mi srtve oce e q ey si s hi c efo W rch a W ide , r an a ived i vi l ke a f r lr vi as r m i t nd l r whe e ggre ndi dual ac d ny ede a e ew m e ha s . G on a,536 U . a 28 90. fi vi lnur i hom e r s de scoul i t d c ni m ' ' zac S. t 9- I ndi dua s ng e i nt d nsea e ocec incet o a j1 a ton,ha c s ofaci woul undemi t sautr nf r ompla hr ugh 983 ci t t oure ton d r ne he tt oy e or m e s m e a t l gi l tve hit y be nd t FN HI A . nf ce nt ehe nd he e s a i s or hi he R The c tbeleve t ts h our i s ha uc a c pr he i e or em e s hem e s om e ns ve nf c nt c uppors is de e na i t Congr s di noti e t t t t nni ton hat es d nt nd o ce t i vi l e o c a efderlrg s Se Ha ns 800F. rae ndi dualy nfr e bl e a iht. e wki , Supp.2da 11 (s c e t 69 i aus Be r s de sha o he a nuesofr dr s t r w a no ne d f Congr s t c ea e a e or a e e i nt ve t r ve e es , he e s e or es o r t n nf ce bl rght') i .. ' Ove a l t e t ndudest tt saut r a r ult r pr so i t compl i r l,he our co ha he t t o y nd eg a o y ovii ns n he ant do notc e f er lr g s t nur i hom e r i nt lke M i key a t ,c nno s onf r ed a i ht o s ng esde s i c nd, hus a t uppor a t c eofa tonunde jl AsKaa ha no sae aplusbl cam u rj1 t c t aus ci r 983. ln s t ttd a i e li nde 983,he our 16 wilg a DogwoodVil ' m o i t dim isCountIoft c l r nt lage s ton o s s he ompl i . ant Th c u t lo d cie t e ecs s p e n a j rs ito o e Kaa ' r mann e o r as e ln s o x r ie u plme tl u idcin v r ln s e i ig ne i nc cai a i tDr M erc unde CountI.Se 28U. C.j 1 c( ( ovi ngt t glge e l m gans . rik r I e S. 367()3) pr di ha adititc tma de lnet e ries e ntlurs cin i i ha ds seda1cams src our y ci o xecs upplme a j idito f t s imis l li o e whihi h so ii a j rs ito )AsKaa n tdi h ro p sto b if Vign ah s v r c t a rg n l u idcin . ln o e n e p o i n re , r ii a i i e t d isown r ult r s he ei or rt e ur a qua eca ea nur i home mplmen e t eg a o y c m n de o ns e de t r t sng f c lte .Se 22 Va. a iiis e Admi Cod 5- - 1 : s I t i e e tofc iy, hec t l not n. e 371 1 0 1 eo. n he ntr s om t t our wil . itre tisl it a ae ta i g v r e b sv rl tt rg lto .Pa ma v Le Ct nej c tef no n ra h t s o e n d y e e a sae e u ains y n . e y. Cmt Hos ,338F. y. p. Supp.2d679,683( . Va. W D. 2004)(o s J.(s miyad s a i ta J ne , ) sco t vies gans fd rlc u t xecsn j rs ito o e amatrmo ea p o raeyd cd di saec u t'. e ea o r e rii g u idcin v r te r p r p itl e ie n tt o r.) ' A c or ngl t c t ilal o gr ntt m oton t di m i sw ih r pec t Co mtI . c di y, he our w l s a he i o s s t es t o t I Concl on usi Fort f egoi r s ,t m o i t dim iswilbeg a e Coun 1wilbe he or ng ea ons he ton o s s l r nt d. t l dimis a t co tbeivest tKalnhasfie t saeaplusbl cam f rr i u rj s sed, s he ur le ha a ald o tt a i e li o elef nde 1 3 Ast Co n I,h c u t e l e t e ecs s p lme tlu idcino e Kaa s 98 . o u t I te o r d ci s o x rie u p e n a j rs ito v r ln' n ne i ncec am ,a t tc glge l i nd ha ountwila s bedim is d. Clr i die t d t s nd co e of l lo s s e The e k s r c e o e pis t sm e or nd opi on a t a om pa ng or rt a lc hi m a um ni nd he cc nyi de o 1 ouns lofr or e ec d. DATED: i % VMd y o J l 2016. Th s a f uy , 4 Chi fU ie St t s Di t i tJ e t d a e sr c udge
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