Lewis v. Long et al, No. 3:2014cv00010 - Document 10 (W.D. Va. 2014)

Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 11/24/2014. (ssm)

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Lewis v. Long et al Doc. 10 CLERK' OFFI EU ,S.DI . S C ST COURT AT F A O NOKE, VA FIED L I TH E UN I N TED STATES D I STRI CO U RT CT FOR TH E W ESTERN DI STRI O F V I I I CT RG N A CH AR LOTTESV I LLE D I I ON V SI CRY STA L D . LEW I S, Appe l nt la , N2k 2 j2 1 29 J UL ' B.I 4 =jy7 Ks YA . s : , CL , uvUR 1 'CEK r . . Ci lA c i N o.3: 4CV 0001 vi ton 1 0 M EM O R AN D U M O PI IO N N CLYD E A . LON G , R . J , By:Hon. l E. G en Conr d a Chi fU nie St t s D it i tJ e t d a e s rc udge A ppelee. l l t sa a f om t U nie St t sB a upt y Co tf t W es e n D i ti tof n hi ppe l r he t d a e nkr c ur or he t r src V i gi a Cr t lD . w i s e r vi w oft ba r ni , ys a Le s e ks e e he nknl cy c t sm em or pt our ' andum opi on a ni nd o d rg a tn Cld A. n J .smo inf r u g n o pata fn ig a dd n igh r r e rn ig y e Lo g, r' to o j d me t n ril i dn s n e yn e a ton f de e na i ofade a nondic r ea e Fort r s t tf l t c i or t nui ton bt s s ha g bl . he ea ons ha olow, he ba upt y cour' de son wilbeafimed. nkr c ts cii l fr Background Thi c e a t ba upt y c te phas z d i ism e or nd opi on,or g na es s as , s he nkr c our m i e n t m a um ni ii t f o dit bi a toublng f c s Le sa Lo we e i ve s xualy a va i tm e i r m sur ng nd r i a t . wi nd ng r nvol d e l t rous i s n 1 a 2000.Durngt coure oft rs xua r a i hi Le swa o y 1 or13yea s 999 nd i he s hei e l eltons p, wi s nl 2 r ol a Long wa 22 or23 yea sol They c ei d a c l who wasbo n i N ove d, nd s r d. onc ve hid, r n mberof 2000. O n Augus 1 2001 Long pl d guit t t count ofca na know l dge ofa c l t 5, , e ly o wo s r l e hid bewe t ree a tfee ye r ofage i vi ai ofVigi aCodej1 2- Hewas t en hit n nd it n a s ,n olton r ni 8. 63. s nt e t a t t lt r ofi prs e oft ye r ,wih s ven ye r s pe e enc d o o a e m m i onm nt en a s t e a s us nded. Ther t Lew i tl a ci lsui agai tLong i t Cicui Cour ofCul eafer, s i ed vi t ns n he r t t peperCount y, alegi i entonali lcton ofem otonaldi t ess sexualas tand bater and car l ng nt i nfi i i sr , saul t y, nal Dockets.Justia.com knowldgeofami . Long di notm a an a a a e i t c euntlhea a ed pr s a e nor d ke ppe r nc n he as i ppe r o e t ad f ut u g n h ai .Th Cic i Co r e trdad fulj g n o la iiya ds t h e a lj d me t e rng e rut u t n ee ea tud me t n ib l n e t e t matrf raj r til od tnnied ma e .P i rt tilLo g p o e d n p os , n Le s te o u y ra t ee n a g s ro o ra, n , r c e i g r e a d wi, tr ug c u s l e e u e ap o so yi tl n noewi ac n e so o j d me tnt e h o h o n e, x c t d r mis r nsal t t t o f si n f u g n i h me h a u to $12 4,0 .0 mo n f ,5 0 00 .Tha j g n i t eu d ryn de tn teisa tmatr tud me t s h n e lig b i h n tn te . On J nua y 1 201 Long fl ape ii f rCha e 7 ba upt y a lse t a r 0, 3, ied tton o pt r nkr c nd it d he c n e s dj g n a ad b .Le st e b o g t h sa ves r p o e dngt c n ette o f se ud me t s e t wi h n r u h t i d ray r c e i o o ts h ds h r e b l yo t ej d me t n e 1 U. C. 5 3 a () wh c ma e d b st a aiefo ic a g a ii f h u g n u d r l S. j 2 ()6 , ih k s e t h t rs r m t wilu a maiiu ij re no ic a g a l i b n r p c lf l nd lco s nu is nds h r e be n a k u ty. The pa i a a ed be or t ba u c cou tf a benc t i lon O c obe 21 201 rtes ppe r f e he nkr pt y r or h ra t r , 3. Lewi c le Long ashe o y wines .On die te mi ton,Long admit d t thea Le s s a ld r nl t s r c xa nai te ha nd wi conc ve a c l when hewa 23 yea sol a Le swas1 yea sol Howe r Long ei d hid s r d nd wi 3 r d. ve , tsiidt tiwa notuntld trt fc gha he wa t dhe a ' Oc.21 201 Tra Tr e tfe ha t s i k e he a t t t 1 s ol r ge.' t , 3 il . af 19. Long al adm it t he pl guit t t o count ofcar knowl so ted hat ed ly o w s nal edge ofa m i i nor n vi ain ofVigi aCodej 1 2- W he as a t ci lpr ee ngsi sat c tLo olto r ni 8. 