-BWC Harvey v. Transamerica Advisors Life Insurance Company, No. 3:2011cv00073 - Document 27 (W.D. Va. 2012)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 4/5/12. (hnw)
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CLERK: OFFI u. . ST. QRT CE S DI K ATRx oc , VA I TH E UN I N TED STA TES D I STRI CO U RT CT FOR THE W ESTERN DI STRI O F V I I A CT RG NI CHA R LOTTESV I LLE D I I ON V SI Fp ( lJ p u ? 9-9 121 2 J A C. DL& ULI : ERK ' K J EREM Y G . ARV EY , H Pl i if a ntf , Ci lA c i N o.3: 1 c 00073 vi ton 1 - vM E M O M N D UM O PIN IO N M ERRI LYNCH LI I LL FE NSURANCE CO M PAN Y ,now know n as TR AN SA M ERI AD V I CA SOR S LI m SU RAN CE C OM PAN Y , FE By: H on. l n E.Con a Ge rd Chi U nie St t s D it i tJ e ef t d a e s rc udg Def nda . e nt Thi c e t s o t pl i if scl i t tan i ur nc c pa br ac d a va i bl s as um n he a ntf a m ha ns a e om ny e he ra e a uiy c ta tbew e n t pa te byf ii t ma s he e m ont y pa e spr vi d ml t on r c t e he ri s alng o ke c dul d hl ym nt o de f i t c t a t The i ur nc c pa hasfl d a m oton t di m i st c pl i f or n he on r c . ns a e om ny ie i o s s he om a nt or f iur t sa e a c a m upon w hi h r lefm a be gr nt a gui t tt o s pa a e afi m a i a l e o tt li c ei y a ed, r ng ha w e r t fr tve de e es r i caa a t saut oflm iai --e ttei t adim is l Fo t r as s t f ns - es udi t nd he t t e i ttons - n il t o s s a . r he e ons e f t bel w , he c t ilgr ntt def nda ' m oto orh o t our w l a he e nt s i n. 1. Faet and ProceduralBackzround l ual Jr myG.Have ($ r y' orgi lyfldt sa toni t Al mal Cou yCic t ee r y $ ve ' i nal ie hi ci n he be re nt rui Ha ) Cour on Ocobe 18, 1 na ngasdef ntTr ns merc Advior Liel ur nc t t r 201 , mi enda a n ia s s f ns a e Compa Cs a n rc ',f meryl wnasM e l Ly hLiel ur nc Co ny ny Trns me ia' or l c ) no nil nc f ns a e mpa (i LLI '. ( ke No.13. Theeatr onNove r22,2011 Trnsmeiarmo dt C M C' 2 Doc t ) - ) r fe , mbe , a a rc e ve he ' Thef l i fc sco ai i t co pl ntar a e e a tu f rpur e oft pendi moton. olow ng a t nt ned n he m ai e cc ptd s r e o pos s he ng i Erc s nv. rus 5 U. 8 9 (0 7 . ik o Pad , 51 S. 9, 4 2 0 ) 2 AC O di t t c pl nt M LLI i aco por i lc ns t ta a tbusne si Vigi a. ( c e No C s r aton ie ed o r ns c i s n r ni Do k t . C r ng o he om ai y l3a !4) P irt De e r2 , 0 7 M LLI wa awh l o e s b i il o M erl Ly c l s rnc Gr u , - t . ro o c mbe 8 2 0 , C s o l wn d u sd a' f ril n h n u a e o p y y lc, ihwa a idrc whol o e sbsdayo MerlLy c & Co,n .(d. MLLI slsa n i n .whc s n n ie t l wn d u iir f ri n h y l .lc l ) C el n ut y po u t,n ldigv ra l amute , diidg aa te a n iisa di daea n te .(d. OnDe e e r d cs icu n aibe l iis mo fe u rned n ut , n mme it n ui s l ) e i c mb r 28 2 07 Ae o USA, n . c ur dM LLI (d. Th r a r i S p e e 201 , LLI c a g disn met ,0 , gn I c a q ie C. 1 ) ee Re ,n e t mb r 0 M C h n e t a o TrnsmeiaAd iosLieIs rn eCo a .(d) a a rc vs r f n ua c mp ny 1 . a ton t t Unie St t Diti tCour f t W e t r DititofVigi a,Cha l t s le c i o he td aes src t or he se n src r ni rote vil Diiin ( c e No. . vso . Do k t 1) Acc di t t c antHave wasma e t Bet Kni Sc i (d rpps' or ng o he ompli , r y ni d o ty ght rpps t i ' sc ) fom Fe uay 1 1 t Dec mbe 1 2004, nt c edi ce ( ke No.13a ! r br r 4, 998 o e r 4, whe he oupl vor d. Doc t - t 2. Howe r Ha ve a Sci r ni on Vae tne' Da i 2006,butdi c dagan ) ve , r y nd rpps ema ed lni s y n vore i s o t te e he.(d) At lr lv n tme , cip wa , n c n iu st b , ni taHih h rl h ra r 1 . al ee a t i s S rp s s a d o tn e o e a s r g y ul Ne W o t'cin o Me rl Ly c Pir eFeme & SmihI c r rt dtM erl Ly c ' (d. t rh' l t f ril n h, e c l r e t n opoae s ril n h). l i a ! 3. On Jnua y 1 2001 Sci ga Have $10 0 00asagf t bei tdi a t ) a r 7, , rpps ve r y ,00,00. it o nvese n n n t c r ti Ha ve sna (d.a !5. AtSci 'dr ci $1000, 00wa nnuiy ontac n r y' me. I t ) rpps ie ton, , 000. s t a f r ed f om he pe s r ns e r r r r onalM e l Lync ac ountt H a ve spe s na M e r l Ly a c ni l h c o r y' r o l r il nch c ount s t tHave c dpurha et a t co rc.(d.t!6. OnJ nuay 1 2001 a o ha r y oul c s he nnuiy nta t L=a ) a r 8, , $1000, 00vaibl a t co r c (d nta f'waspurhas fom M LLI i Ha v y' , 000. ra e nnuiy nta t ûco r c ) c ed r C n re s na usngt f gitdt Ha v yby Sci .(4.t!7. me i he unds fe o r e rpps Lza ( ) Have rcevedt orgi lConta tonJ t r 1 2001 (d.a ! 