Polk et al v. Holmes, No. 3:2016cv00017 - Document 22 (W.D. Va. 2016)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 11/3/2016. (mab)
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cL soFncE u. . sm COURT Enx' s nl AT RQANQK;, VA FI ED L dû? C3 2 1 25 I THE UN I N TED STATES DI STRI COURT CT FOR THE W ESTERN DI STR I O F V I CT RGm I A CH AR LOTTESV I LLE D I I ON V SI J LAq D UI BY: , RK CL / : t fCLERK n' LEON POLK a nd M A LCOLM COO K , Pl ntfs ai if , Ci lAci n No. 1 vi to 3: 6CV00017 M EM ORANDUM OPI ON NI AN D REW H OLM ES,J OHN D O ES 1 3, a d A LBEM A RLE co l - , n r ry By: Hon.Gln E.Co a e nr d Chi Unie Stt sDititJ ef t d a e src udge D e e nt . f nda s Le Pol a M alol Cooktldt scvi rght a to t r42U. C.j 1 agans on k nd c m se hi i l i s cin mde S. 983 i t Andr w Hol e ,apolc of e e o d by t Al m a l Cot yPolceDe rm e ; hr e e m s i e sc r mpl ye he be re mt i pa t nt t e u k o p lc osc r ; n Ale reCo ny (t eComt' Home a dt eCo nyh v n n wn o ie f e s a d b mal u t lh t yl. l s n h u t a e G mo e t ds s t epli tfs a nd dc mp an p ru n t Rue1 ( )6 o t Fe ea Rue v d o imis h anif' me e o lit u s a t o l 2 b ( ) fhe d rl ls ofCi lPr e e. Fort f l wi r a ons Hol s'moton wilbegr nt d i par a vi oc dur * he olo ng e s , me i l a e n t nd de e i pm' a t Count sm o i wilbe de e ni d n t nd he , y' ton l nid. Fact Backzround ual Thef l ng f c s t ke fom t pl ntf s n e d c olowi a t , a n r he ai if ' m nde ompli t a eac pt ast ef a n , r ce ed nz or p po e o t ed fn a t' to st d s s. S eErc s nv. r us 5 U. 8 , 4 ( 0 ) ur s s f h e e d n s moi n o imis e ik o Pad , 51 S. 9 9 20 7 . Dtrng t da ofJme 30,201 Hol e c e ata fcsop ofam ot rve cl nea a li he y t 5, mes xe ut d r fi t o hi e r I I sor i Al ma l Cot y. Pol wa drvi t ve cl a Cook waszdi i t QTM t e n be re mt k s i ng he hi e, nd i ng n he Polk et al v. Holmes Doc. 22 pas sengerseat . Af e s o ng t ve c e, ol e or r t pl i if outoft ve cl a gunpoi , nd t r t ppi he hi l H m s de ed he a ntf s he hi e t nt a die t d t m t s ton a c b i t KJ I tpa ki l . H ol e a t ee ot r of i er t n r c e he o i ur n he Tm' r ng ot m s nd hr he fc s he *TheCount smoton wa made or l atahe i hel on J 20,201 y' i s aly arng d une 6. Dockets.Justia.com c onduc e awa r ntes s r h oft ve ce. No c r band ore de ofa c ewa f td ra l s ea c he hi l onta vi nce dm s ound durng t s ar h. Pol wasuli a ey is d a tc tf notha ng a f o lc ns pl t f r i he e c k tm t l s ue ike or vi r ' nt i e e ae, o e e swi xc s ndow tn i a f f iur t ha hi r gita i i hi pos es i itng, nd or al e o ve s e sr ton n s s son. Pol a Cook k nd we e dea ne f a oxi ael t eehotr be or t tc twasi s d by Hol e r ti d or ppr m t y hr ls f e he ike s ue m s. Pol a Cook a eAfi n- rc n. They al get tHol e ,who i Ca asa ç sa k nd r rga Ame i a le ha m s s uc i n,d ha hit l a pr c ieoft r tngAfi n- e i a m a e f velc esopsa i r sves a c , so' nd a tc y a gei rca Am rc n l s or lil t nd ntu i e r hes' ' a dt a Gtheso a dtes ac a is eheeweemo iae ,nsg iia tp r, yt rc o n h t û j t p n h e rh t su r r tv td i in fc n a tb he a e f l p an if. Am. mpl!1 . Pro t t eicd n a is i ti c s ,s j meo sc mplit' litfs' ' Co . 1 ir o h n i e t t sue n h s a e Gn u r u o an s' l had bee l d by Afian- e i a ctze ofAl m a l Count r gar ng Hol e 'c n odge rc Am rc n ii ns be re y e di m s onduct i tmp o e l so ig c r a d u lwf ly s ac i p o l a d pa e . J ! 