3. n ked bout he vi oc di n t e our, ng t siidt a h a pe r di c u t nted yta ted fu tud me twa e trda an th m. e tfe h t e p ae n o r o h a h t h ea lj g n s ne e g is i Alhoug Longi c tdt tt saec t( ked( mjs que tongj't c ensof t h ndiae ha he tt our k as hi ome si s, he ont t ' t e q s i a Long' a w e st r t w e e note i ie orot hos ue tons nd s ns r he e o r lc t d henvi e pr e e by Le i . s es nt d ws O c . l 201 TralTr 20. Long f t rt tted t t a tr a werng t s a e co ts q s i , t2 , 3 i . urhe es ii ha , fe ns i he t t ur ' ue tons t saec u t n ee t ed f ut u g n b c u eLo lc da y sau oy b sst p e n he tt o r e trd h e a lj d me t e a s ng a ke n tt tr a i o rve t e r ofde a t 1 a 21. nt y f ul. d. t A tt cl e ofLewi ' evi nc ,Lo m a a S o i t s rke.' 1 a 23. The he os s s de e ng de t ton o t i ' d. t m b n r pc c u t o tu dt mo ina amoin fr u g n o p ril i dn su d rRu e a k u ty o r c nsr e he to s to o j d me t n a ta fn ig n e l 5 ()o teFe ea Rulso Cii Pr c d r ,Se Fe R. n . 7 5 ($ e5 (ft e 2 c f h d r l e f v l o e u e e d. Ba kr P. 0 2 $ Ru1 2 o h Fe r Rul ofCi lPr e ela isi ad raypr ee ngs') Theba uptyc t deal es vi oc dur pple n ves r oc di . . ' nkr c our t t m o i n unde a s e a alow e Long t puton e denc i hi def ns . ook he t o r dviem nt nd l d o vi e n s e e On J nua y 28,201 t ba upt y c ti s a m em or ndum opi on a or r a r 4, he nkr c our s ued a ni nd de ga tngLo g' Rue5 ()moin.Th b n r p c c u t ee tdLe ssag me tta te r ni n s l 2 c to e a k u ty o r rj ce wi' r u n h t h sae c t oce ngsa i tLong a ee il d t pr cusveefec unde t docrneof t t our pr edi ga ns r ntte o e l i f t r he ti c l t a es oppe ,a hel t tLe i ' e de w a i uf i e t esabls t tLong' de ola er l t l nd d ha w s s vi nce s ns fci nt o t ih ha s bt t h rao efo awi f a dmaii u ij r Ac o d n l t eb n r pc c u t u e t th o e rs rm l ul n lco s nu y. c r i gy,h a k u ty o r r ld ha te l de wasnote pt fom dic r unde j523()6) and,t ,t tLongwa enttedt bt xce ed r s hage r a( , hus ha s il o j dg n i tea v rayp o e dn u me t n h d e sr r c e ig. Le i tm el a w s i y ppea e t ba up cy c t sde s on.The m a t rhasbee f l br e ed l d he nkr t our ' ci i te n uly i f a i rpe f r ew. nd s i br evi l St andard ofR e e vi w Th sc u t a a pelt j rs ito o rtematrp ru n t 28U.. j1 () On i o r h s p lae u id ci n ve h te u s a t o SC. 58a . a al t c tr vi w st ba u c cour ' f c ua t ndi f cl a ew ra is l l ppe , he our e e he nkr pt y ts a t l i ngs or e r l nd t ega c usonsdenovo.l r Kils h,258F. 31 31 ( h Ci.2001 . oncl i n e eic 3d 5, 9 4t r ) D i si scus on 1 . C olat r Es oppel l e al t Unde 11U. C.j 5 a( ,ade i notdic r ea ei aCha e 7 ba upty i i r S. 23()6) bt s s ha g bl n ptr nkr c f t aie fo aû l u a dmaiiusij r b t ed bo t a o h r' l deemii gta Lo ' rs s r m ' l l n lco nu y y h e tr o n t e . n tr n n h t ng s wi f ' de i not e e e fom di cha ge under t s s cton,t bankr cy c t fr t co i r d bt s xc pt d r s r hi e i he upt our is ns de e whehe t sat c tj t r he t e our udgme s e eed a ns Long s nt ntr gai t uppor t a iai of c ltrl t he pplc ton olaea 'Neihe sdeha r t ri s equese or ar t d al gumentandt cour i oft opi on t i woul notai i t he t s he ni hat t d d n he de sona pr s cii l oce s. 3 e tp e t teutmaeis u d rj5 3 a( ) o t ef lwig ra o s t b n nlty c u t so p l o h li t sue n e 2 ()6 .F r h ol n e s n ,he a k p c o r o co r c l he d t tt y do not r e ty l ha he . Asteba k u tyc u t e o nz di iso iin,ç saec u tud me tc n c lae al h n r pc o r r c g ie n t pn o û tt o rj g n a oltrly a e t t ltga i of is s i a r ar pr e di i f de a bankr cy c t' I r sop he ii ton s ue n dve s y oc e ngs n e r l upt our. n e ' Dt a 4 F.d 7 5 7 8 ( t Ci. 0 ) To d tnniewh t e a saec u t u g n h s mc n, 48 3 2 , 2 4h r 20 6 . ee n eh r tt o r j d me t a s h a pr cl i efe t t c tmus a y t lw ofcola e ale t lf t sae t t uc e usve f c , he our t ppl he a lt r soppe or he t t ha rnd rdt ej dg n ,nti c s , r i a I e ee h u me t i h s a e Vigni. d. Unde Vigni l a pa t i ki t docrne ofe lt r lesoppe be r t bur n r r i a aw, ry nvo ng he ti olae a t l a s he de o e tb ihngt f lo n fveee ns ( )t tt p rist t et p o e d n saeûh f