Johnson v. Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control et al, No. 3:2015cv00055 - Document 70 (W.D. Va. 2016)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 12/12/2016. (mab)
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I THE UNI x TED STATES Dl sTRl couR' cz r FoR THE wEs ' t DITRI oFVI XI lElx S CT RGI A CLERK' opn cs u s. Dl c coua. S s' r AT RA OKE,va FL D IE x g j3 2 j gg CHA RLO TTESV I LLE D l l ox v sl JULZ By: 'ct sqx Dzp Ty cL Eav M A RTESE J HN SON , O Ci lAci No.3: 5- 00055 vi ton 1 0VPl ntf , ai i f M EM O M N DU M O PIN I N O D EPARTM EN T OF ALCOH O LI C BEVEM GE CONTROL,e a1, t . H on.Gl n E. e Conr ad Chi fUnie Stt sDititJ e t d a e src udge De e nt. f nda s Pli ifM a ts J l s fl d t sa ton ag i tt Vigi aDe rm e ofAl antf re e om on ie hi c i ans he r ni pa t nt coholc i Be r geContol isDie t ,a t eeofisa nt ,al ng cai sunde bot 42U . C. ve a r , t r c or nd hr t ge s legi l m r h S. j1 a sael Thec ei pr sntybeor t c t defnda s moi t dimis 983 nd tt aw. as s ee l f e he our on e nt' ton o s s pl ntf sa e d compl nt Fo t f l ng r s ,t c t l gr nti pa ta d i ai if m nde ai . r he olowi ea ons he our wil a n r nd eny n pa t he m o i rt ton. Backeround The f l ng s m a y of t f c s t ke f om t pl i if s am e d com pl nt i olowi um r he a t , a n r he a ntf nde ai , s a ce ed as tue f pur e of t de e n s m o i t dim i s Se Er c on v.Pa dus 551 c pt r or pos s he f nda t ' ton o s s . e i ks r , U. 89,94( S. 2007) . The De rme of Aloholc Be r e Contol(: ' i a a nc fmded s ey pa t nt c i veag r t ABC' s n ge y t ) oll t oug isown r ve sa t ke wih co r lngt diti i ofaco i be a sa hr h t e nue nd as d t ntoli he srbuton l holc ver ge nd Johnson v. Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control et al Doc. 70 e o cn saelwsp ranigt ac hoi b v r g s Am. mp . 1 . nfr ig tt a e ti n o lo lc e ea e . Co l ! 1 ABC i r nb ab ad su y or t t diec s is o r tons i l ng pr ul tng is ow n r gul tons and a ntng is ha r t t pe a i , nc udi om ga i t e ai ppoi i t e oye . l Dee nt Sha W aker i t Die t of ABC (i rcor W ake' mpl es d. fnda wn l s he rcor s et Di l r). Dee nt J rd M ilr Thoma Cuse ,a J Cil e (ole tvel t ' nt' ae fnda s ae le, s tr nd ohn eaki c lci y, he û Age s' r ) Dockets.Justia.com s c a ag s a ABC . pe i l ent t At t tm e o t e nt gi ng r s t t c pl nt pl i if M a t s J ns he i f he ve s vi i e o he om ai , a ntf r e e oh on (kohns n' wa at nt ye rol Uni riyofVigni (1 s l o ' s we y- a - d vest ) ri a i UVA' sude .I t e rymor ng ' t nt n he al ) ni h u sofMac l ,2 1 ,J h o a d a fin we tt Trnt lih Pu (t-iif'.Trn t i or r h 8 0 5 o ns n n re d n o i i rs b sl nt ) iiy s y -r lc tdi a ae a j c n t UVA' c mp ,t o a SheCo n r'I Vigna p ro su e o ae n n ra da e t o S a us l wn s k n t r e . n r ii, es n nd r ' t a oft t one a e pe ted t e er ba safe pr e i avald f m ofi nttc ton. he ge wen yr nnit o nt s r l r es ntng i or de ii a i Afe watng i a lne t ts l e a oxi t l hal t bl tr ii n i ha pam d ppr ma ey f he ock,pl i ifpr e e hi vai antf es nt d s ld ID .t t owne ofTrniy,who t n a ke hi t r ct hi zp c . o he r it he s d m o e ie s i ode.Be us pli ifha ca e antf d r c n l mo d h ddn t e iet c re t i c d a dwa d ne e ty it Trnt . d !2 e e ty ve , e i o r ct he o rc zp o e n s e id nr n o iiy I . 0 21 J ondi nota a i oxi t 1 !22. rbengde e e r J hns a t owne . ohns d ppe r nt caed.d. Ahe i nid nty, o on nd he r o Trnt s o efrafw miu e a o th hih sh o t whc te h dmu u l is I . 2 f iiy p k o e n ts b u te g c o l o ih h y a t a te . d ! 3. A ge s M il , Cuser a Ci a e w e e s ve li Trniy, a t y w ines e t nt ler t , nd el ki r ur ilng i t nd he t s d he e c a g bewe n panifa d te o e o Trnt .I ! 2 The dd no h a t ee c a e x h n e t e li tf n h wn r f iiy d. ( 4. y i t e r h x h ng b t e plitf a dt o e , ihp an ifd s rb sa at o d a'itrcin.1 a !2 ewe n an if n he wn r wh c litf e cie s t r il n ea to d. t 3 c ' 25. The A g s di notknow w hy J hns wasde e e r i o t ba ,di nots e a s gnsof ent d o on ni d nt y nt he r d e ny i it xc to a dd dno win s J h s n a tn i ab lie e tma n r l . 2 - 7 Ho v r n o iain, n i t te s o n o cig n el rn n e . d ! 5 2 . we e, g asJ ohns wal d awa fom Trniy,Age M ilra oac d hi fom be nd a g a d on ke y r i t nt le ppr he m r hi nd r bbe hsam, d. t!28 M ilrdd no ie tf hmsl a a 1w e f re n a e t a d d et t e i r 1 a . le i t d n iy i ef s a n o c me t g n , n u o h ma nner i whi h M il r a oa he hi , J m s n di not r alze t t M il w as a l w n c le ppr c d m ol o d e i ha ler a e f re n a e t l !31 n o c me t g n .d.@ . Strld,pl nifpule hi am away a tid t kee waki 1 ! 31 Age M ilr ate aitf ld s r nd re o p l ng. d. . nt le gr abbed pl ntf sar agai and dem anded t see w hatM il caled pl ntf sifake' ID . ai i f m n o ler l ai i f ' ' . l ! 3 M il t n i r si y atmpte t t s M a t es am be nd hi ba k. 1 d. 2. ler he û e svel te gdl o wit res ' r hi s c ' d. agg ' M ilrsilh d n tie tfe hms l a alw e f re n a e t I .!3 - 3 Ato a o ndt s l t a o d n iid i ef s a n oc me t g n . d 2 3 . r r u hi e l poi i tme pli if sw Milrs lw e ore n badge 1 ! 35.He t n atmptd t nt n i , antf a le ' a nf c me t . d. he te e o coopeaewihM ilr Healoat edt fe hi el t r c hi ID.I !35. rt t le . s tempt o re ms f o ea h s . d. Age Cuse wine s d t i e a ton,a pr c t t me a gr bbe pli ifs nt t r t s e he nt r c i p oa hed he wo n, nd a d antf lf am.I ! 36.Thi pr ve edpli iffom compl ngwih Age M ilrso des W ihout et r d. s e nt antf r yi t nt le ' r r. t pr a i n,Age s M il rand Cuse isa e 'pli ift t gr ovoc to nt le tr il mm d' antf o he ound,c usng pl ntf t a i ai if o s fe a sv r lc rto t hi f rh a a d s ap. .s! 4 .Ag n Cu trte p o e d d t u fr e e e a e ain o s o e e d n c l J ; 0 e t se h n r c e e o û oug y a aggr s i l ' pl ce ha uf s a ound pl ntf s l f w r s . Soon afe , A ge ' hl nd r e sve y' a ndc f r ai if e t i t tr nt Ci a e who ha obs r e t e ie aler a i plce a s ond pai ofhandc f a ound elki , d e v d he ntr t c ton, a d ec r ufs r pl ntf s rghtwrs a c ai if i it nd onne t d t c e hem t t ha ufs s r undi pli ifs l ' wrs. o he ndc f uro ng antf ef it t Age Cilki as pl e 1g s c e aound pli ifs a es d.! 42,46,49.Plitf nt ea e lo ac d e ha kls r antf nkl .I anif a lgest the wasC yeli di nota a i oxi aed,a wa nota e sve t r t le ha k not lng, d ppe r nt c t nd s ggr s i owa ds he Age s't oughoutt eniec s ofe t.I ! 3 Pli ifwasno ar d,a t a nt nt' hr he tr oure vens d. 7. antf t me nd he ge s di nots pec hi t be, l a ! 38.Afe t i i nt Age Milrobt ne a wara tf d us t m o d. t j tr he ncde , nt le ai d r n or o sr cino j siea dp l it xc to Bohc ag swees bsq e tyd o p d b tu to f u t n ubi no iain. t h re r u e u n l r p e . c c The com pl nt a l es t t p i t t s a t r a i AB C had a hit y of a e s ve ai leg ha , r or o hi le c ton, s or ggr s i , e si a un usii beha orwhih wase mplte i a Aprl201 i i ntwheeABC xcesve, nd j tfed vi c xe ii d n n i 3 ncde r a nt,i l ngAge Cilki s r unde t ca ofUVA sude Elza t Day (hel l ge s ncudi nt ea e, uro d he r t nt i beh l t s y Da l i nf'.The age s sa d on he wi ows wih se tahlght and punc d her ncde ) nt lmme r nd t tel l s i s he wi hi d bas d on t be ift ta c s ofwatri Dal s c rwa a ca e ofbe r Da y wa nds el e he le ha a e e n y' a s s e. l s ar se a s ntsve a hour i j i,butt c r a i therwe e e nt ly dr d. retd nd pe e r l s n al he hages gans r ve ual oppe Johnson cont endst ,because oft D al l dentand ot i dent nots f ed,W al hat he y nci her nci s pecii ker had s fc know l pecii edge of t polcy,cusom ,or wi pr us ofuncons iutonals zur by he i t des ead e tt i ei es ABC a e t.La! 6 .M o e v r ti p o e wa s wie p e d t tohe lw e o c me t g n s d 2 ro e, h s r blm s o d s r a ha t r a nfr e n . s a e ce ha rd c dABC' a c s t j ito eain .d.