1 . The n ç r p ry tppn a s n na ul e rhng e p e n lc s' Z 3 i ' pl i if al get tno dici i r o o he c r tvea ton wa t ke a ar s tofa oft e antfs le ha s plna y r t r orec i c i s a n s e ul ny hos co pl nt . m ai s ProceduralH i torv s I Fe u y of2016,Pol a Cook sl d s ta ns Hol e i t Cic tCour of n br ar k nd e ui gai t m s n he r ui t Al m a Count Hol be de y. mes r move t c s t t s c lto t ba i of f r l q si e d he a e o hi otr n he ss ede a ue ton j rs ito u de 2 U. C. 1 31 u idcin n r 8 S. j 3 . On Aprl 8, 201 t pl i if fl d a n nde compl nt a i t Hol , t e i 6, he antfs ie n me d ai gans mes hr e unknown polc ofi r ,a t Co y. Thea e d co pli as e t ca e ofaci n under ie fce s nd he unt m nde m a nt s rs us s to 42U. C.j198 I Count1t pli if cai t tt lngt oft rdee i S onsiueg S. 3. n ,he antfs l m ha he e h hei tnton s tt t dj c a i pe nt a unl uls i e i vi a i of t Fourh a Four e nt A m e n nde nde nd awf e zur n ol ton he t nd te h ndm e s' nt . ' Am. mp . 1 I Co n I,h plitfscam t t h s ac o Pok' ve il C iltdh s Co l ! 4. n u t l te an if li ha t e e rh f l s h ce ç oae i v r ghtt be f e f om unr s bl s r hespr ec e by t Fo t a Fo t e h A m e m e s' i o re r ea ona e ea c ot t d he urh nd ur e nt nd nt . ' I . 1 l Co n 11 t p an if cam t a t ea to stk nb Ho me l oae g i)rg t d ! 6. n u t 1,he litfs li h t h cin a e y l s ç ltd t r ih vi he 2 t e ua p o e to o telw a g aa te b t eFo re nhAme d n . I . 1 . I Comt o q l r tcin f h a s u r ne d y h u te t n me t' d ! 8 n t ' 1 t pl ntfscai t tHol ç ol t t rrght obefeefom e s i f cei vi a i V,he ai if l m ha mes t aed hei i t vi ' r xce sve or n olton r o t eF u t a dFo re n hAme d n s' JJ!2 I Co n Fie t eplitfsa sr acam f h o rh n u te t n me t. .. 0. n u t v ,h an if se t li ' I f m uni i lla lt a ns t Count or c pa i biiy gai t he y. Hol e a t Cot y ha m o d t dim ist n nde c m s nd he mt ve ve o s s he me d ompl i pur ua t Rul ant s nt o e 1 ( )6 . Th moinsha eb e f l b if da da erp f rrviw. 2 b ( ) e to v e n ul ree n r ie o e e y St andar o R e e d f vi w Cl e p r o e o a Ru e 1 ( )6 mo in i t ts t s fiin y o a c mp an . t- u p s f -h l 2 b ( ) to s o et he u fce c f o lit' ' Ed r sv Ciyo Go d b r ,1 F.d231 2 ( t Ci.1 9 ) W h n d cdn amoin t wa d . t f l s o o 78 3 , 43 4h r 9 9 . e e i ig to o dim is unde t s r e t co tm us ac e a t e a1 we lpl a d al ga i a dr w a 1 s s r hi ul, he ur t c pt s nz 1 l- e de le tons nd a l r as na e f cua i e e es i t pl ntfs f . Erc on,551 U . a 94;s e a s Viol e o bl a t l nf r nc n he ai if ' avor iks S. t e lo t . SA. Prmeo eShp i Co, 0 F.d5 7 5 9( t Ci. 0 3 . G hl ac mpan atc d . v. i r s ipng .7 8 3 2 , 3 4h r 2 1 ) G ie o li t ta ke W b a Rul 1 b ( )mo in t ds s d e n tn e d tie fc lalg to s a panifs y e 2()6 to o imis o s o e d eald a ma le ain , litf oblga i t pr de t g ounds of hi e ilm e t r le r quies mor t n lbe s a i ton o ovi he r s ntte nt o ei f e r e ha a l nd concuso , nd af mul cr ct ton oft e e nt ofac us ofa ton wilno do. Bel At. l i ns a or ai e ia i he l me s a e ci l t ' ' l l Co . Two l, 5 U. 5 4, 5 ( 0 )(n en lctto a q tto makso te ) To p v. mby 5 0 S. 4 5 5 20 7 itr a i in nd uoain r mitd . a s vvedim is lf rf iur t sae a c am ,< c pli m us c an s t i ntf c a m a tr ur i s s a o a l e o t t l i & om a nt t ont i ufk e a m l te , a a c ed a t e t ttt a ca m f rr le t ti pl usbl on isf ce '' As r f v. qbal 556 c ept s nz , o sa e li o e if ha