sa ls i he o lwig i lme t: 1 ha he a t o h wo r c e i g r û e e t s meo i p i t' ( )t a t ep irp o e dn de utd i av ld a d fn l ud me ta ans a r n rvi ' 2 h t h ro r c e ig l s le n ai n i a j g n g i t y; r t pa t ag ns whom prcl i i s he ry ai t e uson s oughtor hi prvy' ( t tt f t is t be s i ' 3) ha he acual sue o ; prcl d was l cual ltg t i t pror pr e ng';( t t t f t lis t be e ude s t ly iiaed n he i oce di ' 4) ha he acua sue o a P e ld d wa E se ta t te j d me t i t p ir p o e dif' a d () t a te e wa rcu e s t s nil o h u g n n he ro r c e n ; n 5 h t h r s e t ut lt ûha i , a pary i ge r ly pr ve ed f om i ç ua iy, t t s m t s ne a l e nt r nvoki t pr cl i f ce of a ng he e us ve or j d me tu ls ta p ry wo d h v b e b u d h dt ep i rl iain oft eis er a he u g n ne s h t a t ul a e e n o n a h ro i g to t h su e c d t o ier s t''Jl ( tngTrns lsCe esl v.Shama,472 S. 2d27 275( he ppost e ul.' .s quoi a Dule ntr nc. t r E. 4, Va. 1 9 ).Ad iin l ûan is ei s be tt c laea e tp e o l i i i ie tc lt a is e 9 6 ) dto al s l su s u jc o o ltrl so p l ny f t s d nia o n su y, l de de i aprorpr e ng.' l ( ci d n i oce di ' d. empha i i orgi )(ii Angsa v.Ata i M u .l . ss n i nal ctng tdt lntc t ns Co.457 S. 2d 86,87- ( 1 ;Se hko v.Commonwe lh,5 S. 2d 803,8 ( , E. 88 Va. 995) vac at 29 E. 04 Va. 2 0 ). 0 0) A. The c i i i r m nal udzmenti note il d t pr c usvee f c . s ntte o e l i f e t Tot e en Le saguest tLong' ci naludg he xt t wi r ha s rmi j ments d begi nprcl i houl ve e usve efc unde t dodrneofcolae a eso l s ha g ntwaspr pel rjdedbyt fe t r he i ltr l tppe, uc r ume o ry ee he 4 ba upt y c t snc Le swa notapa t t t c i na pr e ng.kl ge x lr e i nkr e our, i e wi s ry o he rmi l oc edi s-he ne a ul n Vign ai t tci na j d me t o c n ito . . a en p e l i ef c i s bs q n r ii s ha rmi l u g n s f o v cin . h v o r cusve fe t n u e ue t cvi ltgai ' Le v.W i t 71 F. 888,8 ( hCi.1983 .Thi r e,k c hasb n i l ii ton.' e nson, 7 2d 94 4t r ) s ul s h whi ee f l e i V i g ni snc 1916,i ba e upon V igi a s r qui e e ofm ut lt ofes oppe olow d n r i a i e s sd r ni ' e r m nt ua iy t l a isr cognii t tt pa tesi a c i i pr e ng a enott s m east e i ac vi nd t e ton ha he ri n rm nal oc edi r he a hos n i l pr e ng a t r i a c e oce di nd he e s ons quen l k ofm ut lt ' I t ac ua iy. d. ' M or ove , Long' pl a of g ly t c r lkno ldge of a m i di no i ve a e r s e uit o a na w e nor d t nvol n i ntca is t t contoli i s i t sca e. The contoli i s he e i whehe Long de i l s ue o he r lng s ue n hi s r lng s ue r s t r in e d d t ijte' wi.l r Du c n 4 F.d a 7 9 d r1 U. . j5 ()6 ,ad b d tn e o nt 'Le s n e n a , 48 3 t 2 .Un e l SC. 23 a( ) e t i r i n tds h r e bei i aie fo at lf a d maii u ij r b ted bo t a oh r' l s o ic ag a l f t rs s r m i lul n lco s n u y y h e t r o n te . n wi ' Ka uhau v.Geie ,523 U. 57 ( 998) t Suprme Co toft Unie Sttshedt tj waa gr S. 1 , he e ur he td ae l ha 523()6) a is onl t k ct done wih t a t li e t ca e i ur ' 523 U. a 61 a ( pple y o l s a t he cua ntnt o us ni v. ' S. t (mphassa e i dded) The pr son i i stsi by neglge ,gr sy ne i ntorr kls . ovii s t aifed not i nt osl glge ec e s c onduc . l r Dunc n,448 F. a 729. kM or r t me e f tt ta deb ore ge i a t' n e ' a 3d t k eove , he r ac ha t nga d n n i en i na a tdoe notne s rl m e n t the a t w iluly and m a i i l f pur e of nt t o l c s ces a iy a ha c ed lf l lc ous y or pos s j 523()6 . l Ast Suprme Cour i tuce i Geg ,nondic r biiy rquie d a ()' d. ' he e t nsr td n ier shagea lt e r s i a d lb rt o itn in li u y n tmeey a d lb rt o i tn in la tta la t ij r ' ei eae r n e to a nir , o rl eieae r ne to a c h t e ds o nu y. ' Gei r 5 U. a 61(mpha i i orgna) ge , 23 S. t e ss n ii l. A c ci frc r knowl ofami ,i vi ai ofVigi aCode j 1 2onviton o anal edge nor n olton r ni 8. 