( . g n is d e u e S c e s o on p rto s l !63 ProceduralH it v s or J ohns tl hi orgi lco pl i on Oc ob r l 201 a l gi vi a i ofhi r g s on i ed s i na m a nt t e 2, 5, le ng ol tons s i ht unde t Fourh Am e r he t ndment t t Unie St t Co tt i a a i bl t t o he t d aes nsiuton, s pplca e o he Comm onwe 1h of Vigi a t oug t Foure t Am e at r ni hr h he ten h ndme .J hns alo a s rs s ver l nt o on s s e t e a vi a i ofva i sa et tl ws OnNove be 1 201 de e nt ûl t i trtmoton t oltons rous t t or a . m r 6, 5, f nda s ed her l s i o dimi s On J nua y 21 201 a tr a he rng,t c ' g a e pli irs moton f l a t s s. a r , 6, fe a i he oul r ntd antf t i or e ve o fl a a e d c pl nt ie n m nde om ai .On Fe u r 1,201 pli tf fld hi fr ta e d c pli t br a y 6, a n if ie s is m nde om a n , a ng ne f c ua al ga i a ne cli s Def dan sfl d a moto t srket pl i ifs ddi w a t l le tons nd w am . en t ie i n o ti he antf fr ta e d co pl nt whih t c t nid. is m nde m ai , c he our de e Thea nde c anta srst e ca e ofa tona ii u er42U. C.j1 al me d ompli se t hre us s ci rsng nd S. 983 rd f s a e l w c a m s I Count lt r h 1 1 t pl i ifel i st tA ge s M il r Cuse ,a our t t a l i . n s h oug 1 , he a ntf a m ha nt le , t r nd Ci a evi a e hi rg st be fee fo u e s bl s i ur s a t tde e nt ABC a elki olt d s i ht o r r m nr a ona e e z e nd ha f nda s nd Die t W a ke f ie t tan a s pe vie t Age s Count 1 Vl a V1 al ge t t r c or l r a ld o r i nd u r s he nt . s V, , nd l le ha de e nt M il ,Cuse ,a Cil ki a t wih gr sneglg nc and a s t a ba tr d f nda s ler t r nd e a e ced t os ie e s auled nd te e t pli if Count V a s rs a c am of ne i nt s r son a ta ni a i t Die t he antf ; s et li glge upe vii nd r i ng ga ns r c or W ake . fnd nsh v mo e t d s s t ea n e c mpan p ru n t Ru e 1 ( )6 . l r Dee a t a e v d o imis h me d d o lit u s a t o l 2 b ( ) The m otons ha bee f l b i f d a a e rpe f r vi w . i ve n uly r e e nd r i or e e St andard ofRevi ew û-he pur e of a Rul 1 b)6)moto i t ts he s fce y of a co ai . k f pos e 2( ( in s o e tt ufiinc mpl nt' ' Edwadsv.Civ ofGol bor 1 F. 231 243 (t Ci.1 ) W he decdi amoton t r t ds o, 78 3d , 4h r 999 . n i ng i o di m i under t s r e,t cour m us acceptas t ue a1 w el- eaded alegatons and dr a1 s ss hi ul he t t r 1 lpl l i aw 1 r as bl f c ua i e e es i t pli ifs f vor Erc on,551 U. a 9 s e a s Viol e ona e a t l nf r nc n he antf a . iks S. t 4; e lo t , S. v.Prme os Shi ng Co.708F.d 527,539( h Ci.201 .d hieac antatcke A. i r e ppi , 3 4t r 3) t l ompli ta d W by a Rul 1 b)6)moton t dimisdoe notne d d tie fcualalgai ,a pl ntf s e 2( ( i o s s s e eald a t le tons ai if oblg ton t pr de t gr i a i o ovi he ounds of hi e il me t r le r quies mor t l be s a s ntte nt o e if e r e han a l nd c usons a af mul cr c tton oft ee e sofa c us ofa ton wilnotdo. Be lAt. oncl i , nd or ai e ia i he lm nt a e ci l ' l l ' Cor v.Twombl 550U. 544,555( p. y, S. 2007)(ntr cttona quot in maksomit ) To i enal iai nd ato r ted . s vi dim is lf f iur t sae a cai ,' c ur ve s s a or a l e o t t l m û ompl ntmus co an s fce f cualm at r a ai t nt i ufi int a t te , ac eptd astue,t 'tt a cai f r ift i pl i e on is f c ''As r tv.l l 556 c e r o sa e l m or ele hat s ausbl t a e.' hc of nba, U. 662,678( S. 2009)(uoi Twombl 55 U. a 570) q tng y, 0 S. t . Di scuss on i Thei tntcompl nti tldpu s tt 42U. C.j 1 a saelw.Alho h no a nsa ai s se ruan o S. 983 nd tt a t ug t s c of s bsa i rght is l,j1 pr vi s $ mehod f vi c tng f rlrg s oure u tntve i s tef 983 o de i t or ndiai edea iht a ele r c er d.'Ba rv.M c ln,443U. 37,1 n. ( ) To sae acli unde s whee onfre ' ke cola S.1 44 3 1979 . tt am r j 1 3,apli ifmus ale s fce fcst esabls t e sntalee nt:( )t targht 98 antf t lge ufiint a t o t ih wo s e i lme s 1 ha i s cued by t Consiuton orlwsoft Unied Stt wa vi ae a ( t tt aleg e r he tt i a he t aes s oltd, nd 2) ha he l ed vi a i w a c m it d by a pe s a tng unde col r of s a e l w .W es v.At ns 487 U . ol ton s om te r on c i r o tt a t ki , S. 42,48( 988) Dee nt ha move t dimisa1sven cli ase t a i tt 1 . fnda s ve do s s 1 e ams s red gans hem,The c twiladd e sea h cli i t n. our l r s c am n ur Cl m sA aai A aent M il Cus er.and C i aki ai nst s ler. t el e A . Fal e A rrest s Age s M il r Cus e , a Ci l e ha m ove t di m i s a l c a m s a s r e a i t nt le , t r nd e aki ve d o s s 1 li s e t d ga ns t . I Count l of t am ended com pl nt Johns cl m s t A gent M il and Cus er hem n he ai , on ai hat s ler t vi at d hi rght unde t Fourh Am e e ,a a i d t t Com m onwe t of V igi a ol e s i s r he t ndm nt s pple o he alh r ni t ough t Fouree h Ame e ,by s zi hi wihoutpr bl ca e t bele t the hr he t nt ndm nt ei ng m t oba e us o ive ha ha vi ae orwa vi ai a lw.Am.Compl!70. pli iff t ralge t tAg t d oltd s oltng ny a . The antf urhe le s ha en Ci aki w iness t entr unl ul sei e but f l t act t pr el e t ed he ie awf zur aied o o event i, gi ng rse t t vi i o bysande la lt under42 U .S. j 1 l t r i biiy C. 983. D e enda s co e t t t y a e e il d t qua ii d i m uniy a i t t cl m s f nt nt nd ha he r ntte o lfe m t ga ns he ai br ht a i tt m .Stt ofi r a e e il d t quaii d i t t fom ci l la lt f r oug gans he a e fce s r ntte o lfe mm miy r vi i biiy o pero mi dic e i y f tons onl i of r as t i co uc C f r ng s r tonar unc i y ns a her nd t i does no vi ae cla l t ol t e ry es a i hed s a ut y o c tt i lr ght of whi h a r as bl pe s w oul ha known. t bls t t or r ons iutona i s c e ona e r on d ve ' ' Hal v.Fiz r l 457 U. 8 818 ( 98 .ilo etbls aqualfed-mmuniy dee e a row tce ad, S. 00, 1 2) i' sa ih ' ii i t fns , publcofiilmus de nsrt t t()apli ifha no alge ors i fca t mo tae ha 1 antf s t le d hownfcst tS keout a t ha ma avi ai ofac tt inalrg , ort t()iherg a is wasg t cla l esa iheda olton onsiuto iht' ha 2 t iht t sue nol e ry tbls t t tm e of is a l ge vi a i ' O we v.Ba t Ciy St e' A tor he i b t lc d ol ton,' ns l. t at s t neys O f i e,767 F, d 379, fc 3 395- (t Ci.201 ( tngPe ronv.Calha 555U. 223,232 ( ).Thec tne 96 4h r 4) quoi a s la n, S. 2009) our ed not a e s t t pr ngs i or r Pe ron,555 U. a 236 (çW l l t s ue e s t ddrs he wo o n de . as S. t 'g hie he eq nc e f t .i ofe a oprae is d g jber ar da ma t y.'. orh..s tn ppr it,t houl not eg de s ndaor ' ) Fora rghtt beiceal e tbls dj'dgq cc our oft rghtgn quesi mus be i o kl ry sa ihe ' kthe mt s he i i ton t q s fcenty clart ta r as bl ofi i wo d unde sa t twha he i doi vi aest t ufi i l e ha e ona e fcal ul r t nd ha t s ng olt ha rght'Andes v,Crihtn,483U. 635,6 ( 987 .Thei e ry etbls d'pr ngoft i . ' ron eg o S. 40 1 ) ç a l sa ihe ' o cl he quaiid i uniy a yss e u e t t ofi r a e on notc of t i unl wf co lfe mm t nal i ns r s ha fce s r ie he r a ul nduc . t Bari dv.Kerha Ct SheifsOfie,638F. x 1 203( hCi. 6) I pr ecs fel s w y. rf' fc App' 96, 4t r 201 .t ot t a i tbad gue s i g a a ea , t a g e s o ofbrghtlnes M a i i l v.Sum ne ,9 ga ns s es n r y r s not r ns r s i ns i i . c arelo r 73 l Pl ntf a s a lgesa t or ofbys a rla lt a i tAgen Ci aki f hi e s i f c c ai . ai if l o le he y t nde i biiy ga ns t el e or s xce s ve or e l m Bec us t e cl i s a ns Ci a e a i eunde a f iu e t i t r ne cl i , hos cl m s a edicus ed s par t y a e hes am gai t elki r s r a l r o n e ve a m t e ai r s s e a el fom t diec coun sa ns Age sCusera M il r r he r t t gai t nt t nd le . F.d 2 5 2 8 (t Ci.l 9 ) i h l a c s drcl o p iti n tr q ie fra c u tt 2 9 , 9 4 h r 9 2 . s ie a e ie t n on s o e ur d o o r o W y c ude t tt 1 w was cla l e t bls oncl ha he a e ry sa ihed,klhe e si pr e t mus ha plc t 't xitng ec den t ve a ed he s a ut ' or c tt i t t ol y ons iutonal que ton' c r t by t ofi r i yond de t '' J si onf on ed he tce be ba e.' ohns v. on Hol ,--F.Supp.3d.