s a i e t a .' hc o t I , U. 6 2 6 ( 0 )(uoigTwo y 5 0U. a 5 0 . S. 6 , 78 2 09 q tn mbl, 5 S. t 7 ) Di scuss on i 1. H ol es'M oton t D i i m i o sm ss Hol es has m ove t dimis a 1 f c am s as e td agans hi i t n e d m d o s s l our l i s re i t m n he m nde c pl i . The c twila e s e ch c ai i t r om a nt our l ddr s a l m n u n. A. U nl f Se zure Cl m aw ul i ai I CountIoft n e d c n he m nde ompli ,t pli if c am t tHol esvi a e t i rgh s ant he a ntf s l i ha m olt d he r i t unde t Fourh a Foure nt Am e e sby dea ni t m f r a l ngt oftm e t tç a r he t nd te h ndm nt ti ng he o e h i ha û r f e c e e t en nna a u to tmen e e t wrt atc e. Am. mpl ! 1 . Th F u t x e d d h o l mo n f i e d d o ie ik t' ' èo . 4 e o rh Ame d n , iha ple t t sae tr u hteFo re nh Ame d n , r tcsçth rg t n me t wh c p is o he tts h o g h u te t n me t p o e t ç q e ih g of t pe e t be s clr i t i pe s ,ho es pa s and e f c s a i tlnr a ona e he opl o e ze n her r ons us , per , fe t , ga ns l e s bl s a che a s zle ....' U. Co t n e I tA ta t sop i a çe zue'wihi t e r s nd eitr s ' S. ns. m nd. V. 1 r fk t s s i t- t n he mea ng oft Fo t Am e ni he urh ndmenta mus be r s na e t rt cic sa es' Unied nd t ea o bl mde he r um t nc . ' t Sae v. l r 8 0 F,d 6 0 6 (t Ci.2 6 (iig Dea r v. o s , 40 U. 6 8 tts Pame , 2 3 4 , 48 4h r 01 ) ctn lwa e Pr u e 4 S. 4 , 6 3 5 ( 9 :. To a s s t e c nsi in ly o t i tp o s iu e c u t e o t 5 - 4 1 79 se s h o tmto ai f hs y e f ez r , o rs mply he t t pr sa r ariultd i Ter v.Ohi 392U. 1( 968) I Unde t frtpr wo- ong tnda d tc ae n ry o, S. 1 . d. r he is ong, t p lc o fc rsd cso t so t ev hcemus beçusi e a isi c p in. Uni dS ae he oie fie ' e iin o t p h e il t j tf d t t n e to ' i ' t tt s e v.Diivn ,650 F. 498,506 (t Ci.2011. Unde t s co pr t of e ' go nni 3d 4h r ) r he e nd ong, he fc rs s e nta tonsmus bes fc e l li ie bot i s opea dur to ' I a 507. ubs que c i t ufi i nty t m t d h n c l nd ai n. d. t ' l t sca e t pli if do no chal nget vai t oft i talta fc so I t d, n hi s , he antfs t le he ldiy he nii r fi t p. nsea . t y a g t t t l ngt of t r de e i a o ma ey t e ho s was c tt i l he r ue ha he e h hei t nton, ppr xi t l hr e ur , onsi onaly m e e sv . I i welstldt a < s it e u tse o l b apoieo s r e tafcvo ai n. . xc s ie ts l ete h t$ ezl j si d ny y l - b e v d rfi ilto . a r c l omesunl u i i i pr onge be bec awf l f t s ol d yond t tmer as bl r quiedt complt t mi so he i e ona y e r o e e hr s i n' ofis ng atc tf t vi ai ' Rodrg zv.Unie Stts 1 S.Ct 1 s ui ike or he olton. ' iue td ae , 35 . 609,1 2( ) 61 2015 (mp a i a d d ( u tn Iln i v Ca le ,5 3U. 40 , 0 ( 0 ). Ho ve,a o fc r e h ss d e ) q oi g lio s . bals 4 S. 5 4 7 20 5) we r n fie m a l uly e e ataf sop i het veopsr as na e ari ulbl s pii n o o oi y awf l xt nd r sc t f G l e o bl, tc a e us c o f ng ng de 4 c i na aci t 'or G oba e c us t be ive t tt ve c e co ans e de e of c i i l rmi l tviy' l pr bl a e o le ha he hil nt i vi nc rm na ac i t ' Pa m e ,8 F. d a 65 tviy. ' l r 20 3 t 0. He e,t pl i if 'a e d co pl nti caest tHol e e e d t ta fcso t r he antfs m nde m ai ndi t ha m s xt nde he r fi t p o c onduc a s a c ofPol sve ce. Alhough t pl i if c am t tt s a c wa co t e rh k' hi l t he antfs l i ha he e r h s nduc e td wihoutpr ba e c us t bei ve t tt ve c e co ane e de of a c i e t n e d t o bl a e o le ha he hil nt i d vi nce rm , he m nde c ompl i i de d