Ashbury International Group, Inc. v. Cadex Defence, Inc. et al, No. 3:2011cv00079 - Document 51 (W.D. Va. 2012)

Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 9/20/2012. (ssm)

Download PDF

CLERK' OFFI U , DI COURT S CE S. ST. AT ROM OKE, VA F DsÃ© tvt 'Ã l. L j I THE U N I N TED STATES D I STRI COU RT CT FOR TH E W ESTERN D I I OF VI GN A STR CT R CH AR LOTTESV I LLE D I I ON V SI A SHBU RY I TERN A TI N AL N O GROUP,l , NC. Pl ntf , ai i f SE 22 2 1 22 J A C. D - , ULI CL K BY; DE C Ci lAc i No.3: CV00079 vi ton 11 M EM O R AN D UM O PI O N M By:Hon.Gl E.Conr d en a Chi U nie St t D i ti tJ ef t d a es s r c udge CADEX DEFENCE,I ,Ã§ g , NC. 1 1, Dee f ndan s t. As yI e tona Gr I tÃ§ hbtr 'fldt spae i rnge hbur ntmai l oup, nc.i As ty' ie hi tnt nfi mentacin, l to algngt a d fn a t Ca e Dee c ,n . Ã§ d x'a dDrk Aso its I c Co rk ' le i h t ee d n s d x fn e Ic (Ca e ' n a e s cae , n . a e' 4 ) l i lme tdt etc n l ycame b As b r i U. Pae tNo. ,0 3 2 (t e19 mpe n e h e h oog li d y h u y n S. tn 78 2,9 th 3 2 E Pae f).Ca e h smo e t ds s t c s f rlc o p ro a j rs ito a di r p r tn d x a v d o imis he a e o a k f e s n lu idcin n mp o e ve o , i t aler tve t ta f rt c et t Ease n DititofNe Yor 1 yortw nue r n he t nai , o r nse he as o he t r src w k. . j r as s tf t beow,Ca x' moton wilbede e e ons e orh l de s i l ni d. Fact Backaround ual As y i aprvael he dco pa ba e i Gr neCount Vigni Thec hbm s i t y l m ny s d n ee y, r i a. ompa ny de i a m a a t e tc i le pm e f us by a me f ce oft Unied St t a sgns nd nuf c ur s a tca qui nt or e r d or s he t aes nd a led f r i na i . One oft pr t desgne by As r i d f ly i e a e pr c son li o egn tons he oduc s i d hbu y s 6 u l nt gr t d e ii a rfepltonn usng t a nce SABER@il a f i he dva d FORSST* m odulrsoc c s i s t m andt a t k ha ss yse he r b s Szg o xL-l ola to r c ie . ( mp . 1 . o u t l e n- l b t cin e ev r' Co l! 1) r ' A s y hol s ve a pa en sr l t t isa nce m odul rcha s ss t m f hbur ds e r l t t e a ed o t dva d a s i ys e or pr c s o bol a ton rf e pl t or s i l ng t : Pa e , hi h w asi s d i Se e be e i i n d c i il a f m , nc udi he 392 t nt w c s ue n pt m r 1Fo lwi t ec mpltono j rs cina dic vey, h r c nc d dt tt c r lc pes a lo ng h o ei f u idito l s o r As bu y o e e ha he ou t a ks ron l j rs cin o rdee da tDrke Ac or n y As bu yv u t rl ds se i camsa ans Dr ke u idito ve f n n a . c digl, h r oln aiy imis d t li g i t a , s l vi onl Cadex asadef ndant ea ng y e . of2010. l t i tnta ton, hbur a lgest tde e ntCa x m a s s l,ofe sf s e n he nsa c i As y le ha f nda de ke , els f r or al, a i po t pr duc st tdie ty a i r c l i rnge t 1 2 Pa e , n vi aton of35 nd m r s o t ha r c l nd ndi e ty nf i he 39 t nt i ol i U.. j2 () ( ) () a () SC. 71a, b , c , nd g . Cade i aCa dincor r ton.lsc port he dqua tr aei Que ,Ca x s na a po ai t or ae a res r n bec nada. Ca x i notr git r t do busnes i Vigi a; no e oye ,busnes r c ds o ba de s e se ed o i s n r ni has mpl es i s e or , r nk ac unt i Vigi a a d snotpayt xesi Vigi a.Li wie, de hasno Vigi a co s n r ni ' nd oe , a n r ni ke s Ca x r ni m a lng a r s ,t e ii dd e s elphonenum be ,f x numbe , m e s ge s r i e. r a r or s a e v c Ca x hasnotm a o s d i Vigi aa oft pr t ac us d ofi rng nt de de r ol n r ni ny he oduc s c e nfi eme , Ca x has howe r s d m ilonsofdola sworh ofnon- cc edpr t t Vigi a ba e de , ve , ol li lr t a us oduc s o r ni - s d cusome s I 2011a one Ca x' s l t Vigi aba ed c t r t aed mor t $ 4 t r. n l , de s aes o r ni - s usome s ot l e han 4. m ilon dola s Thi e t d t ove 75pe c ntoft compa sUnie Stt ss l a ove li lr . s qua e o r re he ny' t d a e aes nd r 5 pe c ntofisgl 7 re t obals l f t tye r Fr J nua y t ough J of201 m or t n 36 a es or ha a . om a r hr une 2, e ha pe c ntofCa x' Unied St t s l r ve a o r1 pe c ntofisgl s esr ve re de s t aes aes e nue nd ve 9 r e t obal al e nue r ule fom Vigi a- s d s l .Al t d,Ca x ha ge r t d o r$5. m ilon dola si es t d r r ni ba e aes l ol de s ne a e ve 5 li lr n s e r ve fo Vigi aba e c t r snc 2007,a ountngf m or t n 41pe c ntof als e nue ' m r ni - s d usome s i e r cc i or e ha re Cade sU nie St t s s esr ve a 23 pe c ntofis gl ls l sr ve x' t d a e al e nue nd re t oba a e e nue. D urng t pa tfve ye r ,one ofCa x' l r tA m e i a i no gl l c t e sha i he s i as de s a ges r c n, f t oba , us om r s b e teUntdS ae Ma ieCo S se Co n (MCS ', ih i b s di Qu nio e n h ie tts rn ps y tms mma d Ã§ C' whc s ae n a tc , $ ) Vigi a.Si e201 t M CSC haspur has d ove $ 9 milondola si pr t fom r ni nc 0, he c e r 4. li lr n oduc s r Ca x. de l a ton t t M CSC, dexha m a r peae s l t s ve a ot rVigi a n ddii o he Ca s de e t d aes o e r l he r ni c t e s i l ng Spec alTac i lSe v ce ,Gl lSuppl Sol i , D S Ta tc , us om r , nc udi i tca r i s oba y utons A c i al Ti w a e Ta tc ,a SEA Syse s Gr de t r c i al nd tm oup. A c or ng t a fda t s it by A s tr c di o f i vis ubm ted hb ly, Ca x ha a s a tve y s i ie V igi a- s d c pa e t be om e di ti or ofis de s l o c i l olc t d r ni ba e om ni s o c s rbut s t 2 hi i pr ucs2 Att stme, ho ver t r co dcon a nsno e denc i c tng t taVigi a od t. we , he e r ti vi e ndi a i ha r niba e diti orha be n e t bls d. s d srbut s e sa ihe Cade alo pr esm iia y caa ogs apori n ofwhih a eus f ta s x s oduc ltr tl , to c r ed or r de howsi n Vigi a.Fr 2007t 201 s ve t e per e oft c r ni om o 2, e n e n c nt he ompa sa rii e ns r ule ny' dve tsng xpe es es t d f o a r i e e s s ntt orac e s bl f om , he Com m onw e 1h ofV igi a Dur ng