1 ) Ac or ngt r y e i he i na rc amay 9, . l t 2. c di o t c r c uall nguag H a ve i t o ne oft Co r ta a s he onta t a e, r y s he w r he ntac nd, s uch,i e il d t e r s s ntte o xe ci e alrght unde t Contac.(d. t!11; ke No.14a 3- ) Oneoft s rg swa t 1 i s r he r t l a Doc t - t 4. he e iht s he rg t c nce t Con r twihi tn da a trisr c i t by r t ni ormaii t Conta t i ht o a l he tac t n e ys fe t e e p , eur ng lng he rc t M LLI ort H a vey' tna a c ula a M er ilLynch,Kar n L. cKi e o C o r s i nci l ons t nt t r l e M nl y (d c n1y') ( ketNo.13a ! 1 Doc tNo.14 a 2. TheCo rc pr dest tt be i Ki e '. Doc M - t 3; ke - t ) nta t ovi ha,o e f c i al notc , ha s a c c m a by t o ne oft Contac m us be i wrtng, f e tve, 1 i es c nge s nd hoi es de he w r he r t t n ii sg e , n rc ie b M LLI Ss l c c n e .( c e No.13 a !1 Do k t 14a 5) in d a d e ev d y C' ewie e tr Do k t - t 4; c e No. - t . Ha v y alge t thene e r s dhi rgh t c nc lt Contac.( ke No.1- a ! 1 ) r e le s ha ver xecie s i t o a e he r t Doc t 3 t 5. H a v y neve r t ne orm aie t Contac t M LLI ort M c i ey i f t H a ve re r e ur d l d he r to C o K nl - n ac , r y aleges,he ret ned cust oft orgi Contactand s ilm ai ai pos i ofi t y. l ai ody he i nal r tl nt ns sess on t oda (4, t! 1 -1 ) Fu t r r ,nlt J n ayo e ryFe r ay2 01 Have rc ie fo L a ! 6 7. rhemo e i ae a u r r al b u r 0 , r y e ev d r m M e rl Lync aporf i s r il h tolo ummar a a co sae nt whi h r pr e e a c imedt t y nd c unt tt me , c e es ntd nd onfr ha Haveyi ee owne t Contac.td. t!26. Ast owne oft Conta t Har e was r nd d d he r t L=a ) he r he rc, v y e il t r c i unde t Conta tm o hl pa nt of$8, 00 be nni on Fe r r 1 ntted o e e ve r he r c nt y yme s 300. gi ng b ua y 4, 2001 a c i nge hmont uni Mac 1 2034.(d. t! 1 ) , nd ontnui ac h tl rh , l a 8. On Fe ua y 1 zool -outi t t n- y c nc lton pe i - M cKi e f xed alte br r , sde he e da a ela i rod nly a et r t M LLI i whih M c i e ac or ng t t c o C n c K nly, c di o he ompl nt knowi y m a t f l ngf s ai , ngl de he olowi ale s a e e : $ t r que toft c i n , e e y G .Ha ve w e w i h t e r i e t t n- y dr e t t m nt d he e s At he le t J r m r y, s o xe c s he e da f e l ook'p e oga i t c nc a r ci t a r r tve o a el nd es nd he bove r f e e amm iy co r t e f tve t y. e er nc d t nt ac , f ec i oda ' ' (d a !28 Do k tNo 15a 2. Ha v yd dn ta to ieMc nlyt c nc l sCo ta t l . t ; c e . - t ) r e i o uh rz Ki e o a e hi nr c. ( c e No 1 3a !3 ) F rhemo e a c r igt Ha v y Mc ne c n e ldt eFe r ay Do k t . - t 0. u t r r , c o dn o r e , Kily o c ae h b u r 1c nceltonnotc fom Have hedi notlanoft fx u iAugus 201 td a !31) a lai ie r r yd e r he a ntl t 0. L= t . Har f r he a l est tM c i e w a a tng o be l ofSc i w hen s f xe t vey u t r leg ha K nl y s c i n ha f rpps he a d he c nc l ton l te t M LLI , a l ga i s t nta ed by a e a ls nto Fe ua y 1 20 t a ela i e t r o C an le ton ubs a i t n m i e n br r , 01 o M LLI by oneofM cKi e sas it nt t co im t tt a ssa ha f xed M cKi e sl te C nly' ssa s o nfr ha he s it nt d a nly' et r C o c nce and r s i t ... ont a t... n t na e ofJ r m y G . a v pe r ques oft c a l t e c nd he c r c i he m ee H r ey, r e t he cint' (d.a !!3 le .' l t 2-33. Ac di t t c an ,hecintrfr edi t e lwa ) cor ng o he omplit t le eeenc n he mai s Scips notHa v y,e de e byt fc t tt e i c l dbys ngûgl rkyoufr rp , r e vi nc d he a t ha he mal oncude ayi ithat o yourhel r gadi ofHihNe W orhcle .'(. a !3 ) Ha v yase t t tM c nly' p e r ng g t t int' J t 3. r e srs ha Ki e s Z p r o tdc n elto of h Co ta t siefcie()b c u eMc ne wa n ta tn a a u p re a c l in t e nr c wa n fe t 1 e a s Kily s o ci g s n a v age tofHave ( be us t pur re c nc lai oc uredousdeoft tn- y n r y, 2) ca e he po td a elton c r ti he e da ca eltonpei a ( be a et orgi Conrc wasne r t nedt M LLI (d a nc lai rod, nd 3) c us he i nal ta t ver eur o C. L= t !3 ) 4. 3 Des t t s t eepoi s howe r M LLI e r t t $1000, 00 outoft pie he e hr nt , ve , C xtaced he , 000. he mak t ndp r o tdt c n e t Co ta t u s a t oMc n e ' isr cin .