off c st twoul s ant s voi a t ha d uppor s h c l i t uc oncuson. To wihsa dimis lunde t t nd s s a r Rul 1 ( ( )p an if a er q ie t pe de ug f cu l te t r ieaç a sb ei frn e' e 2b)6 , litfs r e urd o la no h a ta matr o as ç u il n ee c ' pl ofm ongdoi ng. I l 556 U. a 68 I t a e o a f c ta bassf c le ng t uba , S. t 2. n he bs nce f ny a tz l i or hal ngi he valdiy oft s ar h,t mer a s tont tt sop a s a ch lsed a oxi a ey t e hotr i t he e c he e s eri ha he t nd e r a t ppr m t l hr e ts i i ufi e t sa e a c am l r t Fourh Ame m e . Se e. , Unie Stt s v. s ns fcint o t t l i mde he t nd nt ee :. t d ae Gu nrr - a h z 41 F. p' 1 3,1 ( 0h Ci.2 1 (ee t t ed fnd n ' apl n e o s nc e , 2 Ap x 3 41 1 t r 01 ) rj ci h ee a ts r me t ng t tt t e hotrdur ton ofata fcso a s a c wa pe s pr oft u e ona e s of ha he hr e- l a i r fi t p nd e r h s r e oof he nr as bl ne s t ed tn in a s ac ) Fo t s ra o ,Home 'moi n t ds s wilbeg a td a t h ee to nd e rh . r he e e s ns l s to o imis l rne s o Count1 . B. U nl f Se h C l m aw ul arc ai I Count 1 of t a e d c pl i ,t pl ntf s c a m t t H ol e vi l t d Pol s n 1 he m nde om a nt he ai if l i ha m s oae k' rght unde t Fo t Am e i s r he urh ndme by c uci a wa r nte s s a c of hi ve ce. nt ond tng ra ls e rh s hi l S a r nte ss ar hesa epr s < r a ls e c W r e umptve yt e s bl Ixc i ce t n c r f l de d cls e i l mr a ona e e ept n rai a e uly fne a s s of c s s'' Unied Stt v.Pai ,804 F. 684,688 ( h Ci.201 ( uoi Ca v. a e .' t aes tuka 3d 4t r 5) q tng dy Do ows , U. 433, ( :. Ones he e i i t a omo l e e in, mbr ki413 S. 439 1973 uc xc pton s he ut bie xc pto under whiha of e ma conduc awarnte ss rhofave cl çgl t r i pr bl c et c n fc r y t ra ls eac hi e tif hee s oba e aus o beiveghe ve cec anse de eofc i na aci t ' Arzonav.Ga t 556U. 332,347 le t j hil onti vi nc rmi l tviy. i ' n, S. ( 0) 20 9 . Aspr vi usy i c t t pl i if cli t t' he e wa no pr bl ca et bele e o l ndia ed, he antfs a m ha s r s t oba e us o ive t tc nr b n a d o e i e c o aci wo l beft 'i Pok' v hil. Am. mpl!1 . ha o ta a d n / r v d n e f lme u d omd'n l s e ce Co . 0 Howe r t n nded c ve , he me ompli doe no c a n a f cua a lga i nst s ant s t onti ny a t l le to o uppo ttls cai . r li l m l t a e e ofa f c swhih pl usbl s n he bs nc ny a t c a i y ugge tt tt s r h oft ve cl wasc s ha he ea c he hi e onduc e td wihoutpr bl c us ,t c tm us dim is Count1 . Se .e. ,An oni v.M oo e 1 F. t oba e a e he our t s s 1 e a. t o r , 74 Ap ' 1 ,1 7 (t Ci.2 0 )($ rpe tdy a sri t a t ewar n wa is e E t o t p x 31 3 4 h r 0 6 $ e ae l s et h t h ra t s su d wih u By ng pr bl c us 'wiho ofe i a f c a a l to t ryi t sl ga c l i Ant ni oba e a e, t ut f rng ny a m l legai ns mde l ng hi e l oncuson, o o f i dt me t h rq rme t o Ru e8 a o 1 ( )6 .) al o e t e e uie n s f l () r 2 b ()' . e ' C. E nualPr ec i n C l m ot t o ai I Co t II oft n e d c n un I he m nde ompl n ,t pl ntfs c am t tHol e 'a i we e ait he ai if l i ha m s ctons r r ily m otvaed a t vi a e t i rght t r t Equal Pr e ton Cl us of t aca l i t nd hus olt d her i s mde he ot ci a e he Fouree t A m e t nh ndm e . The Eq l Pr e ton Cl us pr bis ofi e s fom s l c i y nt ua ot c i a e ohi t f c r r e e tvel e f r iglwsb s do rc . W h e v UntdS ae , 7U. 8 6 81 ( 9 6 ) s eas S w v. n o cn a a e n a e rn . ie tts 51 S. 0 , 3 1 9 ); e lo o Fo til Poie De t 6 F.d 2 3 3 3 (t Ci.2 1 (l ca p o iig o s lci