t r m dve ts m nt e o, csi e r t at r ni . i he s tme fame, hepr i n ofCa x a isUnie St t ss l m a ge ta l d t Vigi a ame i r t esde t de nd t t d a e aes na r r ve e o r ni o s ve a oc as o t pr m o e t c pa s pr n e r l c i ns o o t he om ny' oduc s t. Ca x as o r t awebst t tVigi ar sdent c n ac es .Alhough t de lo pe aes ie ha r ni e i s a c s t he c ompany' pr t c nnotbeplr ha e ont we ie, te bl us r t c a Ca x s oduc s a zc s d he bst i na es e s o ontct de r pr s nt tve . l 201 a oxi t l t n pe c ntofUnie St t - e viist t we ie e e e ai s n 0, ppr ma ey e r e t d aesbas d st o he bst o i na e fom Vigi a;i 2011 a oxi ael sx pe ce ofUnied St t - e viis rgi t d r r ni n , ppr m t y i r nt t aesbas d st o i na e fom Vigi a. rgi t d r r ni ProceduralH i t s orv A s r fl t i t ntaci on De e be 1 201 hbu y ied he nsa ton c m r 5, 1.Cade a Dr ke s e nty x nd a ubs que l mo e t ds s tec s frlc o p ro a j rs ito a di r p rv n eo ,nt e v d o imis h ae o a k f e s n l u idci n n mp o e e u r i h at r tve t ta f rve t t Ea t r Ditito Ne Yor whe eDr ke i bas On le nai , o r ns e nue o he se n src f w k, r a s ed. M a 1 201 f l i a hea i t c r t t d e nt m otonst y 7, 2, olow ng rng, he ou t ook he ef nda s' i mdera s m e ta dvi e n nd g a tdAs b r t eo p runt t c n u tds o eyo teis eo p ro a j rs ito r ne h u y h p o t i o o d c ic v r n h su f e s n l u idcin. y Up nt c mplto o l tdj rs ito a d so ey As bzyv lmtrl dimis dis o he o ein f i e u idcin l ic v r , h l ot aiy s se t mi r 2Fori t , Soj s v r l c so i 2 1'Ca x c nsance s n e e a oc a ins n 01 , de ommunia e wihTa tc l Su vv l l ' c td t cia & r ia S cate , nc (% ',aCa xc some ba e i Hars bu g Vigii,t bo TSSi e vnga a pe ilis l . $ ' TSSi) de u t r s d n rion r , r na t ut a sr i s Ca e ditiutri t Unie S ae . ( l Sr ngDe . 8) Addii al Ã§ e n W ila , de s d x srb o n he td tt s' Bil ta ' cl! . ton ly,s n lims Ca x' Gl U . s esmanager viied TSSisHar ionbur headquarer on atl toneoccm on i 2011t m ee S. al , st ' rs g ts eas si n o t wiht eTSSie o e sa d sus TSSis r ig a Ca x' U. diti t . (d) Th ts meye r t h mply e nd ic s e vn s de s S. srbuor' l . a a ' a, Ca alo cont t Ashbur Ã§f t pur e ofdicussng ...Cadex' possbl empl dex s aced y tor he pos s i s ie oymentof As ur t s r a adsrbuora s le ofCa e pr ucsi t Untd Sae . ( o rsPees hb y o eve s iti t nd elr d x od t n he ie tts' M ri tron ' De l! 8) c. . c am sa i tDr ke. The ea tr boh As yand Ca x fl d s e t lbre so t l i gans a r fe , t hbur de ie upplmen a if n he o s a ng i s . The c t r a tona a g ne ton Aug t31 201 ut t ndi s ues our hea d ddii l r m n us , 2. Di scussi on 1 . Pe on@l4 iditon rs kr s c i Thel oft Unied St tsCour ofAppeasf t Fede a Cic tgove nst i s of aw he t ae t l or he r l r ui r he s ue wh t e ac u t a p ro a j s ito o ran n e ie t e e d n i ap tn c s .S e eh r o r h s e s n l mi dcin ve o rsd n d fn a t n ae t a e e Au o e o c lc v Ox o dGe eTe h. d.5 6F.d 1 2, 01 ( d. r 2 9 . t g n mis n . . f r n c Lt , 6 3 01 1 6 Fe Ci. 00 ) Uli ael t pl i ifbe r t b de ofpr ngby apr po r nc o t e de et f c s tm t y, he antf a s he ur n ovi e nde a e f he vi nc he a t n c sayt e tbihp ro a j s ito o e ted fn a t Pic e i v. a Co .2 e e s r o sa ls e s n lmidcin v r h e e d n . e z n k Dy x p , 65 F.d 1 2 ,1 3 ( dCi. 01 .Ho v r twl eet ed src c u t d s sto a t t e 3 3 9 3 4 Fe r 20 ) we e ,t h r h itit o r' ipo iin s o h l s p ro a j rs ito a q e to i b s do afd vt a doh rm itnmaeil i tea s n e e s n lu id ci n l u sin s a e n fi a is n t e te tras n h b e c o a e ie ta yh ai , panifn e o yma eap i fces o n ta (h d fn a t f n vd n ir e rng a litf e d nl k rma a i h wig h t te ee d n i)s b e t op ro a j rs ito . Elc .o I gn , n . Co l, 4 F.d 1 4 ,1 4 ( e , s u j c t es n l u idcin' e s fr ma ig l c v. ye 3 0 3 3 4 3 9 F d ' Ci. 0 3 .l de i n wheh rt eplitf h sma et erq iies wi ,h c u t s r 2 0 ) n cdig te h an if a d h e u st ho ng t e o r mu t vi w t f t i t lg mos f vor bl t t pli if De enylAni lHe lh.I . Uni e he acs n he i ht t a a e o he antf. pr ma at nc v. v. ofTo o ol r nt nnovai Fot , F.d 1 1 ( d. r 200 ;seas Huma Res tons md.297 3 343, 347 Fe Ci. 2) e lo n . Cet iainI s. Hu nRe . r fl sn, 3F. p' 3 9 3 0(t Ci. 1 (d h n ri c to n t v. ma s P o As' 45 Ap x 4 , 5 4 h r 201 ) Ã§ e f W t ed src c u t d r se teq e to o p ro a j rs ito o t eb sso temoi npa es h itit o r a d e s s h u si n f e s n l u idcin n h a i f h to p r, lg lme r n a alg to i t ec mp an , n t e u idcin lds o ey tefcsa et e a mo a d , l ains n h o lita d h j rs ito a ic v r ,h a t r o e beviwe i t lgh mos f vo a et t pli if a wede e mi denovo whehe t e d n he i t t a r bl o he antf, nd t r ne t r he pli ifma aprmafci s ngofpe s l trs ci '. antf de i a e howi rona jziditon.) ' To etbihp ro a j rs ito o e an n e ie td fn a t apanifmu ts o t t sa ls e s n lu idcin v r o rsd n ee d n , litf s h w ha tefpl sae' ln -r s uea to ie j rs ito o e t ed fnd n a dt a e ecsng h o m tt s o g am ut t uh rz s u idcin v r h ee a t n h t x rii j rs ito o e t d fn a tc mp rswi c nsiu in l u p o e srq ie n s S e u idcin v r he ee d n o o t t o ttto a d e r c s e ur me t. e h 4 Auo e o c I c, 6 F.da 1 1 (iigBu g rKi gCo p v. z wiz 4 U.. 6 , tg n mis n .5 6 3 t 0 6 ctn r e n r . Rud e c , 71 S 4 2 471476(985) - 1 ). A. V i ni sL o A r St ut rgi a' ne- m at e TheSuprmeCo tofVigni ha hel t tdgl pu pos ofo Ã§ongam saut i t e ur ri a s d ha Ã§the r e ur l r tt e' s o a srj rs ito t t ee tn pemisbeu d rt Du Pr c s Clu eo t eCo si to o se tu idcin,o h x e t r s il n e he e o e s a s f h n tt in f u t U nied St t , rnon e i nt who e age i s e pup os f a i t i V igi a. he t a es ove r s de s ng n om e ul ctviy n r ni ' ' Da v l Plwo dCo . Pli & Fa c Kic e .n .2 8S. 2 8 0 8 2( . 