-- 201 W L 4702832,a *3 ( . Va.Se .6,201 ( uotng mes -, 6 t W D. pt 6) q i As r t a- dd,5 U. 73l, ( 19. hcof v. lKi 63 S. 741 201 ( l t c n e o a rss t Fo rh Ame d n p oe t ith rg to tep o et b n he o txt f ret,he u t n me t r tcs k l e ih f h e pl o e g s ur i t i pe s ns hous s pa r , a e f t , a i t un e ona e s a c s a ec e n he r r o , e , pe s nd f ec s ga ns r as bl e r he nd s z es . . U . Cons .am e 1 .To s a e a c a m f f l e a r t a pl ntf m us s ei ur . .' S. ' t nd. V t t l i or a s r es , ai i f t how t t ha t ofi e s de i d t are thi wihoutpr bl c us .Br he fc r c de o r s m t oba e a e own v.Gim o e 278 F. 36 367 l r, 3d 2, ( h Ci. 2)(ii Duna yv.Ne Yor 442U. 200,21 (1 79). oba ec eme 4t r 200 ctng wa w k, S. 3 9 ) Pr bl aus ans t a te ta t a d cru tn e wihn t e o fc rsk wld eg a e s fiin t warn a h t h k cs n ic msa c s t i h fie ' no e g ) r u fce t o ra t f pr nt pe s .i bei vi .t t t s pec has c ude ron..n le ng..ha he us t omm it d..n ofe e. Unie Stt s v. te .a f ns ' t d a e ' W ila ,1 F. 1 lims 0 3d 070,1 7 ( h Ci.1 ) I i ofno mome t tt ofe ei mi . 073-4 4t r 993 . t s nt ha he fns s nor Fi v.Sc oe r 31 F. 6 636- ( h Ci.2007)(kfa ofc rhaspr bl ca et gg hr de , 2 3d 25, 37 4t r $ n fie 1 oba e us o belev t ta i vi lhasc mit d e n ave y mi c i i lofe e i hi pr s nc he i e ha n ndi dua om te ve r nor rm na f ns n s e e e, ma wihoutvi ai t Fourh Ame y, t oltng he t ndmen,ars t ofe r' .To fnd pr ba e c us t ret he fnde.' ) i o bl a e, t r m us e s onl ' no he e t xi t y t ugh e de e t w a r nt t be i f of a r s bl of i r t t a e vi nc o r a he le ea ona e fce ha n of e e has be n or i be ng co m it d. I W he de di w he he pr f ns e s i m te ' d. ' n ci ng t r obabl ca e e s s ( e us xit , ( a polce ofie m a dr w i e enc sbas d on hi own e re e. Or a v.Unied Stt s 51 i fc r y a nf r e e s xpe inc ' nels ' t ae , 7 U. 690,699 ( 996) Howe r apli ifscam wils vvewhe i rssupon fcswhih S. 1 . ve, antf li l ur i n t et at c ma i unusiibl f raras bl ofi rt c l t tt pl ntf wa vi ai t lw. de t j tta e o e ona e tce o oncude ha he ai if s oltng he a I d. De enda s a g t tt f c s a a lge i t a e d c f nt r ue ha he a t, s le d n he m nde ompl i ,de onsr t t t ant m tae ha t A ge s ha a t ve y l as,r a o bl s pi on t s op,i notpr bl c us t a r t he nt d, t he r e t e s na e us ci o t f oba e a e o res , J m s f pos e s on ofa f s ID . a vi a i ofV igi a l w , w he J ol on or s s i ale . , ol ton on l d w y r ni a 2 n ohns w a ke a a f om Trniy.Eve i t A ge s di nothave pr bl c us t a r tJ r i t n f he nt d oba e a e o r es ohns be us ofa f l e on ca e as ID . def nda s c e t twha e r r as bl s pi on t y di ha rpene i o pr ba e . , e nt ont nd ha t ve e ona e us ci he d ve i d nt o bl ca et a r s whe J on puled hi a m a y fo Age M ilr i vi ai ofVigi a' us o re t n ohns l s r wa r m nt le , n ol ton r ni s obsr ton sa u e. Ale natvel def nda s a s r t t t y had pr bl c us t a r t tuc i t t t tr i y, e nt s e t ha he oba e a e o r es J ohns f publc i oxi ton.Fi ly,e n i t f c sdo nots on or i nt cai nal ve f he a t uppor a fndi ofpr t i ng obabl e ca e, hedef nda sur t c t o fnd t tt y a ee il t qua ii i uniy. us t e nt ge he our t i ha he r ntted o lfed mm t The e i no que ton t tt rghtt be fe fom unl wf a r s s ç bee c e ry r s si ha he i o re r a ul re t k has n l a l esabls c tt tonallw f rde ade . Ha rs v, i e W ila Ct PolceDe t 6 F. t ihed onsiu i a o c s' rion Prnc ' li m y. i p', 40 Su 2d 688,702 ( D.Va 2009) l t Fourh Cic t howe r t boundais ofwha pp. E. . . n he t rui, ve, he re t ac i ns c tt e pr bl c us t a r s f r pos e s on of a f l e ID .do not a pe r cl a . t o ons iut oba e a e o r e t o ssi as . p a er l ed,t c tha f nde he our s ound onl a s ngl un epo t d r a ed ca e.Se Cor rv. one ,955 F. d y i e, r r e el t s e ke J s 2 40,1 92 W L 2928 a *1( h Ci.Fe 21 1 (i ngpr ba e e us when t pl nif 9 2, t 4t r b. , 992) tndi o bl a e he aitf wa u bl t e ai t at r pa' how heobti dhi pr spa s.I i tu t ti lfe s na e o xpl n o hid ly t ane s es s ) t s r e ha kuaiid i uniy wa ne ri ende t r le go r ntofi asfom t r ponsbiiy ofa yi mm t s vc nt d o e ive ve mne fcil r he es i lt ppl ng fmiirlga prnci est ne st to . Tr oc v.Freh,275F.d 391,405 ( hCi.2001 a la e l i pl o w iuains' ul k ' e 3 4t r ) ( iha ,J, c uri ;s as W is v.La ,5 U. 6 61 ( 999 (eusng t M c el , onc rngl ee lo lon vne 26 S. 03, 5 1 ) rf i o r r t t t r be a pr ous l ga di pos ton a es i t pr i e conduc t fnd a r g equie ha he e evi e l s ii ddr s ng he ec s to i i ht c e l esabls d s l ast c l ary t i he o ong he onduc ' il ga iy w oul ha bee e de t a r s bl t s le lt d ve n vi nt o ea ona e ofi e on t bass ofe si lw) Howe r l ng t t tot lt oft cr t nce n fc r he i xitng a . ve , ooki o he û a iy he icumsa s' t ' 2 Vi naCo ej l .- 0 lB)p o ie t a ç n p ro wh o t is po s s e , el, rta se sa y r i d 82 2 4.( r vd s h ts y e s n o b an , se s s s l o r n f r n gi a s documentf t pur e ofesa i hi a f s s a us oc upa i m e be s p,lc e ori iy f hi s for or he pos t bls ng ale t t , c ton, m r hi i ens dentt or m el a ot rper on i guit ofa Cl s l m ide ea . ny he s s ly as s m nor' ' i l ngt f c t tt i i ntoc ure durngt e ry- o ni hour o Sai Parc s ncudi he a t ha he ncde c r d i he a l m r ng s n nt ti k' Da we ke a a f vo e UVA sude ha ut a t tt ofi r wine s J y e nd t a r d t nt ngo , nd ha he fce s t s ed ohns sa on t nd i lne wih a fi nd f ha fa bl k be or ha ng hi ID.t a bounce ,g ti i ba k,a n i t re or l oc f e ndi s . o r e tng t c nd t n waki a y fo a ba ,t c tbei vest ta r as bl ABC Age wo d be ive he l ng wa r m r he our le ha e ona e nt ul le t tt y ha pr bl c us al i pos i y i r e ty.See But v.Econo ou,483 U . 478, ha he d oba e a e, be t s bl nco r c l z m S. 5 ( 9 8 ( o ig t a q aiid i nt c v r ra o a l S sa e i j d me t wh te 07 1 7 ) n tn h t u lfe mmu i o es e s n be t tk s n u g n , eh r y mi t mitke i one offc o one oflw',Pl trv.Bos l No.6: he sa s at r a '' ase ) wel, 05CV00006,2007 W L 3231 a *6 ( . Va.Oct 30,2007 ( i t tt is ofpr bl c us wa a i l e 533, t W D. . ) notng ha he sue oba e a e s i os c ca1' a t t ofi r we ee ild t qua iid i l, nd hus he fce s r ntte o lfe mmuniy be us t y pos e s da g bl ' t ca e he s s ed sr ua e pr bl c e.).The eor t c ttndst tt Age sa ee il t qualfedi miyc oba e aus ' r f e,he our i ha he nt r ntted o ii mmt t m t f lea r tc am and wilg a de e he as res l i l r nt f ndan s m oton ast Col 1 t' i o mt . B. Exc s i For e e s ve c Pl ntf a s a lge t tt Age t us d e es i f c whe t g a ai if lo le s ha he n s e xc sve or e n hey r bbed hi rght si a m and k te e t t s' i be nd hi bac gr bbed hi l f a m ,t e hi t t g ound, r û tmpt d o wit' t hi a s k, a s e4 r hr w m o he r a ha ufed a s ckld hi whie he was l ng on t gr nd ndc f nd ha e m l yi he ound.De e nt a gue t t f nda s r ha J ohns n' r pe t a tm pt t fe hi s l a c i d physc l r ssa o s e a ed te s o r e m ef nd ontnue i a e itnce c d l d a oul ea r as bl ofi e t bele t t i or r t pr ec t of i r s ow n s e y, s e ona e fc r o i ve ha , n de o ot t he fce ' af t uch f ce w as or ne es a y t pr ve J l s f om l a ng.D e enda t a s poi ou t t J c s r o e nt o m on r e vi f n s l o nt t ha ohns ha a l ge on s le