University of Virginia Patent Foundation v. Dynavox Systems, LLC, No. 3:2015cv00015 - Document 31 (W.D. Va. 2015)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 10/1/15. (jcj)
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n Fe : OFFI U. , ST COURT /E 9 DI . AT R- OG ,VA FI LED I TH E UN I N TED STA TES D I STRI COU RT CT FO R THE W ESTERN D I STRI O F V I I I CT RG N A CHA RLO TTESV I LLE DI I ON V SI g2T 2 12 5 91 JU BY: C DU P UN I ERSITY OF V I I I V RG N A PA TEN T FO UN D ATI , ON Ci lA cton N o.3: 5CV 00015 vi i l Pl ntf , ai if M E M O M N D UM O PI I N N O By:Hon. l n E.Conr d Ge a Chi fUnie St t D it i tJ e t d a es s r c udge DY N AV OX SY STEM S, LLC. Def nda . e nt Pli ifUni riyofVigi aPae Foundai (S antf vest r ni tnt ton C UVAPF' fldt sbr c of ' ie hi ea h ) c r tacin a i tdee ntDyna Syse ,LLC (û Vox'.Thi matri ontac to gans fnda vox tms û Dyna ' ) s te s c r nty be or t co ' on de e nt sm o i t di m i s ori t a t m a i m oto t s a ur e l f e he ul t f nda ' ton o s s , n he le tve, i n o t y pr e ngs i f vorofa bir ton. rt r as s tf t be ow,t c ts lgr nt oc edi n a r ta i Fo he e ons e orh l he our hal a de e nt sm oton a s a t a ton i f vorofa bir ton. f nda ' i nd t y he c i n a r tai B ackuround UV A PF i a non- oftV igi a com or ton w ih is prnc pa pl c ofbusnes i s pr i r ni ai t t i i l ae i sn Cha l t vil V igi a. yna o i a D e a a e lm ie la lt c pa w ih isprnc pa rotes le, r ni D v x s l w r i t d i biiy om ny t t i i l pl e ofbus ne s i Pi s gh,Pe yl ni On J ne 1 2000,UV A PF e e e i o a lc ns ng ac i s n t bur l nns va a. u , nt r d nt i e i a e me (hetlie i Agreme )wihERI l .(C CA' Dyna spr de esor gre nt t ûvc nsng e nf' t CA,nc C ERI ' ) vox' e c s . I t Li e i A gr m e ,UV APF g a t d ERI a de l i w ordw i lc ns i t n he c nsng ee nt r ne CA n i xc usve, l de i e e n he University of Virginia Patent Foundation v. Dynavox Systems, LLC Doc. 31 Fi d unde t Li e e K now el r he c ns d how a t Li ens Pa e st m a ,ha m a us i por , nd he c ed t nt o ke ve de, e, m t of ert sel,s l l f o l el, ease orot wi e t ansf t benefci use ofLi ed Pr her s r er he i al cens oduct ' Com pl Ex. s.' . 1, t4.tvc nsd Pr t'weedei a ' nypr uc ..whih ()i c rd by,o i ma a û ie e oducs' r fned s ' l a od t . c i s ovee r s de orused by a pr ocesscover by,one orm or pendi ori s cl m i one orm or oft ed e ng s ued ai n e he Dockets.Justia.com , E CL Li ns d Pa e s ' I a 3.t xc ns d Pa e s ' a de i d i t Li e i A gr e e , nc ude ce e t nt .' d. t t i e e t nt , s tne n he c nsng l ' e m nt i l U . Pat A pplcaton SeralN o.09/ S. ent i i i 027,511,w hi m a ur i o U . Pat N o.6, 563 ch t ed nt S. ent 152, (he'C Pae ' . : Pae i e tte Sï Gaz Die tonTr ke 'a c ans t t563 tnt' The 563 tnt s nild tye e rci ac r' nd onti ) l t el c a m s t e ofw hi h ar i pende tc a m s A sc i er to f rt lc ns ERI w ve l i , hr e c e nde n l i . ons d a i n o he i e e, CA a ee t