9 7 . n il y o m v. an e n y th ns l c, 3 E.d 0 , 0 Va 1 7 ) G i n t Cour ' r ognii t tV i g ni s l a m s a ut i ge r ly c xt ns ve w ih t ve he ts ec ton ha r i a' ong- r t t e s ne a l oe e i t he r uie e t ofc tt i na duepr es ,t Fe r lCic tha hed t tt saut r a eq r m n s onsiuto l oc s he de a r ui s l ha he t t o y nd c nsi to a j rs ito a iq iismeg it t esn l q e to o wh t e d ep o e si o tt in l u idcin ln ure r e n o h ige u si n f eh r u r c s s u s tsidb tec u t e rieo p ro a j rs cin o e t n n e ie td fn a t S e aife y h o r' xecs f es n lu idito v r he o rsd n ee d n . e s To c o I c v. rs i & Pa 5 4F.d 1 3 1 1( e . r 2 0 ) Ac o dn l t e u hc m.n . Bee kn m 7 3 40 , 41 F d Ci. 0 9 . c r igy,h c u t lf c ss ll o wheh rtee ecs o pes n l u idcino e Ca e wo d o r wil o u oey n t e h x rie f ro a j rs ito v r d x ul c ompo twih t a ia eduepr s r quie e s r t he pplc bl oce s e r m nt. B. C onstt i iutonalDue Process Th d p o e sp o o t ep ro lt iddin a lssne e sttsa i ur it e ue r c s r ng f h es na jl s i o nay i c siae n nq iy no r wheherade enda m ant i s fce Gm i i l c a t'wih t f m sae, I t t f nt i ans ufi int t n mlm ont c s' t he onz tt 3 n he Ã§ a o ia'c s o I tr ai n lS o Co. . a hn l n 3 6U. 31 ( 9 5 ,h Untd s n nc l a e f ne n to a h e v W s igo , 2 S. 0 1 4 ) te ie c ' SttsSuprmeCour hel t taco t ye r iej iditonove anonr sde defnda ae e t d ha ur ma xe cs urs ci r ei nt e nt onl Ã§ft dee ntha Ce ti mi mum co a t wih (hefr m saels ht tt y f he fnda s c ran ni i ntcs t t o u tt uc ha he 3 c u es j c ma tr u idito i t i c s i prmie o af d r l e ton,Ã§h Du Pr c s Be a s ube t te j rs cin n hs a e s e s d n e e a qu si E e e o e s t Cl et i a is he e i t Due Pr sCl oft Fit Amendment' Beve l Hil Fa Co.v. aus hat s t s ue r s he oces ause he fh .' rv ls n Ro a S v rinCop.21F3 1 5 ,1 6 n l Fe . r 1 9 ) Al o g tth S g e Co r' y l o eeg r , .d 5 8 5 0 . ( d Ci. 9 4. t u h tle u rme u t h l s c ttto lurs rde c o p ro lurs ito . .n l e o ysaea ddiest css a dt onsiuinaj ipu n e f es naj idcin . icud s nl tt n v rly ae , n hus explc est demandsoft Fouree h AmendmentsDuePr essCl e,'t Feder Cicui has iat he he t nt ' oc aus ' he al r t Ã§ neh ls a idt % ni m c tcs sa dad. .oq sinso pesnaj iditoni fd rl s tee s ppl he mi mu onat'tn r . t ueto f ro lurs ci n e ea no e ca e ,s c a t s a ii u e t pae tlws' Akr Co p. Luk r 45F. 15 ,1 44 45( d. s s u h s ho e rsng nd r he t n a . ' o r v. e , 3d 41 5 - Fe Ci.1 95 . r 9 ) man e a c o tes td e n t fe d i a i o l oinso fi p a a d s b tnilusie' itn n e f h ui o s o o fn t dt na n to f ar ly n u sa ta j tc .' r i ' Goodyea Dunl TiesOpe ai sS. v.Brwn,1 S.Ct 28 2853( 1 ( i l ' r op r rtons A. o 31 . 46, 201 ) quotng ntl S o Co, 2 U.. t31 ) Thsr q ie n Ã§ ie ad g e o p e itbit t telg l h e .3 6 S a 6 . i e urme t i v s e r e f rd ca l y o h e a g i s t m t ta l spot i lde e nt t sr ct e t rprm a y c ys e ha low enta f nda s o t u ur hei i r onduc w ih s e m i m um t t om ni a s a ast whe et cond twila wilnotr nd rt m la et s t' W ord- i s ur nce o r he uc l nd l e e he ibl o ui. ' l W de Voks g n Co . W o d o 4 4U. 28 , 9 ( 9 0 . l wa e p v. o s n, 4 S. 6 2 7 1 8 ) Si el e nai lShoewa de i d, rsha ditng s d be we n Gge r lo a1 nc nt r tona s cde cou t ve si uihe t e t ne a r l- p r s jlidcin' ndlpe ii o c s-ik dj rs ito ' Go d e r 1 1S Cta 2 5 u po e t s ito 'a t cfc r a eln e u idcin. o y a , 3 . . t 8 3 r s ' (ii Hei tr Na o l deCol a, A. Hal466U. 408, 4 (98 ) Ast ctng lcopeos cinaes ombi S. v. l, S. 41 1 4). he S p e Co r r c n l e p an d,(a c u t y a sr g nea j rs ito o e f r in (itr u r me u te e ty x lie E ) o r ma se t e rl u idcin v r o eg sse( saeo fr in c u ty c po ainst h a a ya dal li a an t h m wh nt er tt r o eg -o nr ) o rt o e r n n l cams g i s t e o e hi afiito wiht gor mjStt aes tontnuousa s tmai a t rnde t m tlains t he f u ae r o c i nd yse tc' s o e r he es e i l a ho ei t f u Stt ' Good r 1 S. .a 2851.Spe ii J idi to on s ntaly t m n he or m a e. ' yea , 31 Ct t c fc ' s ci n, ur t eoh r n , x sswh ntec s G rse)o to o rlt g)t t ed fn a tsc na t wih h te ha d e it e h a e Ã» ils u f r eae s o h ee d n ' o tcs t a t f tm . Helco e os 466U . a 41 n. W hehe d lngwih s ii orge r he orz ' ' i pt r , S. t 4 8. t r eai t pecfc ne al j rs ito ,h plitf mus e tbiht ic msa c s o ac u s o c nd tfo whc ii u idcin te an if t sa ls t r u tn e , r o re f o uc,r m ih t s c pr rt i e a i e i t be ftfom a t a i e i t s i t t l w s oft ope o nf r n nt nton o ne i r nd hus n nt nton o ubm t o he a he f u Stt ' J M cl y eM a h.Lt v. c to,1 S. . or m ae. . ntr c e d. Niasr 31 Ct2787,2780( 1. ' 201 ) Cons se w ih t pa te 's pl m e t lb i f , he c t ilf usisa l i o i t nt t he ri s up e n a r e s t our w l oc t na ys s n wh te Ca e sc n a t wihVign aaes fiin t c nfrg n r lu id cin.Th eh r d x' o tcs t r ii r u fce t o o e e ea j rs it o e sa r f esa ihi ge r j iditoni Gail hi ' Auoce c .l ,566F.d tnda d or tbls ng nealurs ci s Ã» ry gh.' t nomis nc. f 3 1 2,1 8( Ci. 01 01 Fed. r 2009) Thec ur mus e oet natr ofCa x' c ci wih . o t t xplr he tte de s onne tons t V igi at de e m i whe he t y c tt e t t pe ofSs ontnuousa s t m a i ge r l r ni o t r ne t r he ons iut he y <c i nd yse tc ne a busne sc t t''ne sa yt e i s onacs' ce sr o mpowert sc ttoe e ti s ta i tghec hi our t ntran ui gans t ompa on t ny) camsu rltdt a yhngt a c n cs( ec mp n )t teS ae' Go y a,1 S. . t li n eae o n ti h t o ne t t o a y o h tt. od e r 31 Ct a h ' 2 5 (iigHeio tr s 4 6U. a 41 ) l c n iu u a s se tcc n a t aefu dt 8 7 ctn lc pe o , 6 S. t 6 . f o tn o s nd y tmai o tcs r o n o e itt ec u t s as d tr n wh t e tea srino pes na jzid cinwo l be x s,h o r mu t lo ee mi e eh r h se t f ro ll s ito ud o r r as bl Se Elcs f l e ona e. e e . or maci I . 