63, d e n trq iep o fo a y s e i citn , c ls a itn t ij r .Se Va Co ej 1 . o s o e ur r o f n p ct n e t mu h e s n ne t o n u e e . d 82i 63()( ki i af ony t çc r ly knowg,wiho t us off c achid t ree ye r of a ma ng t el o ûanal ) t ut he e ore, l hit n a s a or ol r'. Theeor Long' pl s ofguit t vi atng t saut di notivol an ge de ' ) rf e, s ea ly o ol i he tt e d n ve i ntc is t t c r lng is he e,a ha no pr cl i e f c unde t doc rne of de i al s ue o he ontoli s ue r nd ve e usve fe t r he ti cola e alesoppel lt r t . B. Thede aul i f t udzm e i no e il t pr l i e f ct nt s t ntted o ecusve fe . Th c u tl e s a r e wih t e b n r pc c u tta te d futj d me te trd e o r i wie g e s t h a k u ty o r h t h ea l u g n n ee k a ns Long i t s a e t ta ton i note il t pr cl i ef e t Alhoug Le i a Long gai t n he t t or c i s ntted o e us ve f c . t h w s nd weeb t p rist t ta to a dt ea to r s tdi atn l u g n ,h r c r i d vodo r oh a t o ha cin n h ci n eule n i a j d me tt e e o d s e i f e e i e c s fiin t e tbl h ta t e is e o wilula d maiiu ij r wa a t al v d n e u fce t o sa i h t h su f l n s f l o s n u y s cu ly c ltg t d i t sae t t a ton,or t t s h is i i ntc l t one de i d i t t pror ii a e n he t t or c i ha uc s ue s de ia o c de n ha i pr ee ng. oc di Le ss sae tr cl mswee r ol wih t e r ofa dea tj wi' tt o t ai r es ved t he nty ful udgme agans nt i t Lo ng. I Vigi a t r i no t anke e mpton fo t a i ton ofcolae a eso li n r ni, he e s i bl t xe i r m he pplcai l tr l t ppe n t ec s o ad f ut u g n . Tr n Du ls 4 2S. 2 a 2 6.Tod tr n wh t e a is e h a e f e a lj d me t' a s le , 7 E.d t 7 ' eemie eh r n su wa a t lylt ae i t ec ne to ad fulj d me t c u t lo t tep o e dng la i g s cual ii td n h o tx f ea t u g n , o rs o k o h r c e i s e d n g u t tee ty o t d f ut u g n , swela tej d me to d ri ef I r Brd e ,4 8 p o h n r f he ea lj d me t a l s h u g n r e t l. n e a ly 7 s B. 7 6, 0 ( n r E. Va 2 2 ; e as l r Owe , 4 B. 2 9 2 2( n r E. Va R. 9 8 2 Ba k . D. . 01 ) s e lo n e ns 4 9 R. 3 , 5 Ba k . D. . 2011 ( tng t tbankr cyc t ' tl t t a to oft pa te pro t e l ofg1 ) noi ha upt ours i mus ook o he cins he ris ir o nt' a y d f ut u g n 'i d tr nn wh te t a pl c laea et p e) ea lj d me t'n eemi ig eh r o p y o ltrl so p l. l Tr D ules t s m i lc e i Vi gi a o t s i s a l ndl d fl s t a i t a n ans l , he e na as n r ni n hi s ue, a or ied ui ga ns t na f pos e s on of c m e ci lpr r y a f de i e nt or s s i om r a ope t nd or lnque r nta f es Tr ns ule ,472 nt e nd e . a D l s S. 2d a 275. The t na f ie t a a pe s ly or by couns la a di postve he i l E. t e nt a l d o ppe r r ona l e t s ii arng. d. a 276. At t t he r ng,t s a e c te era ne t tm o a a doc e a y e de e f o t ha a i he t t our nt t i d es i ni l nd um nt r vi nc r m t lndl d beor e ei adea tj me i t lndl d' fvor I l ltrpr ee ngs he a or f e ntrng ful udg nt n he a or s a . d. n ae oc di , t s a e cour r f e t a y t doc r ne of c l t a es o l t t i s of t t na ' he t t t e us d o ppl he ti ola er l t ppe o he s ue he e nt s 6 la ii frr n ,sti t a $ d fulj dg n d e n ta t al l iae is e .' 1 a 2 5. ib ly o e t l lng h t a ea t u me t o s o cu ly i g t su s' d. t 7 t rl t ' On a ppea ,t Supr m e C o tof V igi a de lne t r c ni e a bl nke e m pton f r de a t l he e ur r ni c i d o e og z a t xe i o f ul j udgment a hed t t t e de e pr e e by t lndl d i t dea tj me s nd l ha he vi nc esntd he a or n he ful udg nt pr ee ng w a s fci t es a i h t t t i s of t t nants la lt f r nt ha be n oc di s uf i ent o t bls ha he s ue he e ' i biiy or e d e ltga e des t t t na ' f l r t a ar 1 at27 l r ac ng t s de i i n,t Su e e ii t d pie he e nt s aiu e o ppe . d. 6. n e hi hi c s o he pr m Cour expl ne as f l s t ai d olow : The t na ' pe s e nts r onalla lt f r a ot r c r ,i l ng at ne s ibiiy or ent nd he ha ges nc udi tor y' f e ,under t l as a t ly w as ltga e i t pr or a i es he e e c ua l ii t d n he i cton. Te tm oni l a si a nd doc e a y e de e w a pr e e e pa t i t di ti t c the r ng. The um nt r vi nc s es nt d x r e n he sr c our a i cr ui cou t r or esa ihed t t pr was pr e e i t diti t co t ic t r ec d t bls ha oof es nt d n he src ur t ough a bookkee r f t l ndl d a t oug t l ndl d' a tr y,who hr pe or he a or nd hr h he a or s to ne pr s nt d t las a