e rv l lc p', 36 3 9 , 0 7h r 01 ) t il r fln , r ee tv e Ra e o c me to t e lw,i av oain o te Eq a P oe to Clu e' . ç-q erg tt e ua nf re n f h a s i lto f h u l r tcin a s .) çf h ih o q l ' g pr e ton m a be vi aed e n i t a tons of t polc a e a e a e unde t Fourh ot c i y ol t ve f he c i he ie r cc pt bl r he t Ame d n . M as l v Co u i Le Re 'Ho p.3 F.d 1 5 , 1 6( 0hCi. 0 3 ; e n me t' rhal . l mb a a g l s , 45 3 1 7 1 6 1 t r 2 0 ) s e ' as Untd S ae v. r ,1 7F.d 3 3 3 2 (t Ci.1 9 )(Th Eq a P oe to Clu eo lo ie tts Avey 3 3 4 , 5 6h r 9 7 G e u l r tcin a s f ç t FoM e nt Amendme pr de c tz ns a de ee ofpr t c i i pe ntoft Fourh he e h nt ovi s ii e gr o e ton nde nde he t Ame me pr ecin a i tunras nd nt ot to gans e onabl s a c a siurs.) e e r hes nd ez e ' . ' ç-'e r quie e s f r a c ai of r c a l s l c i 1 e or m e dr w on wha t ç h e r m nt o f lm a i ly e e tve aw nf ce nt a t he Supr m e Co tha c l d ç d na y e lpr ec i sanda ds'' M arhal,345 F. a 11 e ur s ale or i r qùa ot ton t r .' s l 3d t 68 (uoig Unie S ae v Ar to ,51 U. 45 , 5 ( 9 6 Theplitfsmus e tbih q tn td tts . msr ng 7 S. 6 46 1 9 :. anif t sa ls ç ha t de e ntsa to ha a dic i naor e f c a we e m o i t d by a dic i i t r t t he f nda ' c i ns d t s rmi t y fe t nd r tva e s rm na o y pur e.' I ;s eas Ce .Ra o Co.I v.Ciy o Norol 811F. 625,634- ( h Ci. pos ' d. e lo nt di nc. t f f k, 3d 35 4t r 2 6 ; ri v. n e, 8 F. u p. d8 0 8 9( M d 20 2 . Al o g tep an if a en t 01 ) Ma t Co n r 8 2 S p 2 2 , 3 D. . 1 ) t u h h litfs r o n h r quied t s e r o how t dic i i ton was t de e ntsçs e m o i ,'t y i ta lge t hat s rm na i he f nda ' tol tve' he G mus le he r quiiedic i naor i e wih mor t n mer c us yas e tons' W ila sv.Hans n, e st s rmi t y ntnt t e ha e oncl or s ri .' li m e 3 6F.d5 9 5 4 ( t Ci. 0 )(mp ssi o iia) Th ,osaeavai e u lp oe to 2 3 6 , 8 4h r 20 3 e hai n rgn l. us t tt ld q a r tcin c am ,t pl i if mus s tf t s cfc f c ualal ga i t ta e pr tve o a i ope l i he antfs t e orh pe ii a t le tons ha r oba i f n mpr r m otve. I i d. Appl ngt s sa r , hec tc ncudest tt pli tfs'n nde c yi he e t nda ds t our o l ha he a n if me d ompl i sa e ant tt s aplusbl e lpr e ton cai a i tHol e . Thepl i if c e t tt a to t ke a i e qua ot c i l m ga ns m s antfs ont nd ha he ci ns a n b Ho me weeG tv td i sg iia tp r,b t panif' rc . Am. mp . 1 . To y l s r t iae ,n in fc n a t(y he li t sq a e' mo f ' Co l! 8 s uppor t s cli t pli if al ge t t Hol t hi a m, he antf s le ha mes ç a hit y a pr c ie of t r tng l has sor nd a tc a ge i Afia Ameia mae f r v hce so s a d itu ie s ac s' 1 .! 1 . Th plitfs rc n- rc n ls o e il t p n nr sv e rhe . d ' 1 e an if f rhe a l e t tt spr tc e s e a t tm e oft so a s ar h a i s i t sc e,a u t r leg ha hi aci e xit d t he i he t p nd e c t s ue n hi as nd t t nume ous sm iar compl i s of t a ul team e t ha be n l d b ot r ha r , i l ant mlwf r t n d e odge y he Afian- e i a ctze of Al mare Count As lmi t t t oft pl n if 'f cual rc Am rc n ii ns be l y. sl ng he nzh he aitfs a t alegai , t c t co l l tons he our ncudes t t t n e d c ha he m nde ompli sa e a pl usbl s l ci ant t t s a i e e e tve e or e e c am l nf c m nt l i mdert Equa Pr t c i Clus Se W a hi o v.Da s 426 U. 229, he l o e ton a e. e s ngtn vi, S. 2 2 (9 6 (x anigt a Ganiviiu ds rmiao yp po ema o tnb ifre fo t e 4 1 7 ) e pli n h tl l n do s ici n tr u s y fe e n er d r m h l ttlt