( =a !3 ) r e a u p re o a c lhe nrc p ru n t Kily s n tu to s J .t 7. # OnFe u r 2,2001 M LLI rt ne t $1000, 00t Ha ve spes na ac ount (d.t! br a y , C eur d he , 000. o r y' ro l c . L=a 38. Ho ve,hreda ltr onFe uay5,MLLI wihdrw t $1, 000.0fom ) we rt e ys ae, br r C t e he 000, 0 r H a v y' a co w ihouthi knowl dge orc e t a ta f n'd t f r e s c unt t s e ons n , nd r ns e e he undsba t Sc i . ck o rpps ( aa !3 . Al o g M LLI d dn tgv Hav yac p o t Fe r ay 1c n elto n tc J t 9) t u h # h C i o ie r e o y f he b u r a c l in oie a s ntby M c i ey,Har y r e ved f om M LLI s e i e pr ort M a c 9,2001 a e K nl ve ec i r C om tm i o rh ûco imain ofAci t 'whih satdt tçg ouha c e t e r s yourrg t c nc i nfr to tviy,' c t e ha tyl ve hos n o xecie iht o a el t a n i u d r h FreLo kp o iin. (d.t 41) TheCo tr to o Aciiysae he n ut n e t e e o r vso ' L a ! . y ' = nimai n f tvt ttd t tt Conta tpr e hadbe nrdiededit Ha v y' M erlLyncha ount (d. ha he r c oce ds e er no r e s ril cc . l ) A lhough H a v y co a t d M LLI he w asne rof e ed a e a ton c e ni t t r e nt c e C, ve f r n xpl na i onc r ng he c n elto o h sCo ta t (d) a c lain f i nr c. l . Theeatr Ha ve s wihSci (owhom Ha v yr er dashi ( byBem') r fe , r y poke t rpps t r e efre sd Ba ' a boutt s t ton c e ni hi Cont a t butSc i r pe t dl a s e hi no t w ory. he iua i onc r ng s rc, rpps e a e y s ur d m t o r (d, t!42. t ofrs c f Sci a ba e upo Sci 'rpr e ai ,rpe tdofe I a )ç out e pe t or rpps nd s d n rpps e esnttons e ae tn bewee 2001a 2004,Ha ve di notpur ueM LLI f a e a ton ast wha had t n nd r y d s C or n xpl na i o t ha ne t hi Conrc . (d. ppe d o s ta t' 1 ) ' Fi l Ha v y alge ,M LLI (ndnow Trnsmeia hasfie t ma t mont y naly, r e le s C a a a rc ) ald o ke he hl pa nt t Ha v yt taeduee c mo hunde t Contac (ha weesheduldt be non yme s o r e ha r a h nt r he r tt t r c e o gi F b u r 1 2 01 .(d a !43) Ba e o t s fcu lalg to s Hav yiiitdab e c e r a y 4, 0 ) L= t . sd n hee a ta le ain , r e ntae ra h ofco r c a ton a i tTr ns rc i whih hes e d m ag i t a nta t c i gans a mne ia, n c e ks a es n he mountof$15 . m ilon. li OnDec mber1 2011 Trnsmerc tldaFe r Rul ofCi lPr dur 1 b)6) e 6, , a a ia ie deal e vi oce e 2( ( motont dimist c antfrf l et saeacam upo whihma begrntd.( ket i o s s he ompli o aiur o tt li n c y a e Doc No.1 ) I isa c 6. n t c ompa ngbre,Trnsmei ague t tt c an s dbedimis d, nyi if a a rca r s ha he omplit houl s se frt be a et doc rne ofr si caa a i a s c is, c us he ti e udi t pples nd, e ond,be us t c ca e he ompl i i ba r by ant s red t a iabl saut oflmiatons.( he pplc e tt e i t i Docke No.1 )Har yfldhi r pons onDe e r t 7. ve ie s es e c mbe 22,2011 aki t c 't denyt moton.( ke No.18. Tr a rc fl isrpl , s ng he oul o t he i Doc t ) ans me ia ied t e y bre onJ nuay6,201 ( ke No. ) Thec r he r or agume tont motono if a r 2. Doc t 21. ou t ad al r n he i n M a c 1 201 Them a tri t r f erpe f rdiposto r h , 2. te s he e or i o s ii n. I l. Di cuss on s i 1. St andard of revi w e dl pur eofaRul 1 b)6)motoni t ts t s fcincyofac ai ' ç-he pos e 2( ( i s o et he ufi e ompl nt , tmpora l g Rul 1 b)6)moi doesnotr ol c et s r ngt f t,hemert i tnty,a e 2( ( tonj es ve ontss uroundi he acs t is ofacai ort a ia lt ofde e e .' Edwa dsv. t ofGol bor 1 F. 231 2 l m, he pplc biiy f ns s'' r Ciy ds o, 78 3d , 43 (t Ci.1 9 )( u t gRe u lc nPat v. ri, 8 F.d 9 3 9 2( t Ci. 9 2 Th s 4 h r 9 9 q oi n p bia ry Ma t 9 0 2 4 , 5 4h r 1 9 :. u , n t pr ri r i û w he he a pl ntf wiluli a e y pr va lbutw he he t c ai a i he ope nquiy s t not t r ai i f l tm t l e i t r he l m nt s e il t ofe e denc t s ntted o fr vi e o uppor gtqcams' Sc ue v.Rhode ,41 U. 232, ( 97 . t is li . he r ' s 6 S. 236 1 4) Thec t us a ce al oft a l a i i t co pli ta tuea dr w a1r a ona e our m t c pt 1 he leg tons n he m a n s r nd a l e s bl i e e esi f nf r nc n avoroft pl i if Ed a ds 1 F. a 244. A lhoug Ca c pl i ta t c d he a ntf . w r , 78 3d t t h t om a n ta ke byaRul 1 b)6)motont dimisdo notne dealdfcua algai ,apl ntf s e 2( ( i o s s es ed tie a t l le tons ai if o i tont pr det t ounds of(tlEntte tt rle r uie mor t nlbesa blgai o ovi he gr ' is e ilmen o eif eq rs e ha a l nd c l i , a f m ul i r c t ton oft e e en sofa ca e ofa ton w ilnotdo. Bel onc us ons and or a c e ia i he l m t us ci l ' ' l At. p. Twombl 550U. 544,555( )(nena ciai omit .Asumi t tt lCor v. v, S. 2007 itr l ttons ted) s ng ha he f c ua aleg i ns i t co pl nta e t ue t Cm us be e a t l l ato n he m ai r r , hey k t nough t r s a r g t r le a o ai e i ht o e i f bove t s he pecul i l .' I atve evel' d. 5 2. A nal s ysi Assaed a t t bove Tr ns m e ia a nc t a gume si s , a a rc dva es wo r nt n uppor ofismoton t t t i o dim is.Be a e,a expl ne bel t c t l g a Tr ns m e i smotont dimis s s c us s ai d ow, he our wil r nt a a rca' i o s s bas d on issa ut oflm ia i a gume , heco t l no a es isale nai r si c t e t tt e i ttons r nt t ur wil t ddr s t tr tve e udia a ar ent gum . TheCodeofVigi apr de t ta a ton f br a h ofawrte c r c m us be r ni ovi s ha n c i or e c it n onta t t br htwihi fveye r afe t c us ofaci a r s Va. oug t n i a s tr he a e ton ccue . Codej8. - ( es 201 . 