ot doc e s i l ng a afi vi s e e e he e e nd her um nt ncudi n fda t uppori t tng he a t r y' f escl i e to ne s e a m d. 1 d. The f l ngyea,i l r Ansr,1l F. 1 (t Ci.1 ,t Fourh Cic twa olowi r n n e a i 3 3d 7 4h r 997) he t rui s p e e td wi t is o wh t e a d f utj d me te t rd b a Vign a sae c u twa r sn e t he sue f eh r e a l u g n ne e y h r ii tt o r s e ild t c lt a soppele f c i a s e nt ba upt y pr e ng. 11 F. a 1 ntte o olaer le t fe t n ubs que nkr c oce di 3 3d t 8. Reyngo t eS prme Co r o Vign asd cso i Trns ls t Fo rh Cic i rj ce li n h u e u t f r ii ' e iin n a Dul ,he u t rut ee td e t de or s a gument t t colae a e t he bt ' r ha lt r l soppel was no a opra e be us t sa e cour t ppr it ca e he t t t j d me th d b e b s d o d f ut a d h l ta t e e ie c wa s fce tt e tbih t t u g n a e n a e n ea l, n ed h t h vd n e s ufiin o sa ls ha t pari sha a t ly ltga ed t de e m i tve i s he te d c ua l ii t he t r na i s ue: Pa a i ta ed t s a e c tpr e ngs a ye r a a ha fbef e t e r of hl vi nii t he t t our oc edi a nd l or he nty d futj g n . Pro t t d ful,mutpe d p sto s wee tk n,ma y ea l ud me t ir o he ea t lil e o iin r a e n doc e s e ha um nt xc nged a t c ta c m i s one he d num e o he r ngs i nd he our nd om s i r l r us a i n whih Ans r ( ed bo )a p ae i p ro o b c u e. Th p icp lf c s c a i t e t r p e rd n es n r y o ns l e rn ia o u h oft s e f t asw he he a t w ha e e tA ns i a i a Pa a ' tduci r hi f or w t r nd o t xt n ar, ctng s hl vis i a y, had def auded Pahl or m i approprat f r avi s i ed unds f om hi . O nl when i becam e r m y t cl t A nsar had r us t com pl w ih di ear hat i ef ed o y t scover or s di t coul y der d he ' t br oaden is i r i o vi atons of is or t nquiy nt ol i t ders. l s ,t e w as m uch m ore n um her e de e bef e t s a e c ti t s c s t n i Tr ns l , a t pa te vi nc or he t t our n hi a e ha n a Dules nd he r i s he e c ranl e ged i mor e e i a t sded ltga i oft r l va r e ti y nga n e xtnsve nd wo- i ii ton he e e nt is s s ue . 1 at20- . d. 21 The Fourh Ci c ts eque l r a he t o t r ui ubs nty e c d he ppost c l i n i Ca t Haulngsl ie onc us o n piol i nc. v. r e , 5F. p' 1 0( t Ci. 0 3 ,nwhc t ep an ifag e ta ad fut u g n Fo b s 7 Ap x 7 4h r 2 0 ) i ih h litf r u d h t e a lj d me t c l t r ly e t ola e a l s oppe t def nda f om ltg i whe he a de a os f om f a d he e nt r ii atng t r bt r e r r ud. App' a 1 l s doi t Fourh Cic te pha i ed t t unlke Tr ns ules t r w a x t 71. n o ng, he t r ui m s z ha , i a D l , he e s ( hi i t r cor e t bls ng t tûesi oni a docu e a y e de e w a pr e e i l not ng n he e d s a i hi ha t tm al nd m nt r vi nc s es nt d' n t saec t oc e ng,ort tt oofwasprs ntd'ofa ki ast whehe Lhe he tt our pr e di ha pr ee e ny nd o t r t def nt c enda l ommitdfa ori edt ta hi oc ure a ala t saec ttilohe te rud, nde ha nyt ng c rd t l t he tt our ra t r t ntee ty o amo e j d me t'I . t1 (uoigTr n Dul s 4 2 S. 2 a 2 6 . ha h nr f n y u g n . d a 71 q tn a s l , 7 E.d t 7 ) ' e Bec us i he e w a no e de e t tt i s of f a w a a t ly ltga e i t sa e cour a es r t s vi nc ha he s ue r ud s c ua l ii t d n he t t t pr e ng,' heFourh Cic thel t tt bank up c cour e r d i appl ngt doc rne of oc edi 't t r ui d ha he r ty t re n yi he ti c l t r les oppe . 1 a 1 - 72. ola e a t l d. t 71 1 Si ia l i I r Ow e ,t U nie St t s Ba ru c Cour f t Ea t r D i ti t of m l r y, n n e ns he t d ae nk pt y t or he s e n s rc Vigi ahel t tt r cor bef ei wasd d ofs fcentevi nc s r r ni d ha he e d or t evoi ufi i de e ur oundi t enty of ng he r ad fulj dg n i a saetr a to t c n l et a t j d me th dap e l ie efc i ea t u me t n tt o t cin o o cud h t he u g n a r cusv fe t n a a ray pr e ng unde 11U. C.j 5 a( . 