oft r e ntfcs i l ngt f t i ii tue t thelrci qbeasmo ehe l on oaiy he elva a t,ncudi he ac,f ts r ,ha t a tce r r aviy onercet nanohe ';Marhal 345F. a 1168( evi t tç polc of e ' patr of a ha t r' ) s l, 3d t obs r ng ha ç ie sc rs ten a tatcso sa d arss. . ys p r mlifr n eo d srmiao yp r os i t sc ne f' rfi t p n re t . ma u po t n e e c f ici n t r u p e n hi o tx ) . Ac di y, m es m o i t dimiswilbede ed wih r s tt t sc am . cor ngl Hol ' ton o s s l ni t e pec o hi l i D. E xc s i For C l m e s ve ce ai I CountI oft a nde c n V he me d ompli ,t pl i if cli t tby poi i a fr n m a ant he antfs am ha ntng er t t m du i t ta fc sop,Hol e us d e e svef cei vi ai oft Fom' Am e e . he rng he r fi t m s e xc s i or n olton he t h ndm nt The rg s pr e t by t Fourh Ame i ht ot c ed he t ndme i ude (he rght t be f e of a r t, nt ncl t t i o re ress i si t y sops oro he s i ur e f c u t d by e e svef c ' Sc t v. aga 455 F. nve tgaor t , t r e z es fe t a e xc s i or e. ' hulz Br , 3d 47 476( hCi. ) Theis ofwhehe a ofc rusd e esi fr et ef ta aret 0, 4t r 2006 . s ue t r n fie e xc sve o c o fec n rs or s i tr i a l ed unde a S b e tv r a o a ln s sa d r , whih tk sit a c u ta e z le s na yz r n t j cie e s n be e s tn a d' c a e no c o n o ' . ntm be off t s i udi çhe s ve iy oft c i e a is ,whehe t s pe tpos a l r acor , ncl ng t e rt t he rm t s ue t r he us c es n i e a etle t t s f t o t of e so ot r , nd whehe hei aci l r s si a r tor mm dit lr at o he a e y f he fc r r he s a t r s tvey e itng res a tmp igt e a ear s b fih . Gr h m v Co n r 49 U.. 6 3 5 9 ( 9 9 ; e as te tn o v d re t y lg t' a n . n o , 0 S 38 , 9 - 6 1 8 ) s e lo ' Fo t v. a a 3 F.d4 5 4 9( t Ci. 9 4 (olcigc s si whc a o se rsd a n o e Dun g n, 3 3 4 , 4 4h r 1 9 ) c le tn a e n ih n f e' rwig o h s we po d rn a iv siao y so wa f u d t b ra o be . G tmaey t e f i a n u i g n n e tg t r tp s o n o e e s na l) ç i tl , h ul q sint b d cd di t te t ettlt o t cr l tnc sj sii gjapatc lrs r o ueto o e e ie s wheh r h oai f he icl a e u tfe s riua o t f y ms . . . s iur.' S t v Ra , 1F.d9 ,1 0 01( t Ci. 01 )(leaini o iia)( u tng ez e' mih . v 78 3 5 0 - 4h r 2 5 atrto n rgn l q oi ' Te d se v. r e , 1U..1 8 9( 9 5 n e s e Gan r 47 S , - 1 8 :. l t i n e d c pl nt t pl ntfsa lge t tHol e poit hi fr r a t m n her m nde om ai , he ai if le ha m s n ed s iea m t he S to ta yra o t b le et tg e ) r ame a dd n eo s' Am. mpl!2 . On e ç h u n e s n o eiv ha t y wee r d n a g r u . wi h ' Co . 0 c a i howe r t pr deno f c st s ga n, ve , hey ovi a t o uppor t sa s ton. I t û e e off rhe f c a t hi s eri n he bs nc ut r am l e nce e t s h a c us y sae e i i ufi i ntt t a s a rghtt r le a ve t nha m n , uc oncl or t tm nt s ns fc e o t ie i o e if bo he r s pecul i l .' Tw om bl 550 U . at555;see al Fr sv.G i atve evel' y, S. so anci acom eli 588 F. 186,193 l, 3d (t Ci. 0 9 t l l k da s ri n o wr ng on n c siaes mefcu lela c me twi i 4 h r 2 0 ) .) a e se t s f o d ig e e stt o a t a r n e n t n %N t o h h t c antt cos t lnebewee posi lt a plusbiiyofe ilme t rle.' he ompli o r s he i t n sbiiy nd a i lt ntte nt o eif' ) (ne n l u tto maksa dctto o te ) Ac o dn l, l s moint ds s wil e itr a q o ai n r n iain mitd . c r i gy Home ' to o imis lb g a e wih r s ctt t s c a m . r nt d t e pe o hi l i I. l Al m ar eCount sM oton t Dim is be l v' i o s s Th plitfsas fld s i u d rj 1 8 a an tt Co ny. W h l amt cp ly i e anif lo ie ut n e 9 3 g is he u t ie miiai s t s b e tt s i u e j 1 3 s eM o elv. p' o S c S r s,4 6 U. 6 8 6 0 91( 9 8 , u j c o ut nd r 98 , e n l De t f o . e v . 