01246 W t 2) The c us ofa ton a cr ,a t a com pa ng lm ia i pe i be nst r t he t a e c i c ues nd he c nyi i t ton r od gi o uns t n he w bra hofco rc oc ur ... ndno whe t rs tngda gei dico rd. I j8. - 0. ec nta t c s a t n he e uli ma s s vee ' d. 0123 ' Bo h pa te a e t tt Cont a tw a b e c i t i t tc e i Fe ua y 2001 whe t ri s gr e ha he r c s r a hed n he nsan as n br r n M LLI pu pore t ca elt Conta tc r r t ist r sa r t ne t $1000, 00t C r td o nc he r c onta y o t e m nd e ur d he , 000. o Ha ve sac ount Se e. ,Phii M oni U SA Sl v. ppa a hi n Fue s LLC,Ac i N o. r y' c . es g. lp s nc. A l c a l. ton 3: CV- 27,2009W L 1 1 a *6( D. Apr 1 2009 ( tr ni t to pat s 08- 5 01 650, t E. Va. . 5, ) dee mi ng ha ne ry' pu po t d c nc la i oft c r c ,c r r t t t r soft a e e ,c tt ed a r r e a e l ton he onta t ont a y o he e m he gr em nt onsiut bra hofc r c) Henc b t a sinofbot pa te ,ac us ofa tonf brac of ec onta t. e, y he dmiso h ris a e ci or e h c r ta os a t ttm e.Howe r t pa tesdia e o whe t lmiai pe i be n ontac r e t ha i ve , he ri s gr e n n he i t tons rod ga t nm a i tH a vey' br c ofco r c c a m . Tr ns m e i a cont nds t tt lm ia i o ga ns r s ea h nt a t l i a a rc e ha he i t tons pe i be n t r i Fe a y 2001 whe t br ac oc ur e H awe t kesi s w ih r od ga o un n bnz r , n he e h c r d. l y a s ue t Tr ns m e i sa oa a i t d,a nc t s pa a et ore r ga di whent a a rca' ppr eh nd, nsea dva es wo e r t he i s e r ng he lmia inspe i be n t r Fis, n' as e t t t i t cour de i tto rod ga o un. r t Ha ey s rs ha , f he t emst Co r c t be he nta t o i vi i e, t lm ia i perod w o d no be n t r a ns hi rghtof a ton3un i 203 , ndi s bl he i t tons i ul t gi o un gai t s i ci tl 4 t tm e fxe by t Conta f f la fna per o m a e. Se A ndr w sv. m s 353 S. 2d he i i d he r ct or ul nd i l f r nc e e Sa , E, 735,738( 1 7) Si onv.Scot53 S. 2d21 24( 1 .Sec Have c ntnds Va. 98 . mps , t, E. , Va. 949) ond, r y o e 3 A rghtofa in ti t rg t pr e l e or eac us ofa ton.' W esm i t rl tng Cor v. i cto ts he iht o es nty nf c a e c i ' t ns e nves i p. - La sUnl td.n .3 9SE.d31 , 7n1( .1 9 . mp i e lc, 7 . 2 6 3l . Va 98 ) mi 6 i t at r tvet t i t co tde m st Con r c t beadi sbl i t lme c r c ,t n n he le na i ha , f he ur e he ta t o vii e nsa l nt onta t he ea h s c s i f iur by Tr ns merc t dib s t m ont y pa e sc le f byt c uc e sve a l e a a ia o s ur e he hl ym nt al d or he Co ta t udc nsi t an w ij r a d t u , n w b e c , n wo l t rf r gvers t nr c wo l o t u e e nu y n ,h s a e ra h a d ud heeo e i ie o t a s pa a e ca e ofa ton. SeeA m .l L. v. r us Ba ,l , F. pp' 31 320 e r t us ci nn. P. Sun-r t nks nc. 28 A x 6, -21 ( hCi. 4t r2002)( rc i ; Physc lThea As' v. d' ofStt Bds ofPhvsca pe uram) Am. ia rpv sn Fe n ae . il Thea 628S. 2d928,929( .2006 .Unde t ltert or Ha v y ag s t saueof rpv, E. Va ) r he at he y, r e rue ,he ttt lmiai woul notbarhi c am f da a st toc ur e i t tve yea pe i die ty i t tons d s l i or m ge ha c r d n he i - r rod r c l pr c ng t f lng o hi l w s t e edi he ii f s a ui. A fe c i r ng t a gum e sadva e by t pa tes a d s ve i t r e ntc s t r ons de i he r nt nc d he r i 4 n ur y ng he el va a e 1w ( c t c ta r esdoesnotc r aco eeycea c s ) t c tdeemi st t a whih he our g e hat mpltl l r oure ,he our tr ne ha t sat e of lm ia i o r t st ba H a ve s c m pl i i t sca e. he t ut i t tons pe a e o r r y' o a nt n hi s I taly,t c tnot t tt c s l w f o t Su e e Co tofV igi a doe no nii l he our es ha he a e a r m he pr m ur r ni s t s uppor H a v y' cl s ii a i oft Contac a i vi i e The û ndi s bl c r c ' t r e s a s f c ton he r t s ndi sbl . i vi i e onta t' i doc r ne a s know n a t tc i ng unde t ki ' doc rne, be n r ogni ed by t ti , lo s he d ontnui ra ng ' t i has e ec z he Su e Cour ofVigi a d y wih r gar t ac i usorr c rng c s ofpr es i l pr me t r ni t onl t e d o ontnuo e uri our e of sona s r c r l t t a pari ul rundera ng. a sv. & K I .A c nc l , 3 S. 2d 284, e vi es e a ed o tc a t ki ' ni K 'H ns e y. nc. 