449 B. a 253. The onl e de e of n dves r oce di r S. 23()6) R. t y vi nc t pr c e ig i t saet r a to weet ep an ifsmo in f rj d me ta t e c u ts he o e dn s n he tt o t cin r h litf to o u g n nd h o r' d f utj dg n o d r wh c sae ta Ste d fn a t h vng n ta s r d t eplitf' e a l u me t r e , ih ttd h t ih e e d n s a i o n wee h anifs k M oton f J i or udgm e a be ng s e nl c le c m enot....And t evi nc oft pl i if nt nd i olm y a ld a he de e he antf bei he r t Cour e ee j me frt plitf agans t dee nti t a ng a d,he t ntrd udg nt o he anif i t he fnda n he mountof $1 000.' JL l t a enc ofa ot r e de e,t bal u c c twas una e t 00, '' I n he bs , e ny he vi nc he rkr pty our bl o .. deemi whehe ûheis ofghede o 'laleg asa ta batr wa a t lyltgae t tr ne t r k sue t btrs l ed s ul nd te y s cual ii td o t 8 (he de e s fcintt me tt sa r ofpr rquie by j523()6)' Ac or ngy,t t q gre ufi e o e he tndad oof e rd a( . c di l he ' b nku ty c u td ci d t g v t e d fu t u g n p e l i ee fc u e t ed crneo a rpc o r e l ne o i e h ea l j d me t r cusv fe t nd r h o ti f colat es oppel l l eral t . d. Upo r vi w oft r c d i t i t c e,t c ta e w ih t ba t up c c t n e e he e or n he nsant as he our gr es t he nlr t y our t tt s c e,lke l r Ow ens i di tng s bl f om l r A ns r . The r cor bef e t c t ha hi as i n e , s s i ui ha e r n e ai e d or he our c a ns no e de ont i vi nce of Le i a Long e gi i de ii ns e w s nd nga ng n pos to , xcha ng doc e s ngi um nt , c ondudi e e i pr t i lhea i or a i t or of Long m a ng a pr t i la ng xt nsve e r a rngs d viy, ki ny e r a ppea a e i r nc n t s a e c ta ton. The onl e de e oft pr e ngs i s a e cour i Le i ' co pl nt he t t our c i y vi nc he oce di n tt t s w s s m ai , t o d re trn d ful j dg n ,a d te s tlme tn t. S h e ie c i is fiin t he r e ne ig ea t u me t n h ete n oe uc vd n e s n u fce t o e t bls t t t pa te e ge i i e i a t o- i d ltg t o of t r l nt i s . s a i h ha he r i s nga d n s nsve nd w s de ii a i n ext he e eva s ues' ' l r Ans r,11 F. a 21 n e a i 3 3d t . Thi ca e lke Ca t l H a i i alo r diy di tngui ha e fom Tr D ules i t t s s, i pia ulng, s s ea l s i s bl r ans l n ha t r i not ng i t r or i c i t t Le i pr s t t tm oni or doc e ar he e s hi n he ec d ndi atng ha w s e en ed es i al um nt y e i e c t s p o th rcamsa an tLo g Ac o d n t t d fut u g n o d r tesae v d n e o u p r e li g is n . c r i g o he ea lj d me t r e, h tt c tba e isdecso ont f tCha moet t nt oneda ( dlea e snc pe s our s d t iin he ac t t r han we yt ys ha lps d i e ronal s r c ofpr s upon ( evie oce s Longla t t( nd ha Longhadjfie t tl r s nsvepla ngsorma ald o ie epo i e di ke a a pe r n ei g ja to i atmeyf s in, l u h ( e a pe r di p ro rnt ed t o n p a a c n t cin n i l a ho at g h ) p ae n e s n o h ae f he ho t e tyo ted fu t. De . , 0 4De a l J Or e 1 Th o d rma e n r frnc t t e he n r f h ea ll' c 27 2 0 fut . d r . e r e k s o e ee e o h ' pr e a i ofe de by Le i - t tm oni l doc e a y,orot r i e - t s es nt ton vi nce w s es i a , um nt r he w s o uppor he sa e t r tt t ' cl i s ol a m . t W hie Long di a a pr s a t deful j me heai a a wee quesi l d ppe r o e t he a t udg nt rng nd ns rd tons fo t cour,Le sdi notpr r m he t wi d oducea e denc oft te nge,and t defulj ny vi e ha xcha he a t udgme nt order i s l on t s poi . A ccor ng t Long' undi put t tm ony bef e t bankr cy s ient hi nt di o s s ed es i or he upt 9 c u tteb ssf rt esaec u tsr l wa ta Lo h dn sauo y gou t o j c t te o r,h a i o h tt o r' ui ng s h t ng a o tt tr r nd o be t o h e ty o t e d futj g n . Th sae c u ts d cso t e trte d futj d me twa nr f h e a l ud me t e tt o r' e iin o ne h ea l u g n s ba ed,t r f e,noton a s t ntve fndi ast t mert ofLewi ' sae t 4cli s but s he e or ny ubsa i i ngs o he is s s t t ol am , o a pr ed a t c c iy t tLong c d notr u e. n oc ur l e hni alt ha oul ef t Gie t elmi d e i e c s ro n i gt ed futj d me t t ec u ta r e wi t v n h i t v d n e u r u d n h e a l u g n , h o r ge s t he e h ba u c c tt t Long' m e e pr s nce a t he rng i i ufi intt e t bls t a nkr pt y our ha s r ee t he a i s ns fce o sa ih hat ny s t ntve i s s i t s a e cour pr e ng wer ac ualy ltga e The r or of t s a e ubs a i s ue n he t t t oce di e t l ii t d. ec d he t t c tpr e di i devoi of a e de of ltgai on t m e is of Lewi ' sa e t 4 our oe e ngs s d ny vi nce ii ton he rt s s tt ol cai or Long' pari pai pror t t e r of t deful j l ms s tci ton i o he nty he a t udgme . As s h, i i nt uc t s i pos i e t de e ne w hi h i s s w e e ltga ed, i a or wha l gal s a r w e e m sbl o t nni c s ue r ii t f ny, t e t nda ds r e oye Acc di y,t ba pty c tc rcl deci d t gi t deful j me mpl d. or ngl he nknz c our ore ty lne o ve he a t udg nt pr cl i e f c unde t doc rne ofc lt r leso l2 e usve fe t r he ti ola e a t ppe . 