340 F.d a 1 - 2. nce nc, 3 t 351 5 Contnuous a Svs e atc Cont s i nd tm i act l a yi t Ã§c i usa s t m a i ' con a t t s ,c t ha f us d on t o n ppl ng he i ontnuo nd ys e tc ' t c s e t our s ve oc e w a e .Fis ,he l f s m eki o de i r ephysc lpr s nc i t f u sae, uc as r as r t t y ook or o nd f lbe at ia e e e n he or m t t s h c por t f ciii ,bn ac ot t ,a nt , eg s r ton, i o o a i n. l t s r ga d, he or a e a ltes nk c m s ge s r i t a i or nc m r to n hi e r t S p e Co r' d cso i Pek n v. n u tCo o . ii Co.3 2U. 43 ( 9 2 u r me u ts e iin n r i s Be R e ns lM nng , 4 S. 7 1 5 ) Ã§e is(l etxbo k c s o g n rl u idcina p o raeye rie o raf rin i man th e t o a e f e ea j rs ito p r p itl xecsd ve o eg r c r o ainta h sn t o e tdt s ii t efr m. Go d e r 1 S. . t2 5 (n en l o p rto h t a o c nsn e o utn h o u ' o v a, 31 Ct a 8 6 itr a ' ctto a dq oainmak o te ) AsteS p e Co r s mmaie i Go d e r iain n u tto r s mitd . h u rme u t u rz d n o y a : Sued i Ohi t de e nti Pe ki wa aPhii nemi ng c por ton t t n o, he f nda n r ns s lppi ni or a i ha ha c s a tvii i t Phii nesdurngW ord W a I. To t e e tt t d ea ed c i tes n he lppi i l rI he xt n ha t c pa wa c he om ny s onduc i a b i s durng a i me ael a t t tng ny usne s i nd m di t y fer he J nes occ pa i oft Phii pi s i w a doi s i O hi t c por ton' apa e u ton he lp ne , t s ng o n o: he or a i s pr s de m a nt i hi ofi e t r ,ke t c pa fl s i t tof i e a e i nt i a ned s fc he e pt he om ny ie n ha f c , nd s r s d f om t Ohi o fc t he ne s a iy lm ied w a tm e a tvii s oft upe vi e r he o fi e Ã» t ce s rl i t r i c i te he c ny. Alhought cam-n-uidi notaiei Ohi t e)Cour r ldt t ompa ' t ' he li i s t d rs n o,hg t ue ha iwo l n t oaed ep o e sf rOh ot a j d c t t ec nr v ry t ud o vilt u r c s o i o du iae h o to e s . l (nena cttonso te . d. itr l iai mitd) I a ton t l oki f ree e t ofphysc lpr s nc c t ha alo c i r n ddii o o ng o lm n s i a e e e, ours ve s onsde ed w he he t de e n hasa tvel s i ie bus ne si t f u s a e a t e e t w hi h t r he f nda t c i y olc t d i s n he or m t t nd he xt nt o c t de e ntha pa tc pa e i t sae' e onom i ma ke s Se Tua v.R.. vnol he f nda s rii t d n he tt s c c r t . e zon J Re ds Toba coCo.433F.d 11 11 ( hCi. c , 3 63, 72 9t r 2006)(itng, i caofc i lsi as ndii ontnuousa nd s em atc cont s,Ã»voll e,'(econom i i pact' Ã§contnuiy,'and ti egr i i o t s at s yst i act Ã§ lm ' s cm ,'Ã§ i t ' tnt aton nt he t e' r aor ore onomi makes).l ot rwor ,c ursha e mi t E onomi r aiy' egult y c c r t' n he ds o t ve xa ned he i ec c e lt ' o t ed f n a tsa tvte i t ef r m sae l . t1 7 (nena ctto a dq o ai nmak f h e e d n ' ciiis n h o u tt. d a 1 3 itr l i in n u tto r s a o te ) seas Tre welr Cr x o & Trn hHodncCo.9 F.d 1 2 ,1 3 ( 0h Ci. mitd ; e lo ir ie v. o t n e c li , 0 3 5 3 5 3 1t r 1 9 )(i dwi a p o a i Det S sa n . I d kM f . r .4F. p' 8 7 8 0( d. 9 6 ct t p r v ln la v .I c v.n a c Co p, Ap x 5 , 6 Fe e h Ci. 0 ) (itn , sr lva t ot eg n r lu idcina ay i, eh rted fn a t r 2 01) l i g a ee n t h e ea j rs ito n l ss wh te h ee d n s a tvey s iisbusne si t sae a t vol eofb i s c c i l olct i s n he t t nd he um usne s onduc e i t sa eby t t d n he t t he d fn a t. ee d n ) l Helco e os t Supr m eCo tc i r d e h oft f egong a e a c l n i pt r , he e ur onsde e ac he or i r as nd oncuded t a aCol inc po ainwa n t u j c t g n r lu idcini Te a .Th c r o ai n s h t lmba o r to s o s be t o e ea j rs ito n x s e op r to ' l c na t wi Te a Cb a ial . . o itdo sn i gisc ife e u ieo fc rt Ho so o tcs t x s Ã§ l sc ly . c nsse f e d n t he x c tv fie o u t n h g f ac r c - gotai n s son; c ptng i o isNe Yor ba ac ountc c dr wn on a or onta tne i to es i ac e i nt t w k nk c he ks a Housonbank;purhasngheio e s e pme ,a tani s r c fom g Te s t c i lc ptr, qui nt nd ri ng evies r a xa e eprs )f s t i st ;a sndi pe s lt ( xas f tani ' Heioptr , ntr ie or ubsantal lms nd e ng ronne o Te ) or ri ng.' lc e os 466 U. a 41 Afe notngt a e eofe de e ofaphysca pr e ei Te s s h a S. t 6. tr i he bs nc vi nc i l es nc n xa , uc s a ag nt abusnes lc ns ,i o por ton,orc or t f c lte , he Supr m eCour a s n e , i s i e e nc r ai om a e a iiis t e t lo e mphasz d t tt de e i e ha he f ndantt ver... r onne ...o r to i Te ors d a pr t t ne pe f d pe ai ns n xas ol ny oduc t tra hedTe s (ndjne rs i t busnes i Te . Llat411 Alhought dee nt ha e c xa , a ve olcied i s n xas' t. ' . t he fnda pur has d a s g t a por i ofis fe tofhe i e s f o a c pa ba e i For W o t c e i nik nt ton t l e lcopt r r m om ny s d n t r h, t Cour hed t td e epur ha es e n i oc ur i a r gu a i e v s a enote he t l ha d r m c s , ve f c rng t e l r ntr al, r nought o war n aS ae sa s rino ( e ea) u idci no e an n e ie tc p o aini ac us o ra t tt' se t f g n rlj rs ito v r o rsd n o rto n a e f o a ton notr l t t t e plr ha e ta a tons ' l a 41 ci e a ed o hos zc s r ns c i . d. t 8. ' A ppl ng Pe ki a H e i op e os i G o yi r ns nd lc t r n odve , he Su e e Cour ' m os r c nt ar t pr m ts t ee decso o t e rieo ge rl u idito t Cou thedt tNo t Caolnac dno iin n he xecs f nea j rs cin,he r l ha rh r i oul t