pay,i e a i ,a r ng r ly ba e on iss l ofLi e e Pr gr d o nt r la unni oya t s d t a es c ns d oduc s Fr m 2005 t. o t oug 2009, I pai a hr h ER CA d nnualr yali s a s it d r ya t r pors t U VA PF. o te nd ubm te o ly e t o On J nua y 4, 0,Dynavox a qui e a 1ou s a ng s r ofERI . r a t r a r 201 c r d 1 t t ndi ha es CA The e f e , Dynavox i r ntoduced iskEyeM ax' lne ofeye-racki t t ' 'i t ng echnol es.The lne cont nst o ogi i ai w c ompone t ( )aCvma 'diply, e e i ac ns: 1 i x' s a r s mblng omputrs re ort e,a ( a C M a e ce n ablt nd 2) n t Eye x a ce s r ' c a ni e -r ki e pm e . c s o yy ont i ng ye tac ng qui nt The Eye a a e s y a l sus r t c r ' M x cc s or low e s o ontol t V m a w ih a blnk orby c usng t e t r m ai on a s c i oft s r n.UV A PF a l ges he x t i a i he ye o e n e ton he c ee le t tDynav o sEyeM a t c ha x' x e hnol es a r a ed pr duc s ar Li e e Pr ogi , nd el t o t , e c ns d oduc sunde t t r he Li ns ng A g e m e bec us t a e co r d by t 1 Pa e .UV A PF as e t tt ce i r e nt a e hey r ve e he 563 t nt s ts ha he packagi f D ynav ox' EyeM ax t ng or s echnol es lne even st est t pr ogi i at hat he oducti cover by s ed t . Pat .Ther or UV APF ar he 563 ent ef e, guest D ynav ox i i br hat s n each ofcontactoft r he Li ns ng A g e m e f f lng t pa r li s on iss esofLi e e Pr ce i r e nt or aii o y oya te t al c ns d oduc s t. TheLi e i Agr e e as c ai a a bir ton clus t tpr dest t c nsng e m nt lo ont ns n r ta i a e ha ovi ha : Cl i s dipu es orc r r i c a m , s t , ontove s es once ni t valdiy, r ng he i t c t uc i ors ope ofa oft Li e e Pa e t s l be ons r ton, c ny he c ns d t n s ha l resol i t Feder D it ctCoultr di i Char otes le, ved n he al sri ' esi ng n l t vil V igi a. 1 o he cl i s d s e orco r ve s e a i i under r ni A l t r a m , i put s nt o r i s rs ng , o of ori c ut , n onne i w ih t s Agr m e , hi h ha notbe n cton t hi ee nt w c ve e resol by good f t negotatonsbet een t partes s lbe ved aih ii w he i , hal r ved by fnaland bi ng ar taton i Charl t vil esol i ndi bir i n otes le, V igi a,undert r esoft Am eri Ar t aton A s aton. r ni he ul he can bir i soci i Co . 6.OnJ l 201 UVAPFi tae abirtonagans Dyna mpl! une 0, 4, niitd r tai it vox,purua t t s s nt o hi arbir i cl taton ause,i ordert colectisunpai r tes.Durng t ar t aton pr n o l t d oyali i he bir i oceedi ngs, Dy a xd nidta i ma e u e o s l a yp o u t s b e tt teLie sn Ag e me to n vo e e h t t d , s d, r od n r d cs u jc o h c n ig re n n t gr he ounds t tnone ofispr ha t oduc sw e e c r d by t Li ns Pa e s i l ng t : t r ove e he ce ed t nt , nc udi he 563 Pa e .l lghtofD yna ox' r s ns w hi h U V APF con e pu t s pe ofa Li e e t nt n i v s e po e, c t nds t he co c ns d Pa e a i s U VA PF w ihdr w is c a m f t pa d r yali f om a bir ton a fl d is t nt t s ue, t e t l i or m i o tes r r t a i nd ie t c pl i i t scou ton M a c 27,201 UV APF s ksda a f non- ym e ofr li om a nt n hi r rh 5. ee m ges or pa nt oya tes a ape ne ij i agans Dy vo t pr ve f t rs e ofLie e Pr t nd nna nt nuncton i t na x o e nt urhe als c ns d oducs wihoutr t pa e s On M ay 20, 5,D yna t oyaly ym nt . 