2 wi h sctdan mb ro de iin fo oh r u idcin i whih cvij d nt weegve Le s a ie u e f cso s rm te j rs ito s n c i l u gme s r i n prcusveef c i s b e e tba rptyprc e n sp rann t ds h r a lyu e l U. C.j e l i fe t n u s qu n nku c o e dig e tiig o ic age bit nd r 1 S. i 5 3 a( ) I e c o t s c s s u lk t eisa tc s ,h r c r c nan dmo eta a e u t e d n et 2 ()6 . n a h f ho e a e, nie h n tn ae te e o d o tie r h n d q ae vie c o esabls t t r l t ih hat he eevantf t is wer acualy ltgaed f pur e oft docrneofcolaer acual s ues e t l ii t or pos s he ti lt al e tpp l S eI r Flewoo , A 1 - 01 3GS, 01 W L21 0 6( n . Als aMa l , 01 ) so e. e n e e t d No. 2 0 1 - 2 3 78 9 Ba kr D. a k y 7 2 3 ( oligta acvij d nti fvo ofamioro camso s xu l sa la dbatr wa a t al liae h dn h t i lu gme n a r n n li f e a a s ut n tey s cu l i g td y t wheeted bo d a t iae i tetil(twhihtemio qtsiid,o t rwihh rmohe, n r h e tr d ri p td n h ra, a c h n r etfe tgehe t e t r a d p c couns or' a t sat cour f el ,' nd he t e t ound,ba ed upont evi s he dencepr e e t tt debt i e i l abus d es nt d, ha he or nt ntonaly e t emi rami mu o 3 tme wh ns ewa bewe ntea so 4a d7) l r W o ly 28 B. 2 4, h no ni m f 0 i s e h s t e h ge f n , n e ol , 8 R. 9 . e 2 9-0( nk . D. . 0 )( ol ngt a adea lj dg nt se tte t prcu ieefc wh r t 9 3 Ba r S. Ga 2 01 h di h t f ut u me wa nild o e lsv fe t ee he debt ,who wa f or s ound t ha s ve el be en a s xualy abus hi daughtroverape i oft yea s o ve e r y at nd e l ed s e rod en r , ç u sa taly 'p rii tdi t ep irc s , ndee tdn tt a e ra til l atrtesaes rme ç b tnillq' a tcpae n h ro a e a lce o o pp a t ra ony fe h tt up e s c u t ue t a tea to wa n tbardb tepae tli ni do tie ;n r Hout 2 3B. 8l ,8 3 o r r ld h t h cin s o re y h rn a mmu t crn l I e l, 4 R. 8 2 y ( nk . . Fl.1 9 (oligta acvij dg n e trda ans ad bo wa e tte t pe lsv Ba r M D. a 99 ) h dn h t i l u me t nee g i t e tr s nild o rcu ie ef c wheet p irc s p o e d dt tila tej r d cd dta t d borrp dhsd u h el l r fe t r he ro ae r c e e o ra, nd h u y e ie h the e t a e i a g tr;n e Sc u tr 1 B. 8 7 81 t nk . D. c 1 94 ( ligt tad fulj d n wa e tte t h se , 7l R. 0 , 2 Ba rE. Mih. 9 ) hodn ha e a t u gme t s n i d o l p e l i ef c whee ( irt e trn gh ) u me to d ful t tilc r h l abe htilgtwhc ) r cusve fe t r ,ç o o ne ig te j dg n f ea t he ra ou t ed nc ra a ih pr , t cour r cei t si ony a r e ed af visa tsi t t cour eofe nt a t concl i oft he t e ved e tm nd eviw lda t te tng o he s ve s t he uson he til a t cour f ra, nd he t oundt def ndantdebt ' aci t be wiluland wa on i hi a eofyoung he e / ors tons o lf nt n s bus Frn z'. a t' ) 10 II. The Suf i ency of t Evi fci he dence Present atTri ed al U nde R ul 4005 oft Fe r Rul s of Ba upt y Pr e e,t pl i if be r t r e he de al e nkr c oc dur he a ntf a s he bur den of pr ng t ovi hat a de i no s ha ge bl bt s ndi c r a e. û-he sa r of pr f f t k r t nda d oo or he dichagea lt e ptonsi 1 U. C.j523()i t or naypr ponder c oft evi nc s r biiy xce i n 1 S. a s he di r e r e- -he- de e sa r ' Gr nv. nwr 498U. 279, ( 991 . tnda d. oga Ga , ' S. 291 1 ) Aspr vi l e aned,j 5 ( ( ,on whih Le sscli i ba e pr de t ta e ousy xpli 23a)6) c wi' am s s d, ovi s ha d b i n td s h r e be i i aie fo a k l u a d maii u ij r by t e d bo t e t s o ic ag a l f t rs s r m s l l n wi f lco s n u y h e tr o a t r' 11 U. C.j 5 ()6) Sseci 5 a ( i nohe . ' S. 23a ( . t ton 23()6) snot stsi by ne i nt gr sy aifed glge , os l neglge ,or r c e s conduc s l r Dunc n,448 F. a 729,or by û e el ...de i r t or i nt e kl s t' n e ' a 3d t s r y m lbe a e itn in l c gjt tla jt ij r ' Gec r 5 3U. a 61 l ta , h