45 E. 4 Th c u tee t Ha vy' c ne to ta tec ut yn tc n ie Trn a rc ' saueo lmi to s e o r rjcs r e s o tn in h t h o rma o o sd r a smeias ttt fi t in a d fneo t sRueI ()6 moint ds s.Th UntdSae Co rof p asfrteF u t Cic t a ee s n hi l 2b () to o imis e ie tts ut Ap e l o h o rh ruih s saed: tt A moinu d rRue1 ( )6 i itn e t ts telg la e u c o t ec mplit a d n tt to n e l 2 b() s ne d d o et h e a d q a y f h o an, n o o add e st mert ofa a fr ai de e e . l t lm iedcic sa swhe et ale i r s he is ny fim tve f ns s n he i t r um tnce r he lgatons of t compl nt gi rs t a a fr ai deens t defns m ay be r ied unde Rul he ai ve ie o n fim tve f e, he e e as r e 1 ()6, u o yi icerya per o tefc o tec mpan. 2b ()b t nl ft lal p as n h a e fh o lit Ri hm ond.Fr rcks um & Pot ma R. Co. Fo s, F.d2 4 2 0 (t Ci.1 9 ) s eas 5 Ch re Aln c ede i b o c R. v. rt 4 3 4 , 5 4 h r 9 3 . e lo 8 a ls a , - . - Wrg t& Arh rR. ie, d rl a tc a dP o e uej1 5 a 7 8 0(de 20 4 (t h c mplitas ih tu M l rFe ea Prcie n r cd r 3 7,t 0 -1 3 d. 0 ) ûT1e o an lo l ( is be todimis l n e Ruel ( )6 wh nisalg to sidc t t e itn eo a afr tv d fn e. . s u jc t s sa u d r l 2 b() e t le ain n iae he xse c f n fimaie ee s . ; butf rt st occ ,hea i biiy oft deens ha t becl ry i c t andm us appea ont fceoft o hi o ur t pplca lt he f e s o ea l ndiaed t r he a he pe dn t b u e a teb ssfrt moin'(oo t o t d) ç c mpan s o n t a teg v rig la ig o e sd s h a i o he to . f moe mie l. < o lit h wig ht h o enn ' t A saut oflm iai hasr n ont pl ntf' cl m f r lefi t m os c m on st ton i w hiht afi tve tt e i ttons u he ai ifs ai or ei s he t om iuai n c he fnnai d fn ea p aso tefc o tepla iga dp o d sabai framoint ds s u d rRuel ()6 . .' ee s p e r n h a e f h e dn n rvie ss o to o imis n e l 2b() . . ' W rg t& M i e , u r ,j 1 5 , t7l ih l r s p a 3 7 a 4. l 7 28 ( .1 9 ) Th S p e Co r o Vign aha a p idted crn inc s ssaigcams 6 Va 9 5 . e u rme u t f r ii s p le h o tie ç a e ttn li i ofbr ac ofc r torneglge i vol ngt pr e so ls r ce ofphyscans a t ne , e h ontac i nce n vi he of s i na e vi s i i , tor ys and a c c ount n s ' I ;s e a s e. ,A len F. ol s & A s pc . LLC v.Por Se l 's a t .' d. e l o. g. l J m on s s, t c. ntl LLC, 429F.App' 281 284( h Ci.2011 ( rc im)( pl ngt i vii eco rc docrnet x , 4t r ) pe ura ap yi he ndi sbl nta t ti o aco uli s r ce contac) Sufol CiySc Bd. Con a Br .l , S. 2d470,473 ns tng evi s r t; f k t h. v. r d ossnc.495 E. ( .1 9 )(p y n t ei dv sbl c nr c d crn t ac nsr cin sr ie c nr cl Cnv Va 9 8 a pli g h n iii e o ta t o tie o o tu to e vc s o ta t; t . Sc Bd.ofFaifxCnt v.A. Ber Consr Co.286S. 2d232,233( 1 (a ) h. ra v. A. io t. , E. Va. 982) s me . Ho vere ni t i vii ec rctdocrnee e f t rt nj tt c r csf we , ve f he ndi sbl onta ti xtnds urhe ha us o onta t or r c r ng pr es i e ur i of sonals r c ,t doc rne doesnota y t c r t t tpr de f e vi es he t i ppl o ontac s ha ovi or i t lm e tpa nsal n ymen sa fxe s he e tm e . Cf Her ofRobe t v.Coa Pr es i Cop . t t i d, c dul d i s . is rs l oc snc , 369S. 2d188,1 ( 1 )( ncudi t talndus l s a ee tdifrdfom E. 90 Va. 988 co l ng ha a e ea e gr men fee r c r t pr vi ng f pa e s i s ii d i t lm e s a a cor ngl w a a i vi i e ontac s o di or ym nt n pec te ns a l nt nd, c di y, s n ndi s bl c r tbe us i con ai d no fxe tm e ors hed e oftm e f pe f m anc a be a e t ontac ca e t t ne i di c ul i s or r or e nd c us he l s es c r t oblga i w e e t i r d onl by e nt e iel w ihi t l s ee ' es e ' ontac ual i tons r r gge e y ve s ntr y t n he e s s c r) ontol. On t o he ha t ca e 1 w doe s he t r nd, he s a s uppor H a ve s c t gorz i n oft Contac asa t r y' a e i ato he r t di sbl i t lme c r c , e on t Conta tspr son f fxe mont ypa nt . vii e nsa l nt onta t bas d he r c ' ovii or i d, hl yme s SeeJ nesv. ori PlnBa o Pors h,1 S. 608,610( 1937 (nnouncngt o M rs a nk f tmout 91 E. Va. ) a i he ge rlr et ta i tlme c rcti c i rddi sbll seas e. , I L. ,28 nea ul ha n nsal nt onta s onsdee vii e ; e lo. g.Am.nn. P. F.App' a 320(t a eSunTr tbildAmei 111orprncpa pa nt a i eeton xt t us Bec us le rcmz 11f i i l yme s nd ntrs , am ont y ba i ,a A m e i n Im pa d i m o hl i t lm e s f t dtr ton oft hl s s nd rca I i n nt y ns a l nt or he za i he N o e,... he dit i tc u' c r c l c r c e i e t not asa ûns a l e 'c r ta nota t t s rc ot t or e ty ha a t rz d he e n i t lm nt ontac nd n tndi sbl co rc.) Howe r t meef tt tapatc a conta s isupt rquied i vii e' nta t' . ' ve,he r ac ha riulr rct plt he e r per onnance i o s at i t l ent doesnotneces iy r r t t cont be t eat as f nt epar e ns alm s sarl equi e hat he ract r ed 8 a di s bl i t lm e c r tf pur e o de e ni whe t a i bl s a ut of vi i e ns a l nt ontac or pos s f t nni ng n he pplca e t t e lm ia i be nst r a ns t pli ifsrg ofa to Le r v. i ttons gi o un gai t he antf' i ht c in. aa d EOT Pr Co.No. od. , 11 v00041 2011W L 86598,a * ( . Va. a 11 2011 ( srt sRe t nd :0c , t 8 W D. J n. , ) Magitae' por a Re o n ai n (d pe b Or e , 01 W L 4 2 7 4( . 