201 vox f l d a m o i n t di m i s or i t ie t o o s s , n he at r tve t sa pr e ngsi f vorofa bir to Thi m otonha bee f l bre e and le na i , o t y oc edi n a r tai n. s i s n uly i f d w asa g d on Se e be 4, 5.I i now r pe f r vi w . r ue pt m r 201 t s i or e e Di cuss on s i TheFedealAr tai Ac (d 'r fe t aûi rlf dea polcyfvorngar tai r birton t $FAA' elcs t bea e rl i a i birton ) l agre nt. Gre v.Za hr l .l .36F.Supp. 669,672( . Va. 4)( i e me s' e n ' c y ndus, nc, 3d W D. 201 quotng M os sH.ConeMem'Hos v.Mecuy Consr Co1 .460U. 1 24( 983).nt Fourh e l p. r r t. ' , p S. , 1 ) I he t Cic i, ltg n c n c mp l r irto u d r h F b s o n f u p ee usts û 1 te rut a iia t a o e abtain n e t e AA y h wig o r rr q iie :i ) h ( e se eofadiput bewe t pa tes ( awrte a e me t ti l a abir to xitnc s e t en he ri ,2) itn gre nt ha ncudes n r tain pr sonwhihpur t t co rt diput,( t rlto hi oft ta aci whih i ovii c pors o ve he s e 3) he eains p he rns ton, c s evi nc dbyt a e me ,t i ertt o f egnc de e he gre nt o nt sae r ori ommere, nd ( t fiur neglc or c a 4) he al e, e t r f a o te( anif t abtaeteds u e'Ad isv La o Re d I c, 0 F.d4 6 eus l f h plitfl o r i t h ip t . kn . b r a vs n .3 3 3 9 , r ' 500- 1( hCi. 0 4t r 2002) Onl t s co f cori i diput i t sc s .Unde t sprr uiie, . y he e nd a t s n s e n hi a e r hi eeq st t ea et c i rtons: 1 whehe t r i avalda e o c a eabirtonagee nt her r wo onsdeai ( ) t r hee s i nd nfr e bl r tai r me , a ( whehe t cai asetdi t s ta ewihi t s oft ta e nt A&G Coa nd 2) t r he l ms s re n he ui r t n he cope ha greme . l Cor v.nt rt Coa Saes 600F.Supp.2d709,71 ( . Va. ) s as Gre 3 F. p. I eg iy l l , 3 W D. 2009 ; ee lo e n, 6 Supp.3d at673-78. The FA A doe no e es l i ntf t e de i r s a r a pa t s eki t a d s t xpr s y de iy he vi nta y t nda d ry e ng o voi a bir ton m us m e t butt scou tha a l z d t s a r t t tr quie ofa pa t r ta i t e, hi r s na ogi e he t nda d o ha e r d ry o p igs mmayj d me tu d rRue5 ()o t eFe ea Rulso Ci l o e t e S. e . p osn u r u g n n e l 6e f h d r l e f viPr c dz . Elc r Se v .l v. r s. nc. Come so De.Pr ds.I , 7:0CV00076, 0W L 2233664, t* ( . rtne t o . nc.No. 1 201 a 3 W D. Va. une3,201 . s h, pa t c nnota dabirtonbyi nealy de ngt fcsupon J 0) As uc a ry a voi r tai s r l nyi he a t ge w hi h t r g t a bir ton r t ' butm us i t a C de iy s cii e de e de onsr tng a c he i ht o r t a i es s' t ns e d k ntf pe tc vi nc m t a i i m at i f ualdi e.'1 er al act sput ' d. 1. Exi t s ence ofa Vald.E nf i orceabl A rbi i A areem ent e traton l or rt c pela bir to t c t us fr tde er i t tt r i a va i n de o om r t a i n, he our m t is t m ne ha he e s ld, enf ceabl ar t aton agr entbe w een t partes.I t