e r iepes na j rs ito o rf rins sdaiso Go d e rUS t a ma u a t r dtr s xecs ro l u idcin ve o eg ub iire f o y a A h t n fcu e ie prmaiyf s l i t Eur a a Asa makes e nt i rl or ae n he ope n nd in r t, ve hought s lpec ntge'of(he ( mal re a ' t a f egns i ai ' tr .. wer diti e wihi NorhCaolnabyohe Goodye rUSA ori ubsdiresl ies . e srbutd t n t r i t r a aflaes' Goodve ,1 S. .a 28 TheSup e Cour rj ce t saec ts fiit . ' ar 31 Ct t 52. r me t ee td he tt our' c uson t plci tr si t d te m ofc me c ' ss fcintf t e r ieof oncl i hat a ng ie n he d r a s om r e'wa ufi e or he xe c s p ro a j rs ito o e t ef ri ns b iire .1 . t2 5 - 6 l r a h n t i c n l so , e s n lu id cin v r h o eg u sd ais d a 8 5 5 . n e c i g h s o cu in t c t t d asf l w s he our no e olo : l co r s t t pa e c pan Goodye rU SA ,whi h doe notc e tt n nt a t o he r nt om y, a c s ont s he No t Caol ac u tspes n lu idcino e i, tto esaen trg se e rh r i o r' ro a j rs ito v r tpeiin r r o e itrd n t d b i s i N orh Ca olna They have no pl c ofbusne s e pl s o o o usne s n t r i . ae i s , m oyee , r ba ac ot t i N orh Ca olna. The do notd i m a a t e, a ri e nk c m s n t r i y es gn, nuf c ur or dve ts t rpr t i Norh Ca olna.Andt y do no s i tbusnes i N orh hei oduc s n t r i he t olci i s n t Ca olna ort m s l ss lors p tr t N orh Ca olna c t e s Eve s a r i he e ve el hi ies o t r i us om r . n o, s l p r e t g o peiin r 'ie (e so t o a dso t ftn o mi in mal ec na e f t o e s trs tn f h usn u o e s f l o s t l ma a tr dbewee 2004a 2007 weeditiutdwihi Norh Caolnab nufcu e t n nd ) r srb e t n t r i y ot rGoodyea U SA a t la e . he r fi i t s 1 a 2852. d. t The Supr e Cour c l ed t tt s a e c r ' r i nce on a s r m ofco m e ce em t onc ud ha he t t ou ts ela ten m r t o yt e tbihg n r lu idito wa mipa e he r o sa ls e e a j rs ci n s s lc d: Fl ofma ac er 'pr t i ot f u weha e aned,ma bolt r ow nuf mr s oduc s nt he or m, ve xpli y se a a flain g r net s e ii j rs ito . . Bu te sr igt b ltrt e n f ito ema o p cfc u idcin . . tis e vn o o se h e e cs o s e i cj rs ito d n twar n ad tr naint a, a e o x rie f p cf u idcin o o ra t eemi t h tb sd n i o t s te ,h fr m h sg n rl u idcino rad f n a t ho e is te o u a e ea j rs ito ve ee d n . 1 a 2855. U li a el t Co the d t t when m e ur d ag i tPe ki a H e i o e os d. t tm t y, he ur l ha , as e a ns r ns nd lc pt r , t f rins b iire ' ome to st No t Caoiat el s o t f(h c ni u u a d he o eg u sda is c l cin o rh r l x ll h r o t e o tn o s n n s t m ai ge r busnes c t c s nec s a yt e yse tc ne al i s on a t ' e s r o mpowe N o t Ca olnat e e t n s t r rh r i o nt rai ui a ns t m on c a m sunr a ed t a hi t tc m e t t m w ih t St t ' I a 2857. gai t he li el t o nyt ng ha ol c s he t he a e. d. t ' Thi w ast u e n t ug a t m a lpe c nt ge 'o t f r gn s i i r e 'tr s w a s r e ve ho h i l r e a ' f he o ei ubs d a i s ie s s tspor caly' pur ed i N ort Car i 1 a 2852,2856. R el ng on is ear i deci on i l adi l ' chas n h olna. d. t yi t ler si n Heiopt os t Cour e lc er ,he t mpha iedt t': r purha e ( dei t f um Sttj e ni sz ha Ã§mee c s s ma n he or ae, ve f oc ri a r gulri e v s aenote curng t e a ntr al, r nought warntaStt' ase tonof( nea) o ra aes s ri ge rl j s ito o e an nrsd n c po aini ac us o a to n t eae t tos plc s mi dcin v r o e ie t o rto n a e f cin o rltd o h e t ha e r ta s cin .' l a 2 5 ( u tn Heio tr s 4 6U.. t 8 . rn a to s'' d. t 8 6 q oig lc p eo , 6 S a 41 ) Gi n t hih sa r s tby t Supr m eCour a t Fe r lCic t t pr e eof ve he g t nda d e he e t nd he de a r ui, he es nc g n r lu id cini tei sa t aei a mitdyaco eq eto Th rc r i d vodo e ea j rs ito n h n tn c s s d te l ls u sin. e e o d s e i f m a oft f c or t a tonaly a s i t d w ih a phys c lpr e e i t f t s a e s h a ny he a t s r dii l s oc a e t i a es nc n he orz t t , uc s m a ofi a a nt e pl s abusne slc ns i r r ton,orc or t f ciii s n fcil ge , m oyee , i s ie e,nco po a i om a e a lte . Nonehees ,a t ssag oft pr e ngs t c t ncude t tAs r ha mad aprm a t l s t hi t e he oc edi , he our co l s ha hbu y s e i f ces o ngt t d xi s be tt g n r lu idcini Vign a Co sr e i t elg t a i h wi ha Ca e s u j c o e ea j rs ito n r ii. n tu d n h ih m os f vor bl t As ur t e de eesa ihest tCa x mait nsco i t a a e o hb y,he vi nc t bls ha de n ai ntnuousa nd s t m a i c m e ci lc ac s w ih t f u sa e. ys e tc om r a ont t t he or m t t Thec tsde ii i bas d prm a iy on Ca x' t r td s i iai ofVig ni- ed our' cson s e i rl de s a gee olct ton r i a bas c t r a t e e t whi i hasi r a i y pr ie fom pa tcpa i i t sae' usome s nd he xt nt o ch t nc e sngl oftd r ri i tng n he t t s m a ke f m iia y e pm e .I c r tt t de e r t or ltr qui nt n ontas o he f ndan i He ioptr ,Ca x ha no t n lc e os de s t m e e y m a a t cka ' c s ofgoodsa s r i e f o a V igi a ve rl de t pa ge'pur ha e nd e v c s r m r ni ndorora ce e a c pt d c k dr hec awn f om a Vi gi a ba H elc e os 466 U . a 41 Li w i e, nt a y t t r r ni nk. i opt r , S. t 8. ke s co r r o he de e nti Goodvea ,Ca x ha done m o et n s m pl pl c a pr f nda n r de s r ha i y a e oduc i t t s r a of t n o he t e m c me c desi d f t Unie Stt s l t d,o rt pas fve ye r ,Ca x ha r gulry om r e tne or he t d a e . nsea ve he t i a s de s e a l s i ie busnes i Vigi a de i d m o et n 41pe c ntofisUnied St t s l r ve olct d i s n r ni , rve r ha re t t aes aes e nue f om V i g ni a m a n a ne ongoi c a t wih nlm e ousV i g ni bas c t e s r r i a, nd i t i d ng ont c s t l r r i a- ed us om r . Se r oft Vigi a- edcuso e s i l ngt M