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The ag ee e r quied t em pl rt pa t empl e a a om obie alo a i m o hl r m nt e r he oye o y he oye n ut l l w nce n nt y i t lme sof$1 00,a f t rr quie t e o rt c nsal nt 00. nd urhe e r d he mpl ye o ompe a et e oye wih ns t he mpl e t pe i c c rodi ommison payme s l a 422 si nt . d. t -23.Howe r i dee ni whe he t te tt ve , n t nni ng t r o r a he c r c a di s bl f pu pos s oft ope a i oft s a ut oflm ia i , he c tf us d onta t s vi i e or r e he r ton he t t e i t tons t our oc e on t na ur oft e pl ' co r c br a hes The e pl r begi ng i J he t e he m oyer s nt a t e c . m oye , nni n anua y 1 r 990, c as d pr di t m o hl au om obie pa e sr quied by t co r c a begim i i e e ovi ng he nt y t l ym nt e r he nt a t nd, r ng n J nua y 1 7,r duce t e pl e' c m i s o r t f om t r t c le f i t c r c . a r 99 e d he m oye s om s i n a e r he a e a l d or n he ont a t L.a 4 0 l rj cigt e ly e sc n e to ta e c s c e sveb e c g v rs t a d t 3 . n ee tn he mpo e ' o tnin h t a h u c si ra h a e ie o a sp rt, d iin ln u ya d tu , n w c u eo a to , u g Do ma o s l dt ta e aae a dto a ij r n ,h s a e a s f cin J d e u r b ewe ha Ss ve ofVigi ac e1w i c tst tt a we t t e queton ( whehe t ewasa iur y r ni as a ndiae ha he ns r o hg) si of t r her s resofc r tbr c ,o onl o bra h)d ndse ieyupont naur a tpeof ei ontac ea hes r y ne e c epe ntrl he t e nd y each i vi ndi dualtans i t s r acton hat upposedl consiut a br y tt ed each.' 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E. 6 Va. 989) t Supr me Co tofVigi a dee m i d t t whe ealndl d fo t i e i ofa la e he e ur r ni tr ne ha, r a or r m he nc pton es f ie t e or e apr so pe t ni t unior hour ofope ai f al t na si a al d o nf c ovii n rai ng o f m s r ton or l e nt n s hoppi ce t r t c pl i ng t na ' c us ofa ton ac nz on t da oft l ndl d' ng n e , he om a ni e nt s a e c i c ed he y he a or s iiil r a h.l a 31 .l ra higti d tr n to ,h Co r rj ce t ep anifs nta b e c d. t 8 n e c n h s eemiain te u t ee td h litf c t nton t ta ne c us ofa ton a c ue e c da t tt l ndl r f ie t enf r e t on e i ha w a e c i c r d a h y ha he a o d a l d o o c he l as pr s o ,c udi i t a t tt i ta f iur t e o c t l as pr s ons e e ovi i ns oncl ng ns e d ha he nii l a l e o nf r e he e e ovi i ifitdtewh l ij r s tie b teplitf.l a 31 -1 . nlce h o e nu y usan d y h an if d. t 8 9 l Ha on RoadsSa ttonDititv. c nn l360 S. 2d 8 ( 1 ) t n mpt niai src M Do el, E. 41 Va. 987,he Supr m e Co tofVi gi a e m i d w he he i t r it n di c r ofr w s w a f om a e ur r ni xa ne t r n e m t e t s ha ges a e ge r c t p pi s a i ga rs t one c us ofa to t tac r d w ih t i ta dic r ,o oun y um ng t ton ve i e o a e c i n ha c ue t he nii l s ha ge r s paat c us sofa ton t ta cr d wih e h dic r . 1 a 8 -44. l c i rng t s e re a e c i ha c ue t ac s ha ge d. t 43 n onsde i hi q ton,heCour sae t t Sgj t wr ula ti ofaper nen naur a onet t uesi t t ttd ha,sif he ongf c s ma t t e nd ha p o u e çl t d ma ewhc c ne e r s l fo i,te t ee tr d ma e mu tb r d c s alhe a g ih a v r e ut rm t g nl h n ie a g s s e h r o e i one a ton, a t s a ut oflm ia i beg nst r n f o t da e oft ec ver d n c i ' nd he t t e i t tons i o u r m he t he w r ula t' buti t w r ula t a e notco i ongf c ,' f he ongf c s r ntnuousand C c onl a i e v s ea h ' ur y t nt r al , c oc o c re c ifit an w ij r a gv srs t an w a dspaaec us o a to ' Jla 8 . c u r n e n lcs e nu y nd ie ie o e n e rt a e f cin. -s t 43 't The Cour i Ha pt Roadsuli ae y c l d t t i ta dic r di noti lc t t n m on tm tl oncude hat he nii l s ha ge d nfit he e ieij yont lnd rspr ry, i ta t te c no tnuous i e v ni ntr nur he a owne ' ope t but nse d,ha a h nconi ,ntr e ng dichagemee outane ij y- f rt sr s n,heCo tdeemi t lndowne c d s r td w nur o hi ea o t ur tr ned,he a r oul 10 brn hi cli sf rda gest toc ure i t tfve- rpe i die ty pr ce ng t fln of ig s am o ma ha c r d n ha i yea rod r c l e di he iig hi lws t l a 8 s a ui. d. t 44. 