Fourt Cicui i i 'w el or e bir i eem t he i n he h r t, t s t l esabls d t tt oblga i t a bir t i a c e t r ofc ntac a t ta pa t ca t i he ha he i ton o r t a e s r a u e o r t nd ha ry nnotbe r qui e t s i t ar ta i unl she hasa ee t do s i a c r c . M a r e r d o ubm t o bir ton es gr d o o n ont a t' r owbone Dev. ' Co. Dit 1 Unie M i W or r ofAmei ,l F. 296,300( hCi.1 ) ico t v. s. 7, td ne ke s rca 47 3d 4t r 998 .s urs a y o d na y sa e l w pr nc pl s g r ng c r tf m a i t de e m i w he he t ppl r i r t t - a i i e ove ni ontac or ton o t r ne t r he pa te e e e i o a vald, nf ce bl a e m e t a bir t unde t FAA . M c e lv. e r i s nt r d nt i e or a e gr e nt o r ta e r he ' N i Hal y ' S.l .No.3:0CV1 2010W L 3670547,a * ( D. Se .1 201 . .nc, 1 92, t 3 E. Va. pt 3, 0) I t sca e, he e i no d s e t tt Li e i A gr e e be w e n t pa te i a n hi s t r s i put ha he c nsng e m nt t e he r i s s va i c r ta t ti co a nsa e or a e a bir to cl us D yna ox doe notdi put ld ontac nd ha t nt i n nf ce bl r t a i n a e. v s s e t ti a s e a lt oblga i o ER I ,ispr dec s or i udi t Li e i ha t s um d 1 he i tons f CA t e e s , ncl ng he c nsng Agr m e .M or ove , VA PF i ke t ar t a i c aus w he i or gi ly i ta e ee nt e rU nvo d he bir ton l e n t i na l nii t d ar t i proceedi agai tD ynav ox.Over l neiherpart has aleged t t ar t aton biraton ngs ns al, t y l hat he bir i cl e i unenf ceabl ort t Li aus s or e hat he censi Agr enti i i Ther ore,t cour fndst ng eem s nvald. ef he t i hat t e i avald,enf ceabl ar taton agr entbet een U VA PF and Dynav ox. her s i or e bir i eem w I1. Scope ofthe A rbirat on A zreem ent t i H a ng de e m i t tt pa te 'w rte a bir ton a ee e i va i a vi t r ned ha he ri s it n r t a i gr m nt s ld nd e or e bl t c t us now de e m i whe he t a e m e cove st i s i dipu e, nf c a e, he our m t t r ne t r he gr e nt r he s ue n s t w hi h i t c u oft pa tes di a e e .I gene a , r i m a a e t a bir t onl c s he r x he r i ' s gr em nt n r l pa tes y gr e o r t a e y s is .Se Noohiv.Tol Br .l .708F. 5 606( hCi.201 )($T1 Suprme ome sues e l os, nc, 3d 99, 4t r 3 i( he e Co r h sh l t t a t sma a ret l t h is e s be tt abtain. Ho v r te u t a ed ha p ri y g e o i t e su s u j c o r irto ' we e,h e mi ). FAA cr a e a s r pr um pton i f vorofe or i a bir ton a ee ent a t d e t s t ong es i n a nf c ng r ta i gr m s nd l any oubt s conc r ng t s ope ofar ta e i s s s d be r s ve i f vor o a bir ton. M os s H . e ni he c bir bl s ue houl e ol d n a f r ta i ' ' e Cone M em ' H os , U . a 24-25;s e a s A m . e ove y Cor v.Com put rze The m a l p. 460 S. t e lo R c r p. ei d r l I ng.I ,96F. 88, ( hCi.1 )(kW ) ma notde apa t sr uett abirt magi nc. 3d 92 4t r 996 $( e y ny ry' eq s o r tae a i s l l s i m a be s i w ih postve as ur nc t t a bir ton c aus i no s c ptbl n s ue m e s t y ad t ii s a e hat he r t a i l e s t us e i e ofa i eprttont tc r t a s tddiput '(nenalquottonmaksomitdl;s e n ntr eai ha ove s he sere s e. itr ' ai r te l e as Pç e $çç, f l .Cc. M onume a Liel .Co.8 F. 809,81 ( hCi. lo ppls Lie ns )v. ntl f ns , 67 2d 2 4t r1989) (û-l hea p eumptonofabirbiiyrquiest twhe t sopeoft abirtonca e tg-he vy r s i l r ta lt e r ha n he c he r tai lus i ope t queto ac t tde i t queto i fvorofabir to '.I t r i a s n o sin, our mus cde he sin n a r tain.' f he e s n ) e e i t a a bir ton cl us ,t n t polcy f vorng br d c t u ton o ar t a i xc pton o n r ta i a e he he i a i oa ons r c i f bir ton c a e c pe sna r cons r to ofe e i t a bir ton c a e .Choi e H ot s I t l l us s om l r ow t uc i n xc ptons o r ta i l us s c el n ', l v. Tr c naRes rsl .252F. 707,711( hCi. )(ii Anniov. nc. BSR opia o t nc, 3d 4t r 2001 ctng i Pr nilI .Co.72F.d 7 8 ( 0t Ci.1 ). ude ta ns , 3 93, 00 1 h r 995) I t i t ntca e t Li e i A gr e e pr d t t$ lot rc a m s diput s o n he ns a s , he c nsng e m nt ovi es ha i a1 he l i , s e r c r risaii unde , of o i c ci wih (heLie i Agee t's l be ontove se rsng r out , r n onne ton t t c nsng r menj' hal resol by fnaland bi ng ar t aton.Compl Ex.1,at 14.Thi l ved i ndi bir i . s anguage brngs i t i n he br oades poss bl r t i e ange ofcl m sw ihi t scope oft ar t ton cl e.A m .Recover Corp. ai t n he he bira i aus v 5 v. Computrze ThemalI ai l .96F. 88,93- (t Ci.1 ( i t tan ei d r ma nc,nc, 3d 94 4h r 996) notng ha ar taton cl bir i ause t tpr des f ar t aton ofany diput ar sng outofan agr enti ver ha ovi or bir i s es i i eem s y br oad,requii t partest s i t ar t aton i t pl ntf scl m s eiherar s f t rng he i o ubm t o bir i f he ai if ai t i e rom he a ee gr mentorbea açsgniia rltons p't t a ee nt. r si tc nt eai hi 'o he gr me ) Howe ,heei ane e i vert r s xc pton t t abirtonca ei t Li nsngAgreme f dcli ,diput ,orc r ris o he r tai lus n he ce i e nt or t jams s es ontovese r c nc r i t ev l iy c n tu to , rso eo a yo t Lie s dPae tg 'Co l Ex. , o enng h ai t , o sr ci n o c p f n fhe c n e tns .' mp . l d l a 1 U VA PF a guest tt di put a i s ,whe he Dynavox i i br a h ofc r tf t 4. r ha he s e t s ue t r s n ec ontac or f ii t pa r li s i a que ton a a lng o y oya te , s s i boutt s ope oft ; Pa e ,and t r or f lsw ihi he c he 563 t nt he ef e a l t n tee c p int teabi ainca s . ec u t ee t t i itrr tto h x e to o h r t to lu e Th o r rjcs hs n ep eain. r The t r sCva i t ' k onsr ton,' nd ûs ope' a e t r sofa ' i pa e tl w ,a t i e m t ldiyr' s tuc i ' a sc ' r e m c l n t n a nd he r t i l i s nc us on uppors a na r r a ng oft e e i n t t a bir ton c aus s a t c ronl t r ow e di he xc pto o he r t a i l e o s o ove y pa e l w - e a e di put s He e Dyna ox doesno di put t va i t oft $ pa e , n t nt a r l t d s e . r , v t s e he ldiy he 563 t nt i such m annerast chalenge is oblgaton t pay r tes.See Lear.l v.A dki 395 U . o l t i i o oyali nc. ns, S. 653,67 (1 69)( di t tt lc nsei k r tedt