d noph ia ij iso pan fo t ha ufsa t aguet tJ onha fie t pla a ysc l nure r i r m he ndc f nd hus r ha ohns s ald o e d n e es i f r e cl i a t t ha uf i xc sve o c a m s o he ndc fng. E a m s of e e sve f c occ rng d i a ar e t a e t be e l t unde t d i cl xc s i or e ur i ur ng n r s r o va ua ed r he Fourh A m e t ndm e t t Unie St t s Co tt i ' Rus e lv.W rght 91 F.Supp.2d 629, nt o he td a e nsiuton. ' sl i , 6 63 ( . Va. 3) ifhe( t Ame 6 W D. 201 .d Fourh ndme 'qpr eci a i tt ea o bl s z es nts ot ton gans mr s na e eiur i ude t rghtt befe ofke z e e f c uaed byexc svef ce '' rr v. nel 652 ncl s he i o r e s i ur s fe t t es i or .'Hely Pur l, F. 5 531( h Ci.2011 ( ba )( i Sc t v.Br ,455 F.d 470,476 ( h Ci. 3d 24, 4t r ) en nc quotng hulz aga 3 4t r 2006).l a yzng aFourhAme ) n nal i t ndme e e svef c cam,t c trviwst fcsa nt xc si ore li he our e e he a t nd c r m s a s ç r t pe s tve of a r as bl of i e on t s ne.'G r ha v.Col or icu t nce c om he r pec i f e ona e fc r he ce ' a m m , 490 U. 38 395- ( 989 .l co i rng whehe t f ceus wa r s bl ( c t S. 6, 96 1 ) n nsde i t r he or ed s ea ona e, $ our a m us f us on t m o e t t t f ce i e pl d. H e y, 652 F. d a 531 Thi t oc he m nt ha he or s m oye ' nr ' 3 t . s Ce s n bln s'i ur i o j ciea d t u j ci ec n e slk i lc 'a Ca im'h ve s a o a e e s'nq iy s b e tv n t b e tv o c pt i e maie nd s ds a r s n p o e pa ei gt. Gr h m, 9 U. a 3 9 l se d r lv n c n ieain icu e çh o r p r lc n ij' a a 4 0 S. t 9 . n ta , ee a t o sd rto s n ld : s e ' t s vert oft c i ea is whehe t s pec pos a i e iy he rm t s ue, t r he us t es n mmedit t e tt t s et oft a e hr a o he af y he ofi e s orot r ,a whe he he i aci l r ssi a r tor at mptng t e fc r he s nd t r s tvey e itng res te i o vade a r s by re t tih . l .a 3 6.The c u tma as c n ie t ee tn o te plitf s ij r .J n s v lg t' d t 9 ' o r y lo o sd r h x e t f h an if n u y o e . Buc na 325F. 520,527( h Ci.2003) k tmat y,heque tont bedecd i ( t r ha n, 3d 4t r .i i el t ul si o ied s whehe t ttlt oft crumsanc sj tfeglapa tc a s tof.s z e.'Smihv.Ra 78lF. he oaiy he ic t e usii s riulr or ,.eiur '' t v, 3d 95 1 ( t Ci. 01 )( u tn Te n se v. r e , 71U. 1 89 ( 9 5 ) Ho v r teei , 01 4h r 2 5 q oi g n e s e Gan r 4 S. , - 1 8 ). we c ,h r s no q s i t tof i e s ç r e il t us f r e i o de t e f t t ' a i tga or s o ue ton ha f c r k e ntted o e o c n r r o f ec ua e ' n nves i t y t p. a Unie Stt v.Smih,386F. x. 403-4 ( hCi.201 . td aes t App' 399, 0 4t r 0) The c tbei vest tt Ag nt ha a t ve y las,r s na e s pii t so our le ha he e s d, t he r e t ea o bl us c on o t p J ohns n. The c t ca o our nnot a e t t g a ng J on' a gr e ha r bbi ohns s nn, hol ng on t hi el di o s bow, i te ti ) t t s' hs am b hn hi b c a d g a bng hs lf a wee o j ciey t tmp r o wit' i r e id s a k, n rb i i et nn r be tv l a nc unr a ona e ways t e f ct t s h i s i t y s o U nie St t s v.H a 825 F. 32,35 e s bl o f e ua e uc nve tga or t p. t d a e ye, 2d ( h Ci.1 7)(ç isve y na u e.. Terv sop i i untr a t s pec i notfe t 4t r 98 'By t r t r .a r t s nvol a y, nd he us t s re o avoi i by fi .To t ext ,hi f eedom i lm ied,and t polcem an i aut i t use d t lght hat ent s r si t he i s horzed o s h r ona e f c a na benec sar t a ompls t pur e oft lmied sop.'. uc eas bl ore s n y e s y o cc ih he pos he i t t ' ) 10 M oe ve,panifalg sn ij r fo te ga b n o h sa us Se J n s 3 5F.d a 5 r o r litf le e o nu y r m h rb i g f i n . e o e , 2 3 t 27 (ttngt tac t yconsde t e e ofpl ntf ij r . sai ha our ma i r he xtnt ai ips n u y) W hie t c thasde e m i d t tt i ta us off cew asr s bl t c ur tnds l he our t r ne ha he nii l e or ea ona e, he o t è t tJ ha ohns has pl d f c s s ppori a plusbl cli f e s i f c bas d on Age s on e at u tng a i e am or xce sve or e e nt Cus e a M il r s de i i t S l m ' J hns t t g ound.Se Eli v.Lea t ,99 F. 640, t r nd le ' c s on o i a ' o on o he r s e lot vit 3d 6 ( h Ci.1 )(d a r uie ust f usont mome f c wasus co uc p i 43 4t r 996 k ham eq rs o oc Gr he nt ore ed; nd t ror t t tmomenti notr e nti deer ni whehe a ofi e us r a ona e f c 'l Am. o ha s elva n t mi ng t r n tc r ed e s bl ore. ; ' Compl!40. yngt trtGr m fco t t sus off ce a a1tmesr e ntt onl . Appli he is aha a tr o hi e or , t 1 i elva , he y pot nta vi ai e i l oltons t t c d ha r as bl be c i r d by t ofier we e ha oul ve e ona y en onsde e he fc s r mid me n ro fnss S eVa Co e j 4.- 05B) 1 .- 0 1B) 1 .- 8 , n 1 .- 6 ( ; s e a o fe e . e . d . j 1 3 ( , 82 2 4.( , 82 3 8 a d 82 4 0A) Grha 490 U. a 395- (itng t s veiy oft ofe e a one fco t consde i a m, S. t 96 lsi he e rt he fns s a tr o i rn d tr nigwh te t ef reu e wa o j ci eyra o a l) C h nteO fn ec mmitdi eemi n eh r h o c s d s b e tv l e s n be .l e h fe s o te s W a mi one,6t Fourh Cic thalf t tt frtGrha fcorweg s i pli ifs nor ghe t rui s ound ha he is a m a t ihgq n antf' f vor ''J a .' ones 325 F. d a 5 s e a s St f r v.Bar s 1 1 , 3 t 28; e l o af o d ne , : 4CV 267,201 W L 3580752,a 6 t *1,* ( S. J 28,201 ( le ng t pli ifsaleg fcsastue t s veiy oft 4 D. C. une 6) beivi he antf' l ed a t r , he e rt he ci wa amide anorg suptonofe e a tn s er') rme s s me dir i fns j nd ûot ev e'. Li ii t i r t t f c ne s of t c pl i , t s ond Gr ha f c or m tng he nquiy o he our or r he om a nt he ec a m at s m ia l c i l ry ouns l i f vor of de al of de en n s m oton. Acc di t t c pl i ,t es n a ni f da t ' i or ng o he om a nt he Ag t had no r as t bele t tJ on wasa me a J en s e on o ive ha ohns r d, nd ohns û te e t coope a e' on l t mpt d o a rt' uponrcognii t Age M ilrwa al e ore nta nt Am.Co .! 34- Fu t r e zng hat nt le s aw nf c me ge . mpl 35. rhe, ( a t e w as not ye lng, di no a t r es M li d t ppea i oxi a e a w a not agg e s ve t a ds t r nt c t d, nd s r s i ow r he Age s'J. 37. s f t,i pr ntue s s t ta ob e tveyr a ona eofi rwo d nt. #z The e acs f ove r , ugget ha n j ci l e s bl fce ul ' . ! no tnd t tJ hns pos a i dit sft t e t Se Grha 490 U. a 39 (itng t i ha o on ed n mme ae aey hra. e a m, S. t 6 lsi whe he t s pe t pos d a i e a e t e t t t s f t of t ofi r a a r lva t r he us c e n mm dit hr a o he a ey he fce s s ee nt c i rton) onsde ai . Furhe m or t c tbe i ve t tf om t f t pl d,t t r Gr ham f t s t r e, he our le s ha r he ac s e he hid a ac or uppor s t t ealg to t tAg nsM ilra d Cu tru e o j ci ey u ra o a efr e BohRo a d h le ain ha e t l n se s d b e tv l n e s n bl o c . t wln e v.Per 41F. 1 7 ( h Ci.1 ,a Smih v.Ra 781F. 95 ( h Ci.201 ) al d a rv, 3d 6 4t r 994) nd t y, 3d 4t r 5 , lowe cli f exc sve f ce t s r ve whe a pl i ifti tnc i y ti t e c pe' t ofi e ' a m or es i or o u vi n antf insi tvel red o s a ' he fc rs us off c Smih,781F. a 1 .s aloRowlnd,41F. a l (s andmanti e e or e. t 3d t 02, ee s a 3d t 74 k Rowl i anldj t the r i t onl t t e e of i tnc i l t y ng t pr e thi s l f om t de e nt s ha es sed y o he xt nt ns i tve y r i o ot c m e f r he f nda ' onsa .) He e J on alege t t he i tnci l pule a y fom a unknown lught' . r , ohns ' l s ha nsi tvey ld wa r n i vi g a nghi ar . ehe d t r i d t tAge M ilrwa a1 w e or e e a nt ndi dual r bbi s m Onc e e m ne ha nt le s a nf c m nt ge , J ohns n bec me c o a ompla a onl k te e t feehi effom M ilrsgr p t r ac f int nd y i t mpt d o r a ms l r le ' as o e h or hi i ntfca i ca d i or r t com pl w ih M il r s or a t pr hi i e ' A m . s de ii ton r n de o y t le ' der nd o ove s nnoc nce. ' Compl T 35.Nohi i t c ai s . t ng n he ompl nt uggesst tJ on was' ci y r itng aretor t ha ohns t tvel essi rs a at m p i t e te tng o vade a r s by f i . Gr ham ,490 U . a 39 Fi ly,c i rng t e entof r e t lght' a ' S. t 6. na l ons de i he xt te ij r fo plit fhi ig te g o n whc icu e a s v r lc rto t t eh a a d h nu y r m ani t n h r u d, ih n ld d e ee a eain o h e d n f t pe mane s a ng,t cou tbele t tkhe t a iy of t cr umsa e ,'a pl do no r nt c ni he r ives ha û otlt t he ic tnc s' s ed, t j siytelv l ff reu e t ef c tesiu e Te n se v. r r 4 U. a 8 9. u tf h e e o o c s d o fe t h ez r . n e s e Gane, 71 S. t Def nda sM il ra Cuse a guet tt a e e ild t quaii d i e nt le nd tr r ha hey r ntte o lte mmuniy a t t t s o he e c sie f re cam.C-l tp l e o fc r .. e e c sie f r e d rn t erar s g i a x e sv o c li klha oi fies.us d x e sv o c u ig h i ret q s lc wel e t bls d a c m on cl i .'Gue r r v.D ç nç, o.l: - - 31 201 W L 670089, l s a i he nd om am ' re o g N 09 CV 1 3, 0 - a *13( D.Va Fe 1 20l ) I t sc e t t c tfndsi wel stldt ta ofi rma t E. . b. 9, 0 .n hi ontx ,he our i t l ete ha n fce y not û l m ' t t gr nd a una m e nont ea e ng, m i de e nor s pec w ho i i t k a ' o he ou s n r d, hr t ni s m a us t s n he pr ocess of atem ptng t com pl wih t of i s dem ands.Bari d,638 F.App' a 203t i o y t he f cer' fel x t 204 (ole tng ca e ) As i Rowlnd a Smih,whee quaiid i c lci s s. n a nd t r lfe mmuniy wasde e Age s t nid, nt Cuse a M ilr 'ook a st ton wher t r obvi l was no nee f t us of a t r nd le û t iuai e he e ousy d or he e ny sgnii ntf c a ye t k a unr s bl a r s i t c ' Sm ih v. v,781 F. 95,1 i tca or e nd t oo n ea ona y gg e sve a k.' t Ra 3d 04 (t Ci.201 ) At r ngl t c tdoes no b i t tAge s Cuse a Milra e 4h r 5 . xodi y, he our t eleve ha nt tr nd le r e il d t qualfe i ntte o ii d mmuniy on t e e sve f r e ca m a wilde de e nt 'm o i t t he xc s i o c li nd l ny f nda s ton o di m i s Count1 ast t s t o de e nt . s s 1 o he e w f nda s To t ext nt pl ntf a l ge t t Age Ci a e us d exc s ve f r e by ha he e ai i f le s ha nt el ki e es i o c ndcufi fng J ohns s wr s ,con c i t e ha uf s w ih t ha uf s s r on' it ne tng hos ndc f t he ndc f ur oundi J ng ohns s ot r on' he wrs, a s klng J it nd hac i ohns ' 1 ,t c tbe ive t tt sc am mus f i. Att m ome t a l3 he nt on s egs he our le s ha hi l i A ge Ci l ki empl nt e a e oyed t s m e s e of f c he w a a s s i w ih w ha a r as bl 1 w hi a ur or e, s s i tng t t e ona e a enf r m e t a nt wo d beive t be a lwf a r t $ sa r pr e e s h a o ce n ge ul le o a ul res. û t nda d oc dur uc s A h n c fig wo l rr l c nsi t e c s ie f re wh r t e o fc r wee j siid..n a d u fn ud a ey o tt e x e sv o c u ee h fies r u tfe .i efci t undel ng a rs. Br v.Gimor,278F. 362,369 ( h Ci.2002 .Ast fe tng he ryi ret' own ' l e 3d 4t r ) he S p e Co r ha ma ece r ith c lu u o ra o a ln s mus e o yalwa c f rte u rme u t s d la,' j e ac l s f e s n be e s t mb d lo n e o h g fc ta po ieo fc r a eo tn f re t ma es i s c n j g n s i cru tn e ta a t h t lc fies r fe o c d o k pl-e o d ud me t n ic msa c s h t t a e t ns unc r a n, a r pi y e vi - a r e e, e t i nd a dl vol ng bout t a ount of f r e t t i ne es a y i a he m o c ha s c s r n pa tc a s t ton.'Gr ha ,490 U. a 397- û oteve y pus ors r i ul r iua i ' a m S. t 98. i N r h hove,e n i i m a l e ve f t y at r s e u n c s ay i te pe c o aj d esc a es'i o j ci l u ra o a l.l ( in e m n e e s r n h a e f u g ' h mb r' s be t y n e s n b e d. ct g ve i J ms v.Glck,481F. 1 ol on i 2d 028,1 ( Ci.1 033 2d r 978:.An ofi rwilnotbe labl when he fce l i e ra o a y b tmitk nl, eiv dta t ecru tn e j siidu igmo ef reta wha e s n bl, u sa e y b l e h t h ic msa c s u tfe sn r o c h n t e wasne d i hi iht Se Guerr v.De ne,750 F.Supp.2d 63l,653 ( D.Va.201 .l ede n ndsg . e reo a E. 0) n t i t nt ca e M il r a Cus e ha a r ad t r w n J he ns a s , le nd t r d le y h o ohns n t t gr o o he ound be or Ci a e f e el ki i ervened, Fr t f s as pl t cour beleves t a r onabl of nt om he act ed, he t i hat eas e /cer i Agent n 3 Pl ntf as cli t tAge Cilki f l t i er ne, whih i dicus e i r ai if lo ams ha nt ea e aied o nt ve c s s s d nfa. 13 Ci lki s posto c d bei t f t r ha ufi of t pl i if wa ne es a y. ea e' ii n oul leve hat urhe ndc tng he antf s c sr Ac o d n l, e tCilkec n o b s e a h v n u e a o j ci l u ra o a l a u t c r i gy Ag n ea i a n t e e n s a ig s d n be t y n e s n b e mo n ve off c or e. Eve i f t rcufi wa notnec s r diti tc t i t scic tha r a e y n f urhe fng s es a y, src ours n hi r ui ve epe t dl ds se cams o e c sie fr e wh n te plitf h sfie t alg p ysc l ij r imis d li f x esv o c e h an if a ald o le e h ia nu y s f e a a r s tofa ha uf i Se Cunni m v.Rufki N o.1: - - 650,201 W L ufer d s e ul ndc fng. e ncha t n, 15 CV 1 6 639601 a *5( D.Va.Oc.26,2016 (k n i t cufi wa exc sve,Pli ifha fie 5, t E. t )i Eve f he fng s esi antf s ald t s o t ts e s fee a ij r a ar s l o t ec nd c ..géa ko e i e c o sg iia t o h w ha h u frd n nu y s e ut f h o u t.. c f v d n e f in fc n l physc lha unde ne acam f e e svefr bas don t ma rofcufi ' 'Amon ia nn nni s li or xc s i oce e he nne fng.l ', v.St ,No.3: 1CV- 2011W L 61 ubbs 1 - 491, 00334,a *5 ( D.Va.De 7,201 )( s si a t E. c. 1 dimisng cai f exc sve f cewhe t pl ntf alege onl ment a s a dic f 'fo t l m or es i or n he ai if l d y al nguih nd s om ol r m he t ma rofha ufi ;Haev.CiyofNe r Ne ,No.4: 1CV- ,2011W L 46211 a nne ndc fngl l t wpo t ws 1 - 28 82, t *11 n.8 ( D. l E. Se .30,20l1 (iEj esi f ce cai semmi fom t us of pt ) sl xc sve or l ms t ng r he e ha ufsf lasamat ofl onl wh apli ifsij isaelmie t mi s rpesor ndc f ai ter aw y en antf' nure r i td o nor ca s e s' ;Coope v.CiyofVici aBea h,81 F.Supp.1 ,1 4( D.Va.1 )(tT) ornes .) ' r t r ni c 7 310 31 E. 993 1r he p e e e nau e a d e tn o a y r s lig ij r c n ttt i o tn ee n s i te r snc , tr , n x e t f n e utn nuy o si e mp ra t lme t n h u r ao a ln s c lul .) He e J h o salg to si cu en ij r fo hsh n c fi o e s n be e s ac us' . r , o ns n' le ain n ld o nu y r m i a d u fng r ' s c i by Age Ci a e.Thus t cour wildim is a cai ofe es i f c a i t ha klng nt elki , he t l s s ny l m xc sve or e gans A ge Ci l e. nt e aki C . Byst anderL i lt agai Ci aki abiiy nst el e J ohns has a s a l ge t t A ge Ci l ki vi a e hi r g t be f e f o a on l o le d ha nt e a e ol t d s i ht o re r m n unr easonabl sei e zure under a t heory of bys ander labiiy. A 1 enf cem ent of i m ay be t i lt aw or fcer la e f afiur t itr ne unde j 1 i t bysa ng ofierç 1 knowst taf lw ibl or al e o neve r 983 f he tndi fc i ) ( ha elo ofie i vi ai a i vi ' co ttto lrghs () has a ras bl opporuniy t fc r s oltng n ndi duals nsiuina i t; 2 e ona e t t o pr ntt ham;a ( )c esno t ac. Ra l v.Prnc Ge ge' Ct ,30 F,d 1 eve he r nd 3 hoos t o t' ndal ' i e or s y. 2 3 88, 20 (t Ci.2002) Forla lt t atc t ofie mus poses ta raitc opporuniy t 4 4h r . ibiiy o ta h, he fc r t s s : e lsi t t o i eve t pr ve t ham fom oc uni 'I ( i And ron v.Br ne 1 F. 55 ntr ne o e nt he r r c ng. d. quotng ' es a n, 7 3d 2, 557( Ci.1 4), enda saguet tAge Cilki c r behel labl und at r of 2d r 99 )Def nt r ha nt ea e amot d i e er heoy bys a t nder la lt bec us he di notha t op r uniy t pr ven A ge t M il r a Cuser i biiy a e d ve he po t t o e t n s le nd t f om s i i J r e z ng ohns a t ow i hi t t gr on nd hr ng m o he ound. co tag ee . The ur r s J ohns a ogi es t sca e t t e ot rca e i whi h a pl i if s bys a r la lt on nal z hi s o hr e he s s n c a ntf ' t nde i biiy cli s v ve Thec t howe r fndst f c s aspl he e, si s bl Fore mpl,i am ur i d. our, ve , i he a t , ed r ditnguiha e. xa e n D ono hue v.La be t t pl n i fpl d t t s ve a a nt s oo i y by whie t o a nt bea m r , he ai tf e ha e r l ge s t d dl l w ge s t hi fro rf mi es No.7:3- 0 97,201 W L 4825 a *2 ( . Va.Se .25, m o ve our nut . 