sau ek p le o l ne to a a ts ha e dl o nu y. ie , 2 S. t . nse d t e tt t l pis ny ' a t i t donewih t a t li ç t c us i ur ' l r Dt n,448 F. a 729 ( tng o acs t he cua ntny o a e ni y.' n e mca 3d t quoi Gece,523U. a 61 (mphassi orgi l. i r S. t ) e i n i na) U pon r e oft evi e pr s nt a t i ,t c ta ee wih t bank upt y c t evi w he denc e e ed t ral he our gr s t he r c our t t Le i f l d t m e t t s Ssr nge r r m e f a fndi ofnondi c r ea lt ' I ha w s aie o e hi tt i nt equie nt or i ng s ha g biiy. d. ' Le sdd n ttsiy o h r o b hafo prs n a o h re i e c o a itn t ij r . wi i o e tf n e wn e l r e e t ny t e v d n e f n n e t o nu e I t ad,Le i r pe t dl ar ns e w s e a e y gued t tt sr qui e e w a m e by Lo spl a ofguit t ca nal ha hi e r m nt s t ng' e ly o r k o e g o ami r a hi C d gso jta .. Le swa t evci oft sf ln . Oc. n wld e f no , nd s t misin h t . wi s h itm hi eo y' t a ' 21 2 3 Tra Tr 3 ;seas i. t7 (W eh v a miso st th pe g it t afln ' , , 01 il . 0 e lo d a 8 $ $ a e d s in ha e ld uly o eo y.) '' I a 8 (g ea mitdCr sa D. wi wa t v ci o . .wo c u t o c r a k o e g d. t 0 $Hj d te y tl Le s s he itm f . t o n s f an l n wld e ( ' . Ase ane a ,howe r canalknowldgeofami ri asrc la lt ofe e ' ) xpli d bove ve , r e no s tit ibiiy fns . . . . unde Vigi alw.Vigi aCodej 1 2- doesnotrquieanys cii i e o us off ce r r ni a r ni 8. 63 e r pe tc ntnt r e or , muc l san itntt ij e. Acc di y,t mee fctt tLong a te t vi ai t h es ne o nur or ngl he r a ha dmitd o oltng he s a e s a ut i a of is f i i uf i i nt t s ts y Lew i ' bur n of pr ng t t Long t t t t e, n nd t el, s ns f c e o a i f s s de ovi ha itn e t ij r h r To t e tn Le sake te b n r p c c ur t a s me t tLo ne d d o nue e. he x e t wi s d h a k u ty o t o su ha ng ac e w ih s i e ,t ba upt y c tc r c l dec i d t do s See e :. U nie St t t d t uch nt nt he nkr c our or e ty lne o o. s . , t d a es v.Thomt 55 F. 443,44849 ( h Ci.2009)( tng,i afderlci nalc e,t tûhe on, 4 3d - 4t r noi n e a rmi as ha û t Vigi a ca na knowldg ofens ,by de i ton,c t gorc ly doesnoti vet us off ce r ni r l e e f e fnii a e i a l nvol he e or a doe no s nd s t uppor a i e e e t t a or al i t ne of t ofe e a e vi e a t n nf r ne ha ny l nsa es he f ns r olnt nd a e sve' ggrs i ). l t a e c o a y e i e c ta Lo itn e t ijte Le s t c u tc n ld s n he bsn e f n v d n e h t ng n e d d o nt r wi,he o r o cu e t tLe sf ie t m e the bur n ofpr ng t tt de owe t he by Long a os fom a ha wi a ld o e r de ovi ha he bt d o r r e r wilu a d maiiusij r . Ac o dngy,t d b i n te e td fo d s h r e u de 1 l l n lco n u y f c r i l he e t s o xc p e r m ic a g n r 1 U. C.j523( ( ,a t ba upt c t dno eri g a i Long' Rul 52()moin. S. a)6) nd he nkr cy our di t r n r ntng s e c to 3 Conc us on l i Fort r s s a e t c ' c ude t tt ba pt y cour ' de son m us be he ea ons t t d, he oul oncl s ha he nknz c t ts ci i t a fr e TheClr i die t d t s nd c rii c esoft sme or ndum opi on fim d. e k s r c e o e e tted opi hi m a ni a t a om panyi or t a lc nd he cc ng der o 1 ouns lofr c d. e e or Ex ' : s rER Thi I d yo v mb r2014. S a fxo e e, Chi fU nie St t s D it i tJ e t d a e s rc udge 3Ast ba upty cour emphasze i isopi on, t sde son i gr he nkr c t i d n t ni hi cii s ounded i t l k ofe de e n he ac vi nc pr ent by Lewi r di t na ur oft underyi de . l s d notber adt s es ed s egar ng he t e he l ng bt t houl e o ugges t c t hat onduct c te i vi aino VignaCod j1 .- 3c nne e b wilul rmaiius o t tde t se n ommitd n olto f r ii e 82 6 a v r e lf o l o , r ha b s tmmig c fom s acsa eaut ai l dicha gea e.Coursmus l t t evi e pr ent i apari arcas r uch t r om tcaly s r bl t t ook o he denc es ed n tcul e t d tnniewh te aplitf h sme h rb d no p o u d rj5 ()6 .l tei tntc s ,h fcs o ee n eh r anif a t e ure f r of n e 23a () n h nsa a e te a t pr se ed by Lewi we e sm pl i ufi entt pr by a pr e nt s r i y ns tci o ove, eponder anceoft evi nce,t t de at he de hat he bt is eao efom awif l ndmaiiu ij r su r s r lu a l lco s nu y. 12

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