a dt pa tofa1r li 'i i 4 9 hol ng ha he ie e s ' mit o voi he ymen l oyates'f t pe c np o ep tn i v ldt) M o e v r Dy a xd e n te piil dip t t s o o te a r v ae t n ai i . ro e , n vo o s o x l t s u e he c pe f h y cy 1 Pa ent The r tc ly,t pa te co d s i a e t t s pe oft pa e a s ilm ai ai 563 t . o e i a l he r i s ul tpul t o he co he t nt nd tl nt n a d s ea i put boutw he he D yna ox owesU VA PF r li . n ot rw or ,D y vox' a g e t r v oya tes l he ds na s r um nt t i does notow e r test U VA PF doesnotnecess l t on res uton of a diput ast hat t oyali o ariy urn ol i s e o t s pe oft k 3 Pa e .I t d, ynavox a gue t ti do noto e r ya te t U VA PF he co he 56 t nt ns ea D r s ha t es w o li s o be a e i di noti e a e U VA PF' pa e e t hnol i o is p od t .A ss h,UV A PF c us t d nt gr t S t nt d ec ogy nt t r uc s uc ha notm e isbur n ofs i a k a e i lf c ualdi pu e'r ga di t s ope oft : s tt de how ng i t r a a t m s t ' e r ng he c he 563 Pat ,whi i r r f t di put t f lwihi t s ent ch s equi ed or he s e o al t n he cope oft excepton t t ar taton he i o he bir i cl e. aus 6 M or ove , ft co twer t ag ee w ih UV A PF' i e pr t ton oft na ur oft e r i he ur eo r t S nt r e a i he t e he di put be w e n t pa tes t n t e e i n t t a bir ton c aus w oul c rm or t n s e t e he r i , he he xc pto o he r ta i l e d ove e ha w ha i lse i t Li e i A gr e e . t s it d n he c ns ng e m nt The e e i w oul go be xc pton d yond t va i t he ldiy, eo tuc i a s o oft pae ,a woul as c ri rnge ntdipu esaswel Thi nsr ton, nd c pe he tnt nd d lo ove nfi me s t l. s w oul occ de pie t l c oft t r ii rnge e ' i t exc pton t t a bir to c a e. d ur s t he a k he e m 'nf i m nt' n he e i o he r t a i n l us Se l ç nnovai Enc' Sol ins l v. io x.I .458F.Supp.2c 11 11 ( Or 2006) tve z uto -nc. M s ni nc, 1 90, 96 D. . (ûIfghepae hol r c i r pae i rnge ntcli t c e f abirton,i ç(1 t tnt del onsdeed tnt nfi me ams oo omplx or r tai t s dha i itdonapatnti rnge nte pto t t Ag e me ' abirtonca e.) houl ve nsse e nfi me xce in o he r e nts r tai lus '. ' Thi i e pr t ton goe a i tt br ad h ofc s 1 w t tr ui e a na r r a ng ofa s nt r e a i s ga ns he e t a e a ha eq r s r ow e di n e e i n t a a bir ton c a e. xc pto o n r t a i l us l a ton,e i t c t e e t e e t i U VA PF' a gum entt tisbr c of n ddii ven f he our w r o nt r a n S r ha t ea h c r c cl m c n be r ad t e om pa sa di put a ont a t ai a e o nc s s e boutt s pe oft $ Pa e , hi c t he co he 563 t nt t s our w oul be lm ie t de i ng onl t quesi oft s ope oft pa en .The c tw oul not d i t d o c di y he ton he c he t t our d h v j rs ito t deemiet utmaeb e c o c nrc cam. we e ,ni c mplit a e u idcin o tr n he li t ra h f o ta t li Ho v r i t o an , s U VA PF a l s o y one c a m a i tD yna ox:br a h ofc ntac f non- ym e of lege nl l i ga ns v ec o r t or pa nt r li . VA PF doesno s e a de e m i i f o t c t i t f m ofa de a a or oya tes U t