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L. a 929.Thedee nti rasdt fefo $9 r y de ome o andi ts' d t ' . o fnda nce e he e r m 0 1 t $1 i 1 a a n,t $285i 2000.JL Thequesinpr enedbyt caewas o 85 n 995 nd, gai o n to es t he s -. w he he t s a u e of lm ia i ba r d t pl i if scl i t tt def nda br a he t t r he t t t i t tons r e he a ntf a m ha he e nt e c d he c t a tbe a e t f e i e s s t tt def an i pos d ga rs onl t one c us of on r c c us he e ncr a e ha he end t m e ve i e y o a e a to t tac r i 1 whent defnda frti r a e t f Ll TheCour deemi d cin ha cued n 995 he e nt is nc e s d he ee. ts t tr ne t tt t r ( hal es a i h pr c s ' d noti pos a oblga i t tw a C ntnui i na ur ' ha he e m i l t bls i e ' di s m e n i ton ha s k i ng n t e ' co lket o i ton oft lndl d i W esm i t r l l t d, het nn c emplt d aAd si t i he blga i he a or n t nse . d. nsea t e ont a e titnc oblgai t tars se chtmet ( fnda li esane fe. l a 930.: i Ha on i ton ha ie a i he dee nt mpos w e ' d. t ' $ n mpt As Ro ds tetrtij r d dn t nlc $lt ed ma ewh c c ne rrs lg' rt e, a htme a ,h is nu y i o i fit a1 h a g ih a ve e utl; ah r e c i t ( fnda qi e ane fe ane ij r oc ure a aspa aec us ofacin he dee nt mposd w e , w n uy c r d nd e r t a e to ac r d.' l c ue ' d Afe c i rngt et e ca e , udgeDoumardee nedi Hunt rt tt f cual tr onsde i hes hr e s s J tnni n e ha he a t s t ton i t tca e m or cl e y m ir e t cic s a s i W esm i t r t n t e of iua i n ha s e os l r or d he r um t nce n t nse , ha hos Ha pt Roa a A m e i a Phvs c The a A s oc a i n. l s m on ds nd rc n i al r py s i to n uppor oft s de e m i ton, t hi t r na i t Ea t z D it i tofVi gi a not d t t c nt a t lt r i A m e i a Phys c The apy he s e . s rc n r ni e hat he o r c ua e m n rc n i al r A s oc a i ç l a l envi i s i ton l e r y c soned t tt de e ntwoul o m o e t n o oc s on e t bls ha he f nda d n r ha ne ca i s a ih di f r ntprce f t Exn i ton.' Hunt r 635 F. fe e i s or he m na i ' e, Supp. a 432. K tf l s ' t Ea t m 2d t t olow ,' he s e l D i rcts at dt t m er f l e on t partoft pl ntf t chalenge t frs change i sti t ed, Ghat he e aiur he he ai if o l he i t n prc - whi h c dha bee c itntwih p i prc l ve sa t r f r notha be n i ie c oul ve n ons se t ror ie e l nd he e o e ve e n br c oft con r c- s d nothaveba r d t pli iffo s ng f lt rc nge i prc ea h he ta t houl re he antf r m ui or a e ha s n ie t tw e e i br a h oft con r c . I a 432-33. l c r t t e pl r i Hunt rbr a he ha r n e c he t a t' d. t ' n ontas, he m oye n e ec d t c r c w he i c s d pa ng t m ont y a om obie a l he ont a t n t ea e yi he hl ut l lowanc and whe i r uce t e n t ed d he c m i s on r t l a 433. U nlke t c t a t ll nguage i A m e i a Physc The a om s i a e. d. t i he on r c ua a n rc n i al r py As o a in tha e so d a pe te prc c s cito d t nvii ne nd nnitd ie hange , t ra ton t c s ai n oft t s neihe c i he e s to he m on hl alowanc ort c ngei t c t y l e he ha n he omm ison r t- waspe m it d ore sone byt si ae r te nvii d he co r c l ngua ' I S nt a t a ge. d. ' ' Cons que l e h s e ntf iur t pa di no c tt e a ne e nty, ac ubs que a l e o y d t ons iut w br ac bu mer l a c i ton oft orgi lbr a h a i W e t i t r' l Thec t e h, t ey ontnua i he i na e c s n sm nse . d. ' our c ude oncl d: I Huntrs st ton,t r wa nohi i w'abou (he deenda ls n e ' iuai hee s t ng ne tt f nt' a l ge br c s f om 1 or 1 t t tm e Hunt rqui w or ng. The br ac le d ea he r 990 997 o he i e t ki e h wasal wayst s me,a t Def nda sne rl ke bac t t pr vi pa he a nd he e nt ve oo d k o he e ous y c ce t a j s o e au t Hu trs c mmiso o mo t l a t alwa c . y l o d u t r v lae n e' o s in r nhy u o lo n e Ra he ,t Def nda s r ul ry a s t m a i a l a i d t s m e r t s a t r he e nt eg a l nd yse tc ly pple he a a e nd tr s o co pe a i ast r s toft br c s whih occ r d i 1 a e m f m ns ton he e ul he ea he c ure n 990 nd 1 997,r s c i l e pe tve y. ll (s - -- The c ti t i t tc e i pe s ded by t r s ni oft Ease n Di t i tof our n he ns an as s r ua he ea o ng he t r s rc V igi a i Hunt r Suc nc l s a e t r i not ng d w' a r ni n e . ci ty t t d, he e s hi s ' boutTr ns m erc sale ne a a i a' l ged m ont y br c f om Fe ua y 2001 untlt pr s