CSC,Spe i lTac ialSe vies ve al he r ni bas t m r , ncudi he ca tc r c , a Gl nd obalSu y Sol i ns a e r pe tc t e s ofCa x,who pur ha e pr uc sf om Ca ppl uto , r e a us om r de c s od t r dex ye afe yea .Si 201 t M CSC haspur has d ne l $5 milon dola si pr t fom ar tr r nce 0, he c e ary li lr n oduc s r Ca x,a co mtng f a s t nta po ton oft c pa ss l r venue. G i n t de c t i or ubs a i l r i he om ny' a es e ve he 10 c pa ss es i Vigi a i i ofno s prs t tCade hasa tve y at mpt d t co r c om ny' ucc s n r ni , t s ur ie ha x c i l te e o nta t w ih V igi a- s d c pani t s r e asdi ti ut r ofispr t r ni ba e om es o e v sr b o s t oduc s t. I a e f t o m i m i t sgnii a e oft hi voll e ofr ve ge r t d i n n f or t ni ze he i f c nc he gh dm e nue ne a e n Vigi aasa r s to iss iia i e f t,Ca x ha f us dm uc ofisa g e o t f c r ni e ul f t olct ton fors de s oc e h t r um nt n he a t t talr pe c t ge oft pr t pur has d by t M CSC wasuli ae y s ppe t M a i ha a ge r en a he oduc s c e he tm t l hi d o rne Cor ba e i ot rsaes r he t t M CSC' he dqua tr i Qua i W hiet tfcor ps s s n he tt ,at r han he S a res n ntco. l ha a t m a r nde t sc e s e tuni ,t c r i t bl t a e wih Ca x' as e to t ti y e r hi as om wha que he ou t s ma e o gr e t de s s ri n ha t n g tsafn igo g n r l u idcin Ise d tet c n mi r ai 'i t a Ca e a tv l e ae i dn f e e a j zs ito . n ta ,h Ã§ o o c e lt 's h t d x ciey e y s i isbusne sfom t M CSC a ot rVigni - s d e ii s a t twihoutt r ve olct i s r he nd he r i a ba e ntte , nd ha t he e nue de i d f om t s e ii s Ca x' fna i lpi ur w o d b dr s i ly dif r nt Tuaz 433 r ve r he e ntte , de s i nc a ct e ul e a tca l f e e . on, F. a 11 3 ( i t twhehe ac po aed e ntsc a t i apatc a ca eae 3d t 7 notng ha t r or r t efnda ' ontcs n riulr s r s tnta andc i ubsa il ontnuousofe t nsont t conomi r lt ' t dee ntsaci te ) tn ur he Ã§ e c eaiy'of he fnda ' tviis (n en lctto o te ) s eas E1 Lil & Co v Ma n Ph r ( A)l c, 0 F. u p. itr a iain mitd ; e lo i ly . . v e a ma US n .5 4 S p 2 38 ( . ld. 0 7 (xecsngg nea j rs it nwh r t d fn a tÃ§ e rte ) d 7 SD.n 2 0 ) e rii e rlu id ci o ee he ee d n Ã§ neald g m ilonsofdola sworh ofc li lr t omm e c a a tviy i l a ' l r i l c i t n ndina'tuough is( a ge e ma ke i t Ã§ r t d r tng t ef t' fors' ) l s ,viwi alofCade sr lva c a t a a whol ,a ke pi i m i t n um e ng 1 x' ee nt ontc s s e nd e ng n nd he pa tc a btr n f e by As ly a t ssa oft ltgai t c tc l est ti ma riulr lde ac d hbtr t hi t ge he ii ton, he our oncud ha t y p o el a sr g n r lu idcino e Ca e r p ry se t e e a j rs ito v r d x.Th d f n a tsc mmeca c n a t wih e ee d n ' o ril o tcs t Vigi a a es fcinty c i r ni r ufi e l ontnuousa s t ma i t ti s dantci t bengbr ug t nd yse tc ha t houl i pa e i o ht o c ti Vi gi a o c us s ofa ton un e a e t is c t c sw ih t Com m on ea t .4 our n r ni n a e ci r l t d o t on a t t he w lh 4Ha n ra he t sde iin,hec rne dn ta rs t is ofs clcj rs cin. vig e c d hi cso t out e o ddeshe sue pe i uidito 2. R e onabl ne s as e s O nc t pl ntf ha s n t ts f i ntm i m um co a t e s t s e he ai i f s how ha ufk e ni nt c s xi t o uppor t t he e rieo p ro lu id ci n Ã§t e o sd fn a t')b r e t p e e t do el gc s xecs f e s na j rs ito ,t b c me ee d n ls u d n o r s n a c mp li a e i n t thep e e c ofs meoh rc nsd r t nswo l rn e j rs ito u r ao a l.' Elc . ha t rs n e o te o ie ai o ud e d r u idcin n e s n be' e s ' f rI cnc I c, 4 F.da 1 51(u tn Bt g rKi , 1U. a 4 7 .Fa tr rlv n t o ma i sn .3 0 3 t 3 q o ig l e ng 47 S. t 7 ) co s ee a t o r t i iq iyi lde $ 1 t b r e o t ed fnd n, 2 t eitr sso tefr m sae ()t e hs n ur ncu :Ã§ ) he u d n n h ee a t ( ) h n ee t f h o u tt, 3 h ( p an ipsitr s i o tii rlel( )teitrtt j d ca s se ' itr s i o tiigt litf nee t n banng eit 4 h ne sae u iil y tm s nee tn bann he mos efcintr olto ofco rvese ,a ( t s rdi ees oft svea saesi t fi e es uin nto ris nd 5) he hae ntr t he e rl tt n f t i f ndn e als t ntves a polc e . I The Fede a Cic tha e urherng u m nt ubsa i ocil ii s' d. ' r l r ui s mphasze t t i d ha fndn j rs ito u r a o a l i di tdt terr st to i wh c t ep an ifsitr s i ig u id cin n e s n be s tmi o h ae i in n ih h litf nee t l e ua a dt esae sitrs i a j dc tn teds u ei tefr m aes atn ae ta te a e n h tt ' n eet n du iaig h ip t n h o u r o te u td h t h y r ce ryo t ihe b t eb r e o s b e tn ted fn a t oli ai nwihnt ef n m. lal uweg d y h u d n f u j cig h e e d n t i g to t i h o z ' t ' Be l Hil Fa Co. Ro So ri Com.21F. 1 1 ( d.Ci.1 . verv ls n v. yal veecn , 3d 558, 568 Fe r 994) He e, r Cade hasf ie t de x a ld o monsr t t tt i t ntca epr s nt t t ofr r ta e ha he nsa s e e s he ype a e cru tn e i whc tee rieo p ro a j rs ito wo l b t e s n be W hl i ic msa c s n ih h xecs f es n lu idci n ud e mr a o a l. ie t m a bemor i nve en f Ca x t ltg t i Vigi a Si ogr si c y e nco ni t or de o ii a e n r ni , tpr es n omm unia i a c ton nd ta pora i ha ma t dee eofalws ti a f ei ti ll sbur ns e.' r ns tton s de he fns a ui n or gn rbuna es de om '' Sc ng rv. t hki I .No. 1 1 U. App. hwa e M mc n.nc, 99- 049, 999 S. LEXI 25038,a *1 ( d. r Oc. S t 6 Fe Ci. t 7 1 9 )( u tn W o l- ieVok wa e 4 4U. a 2 4 .l e d Ca e sa mitd , 9 9 q o ig rd W d ls g n, 4 S. t 9 ) nd e , d x' d te pr e a ta s es nce t r de howsi Vigi a a isti t vii Vig ni c t m e sa s i tpot tal n r ni nd t rps o st r i a uso r nd olci en i di t i or s es t tt c pa doe notf c a pa tc a l one o bur n i de e ng sr but s ugg t ha he om ny s ae ri ul ry r us de n f ndi is fi t ss a e. Se Pa e Ri