ek t r naton r m he our , n he or cl r t y j udgmen,rgadi t vai t c tuci ors o oft 163Pae . r or,t c t t e r ng he ldiy, onsr ton, c pe he 5 tntTheef e he our fnds t tt i s t ti hasbe n as t r s ve i s m pl a b e c ofc r tc a m f rnoni ha he s ue ha t e ked o e ol s i y r a h ontac l i o pa e ofr li . ym nt oya tes Over l t courtcannots w ih postve as al, he ay t ii surance t t ar t aton cl hat he bir i ause cannotbe i e pr t d t c rt pa te 'br a h ofco r c diput G i n t polc esi f vo o t nt r e e o ove he r i s e c nt a t s e. ve he i i n a r f he br i ep ret i and enf ceabiiy ofar taton cl oad nt aton or lt bir i auses and nar ow i em r aton of r nt et i ar taton cl bir i ause exceptons,t cour tndst tt s i he ti ha he cope oft partes'br ar t aton he i oad bir i a ee e c gr m nt over t s t nc ofU VA PF' c a m a i tDyna ox f br a h ofc r t s he ubs a e S l i ga ns v or e c ontac . A ccor ngl t partes ar r r t ar t at t r diput di y, he i e equied o bir e hei s e. The Four h Cic tha a kno l ed t ns on i is de i i w ih r pec t w he he t r ui s c w edg e i n t c sons t es t o t r c u t s o l sa o ds s a a to wh nalis e p e e tdt eenaes be t o o rs h ud ty r imis n cin e l su s rs ne h r i r u j c t abirton. eAggaaov.MOL Shi M g . ,675F. 355,376n.8( h Ci.201 ) r tai Se r p mtCo. 3d 1 4t r 2 ( i t tLlj r maybes tnsonbewe nourde ii i Hooes i c tngt ta notng ha tthee ome e i t e cson n tr ndiai ha s a i r quie w he t a bir ton ag e m e i ov r t m a t ri di put a Choi e ty s e rd n he r t a i r e nt c e s he te n s e' nd c Hoes s nci ngdimis i tl a toni s sal whenaloft is spr e e .. r abir bl '' ( i l he sue esntd .ae r ta e.' quotng ) Ho es l .v. li ,1 F. 933,937( hCi.1 .Choi HoçsJ 'sI v. otr,nc Philps 73 3d 4t r 999) , ce tl ntl nc. BSR Tr c naRes r.l ,252F. 707,7 1 ( hCi. )) opia o t nc. 3d 09- 0 4t r 2001) Noohi 7 F. 599,605n. ( h , 08 3d 2 4t Ci. ) TheFourhCic thasas notdt tCg u sse cruisaedi de onwhehe a r 2013 . t rui lo e ha doqr itr ic t r vi d tr dititc tha dicei t dimisrt rt nsa a a tons j c t abirton.' ro, src our s s rton o s s ahe ha ty n ci ub e t o r tai 'Accaa 675 F. at376 n. 8.G i t s uncert nt t cour w ils ay t sacton pendi ar t aton of 3d l ven hi ai y, he t l t hi i ng bir i UVAPF' cai Se Gr n,36F.Supp.3da 678(tyi c s i fvo ofabir i ;s as S l m. e ee t sa ng a e n a r r taton) ee lo Pori v.Rua 7:5- 0011 2015W L 393833 a *2( . Va. une26,201 )(a ) ts n, l cv- 8, 4, t W D. J 5 sme. Concl i us on Fort f e ng r a ons t c t ilgr ntD yna o sm o i t c pela bir ton he or goi e s , he our w l a v x' ton o om r tai and t say t e pr o t hes oceedi accor ngl The Cl k i diect t s cer ii copi oft s ngs di y. er s r ed o end tted es hi me o a m r ndum opi on a t a c pa ng or rt a 1cou e ofr c d. ni nd he c om nyi de o 1 ns l e or E E T i (.-dyo Oco e, 0 5 NT R: hs 4 a f tbr2 1. / Chi Unied St esD i rctJudge ef t at sti
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