3 S. 5 , 9 - 1 7 ) la lt a tc sG y whe e t m unii lt is l ca e t co tt tona vi a i a i s ' i biiy ta he ç onl r he cpa iy te f us s he nsiu i l olton t s ue. ' Ci o Ca tn v. ri,48 U. 3 ,3 5 ( 9 9 (mph ssi o iia) tAjmt cp ly t f n o Hars 9 S. 78 8 1 8 ) e a i n rgn l. $ y ( miiai t c nnotbe he d la e s el be a e i e oys at te s r- or i ot rwo ds a muni i lt a l ibl ol v c us t mpl orf a o , n he r , cpaiy l S. c nnotbehed labl unde j 1 on ar ponde s rort or ' M onel,436 U . at691 n l i e r 983 es at upei he y.' (mp a i i o ii a) l se d mu iiai i o l l bl unde j 1 i i c us t e h ss n rg n l. n ta ,a n cp ly s ny i e t a r 983 f t a es he de i i n o apl ntf ' c tt i nalrg stlough a of i lc t , lc o pr tc prvato f ai ifs onsiutg i ht lr n fca usom po i y, r aci e. Owe sv Bat Ci S ae sAty . fc ,7 7 F.d 3 9 4 2 ( t Ci. 01 ) s eas Ca trv. n . l. t tt' t s Ofie 6 3 7 , 0 4h r 2 4 ; e lo re y Mo rs 1 4F.d21 , 8( t Ci.1 9 ) ri, 6 3 5 21 4h r 9 9 . l t sca e,t pl i if s e t hol t Cot y la e f t a lged vi a i o t i n hi s he antfs e k o d he mt i bl or he le olton f he r rghtt e i o qual otc i n. I s pr e to n uppor o t i cai ,hepl ntfsa lget tHol ha çahit y t f her l m t ai if le ha mes d t sor a pr c i oft r e i Afi n- rc n m aesf ve ce sops a i r i s a c , a nd a tce a g tng rca Ame ia l or hi l t nd ntusve e r hes' nd ' ta çn u r u c mp an sb Afia - rc nsg a qb e ld e b ctz n wiht Comt h tç l meo s o lit y rc n Ame ia h d e n o g d y iie s t he t y l of Al ma l tlough is polc de rm e t pror t t i i nt he en, a ns Def nda be re lr t i e pa t n , i o he nc de r i gai t e nt Hol , m pl ni abouthi c mes co ai ng s onduc i i pr pe l soppi c r a t a uly s a c ng t n m o ry t ng a s nd ml wf l e r hi pe ea pl es' Am.Compl ! 11 1 Thepli if f rhe alget tç tonwa tke opl nd ac . ' . ! , 3. antfs ' t r le ha t i u ac sa n a ar s tofa oft ec anty'a t t Cot y çhee a quis ld)t Dee nt s eul ny hos ompli s' nd hat he mt ç rby c e ce o fnda t Hol ' ilgal be or a i i ty e our edj hi prci of tr tng mes le havi nd mplcil nc agl s a tce agei Afia Amerc . I a ! 1 rc n- ians' d. t 3. ' 9 The pl ntf s compl nt t al ges a t or of c t G condona i ' Spe lv. ai if ' ai hus le he y usom t by ton.' l Mc ne, 2 F.d 1 8 ,1 9 (t Ci. 9 7 . ç d rt i te r o la iiy ag n cp l y Da il 8 4 2 3 0 3 0 4 h r 1 8 ) ç e hs h o y f ib l , mu iiai j un t t vo ae j 1 8 i mu iia p lc ma esfi top taso t o c re tawie p e dp ten o ilts 9 3 f n cp l o iy k r al t u tp o r or c d s r a atr f unc tt i lc onsiutona onduc .' Owe ,767 F. a 402. Topr valt rt st or t pli if t'' ns 3d t e i mde hi he y, he antfs ç tpon t a de sse ta wi epra p a tc l o mu i a o f as't e çu ain a d ç mus it o p ritn nd d s e d r cie l f icp l fkils h d r to n fe u nc ofwhih i iae t a p lc ma r ( )h d a t lo c nsr ci ek wld eo te rq e y' c ndc ts h t oiy kes 1 a cua r o tu tv no e g f h c n u t a d( )fie t c re ttd et t i teieaei ifrn el I ( u tn S el8 4 o d c, n 2 ald o o rc i u o her d lb rt ndfee c .' d.q oi g p l, 2 ' F. a 1 6- ) 2d t 38 91 . Al ug p e aln u d rti t e r o la iiy i û o e s ts '1 a 4 2 ç i y t h rv i g n e h s h o y f iblt s ç a y a k' d. t 0 , t mpl ho i n s a l i s h a c am i ,by de ton,e i r' 1 a 403. G-he r cia i off c sne d no be leg ng uc li s