sPr t Gr t el n hi t t e t nt ght o . oup.LLC v. i o Ga i Tec . l ,603 F. V de m ng hs . nc. 3d 1 1 ( d. r 2010 .W he Ca x' bur nsaeweg da ns t ot fco ss t 364, 371 Fe Ci. ) n de s de r ihe gai t he her a tr e f t abo ,i c nnotbe s i t tCa x haspr e e a c peli ca e t tt e r i e o orh ve t n a d ha de es nt d om lng s ha he xe c s f p ro a j rs it nwo l beu e s n be C 'eF d rlCic iha fu t a afr m sae s e s n l u idci o ud nrao a l. s h e ea rut s o nd h t o u tt' f i e essa eno i i nii nta i l t ovi nga c ve e f um 'f iscii e a ntr t r t nsg fca nd ncude pr di on nint or or t tz ns nd Ã§ pe a i wih ot rsa e t pr deaf u f e fcinty ltga i apli ifsc us of coo r tng t he t t s o ovi or m or fi e l ii tng antf a e aci ny whi h i ude pa e ltg ton. i nalCr ai ns I v. dy Am e i ,l ,8 to ' c ncl s t nt ii a i ' gi 'Or e to s nc. Rea rca nc. 36 F. pp.2d711 71 ( D.1. 1 ( i Pae Riht,603F.da 1 . Su , 9 N. 11201 ) quotng tnt g s 3 t 369) I s afe we g ngt r lva f ct s t c ti c nc d t tt si no oneof n um, tr i hi he e e nt a or , he our s onvi e ha hi s t t e r r st tonsi whi ht i e essofAs y a Vigni ar s a t uaedt tt y a e hos a e iuai n c he nt r t hbur nd r i a e o ten t ha he r ce ryo t ihe b teb r e o s be tngCa e t l iainwi i teCo n at la l uweg d y h u d n f u j ci d x o i g to t n h mmo we 1 t h h. Se Pa e R i s 603 F. a 1 e t nt ght , 3d t 371.The co t he e or conc ude ,a t s s a oft lt g ton, ur t r f e l s t hi t ge he ii a i t ttma p o e l e e cs g n rl tid cino e Ca e , n ta Ca e smoint dimis ha i y r p ry x r ie e e a ju s ito v r d x a d h t d x' t o s s o f rlc o p ro a j rs ito mus b d ne o a k f es n l u idcin t e e id. II. V enue l a d to t c aln i t ec u tse ecs o p ro a j rs ito Ca e agu sta n d ii n o h le gng h o r' x r ie f e s n l u idcin, d x r e h t v n ei i r p r n r2 U. C. 1 0 ( ) a dt a t ec s s o l b ta serdt t e e u s mp o e u de 8 S. j 4 0 b , n h t h a e h ud e r n fre o h Eatr DititofNe Yor ptruantt 28U. C.j1 a.I t aler tve Ca x sen src w k, ls o S. 406() n he t nai , de c n e d ta ata se of n ei n n tee swarn e u e 2 U. C.j1 0 () o tn s h t r n fr ve u s o eh ls ra td nd r 8 S. 4 4a. Ha ng r viwe t pa te 'a pl e sa t e si ca e lw,t c t ncl s vi e e d he ris r m nt nd he xitng s a he our co ude t tve i pr ri t W ese nDiti tofVigi a. Cade sa gu e t t c ta y i ha nue s ope n he t r src r ni x' r m nt o he on r r s b sdo 28U. C. 1 0 ( , ih sae t a Can cvia to f rp tn i fig me tma ae n S. j 4 0b)whc tts h tE l y i l cin o ae t n rn e n y l b b o g t ntej dca d src wh r t ed fn a trsd s o wh r t ed fn a t s e r u h i h u iil itit ee h ee d n e ie , r e e h e e d n ha c ommitda sofi rnge nta ha argulra esa ihe plc ofbusnes.'28U. C.j te ct nfi me nd s e a nd tbls d a e i s' S. 1 0 ( ) Asaf r inc r o ain h we r Ca e Ã» yb s di a yj iil itit' 4 0b. o eg o p rto , o ve, d x i ma e ue n n udca d srcy ' puruantt 28U. C.j 1 ()3) s o S. 391c( .TheSupr Cour hase esl hedt tt sprvii eme t xpr sy l ha hi o son, r t rt n j1 b) a i t f ei c porto i pae tc es Se Br net M a h. ahe ha 400( , pples o or gn or ains n tn as . e u te c 13 W o ks Lt . Ko k m l d s.n .40 U. 7 6 71 ( 9 2 (o dn i apae tifi e n r m d v. c u n u .lc, 6 S. 0 , 4 1 7 ) h l ig n tn n rng me t c s a ans aCa a inc r o ainta ve u wa g v r e b j 1 91d (o c d fe a j a e g i t n d a o p rto h t n e s o en d y 3 () n w o iid t 1 ()3),ahe t nby j 1 0( ) Ac or ngl t c t r e wihAs yt tCa i 391c( 1 rt r ha 40 b). c di y,he our ag e s t hbur ha dex s s j c t ve i t W esenDititofVigi a. ub e t o nue n he tr src r ni Ca x atm ai l s e t ta f rt c et t Easen DititofNe Yo k, de le tvey e ks o r nse he as o he t r src w r pl s n t 28U. C, 1 0 a , ihp o d sa flo :s rtec n e in eo t ep ris z ua t o r S. j 4 4() wh c r vie s o lws Ã§ h o v n e c f h a t Fo e a dwi e ss i t eitr s o j tc , d src c u t yta fra y cv l cint a yo h r n t se ,n h n ee t f usie a itit o r ma rnse n ii a to o n t e n dititordi so wheeimi ha bee br ht' 28U. C.j1 a.Be aus Ca xi src viin r t ght ve n oug .' S. 404() c e de s t ep rys e i ta se,tt e r ( e he v b r e 'o etb ih n t a ta fri warne . h a t e kng rn fr i t a s t l a y u d n' f sa ls i g h t rnse s ra td b h Arb a v Bo n No 91 1 2 , 9 2U. Ap LEXI 1 6 4 a * ( t Ci. 9 2 . I a in . we , . - 7 0 1 9 S. p. S 5 2 , t 3 4h r 1 9 )5 n de di amoton t ta f ve ,t co tma c nsdera n l be off t s i l ng t ci ng i o r nser nue he ur y o i lm r acor , ncudi he pl i ifsc ceofve antf hoi nue, hec t onve e eoft pa tesa wine s ,a t i e e t of ni nc he ri nd t s es nd he nt r ss j sie Ge Crain LLC v. a Fr cEnes,1 2F. u p. d 5 3 5 4( . Va 2 0 ) u tc . n. e to Le p o tr. 9 S p 2 0 , 0 W D. . 0 3 . d-'epli ifsc ceoff um s ul r r l be dit be u es t ba a e i sr ngl i f vor i h antf hoi f or ho d a ey sur d nl s he l nc s to y n a o gh jd fnd n . I (nen l iaina q o ainmak o te ) seas Ar ba 1 9 f t e ee a t' d. itr a ctto nd u tto r s mitd ; e lo a in, 9 2 ' U. Ap LEXI 1 6 4, t* (mp a iigt a lth p anifsc o c o f r m i a c r e S. p. S 5 2 a 2 e h szn h ti l e litf h ie f o u s c o d d g gratweghti amotonf ta fru j 1 4()'. e i n i or rnse nder 40 a ' ) H a ng ca e uly c i r t a i a e f c o s t cour i t a et c ude t t vi r f l ons de ed he pplc bl a t r , he t s m bl o oncl ha Ca xha me isÃ§ a bur n'ofesa ihi t tta fri war ned.La Because de s t t s vy de ' tbls ng ha rnse s ra t d he - A s y f l d s ti t W e t r D it i tofV igi a ishom e f r m ,A s y' c c of hbur ie ui n he s e n s rc r ni , t ou hbur s hoi e ve i en il d t c i r bl de e e e. Le pFr Ent r . 