1 CV-03 4 258, t W D. pt 201 .Si lry,nCha zv. cntr,t pli ifpldt tt ofie sma edhi f : 4) mial i ve M l ie he antf e ha he fc r c m or s c tme,ki ke hi i t sdeg l s tve tmes a sr k hi on t sde wih a sik. e ond i c d m n he i ! ea t i i , nd tuc m he i t tc 4 4F. u p. d 8 , 6 ( . Va 2 0 ) Fnal,n S t v. ylr t eplitf wa ij r d 2 S p 2 58 8 0 W D, . 0 6 . i l i mih Ta o ,h an if s nu e y durng a e c tpr e e a t d t ofe ng ofi e s ver ltmest tt r sr i t we e i n s or oc dur nd ol he f ndi fc r e a i ha he e ta n s r t tght No.7:4- 0002,201 W L 11 31 a *2 ( . Va.M ac 1 201 ) Theciial oo i . 1 CV5 941 , t W D. rh 6, 5 . rtc ditnc i be w e n t i t ntc s a t t r e upon w hi pl i tf r i i t o r uniy t s i ton t e he ns a a e nd he h e ch a n if eles s he ppo t t o i er ne.Se Ra al,302 F.d a 203 (e rng a ke lsi o runiy t i eve 't nt ve e nd l 3 t rquii ' aitc ppo t t o ntr ne' o r i ebysa rla lt .Ta ng a1i ee si f oft pli if t co antf l t mpos tnde ibiiy) ki 1 nfrnce n avor he antf, he mpli ais o a s r a f t l s na i i w hi h A ge Ci l ki w oul ha known of t c tt i s e t ac ua ce r o n c nt e a e d ve he ons iutonal vi a i a ha s fc e tm e t s op i. The e o e t c t w il di m i s a1 c ai s of ol ton nd d ufi i nt i o t t r f r , he our l s s l l m byst anderlabiiy agai A gentCi aki i lt nst el e, D. St e Law C l m s at ai I Cou s I V l a V 1 , J n nt V, , nd 1 ohns a l ge s a e l w vi a i f g os ne i nc on le s t t a ol tons or r s glge e, a s ul,a ba t y.The c t fnds a pl aut iy i ca i t t pl i tf ' cl i s of g os s a t nd ter our i m e hort ndi tng ha a n if s a m r s neglg nc ba t r a as a tç i e or f l' wih hi e e s ve f ce c ai .Se W a e v.J m e i e e, te y, nd s ul d s r a l' t s xc s i or l m e r a s Ciy Ct ,652 F.Su 2d 693,71171 ( D.Va.2009)(û hie t Vene c ta l d t y. pp. - 2 E. C l he W y our nayze whehe (hr ng t pli ift t grund wa ltr sy ne i nt'ot rco t a a t t r t owi he antf o he o s gos l glge , he urs ppe r o rv r et ee u to ,a kn wh t e t ea to swee Cbe t l ra o a l 'a d prs ma l, e e s h q ain s ig eh r h cin r o j ci y e s n b e n , eu by ve t r f e not g os l ne i ent.. hie usng dif r nt tr , t e c t a he e or r sy glg ..W 1 i fe e e ms hes ours ppea t be r o d srbn te (a ja pia l ts.)(iig Ve y v Oid ,3 F.Su p. d 7 3 7 7 ( D. e ci ig h sme p lc be e t' ctn ne . e a 2l ' p 2 3 , 4 E. Va.2004);Clvea v.Ciy ofDer t 275 F.Su 2d 832,842 ( h Ci.2003)(ius asa ) e lnd t toi, pp. 6t r i t l tiro fc c ud tn t a gh rmann d fn a tlweeo j ciey u ra o a e .atiro re f a t o l i d h t te e iig ee d n s r b e tv l n e s n bl.. re f fc c dfndt tsmefiueg osl ne i nt';Grfi v.Hadrc 604F. 949,956( h a t oul i ha a alr r sy glge .) ifn ' r ik, 3d 6t Ci.201 (e heeapl ntf a s rsabatr cli unde (ttllw t taiesoutoft s me r 0) i r ai if s et tey am W r sae a ha rs he a us off c a he j 1 e sie-or cli t a yssi t s mef bot c us of e ore s r 983 xce sv f ce am,he nal i s he a or h a es aci ' ;J sonows v.Be k,937F.Supp.95,1 ( M as.1 (û- ,n ot rwor ,he ton.) e i ' ki c 05 D. s 996) sl i he ds t -hus pl ntf s as a t a ba t r c ai s w il r s or f l i t s m e m a r a hi Fourh ai i f s ul nd te y l m l ie a l n he a nne s s t Ame d n cams..) J h s n v Ciyo F y t vlq 91F. u p. d 7 5 8 5 1 ( D. C. n me t li ..'; o n o . t f a et i , ' e l S p 3 7 , 1 - 6 E. N. 201 ($n e e svefr ec e s h a t s a( allsae1w cam ofa sul a bat yi 5) ;1 xc si o c ass uc s hi, parle tt a li sa t nd ter s s ume wihi t fdeale si f c cam a s goe f r a we1.' (ii ubs d t n he e r xce sve or e li nd o s onvad s 1'' ctng ) Rowlnd,41F. a 1 . a 3d t 74) Bec us t c t bele a e he our i ves t t pl i if ha s fc enty pl hi s a e 1 w c a m s ha a ntf s uf i i l ed s t t a l i , howe . i ne not detnii l a w e w he her a i a i of t s m e prnc pl ar ver t ed i tve y ns r t pplc ton he a i i es e appr i e t bot t s at 1 and f oprat o h he t e aw ederal t s.Johnson has s fci l pl t A gent ort uf i enty ed hat s M ilra Cuse a t d wih g os ne i ncewhe t y t e hi t t gr le nd tr c e t r s glge n he hr w m o he ound.Se Fr i v. e azer Ciy ofNorol 23 Va.388,393( 987)(d os ne i nc i t tdeg e ofne i ncewhih t f k, 4 1 ç s glge e s ha r e Gr glge c s howsanute dir r ofpr nc a tng t complt nege to t s ft ofa t r' tr segad ude e mouni o ee lc f he aey nohe .) ' ( ttonsomitdl Vala r sv.Cor r No.106- l 2007 W L 2471 a * ( D. ciai te ; ldae deo, : CV- 378, 067, t 6 E. Va.Aug. 27, 2007) (s fc gs acin of sa ng t s l te ge ' he d it t i ieril to of lmmi he mal e na rs a no he ca .. monsr t t posi lt ofwa onnes.'.Si lry,bec us he ha pld aplusbl r.de taes he sbiiy nt s' mial ) a e s e a ie cl i f e s i f c J hns hasl d t f t pr di t t s po thi as a ta bate y a m or xce sve or e, o on ai he ac ual e ca e o up r s s ul nd t r cli .Se Burus v.Rie No.3:5- 0 65,201 W L 3360532,a *6 ( tng Vae i ams e r s lv, l CV-00 6 t quoi lntne v. nokeCt Polc Dep',No.7:0- 00 20llW L 3 Roa y, ie t l CV- 429, 273871 a *5( . Va J y29, , t W D. . ul 2 1 ) (iAq ars u iii e c siefr ei ab teyb c u et tt u higi n t u ti do 0 1) t n re t tlzng x e sv oc s atr e a s ha o c n s o j si e r g t e us a t r or i unlwf . Smihv. y,85 F.Supp. 569,583( D. 201 xc ed nd heef e s a ul' l; t Ra 5 2d. E. Va. 2) (k c u e maeilf cs i ds u e p e l d a fn i g o s mmay j d me twh t ro n t l a s tra a t n ip t rcu e id n n u r u g n ehe r o Be O fi er Ray' us of f ce was r as bl t e s m e di put s pr ve t r s uton o Sm ih' fc s e or e ona e, hos a s e e n e ol i f t s sael cli fra sula bate y.) afd,781F. 95( hCi. 5) tt aw ams o sa t nd tr ' , f' ' 3d 4t r 201 . The c t howe r ha de e mi t t t f c s pl d do no s our, ve , s t r ned ha he a t e t uppor a cl m of t ai e s i f c agans Agen Cil e a t tt Age sa e e il d t qua ii d i xce sve or e i t t eaki nd ha he nt r ntte o lfe mmuniy on t t f l e a r s c a m .Be aus of t s t c t c ncl s t t J he a s r e t l i c e hi , he our o ude ha ohns n f is t pl ad t f t o a l o e he ac s ne es a y t s c s r o uppor c ai s of a s ul a ba t y a i t Age Ci a e Se W a e,652 F. t lm s a t nd ter ga ns nt el ki . e r Supp.2d 693,71 ( D.Va.2009)(i pl ntf' a s l orbatr cai c n b dee td by a 2 E. tA ai ifs saut tey l m a e fae lga j tfc ton f t a t.a Vigi a l r ogni s t t polc ofie s a e lgal e l usiiai or he c ..nd r ni aw ec ze ha ie fc r r e ly j tfe i usngr as bl f c t e c et rlwf dute .l;Smih,855 F.Supp.2d.a usiid n i e ona e ore o xe ut hei a ul is' t t 583 ($ polc ofi rs us ofras bl f ce i t c zs ofma ng a lwf ars i * A ie fce ' e e ona e or n he otre ki a ' re t s ul j tfcai s fce t a dla lt f a sul a batr ') Theeor t c twilde usii ton ufiint o voi ibiiy or sa t nd tey. . rf e,he our l ny ' de e f ndan s m o i t dim ist sae 1w cai sast Age t M ilra Cuse a wilg a t ' ton o s s he t t a l m o n s le nd tr nd l r nt de e nt 'm oto t dimist sa e1 w cli sag ns Age Ci lki f nda s i n o s s he tt a am ai t nt ea e. l. I C l m sA a ns ABC and W al ai ai t ker Sect on 1983 Supervi i sory Li lt abiiy J ohns a s r s a c a m of s per s y la lt aga ns Di e t r W a ke a A BC, on s e t li u vi or i biiy i t r co l r nd a l gi t t D ie t W a ke a ABC f ie t tai or s r i e a t t t s de e n s le ng ha r c or l r nd a ld o r n upe v s nd ha he e f nda t wee a e t t ABC Age s ha r war ha nt d S des e d prci of g i un e s bl s pra a tce wi usngl r a ona e, dipr tonae a wr u f c a t tc i a oa hi s pecs'Am.Compl ! 1 l s opori t, nd ongfl ore nd acis n ppr c ng us t.' . 