inii ase .' d. t t- e t ton l at e t pa tc a l de a ld, t c nc ofs e snee notbepariulry hi ' I Normus t riulry t ie and he ha e ucc s d tc a l gh.' d. t he pl i if ç e d t m uli e i i nt ofc tt i lvi atonst tm a be nec s a y a lt r antfs % a he tpl ncde s onsiutona ol i ha y pl e s r t ae sage t e t bls t e se eofa of i polc orc t m a c us top. J da by J da t s o sa ih he xit nc n fcal iy uso nd a a i ' or n ' or n v. a k o ,1 F.d 3 3 33 (t Ci.1 9 ) I ta ,ç a p an iffist sae acam o l J c s n 5 3 3 , 9 4h r 9 4 . nse d ç q litf al o tt li ny l wh nh ofesç besa dc n l so ' rf nn ac lyr ctst ee nso hsj1 8 c us o e e f r l l n o cu ins o o ulial e ie he lme t f i 9 3 a e f a a lo . Owe , 7F.da 4 3( u tn I b l 5 6U.. t6 8 . cin' ' ns 76 3 t 0 q oi g q a, 5 S a 7 ) Appl ng t e prnci es t co tc udest tt pl ntfsha sa e aplusbl yi hes i pl , he ur oncl ha he ai if ve tt d a i e M one lcli a ns t Count Thepl n if aleget tHol e ha ahit y a pr c i of l am gai t he y. aitfs l ha m s d sor nd a tce s l c i y t r tng Af i a A m e i ns t t t Co mt w a a a e of t s url w fz pr tc e e tvel a ge i r c nrca , ha he t y s w r hi la t ac i e l tl o h num e ouscom pl i sm ade b A f i an- e i a c tze , nd t tt Cot t e f ctvel lr ug r a nt y rc Am r c n ii ns a ha he m y f e i y s nc i a toned a e nd ndor e H ol e 'tea m e oft pl n i f by f ii t t ke a di ci i z or sd m s r t nt he ai t f s a lng o a ny s plna y core tve a ton. To pr vai on t s cai t pl i if wilbe r t çdifc t'b lde of rci ci e l hi l m, he antfs l a he t fiul' tr n pr ng t d alega i . I At t s e ry sage howe r t al gai a e s c e t ovi he e l tons d. hi a l t , ve , he le tons r uV i nt o s r i d s sa t e Rue 1 ()6 . S e eg,S t v. t , CC8- 4 3 8 ,2 6 U. u vve imis l md r l 2b () e . .. mi Aia No. h 1 - 4 7 01 S. DitLEXI 9 0 , t*1 ( M d. uy 1 2 6 ( o dn , theRu e1 ( )6 sa e t tiwa s. S 0 29 a 3 D. J l 2, 01 ) h l ig a t l 2 b ( ) tg ,ha t s çe 'nough t tSm ih ha ale d t tSa ibu y wa a r ofongoi c tt i lvi ai by ha t s l ge ha ls r s wa e ng onsim ona ol tons Sals y polce o t er a di not ng t sop o co r tt e a tons t r by al ng a ibur i fk s nd d hi o t r rec hos c i , he e lowi n u o siuina p ten t d v lp';Gaca v M o t o r Comt .M d, .. -2 3 9 nc n ttto l atr o e eo ' r i . n g mey t v .No 1 1 - 5 2, ) FM 201 U. DitLEXI 1 0 5 , t*1 ( M d Au 2 201 )(o dn t t h plitf sae a 3 S. s. S 2 6 9 a 4 D. . g. 3, 3 h l ig ha t e an if ttd vibl M one lcai a ns t c mt whe et pli ifal ge t tt comt çwasa r of a e l l m gai t he ot y r he antf le d ha he l y t wa e u o si to la to sb ( l e o fc r d rce t wad me eso t eme i b tc s t nc n tt ina cin y poi ) fie s ie td o r s mb r f h da u ho e o u c in r s c b h v o ' g o e u h e a ir). Co l i nc us on Fort r as saed, m e 'motont dim isw ilbeg an edi pa t nd de edi pa t he e ons t t Hol s i o s s l r t n ra ni n r, a t Count smoton t dimiswilbede e Thepl i if 'cli t rt Fo t nd he y' i o s s l ni d. antfs a ms mde he urh Ame d n wil d s s e wi u p eudc , n t err manngcamsa ans Ho me a d n me t lbe imis d t t rj ie a d h i e ii li g i t l s n ho t Co mt wilbea l d t pr e he t y l lowe o oc ed. The Clr i diece t s nd c e oft sm e a um opi o a t a co pa ng e k s r t d o e opi s hi mor nd ni n nd he c m nyi or rt a 1c de o 1 ouns lofr co d. e e r D ATED :Thi -5W s d yo v mb r2016. a fxo e e, Chi nie Stt sDititJ ef t d a e src udge
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