1 2 F. nue s tte o ons de a e f r nc a oc e s , 9 Supp.2d a 5 s e a s t 05; e l o B e co W i e e s Sol t o .I v. a m i l '.l . N o.5: 1 c 00 a n r ls u i ns nc. G r n nt l nc , 1 - v- 025, 2011 U . Di t LEX I S. s . S 5w hen deci ng whet t tanservenue i apaenti rngementacton, t courtapplest 1 oft di her o r f n t nfi i he i he aw he r gina crui i whc t c r st.S eS o a eTe h. p. Cic Sy .3 F.d 8 ,8 ( d. e o l ic t n ih he ou t is e t r g c Cor v. s o s, 29 3 23 35 Fe Ci. 03 . r 20 ) 14 1 49 0 a * 2( . Va Oc. , 01 ) Th s t i fco ce rymi ttsa an t rn fri 1 3 , t 1 W D. . t5 2 1. u ,hs a tr lal l ae g i s ta serng i t c e t t Ease D i t i tofN e Yor he as o he t m s rc w k. To s uppo tisr ques ,Ca x f us spr m a iy on t s c f c or t c r t e t de oc e i r l he e ond a t , he onve e e of ni nc t pa tesa t r e ntwines e .Thi f t ,howe r f vor net rCa x no As y. he ri nd he elva t ss s acor ve , a s ihe de r hbur W hieCa x a gue t tt ofiske de e ewines e r sdei Eu o Ca x hasf iedt l de r s ha wo t y f ns t s s e i n r pe, de al o de ons r t t tr qui i t e w ine s st ta t V igi a r t rt n N e Yor w oul be m t a e ha e r ng hes t s e o r vel o r ni a he ha w k d undul b de ome.M or ove , hea fda t oft Elr anwine s f uss el o y ur ns e r t fi vis he zope t s es oc ol y n con ni nc a i no w a s ges t tt y woul beunw ilng t t a lt V igi a. E ihout ve e e nd n y ug t ha he d li o r ve o r ni t t W e de t tt s wines e ar unwilngt t tf vol a iy, hi f c o be omesl s vi nce ha he e t s s e li o esiy unt rl t s a t r c es i pora .' Roc ng m Pr ca t I v. m . nf asr ctle- a yl ndsI , o.5: 1 m t nt' ki ha e s nc. A I r t u tr M r a nc. N 1 cv00O 24, 2 1U. DitLEXI 1 08 5 a *1 ( . Va No 1 , 01 ) Ad iin l gve ta 01 S. s. S 3 8 , t 2 W D. . v. 4 2 1 . d to al i n h t y, As hbur i ba ed i G r e Co y, he c t e s t tt a f ng t c e t t Ea t m y s s n e ne unt t our agr e ha r ns eni he as o he s e D i ti tofN e Y or w oul m e e y ta f rt i onve e e oft pa te f om t de e nt src w k d r l r ns e he nc ni nc he r i s r he f nda t t pl i if o he a ntf . Thefn lfco i teta se a ayssi teitr s o j tc .Th sfco ia a tr n h r n fr n l i s h n ee t f usie i a tr E om pas espublc i e e tf c or a m ed a s t i i e iy a f ine s' B ye s v. t enc s i nt r s a t s i t ysem c nt grt nd a r s . ' r on Eg ia I f Sev .LLC, 6 F. u p. d6 7 6 5( D. . 0 6 (nena ctto a d u fx n o. r se 4 7 S p 2 2 , 3 E. Va 2 0 ) itr l i in n a q o ainmak o te ) tf emos p o n n ee n so s tmi itg i a e u iil u tto r s mi d . t h t t r mie t lme t f yse c ne rt r j dca y e o o a dt ea o d n eo i c n itn j g ns'wh l Ã§ far e si a s se b c n my n h v i a c f n o sse tud me tr ie d j in s s se sd y ' l c i rng f c or s h asdoc tc onsde i a t s uc ke ongesi it r ti ha ng l alc r ve se de i d a ton, n e es n vi oc onto r is c de t home, knowl ofa ia elw,unfines wihbur ni f u cii nswihj ydut edge pplc bl a ar s t de ng or m tze t ur y, a i e es i a di ur e e s r c lc s ofl w .' Hei K e te G m bl & Co. Ra nd nt r t n voi ng m c s a y onfi t a ' nz tl r ' l v. zor USA.LLC,750F. Supp.2d660, ( D.Va.201 ) 670 E. 0. 15 I t i c s ,h c u tsc n n e t a teitr s o j sieweg si fv ro k e i g n hs a e t e o r i o vic d h th nee t f u tc i h n a o f e p n t c ei t W esem DititofVigi a.As y t sal a busnes a Vigi aha a he as n he t src r ni hbur d oc l i s nd r ni s n i i e e ti pr di af m f risr sde st ltga et i diput s' I Ad to ly, ntr s n ovi ng ont o t e i nt o ii t her s e . d. dii nal ' Ã§doc tc tons whienotasgnii n f c or fvorr t i ngt ca e' sncesa itc r fe t t ke ondii , l i fca t a t , a eani he s ,' i t tsis e l c t tt sdititpr vi sas e erti . I .Fi l , t c tha bor no r s r tonswih ha hi src o de pe di ral6 d naly he our r s e e va i t r s c t isa l yt a j dc t teplitf sp tn cams a Ca e h sfie t epe t o t bit o d u iae h an if ae t li , nd d x a ald o i de monsr t t a oft ot relm e t ofs t m i i e rt a f r sw egh i f vorof ta e hat ny he he e n s yse c nt g iy nd aines i n a t a f r i t ca e t t Ea t r D i ti tofN e Y or r ns e r ng he s o he s e n s r c w k. l s ,c i rng a loft f c or r l ntt at a f rofve o a l i ,t c t n um ons de i 1 he a t s e eva o r ns e nue f na yss he our co l de t tt f ct swei i f vorofr t ni ve i t sditi t Ac or ngl nc u s ha he a or gh n a eai ng nue n hi src. c di y, Ca x' at r tver ue tt ta f ven t t Ea t r DititofNew Yor wilbede ed. de s le na i eq s o r nser ue o he se n src k l ni Co l i nc us on Fort r as s tf t a ve,Cade sm o i t d s isf l c ofpe s l he e ons e orh bo x' ton o im s or a k r ona j rs ito a i r p rv n eo ,nteatmaie t ta se tec s t t eEatr Ditit u idcin nd mp o e e u r i h l tv ,o rn fr h a e o h sen src e o Ne Yor wilbede ed.TheClr i diecedt s nd c rii d co e oft sme or ndlm f w k, l ni e k s r t o e e tfe pis hi m a l opi on a t a om panyi or rt al c ni nd he cc ng de o l ouns lofr co d. e e r EN TER :Ths i 1 a f e tmb r 3 C+xd yo S p e e , 2012. A e x Ã¨z z ' t- a /ystx ajta z ' - Chi fUnie SÃ t sD i t i tJ e td e sr c udge 6St itcsfom Sept ber201li ca et tt m edi tm efom flng t ti i aci lcas i t ats i r em ndi t ha he an i r ii o ral n vi e n he W eser DititofVigi aw as 1 0 m ont compar d t amedi tme of24. m ont i t Easer t n src r ni 3. hs, e o an i 8 hs n he t n Ditito Ne Yor S eFe e a Co t a g me S aitc ( e tmb r2 1 , v ia ea src f w k. e d r l ur M na e nt ttsis S p e e 01 ) a a lbl t hlp:/ /www . couhsgov/ itcs eder coulM anagement atsi / sri coudsse 1l. px. us . sots i T al st itcsDit ct pzo as 16

Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.

This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.