07.t i welstld t a i u r io y o fcas ae n tv c ro l l b e fr c nsi to a ij re s l-ete h t i pe vs r fiil r o iaiusy i l o o t u in l n u is s a t i l c e by t i s nti t d he r ubor na es' N e oug v. e o Re ona J i A ut ,822 F. di t .' wbr h Pi dm nt gi l a l h. Supp.2d 558,582 ( D.Va.2011 (ii Slka v.Pore ,737 F. 368, 372 ( h Ci. 1 ) E. ) ctng a n tr 2d 4t r 984). Supewi or , how e r m a be labl whe t ha S om ul t d a c t o polc t t l s s ve , y i e n hey ve k pr ga e us om r i y ha c edac tt i lvi ai '1 ; polc o c t f whiha(upevior ofcal ma aus onsiutona olton. d.ç iy r usom or c s r s y fii l y ' A be hel la e c n a i e. .hr h a om i son,s h a f l e t pr l tai of i i l , t t d i bl a r s .t oug n si uc s aiur o opery r n fc a s ha i a f t delbe a e i f e e e t t r g s of cii e .' Lyte v.D oyl 326 F. d 463,41 m niess i r t ndif r nc o he i ht tz ns '' l e, 3 7 ( h Ci.2003)( tng s c ) W he pl di a j1 3 vi ain t oug an o si dg 4t r cii oures. n ea ng 98 olto hr h mison, tal pli ifmus poi t a ( r itnta wi pr ad pr c i ofm unii lofii s't d a i a ntf t nt o pe s se nd des e a tce cpa fcal, he dur ton a fe nc ofwhih i c t t tpolc ke s()hada t lorc tuci knowldgeof nd rque y' c ndiae ha iyma r 1 cua onsr tve e t conduc, ( fie t cor ti duet t i d i rt i fee .'Owe v.Bat Ciy he tand 2) ald o rec t o her delbeae ndifrnce'' ns l. t Stt' Ator Ofie,767 F. 379,402- ( hCi.201 ( i Spel v.M cDa e,824 aes t neys fc 3d 03 4t r 4) quotng l nil F. 1 2d 380,1 ( h Ci.1 ) Bot t k wl e a t i fee pr 391 4t r 987). h he no edg nd he ndifrnce ongs çc n be ta i en'd fom t S ent ofem pl nf e r he ext ' oyees'm i sconduct' I .' d. 1 A BC . I m ovi t di m i st cl i a i tABC ,de e nt a gue t tA BC i a a m o t n ng o s s he a m ga ns f nda s r ha s n r f he s a e a t r f e e il d t i m uniy unde t El ven h Am e e of t U nie St t t t nd he e or ntte o m t r he e t ndm nt he t d a es Consiuin.Se Re nt oft Uni ofCalf a v.Doe,51 U. 425 429 ( 997)( tng ttto e ae s he v. iomi 9 S. , 1 noi t tElve h Am e e i muniy C nc ha e nt ndm nt m t k ompa s snotonl a tons i whi h a St t i acua l e se y ci n c ae s t ly na ed a t de e m s he f ndan , but al o c r a n a tons a i t s a e a nt a t s e ti c i ga ns t t ge s nd s a e tt i tumenaiis'.J on ur st c tt fndt tt f t pld demonsrt t tABC i nsr tlte .) ohns ' ge he our o i ha he acs e tae ha s nota a m oft Stt ,a t r or note ild t s r g i muniy.W he he a age is n r he a e nd he ef e, ntte o ove ein m t t r n ncy t i t bete t d asa a m oft Stt pa tki oft Stt sEl ve h Am e e ti o rae n r he ae ra ng he a e' e nt ndm n mmuniy,ori t s i t a t be tea ed as a m uni i l c por ton or ot r poltc l s vi i t w hi h t ns e d o r t c pa or a i he ii a ubdi s on o c he El ven h A m e m e doe not e e .de e t nd nt s xt nd. . pends a l a t i pa ' upon t na ur of t en iy , t e s n l, t he t e he tt cr a e by s a e l w .'M t H e t Ciy Sc e td t t a ' . alhy t hool Di t Bd.of Educ.v.D oyl ,4 U . 274,280 s. e 29 S. ( 977 .W he ' yi t am-ft -tt a l i, t c tco i r furnonexcusve 1 ) nt appl ng he r o-hesae nayss' he our nsdes o ' li f co s ( )wh t rt sae i et e lg ly o f n to l l be f raj d me ta ans t a tr : 1 ehe he tt s ih r e al r u cinal i l o u g n g i t he y a ag y;( Che de eeofa ono e cs d by t e iy,i l ng s h cic tnc s a enc 2) t t gr ut my xerie he ntt ncudi uc rumsa e s w ho a nt t e iy' di e t sorof i r ,w ho f ppoi s he ntt s r c or fce s undst e iy,a w he he t St t r t ns he ntt nd t r he a e e ai a veo ove t e iy' a tons' ( û tert e iy i i ved wih sae c ensas t r he ntt s ci ' 3) ' h he ntt s nvol ; whe t tt onc r ditnc fom n sae c ens i udi l alconc r ';a ( ' t e iy i te td si t r on-tt onc r , ncl ng oc ens' nd 4) t he ntt s rae how unde s a e l w ,s h a whe he t e iy' r a i ns p w ih t St t i s tci nty c os t r t t a uc s t r he ntt s el to hi t he a e s ufi e l l e o m a t en iy a a m of t St t ' U . e r l Obe g v. Pe yl ni Hi he Ed . ke he tt n r he a e. S. x. e , ' r nns va a g r uc As itnceAc y,745F. 1 ,1 - ( hCi.201 ( tngc s s. ssa enc 3d 31 3638 4t r 4) cii a e ) Looki t t a ncy' e blng sa ut 4t c tbei ve t tABC i a a m oft ng o he ge s na i tt e, he our le s ha s n r he Stt Ast t frtObeg fcor t EBoad,ma j t na 9(t Co ae. o he is r a t , he t r y, . he me he mmonwe 1h,be n at . s d..or ove da s..'Va Code.j4.-1 (mpha i a d) Addiinal S l moneys uc .t ec r mage .. . ' 1 06 e ss ddc . to ly,k l a c lce r ABCj.s l be pad die ty a pr l i o t sae te s r .wihouta ole td by ..hal i rcl nd ompty nt he tt r a u y.. t ny de tons..' l j 4.-1 6.Thes mone , l s ne pr is a e s t a i t crae a duci ..' d. l 1 e ys es t oft, r e sde o e t n k tr rs Fu d' l .Thi i tr rs F n ' i s be t t a p o rain a d u e fr t e ' ep ie n . d En ' s i ep ie u d' s u jc o p r p ito n s d o h En pa e of A BC s a i a k os s a e ym nt al res nd ' t nd xpens i ur e i esa i hi a m ai a ni c es nc r d n t bls ng nd nt i ng g r ntsor . L.ABC ma de tfom ne pr isa c ran amountt ceae ar eve ovenme t es' pa ' y duc r t oft eti o r t esr f bu t saut s ii a l not t tt r s r e f i t i ovi f de e i to o t und, t he t t e pecfc ly es ha he e e v und s o s de or pr c ai n n he pr buidi s plnt a e pm e . l Ther m ani ne p oft a eta f re by t l ng , a s nd qui nt' d. ' e i ng t r is r r ns e r d he Com p r l rt t ge r lf oft Stt tea ur a m a i ce t n c r umsanc s be tole o he ne a und he a e r s y nd y, n rai ic t e , diti edt t ma l ltesac os Vigi a.1 l diposng ofmoneyscoleced byABC, srbut o he ny oca ii r s r ni d. n s i l t t eVign aCo ed e no p o ief rwh te ABC p y f rj d me t a an ti. o e v r h r ii d o s t r vd o eh r a s o u g ns g i s t M ro e , ABC i s d ti t na o t Commo at '1 j4.- 1 The eor t c tbeive s ue in he me f he nwe lh.' d. 1 1 6. r f e,he our le s t tt tr tObe g f t w e ghs i f voroff ndi ABC t be a St t a ncy. ha he i s r ac or i n a i ng o a e ge A s es i t r m a ni f c or , t co us on t t A BC i en il d t El ve h s s ng he e i ng a t s he ncl i ha s tte o e nt A m e m e i m uniy bec es cl a e .ABC ' boa d m e be s a e a nd nt m t om e rr S r m r r ppoi ed by t Gove no nt he r r a c ime byt Genea Ase y ofVigi a Va.Code.j4. - 02.TheGo norelcs nd onfr d he rl s mbl r ni. 01 1 ver et t c i n,a t Ge r Ase yasxe t boad' s lr JJ ABC mus prvi yeal he hanna nd he neal smbl f s he r s aa y... 1 t o de ry r por s t t G ove nor and t Ge r lA s em bl i l ng de aied fnanc al sa e e t .1 e t o he r he ne a s y, nc udi t l i i t t m n s d. j4.- 1 ABC i as gi n t powe t rgult t ta po tton of be r a wi 1 1 4. s lo ve he r o e ae he r ns rai e nd ne t oughoutVigi a s si t tABC i i ve wih tsae co r .'1 j4.- 1 hr r ni, ugge tng ha s nvol d t dtt ncens' d. 1 1 2. 4 The c tno est ti i pe m it d t c i rk a t r ofpublc r or out i t pl a ngs,' M G I our t ha t s r te o ons de û te s m i ec d sde he e di ' C I d m . r . We s n 8 3 F2d5 0 5 4( t Ci. 98 ) n e Co p v. ima , 0 . 