n . W he ea t contac uall ng e i hl ea hes r br r i he e e t r s he r t a uag n Am e i n Phvs c The a A s oci ton e s one t tt de e rca i al r py s a i nvi i d ha he f ndan w oul pe i c l a t r t d r odi aly le t e m i ton f ,not ng i t Cont a t sl ngua i t sc e pe m it d orc e pl t d he xa na i ee hi n he rc' a ge n hi as r t e ont m a e Tr ns m erc ca eli t Cont a i a m a a a i a nc lng he rd n nnerc t a y t ist r sa r t ni t Con r c on r r o t e m nd e ur ng he ta t fm ds Henc onl one br ac oc ur ed i t sc e. Eac m ont y f iur t m a a l . e, y e h c r n hi as h hl a l e o ke n i t lm e paym e di notc tt e a ne br a h.I t a e c s ce s ve f iur t m a a ns a l nt nt d ons iut w e c ns e d, a h uc s i a l e o ke n i t l entpaym ent asi W es m i er,w as m er y a contnuaton oft br ns alm , n t nst el i i he each t occur ed hat r < . . - - .-.. .... . ... . - .. wh nTrn a rc p r re t c n e teCo ta ti Fe r ay2 01 A1t eij r ta e a s meia u po td o a c lh nr c n b u r 0 . 1 h nu y h t Ha v c d s f ra ar ul ofTr ns m e i ' aci oc ure whe Tr ns merc pur t r ey oul ufe s es t a a rca s tons c r d n a a ia pored t c nc lt Co r c out i oft t n- y c nce l ton pe i and r t ned t m one - e c o a e he nt a t s de he e da a la i r od e ur he y ah fi r t ma et emo t l i tlme t y nsifitdn f rh rij r t nta wh c wa al e o k h nhy nsal n pa me t n l e o u te nu y ha h t ih s u c i lc e w he t Cont a tw a pu por e y c nce l d a t m o y w a r t ned. nfi t d n he r c s r t dl a le nd he ne s e ur Co e nty,t fve yea saut oflm iatonsbe n t nm i Fe u r 2001a t tmeoft ns que l he i - r t t e i t i ga o n br a y t he i he trta onl br ac i t sc s Be us Ha ve i tae t ss ton Ocobe 1 201 outi i s nd y e h n hi a e. ca e r y niit d hi ui t r 8, 1, sde oft lm iai pe i t sa ut ba shi a ton.Acc di y,hec tmus gr nt he i t tons rod, he tt e r s c i or ngl t our t a Tr ns rc sm oton t dim ison t ba i o t o r i n oft saut oflmia i . a ame i a' i o s s he ss f he pe ato he t t e i ttons A tor la gum e ,H a v y m ai ai d t t a a polc m a t ,a di m i s lofhi a ton a r nt r e nt ne ha , s i y ter s sa s ci w oul s a f t t de ia e pr d t nd or he m s r bl opos to t ta d e ntc n unia e aly r pudi t a c r t ii n ha ef nda a lt r l e a e ontac i vi ve t d rgh sa t n be ftfo t tbltntbr a h by hi ng be nd t s el of nvol ng se i t nd he ne i r m ha aa ec di hi he hi d t s a ut oflm ia i . H o e ,t s a g e i m i pl c unde t f c s oft s c s The he t t e i t tons w ver hi r um nt s s a ed r he a t hi a e. l w afor Ha v ar dy f Tr ame i ' br ac oft Conta t wihi fveye r a f ded r ey eme or ans rca s e h he r c- t n i as ahe t br c t lw pe mit d Ha v y t i tt e s ta i tTr ns m e ia. Thec tno e r he ea h,he a r te r e o nsiut ui gans a a rc our t s t t by Ha v sow n a i s on,Tr ns m erc notfe hi s e i e pr ort M a e 9,2001 ha , r ey' dm s i a n i a ii d m om tm i o rh t tt Cont a thad pur t dl be n ca e l d a t tt Contac pr e dsha bee ha he rc pore y e nc le nd ha he r t oc e d n rdiecedi ohi a count ( ke No.13a !41) Howeve,Have c cousyee tdnot e r t nt s c . Doc t - t . r r y ons i l lce t brng s tw ihi t fve- rlm ia i nspe i a Tr ns m e i a pr di t bl pe s s e i o i ui t n he i yea i t to rod s a a r c e c a y r it d n f ii t m a t s hedul d m on hl pa en s Cl a l w he t m one w a r t ne a lng o ke he c e t y ym t . e ry, n he y s e ur d, Ha v t r ey mdert t tno f ur a nuiy pa nt woul bef t omi sood ha ut e n t yme s d orhc ng. 1 11. C oncl i us on Vigni lw r quie t t(glautso lmiainsî )srdl e ore a e e i r i a a e r s ha tstt e f i tto be ti y nf c d nd xc ptons t eo g )nar yconsr d. Ari t v. opl Sec. f l .Co.458S. 2d289, hert be rowl tue ' rngon Pe es Lie ns , ' E. 290 ( . 9 5 ; e as i a t2 0 (t n d u t s b r s le i f v ro tee o c me t Va 1 9 ) s e lo l a 9 -91 tAq y o b mu t e e o v d n a o f h nfr e n of ( tesaue'.Fo ter a o ssae a ov , l yf i dt iiit ti a to wihnt fv h tt t.) r h e s n ttd b e Have al o ntae h s ci n ti he ie ' e yea lmiai nspe i pr dedby Vigi alw .Cons ue ty,he c twilg a r i t to rod ovi r ni a eq n l t our l r nt Tr ns m e ia' m o i t dimis TheCl r i die td t s nd c rii d c esoft s a a rc s ton o s s . e k s r ce o e e tte opi hi me o a m r ndum opi on andt a c ni he c ompa ng or ert a 1c elofr cor nyi d o l ouns e d. ENTER :Thi o a dayofAprl 201 s i, 2. Chi fUnie St t s D it i tJ e t d a e s r c udge 14
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