0 , 0 9h r 1 6 . Des t t s a hort t e blng s a ut s il di t t c r a n o r tng pr ed e , s h as pie hi ut iy, he na i t t e t l c a es e t i pe a i oc ur s uc whi h da AB C m a not o n s or s whe A BC m us s nd notc vi c r ii m ai ve s c ys y pe t e , n t e i es a e tfed l r us rgulroreecr cmai,a whih e o smus undegoba kgr md c c . i The eo e e a l toni l nd c mplyee t r c ot he ks J r fr , . a yi t Obe c f c or t t sage y,t c r bele t tABC c n f il be c i r d ppl ng he r a t s o hi nc he ou t ives ha a a ry onsde e a a m of t St t ,e ild t El ve h Am e n r he a e ntte o e nt ndme i nt mmuniy.Ac r ngl t co twil t co di y, he ur l di m i sal cl i s a i tA BC. s s 1 a m ga ns 2. D i e t W a ke r c or l r The cour ne co i r whehe J on ha al t sae a j 1 s r s r t xt nsdes t r ohns sf ied o tt 983 upevioy la lt c ai aga ns Di e t W a ke . W hic pr va lng on t m e is of s h a cl i i i biiy l m i t r c or l r l e ii he r t uc am s e e ngl difc t s a i 1 c ai t r le t ti pl usbl on is f e 'i ea i r O w e ,767 xc edi y f i ul, t tng i l m o e i f ha s a i e a t ac ' s s e . ns F. a 403 (ii As r tv.ll ,556 U. 662,678( 3d t ctng hcof cbal S. 2009:,I Owe ,t Fourh Cic t n ns he t r ui de e m i d t t a pl i i f ha s fci nty s a e a cl i f r i w he he pl d t o s cii t r ne ha a ntf d uf i e l t t d a m or elef n e w pe fc fct ( ) t t r pore a unrpore c e esa ihe a c t polc or prci of a s: 1 ha e td nd e td ass tbls d usom, iy, a tce s esi e de e,a ( t ta n uppr sng vi nc nd 2) ha umbe ofr e ntmotonsweefld de tai t s r elva i r ie monsrtng hi ale d c t of s e sng e ul t y e de e.l The Fo t Cic t f und t tt e lge usom uppr s i xc paor vi nc d. urh r ui o ha hes w e e f t a l ga i , i he ve a iy of whi h c d pl usbl s r ac ual le tons s t r ct c oul a i y uppor a M one l c ai . l t l l m ' d. ' (ee e i Monelv. p'ofSoc.Sevs, U. 658( 978) rfr ncng l De t r .436 S. 1 ). l i not e ug how e ,t t a pl i if pl ad f c s gi ng r s t a i r i t nt a ts no h, ver ha a ntf e a t vi ie o i s s e nd pe w i s e d' pa t r or pr tc Spe l 824 F. at 1 de pr a ' te n ac i e. l, 2d 386.A pl ntf m us a s m a f t ai i f t l o ke ac ual a s tonst tde o tat a c a lnk be wee t s r s ' i c i a t ha s f r d. s eri ha m nsr e aus l i t n he upe viors na ton nd he nu ufe e Sha v.Stoud,1 F. 79l 799 ( 994) Thi rquie ntd nc w r 3 3d , 1 . s e rme t ompa s s c us i f d a e s e a e n a nd pr m a e ca e 'a Cm a be s i d by t t tpr nc pl t t hol a pe s n la e f r t oxi t us ' nd i y upple he or i i e ha ds r o i bl o he naurlc e nc ofhi a tons' l ( tng Slka v.Pore ,737 F. 368,376 (t Ci. t a onsque es s ci . d. cii a n ' tr 2d 4h r Ir!'l):'-'-:LISIZL-LëJ' :''' --'' ''''E 2 ! : 222 7 C Z : . E F '2r !777'':öJ:LSi:z:Lî 7 -' ---- ''-' 2 J ' =' ' L 2 . ' 1 ) 984). He e t c tbei vest tpl ntf ha s fc e l pld a dk r it nta wi s ea r , he our le ha ai if s uf i nty e kpe sse nd de pr d' pa t r or pr tc , t halm a k of a i pe m i sbl c t ' a a ( a i e c us ne te n ac i e he l r n m r s i e us om ' nd k us bl a al xus pl be w e n t a l ge pr tc 'off ii t tai ors r i e and t ha m s t i d. w e ,767 t e he le d ac i e' a lng o r n upe v s he r us a ne O ns F. a 403(ii Spel 8 F. a 1 6) Ne ough,8 F.Supp.2dat58 (k rt s me 3d t ctng l, 24 2d t 38 , wbr . 22 7 C he a Fo ra o s i i as r a o a l t c n ld ,a t i j n tr ,t a te d p iain o g anits e s n , t s lo e s n b e o o cu e t h s u cu e h t h e rv to f plitf' q rg t wa a n tr la d f r se be c n e u n e o gh s p r io 'jalg d.. dfe e c ih s s au a n o e e a l o s q e c f t e u ev s rs l e .i if rn e e n t d r t br d prctce' .J on i ude i hi c ai fct la sri a owar 1 hat oa a i .' ohns ncl s n s ompl nt a ua se tons bouta ) 2 1 i ie t iv li g a t e Unv riy o Vign a sud n .Am.Co l ! 6 He as 0 3 ncd n n ov n noh r ie st f r ii t e t mp . 0. lo alege ot r smia i t nc a c e t tot lw e or men age i ha r a t d t l s he , i lr nsa es nd ontnds ha her a nf ce t nces ve e c e o ' ' Sh a y-a d dtcisb r d igisa c s a dp riiain i on o rto s'1 . ABC' e v h n e a tc y e ucn t c e s n a t p to nj it peai n . d ! c ' 63, l The c tbe i ve t tt s a e f c s i he ve ac t ofw hi c d pl us bl s 05. our le s ha he e r a t , l t r iy ch oul a i y uppo ta r M onel cl i .' we ,767 F. a 403. l a m ' O ns 3d t As t whe he Diecor W ake i e ild t qualfe i uniy,t r i ltl quesi o t r r t l r s ntte o iid mm t he e s ite ton t tt pos i lt ofs r s y labiiy du t i c i wascla l e t bls a t tm e of ha he sbiiy upe vior i lt e o na ton e ry sa ihed t he i DiecorW ake ' algedi ci la ngt t atr ai Sha 1 F. a 8 (' t tme rt l rs le na ton e di o he le c ton. w, 3 3d t 02 ; he i At ofg enda 'li ci j1 la lt f s r s r wa ce r' . tonal t c t def nts na ton, 983 ibiiy or upevio s s la.' Addii ly,he our has ) ar a deer i d t tpl ntf ha satd a cai f e e sve f r e a s fc e l pl t t le dy t m ne ha ai if s t e l m or xc s i o c nd ufii nty ed ha D ie t W a ke ha a t lor c t uc i know l dge ofa pa t r orpr tc ofus ng e e s ve r c or l r d c ua ons r tve e te n ac i e i xc s i f c a aced wih dei r t i fe e e t t spr c ie.Thus t quesi bec or e nd t t lbe ae ndif r nc o hi a tc , he ton omeswhe he t r a r as e onabl s r s pos e s ng t s m e i or aton woul ha bele d hi c uc w as e upe vior s s i he a nf m i d ve i ve s ond t l f .See Shaw , 13 F. at 801.Fr t f s aleged i t com pl nt and t pl hor of aw ul 3d om he act l n he ai he et a cases addr si s vi y labiiy and exces ve f ce, t court cannot concl t :a es ng uper sor i lt si or he ude hat G ras bl pes n i ( rco W al rs postonwoul g jbeivet thi (alr t tan o e ona e ro n Die tr ke ') ii d not le ha s fiue o r i r s pevie on t f c us dl vi atd clal esa ihe lw. Sha 1 F. 791 80 u rs he ore e ol e e ry tbls d a ' w, 3 3d ' , 2. The e or , t c 'w ilde de enda s m oton t dim isCo tIla i tDie t rW akers r f e he oul l ny f l . t nt ' i o s s un 1 ga ns r c o B. NeglgentSuper s on and Tr ni i vi i ai ng Coun V ofJo on' c t hns s ompli t al ge sa e 1w cai s ofneglg nt s r son a a n le s tt a l m i e upe vii nd tani a i tDie t W ake.l i a omai t tdrl r c n be no a tona e ne i nc ri ng gans rcor l r t s xi tc ha ûthee a ci bl glge e u e ste e i a lg ld t,a voain o t e d t,a d a c n e u n ij r ' Ch s p a e & nls h r s e a uy ilto f h uy n o s q e t n uy. e a e k ' P t ma Te.Co v Do y 2 5 Va 5 ,61( 9 8 . ev s mao iy o Vign ac u t h ve o o c l . . wd , 3 . 5 1 8 ) Th a t j rt f r ii o rs a no r c t e ogni e a dut t s r i e.Se J s v.K r r Lt Pa t r hi 1 8 F.Supp.3d 709, zd y o upe v s e one oae d. rne s p , 0 71 ( . Va. 5) i numb rofVigi aco t ha smial de i dt rcognieac us 5 W D. 20l . i A e r ni urs ve i lry clne o e z a e of acton f neglgent tai ng.'H er i or i r ni ' nandez v.Low e' H om e Cent s. l , 83 V a. Ci. 210, s er nc. r 2011W L 8964944,a *2( .Ci.CtAug.1 2011 (ole tngc es.Theeor ,t c twil t Va r . , ) c lci as ) rf e he our l dim i st pl i if s s a e 1 w c a m sofne i nts r i i a ne i ntt a ni See J s s s he a ntf t t a l i glge upe v son nd glge r i ng. one , 80F.Supp.3d a 71 (i- sCour c nnotce t adut t s r s wheeVigi aco t ha t 5 ûl -hi ta rae y o upevie r r ni urs ve n0t';Mor anv.W a- l St esEa t LP, 3:0- 669,201 W L 439 6,a * ( . .' ) g lMa' or s, No. 1 CVt 0 409 t 4 W D. Va.Nov.1 201 (s- s Cou twilnotrc ze a Vigi a ca e ofa ton fr negi nt , 0) ll -hi r l e ogni r ni us ci o lge tani whees h c us ofacinhasnotbee ceal esa ihe ') r i ng r uc a e to n l ry tbls d. . ' Concl on usi Fo t f eg ng r as , heco twilg a ti pa ta de i pa td e nt 'm o i r he or oi e ons t ur l r n n r nd ny n r ef nda s ton t di m i s. o s s The cour w ildi m i s Count Ia V . t l s s s nd The c tw ilde def nda s m oton as t our l ny e nt ' i o Count 1 ,1 ,V1 a VI aga ns A ge sM il ra Cus e ;i w ilgr ntt m oton a t Count s1 V , nd l i t nt le nd t r t l a he i so s l ,1 ,V l a V 1 a a l ed ag ns A ge Ci a e.The c tw ilg a t t m oton t di m i s 1 V , nd l s leg ai t nt el ki our l r n he i o s s Thec 'noes howe ,t tm ovi f wa d,J hns i s um e ahe vy bur n ofpr . Shaw,1 oul t , t ver ha ng or r o on i s s a a de oof' ' 3 F. a 799. 3d t Coun I1a t ABC butnota t Die t W ake .The Clr i dieced t s c esoft s t1 so s o r c or l r e k s r t o end opi hi m e or ndum opi on a t a com pa ng or rt a1 c m a ni nd he c nyi de o 1 ouns ofr co d. el e r DATED: i t d yo De e e, 01 . Ths ; a f cmb r2 6 Chi f nied St t D i ti tJ e t a es sr c udge 24
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