-BWC Koenig v. McHugh, No. 3:2011cv00060 - Document 46 (W.D. Va. 2013)

Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 1/28/13. (hnw)

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1L ER24 OFFI U, DI COURT CE S. ST. AT R- OKE, A V JE D I THE UN I N TED STATES DI STRI CO UR T CT FO R TH E W ESTERN DI STRI O F V I I A CT RG NI CHA RLO TTESV I LLE D I I ON V SI . C. DL& ERK j j,21 y, 4: 2 J , 3 ; . f J U : U L RK Z CA RO L J.KO EN I , G Pl ntf , ai i f Ci lA c i N o. 11 vi ton 3: CV000 60 M EM OM NDUM OPI ON NI Jo l M cl u G H ,SECR ETA RY dx l D EPA RTM EN T o y TH E ARM Y , By:Hon. l n E . Ge Conr d a Chi fU nied St t D it i tJ e t a es s r c udge D e e nt f nda . Thi e pl e di c i i ton a ton unde Til V 1 oft Ci lR i ht A c of 1 i s m oym nt s rm na i c i r te l he vi g s t 964 s p e e tyb f r tec u t nt d fn a tsmoinf rs mma yj d me t Fo t ra o sst r s nl e o e h o r o he ee d n ' to o u r u g n . r he e s n e f t beow,t c twilgr ntt de e n ' m oto orh l he our l a he f nda ts i n. Fact Backaround ual The f l w i f c sa e pr e t d i t lg m os f vor bl t t pl i if Se olo ng a t r es n e n he i ht t a a e o he a ntf . e Andes n v.Li ryLobby.nc, U. 242,255( )( i t tale de emus be ro bet l .477 S. 1986 notng ha 1 vi nc t c tue i t lg mos fvoa et t pa t o i s onsr d n he iht t a rbl o he ry pposng ummayj r udgme ) nt. Ca olJ K oe g,a Ca s a w om a w a pr vi l e pl d by t D e rm e oft r . ni uca i n n, s e ous y m oye he pa t nt he Ar a at hni li or tons cals a t NainalGr l elge eCe e (ç C' i my s ec ca nf mai pe i it the to ound ntli nc ntr ' NGl ' n ) Cha l t e vil Vi gi a. She he d t tposton f om 2002 untls vol a iy r tr i 201 r o t s le, r ni l ha ii r i he unt rl e ied n 0. The e nt gi ng r s t t i t nta ton oc ur ed i Aug tof2007, hen K oe g ve s vi i e o he ns a c i c r n us w ni s ve on a vol t rc m it e t tm a nt i d t kic n on t t r foo oft N GI . On er d un ee om te ha i a ne he t he he hid l r he C M onday,Aug t6, us 2007, hie c e ni t kic n c er , oe g t e a a a unw a he w l l a ng he t he ount s K ni hr w w y n s d cup and s poon,whi had been soaki i t snk si t pr ousThurs ch ng n he i nce he evi day. Unbeknowns t to Koeni t iem s bel g, he t onged t Dors lW ilam s,an Af i A m er can N G I em pl o el li rcani C oyee. Tha a t r t fe noon, ila s s ntKoe g a e ai s a i t ts w a t i sng a c f e c W li m e ni n m l t tng ha he s s s i m of e up a s n t t(he c dha lf i t snks ki 'a t ta he e oye hadhead nd poo ha s j oul ve e tn he i oa ng,' nd ha not r mpl e r Koe gt eae t dipos oft ie . ( ke No.40- . W ila e ni hr tn o s e he tms Doc t 1) lims mpha iedt tt c sz ha he up ha açf prnti t s nd ve s a s e on i'a t ti ha s i e alvaue. l r pons d toot i n he a re nd c ne t' nd ha t d entm nt l n es e, Ko nga k di iwa 'hec pta wa t r mo to ls we k. ( c e No 402. e i s e f t s t u h t s hee s f at e ' Do k t . - ) t ' Af e r c vi Koe g' o lne r pons W ila s s tK oe g a t re a la 7: t r e ei ng ni s ne-i es e, li m en ni no he m i t 30 a m . A ugus 7,2007,whi h s a e a f low s . on t c ttd s ol : Thec i que ton wasde i t l no t r m os ofl twee bec us Ius i e r up n si fniey t he e t as k a e e t ve y da t m a m y c ofoa m e l 1c d ha l f i on Th s y eve ng i t y o ke up t a . oul ve e t t ur da ni n he s nk s ki i oa ng. A ta r t i w asm y pe s lpr ry no m a t rhow l i w a ny a e t r ona ope t te ong t s t r 1e t tuow i a a a pe s spe s lpr pe t t sea i he e. qua e l ng w y r on' r ona o ry o t lng. Tha c t up wasgi nt mei me ol ofadec a e membe ofmyfmiya t s ve o n ml ' yq esd r a l nd he poon w a fom m y s l r r c l c i sr ive wa e ole ton. Bot ie sw e e m y pe s lie sand no h tm r r ona t m one ha t rghtt di pos oft m . A l Ia as ng f r i a s m pl ye orno. d he i o s e he l m ki o s i e s You know i you t e m y c p a s n i t t a h. f hr w u nd poo n he r s ( ke No.40- ) Doc t 3. A t7: a. . K oe g s ntt f l i r s ns 43 m , ni e he olow ng e po e: The e w asa c a s n i t s nk a 1da Fr da Sa ur y,a St da a r up nd poo n he i 1 y i y, t da nd m y nd M onda m o mi whe 1di t m or ng kic n c e n up. ldo no do di hesf y l ng n d he ni t he l a t s or f ksa was outgl ofsuf ( tve ii)a dr t m a putt m i t ol nd h obs t f whae r t s nd y he nd he n he cu pboa d. l suf i l f t tl Ia s i i notwa e a dipos ofi. r f t f s e tha ong, s ume t s nt d nd s e t 1a ve y ha f you t no t keove t kic n d i ofdaiy/ kl m r ppy or o w a r he t he utes l wee y cla ofa l co e s t whieco me shol r c f epot,ta hol ngt e nup l - unt r ,he t ndi nt de , ofe s r y di he c fema ,sd s l,t ofgabagec n,a1t ngslf i t snk- ( e ra ofe ker ie hef op r a l hi e tn he i clane nd Cl r unde t snk - i you do tlke t tki buy w ha yo w a a te ur o ox r he i f n' i ha nd, t u nt nd r as er wilri s you) sri e ou c l embure , taghtn t upboads l s purha eofs ps s r heve , c s oa , ponges , ha s psa t ast tw ils tyou desr s Tha way, hi w ilbe done as nd oa nd e ha l ui r ie . t t ngs l youwih t m t g ldone. Plas f lfe t begndutest s he o be e e ee re o i i oday. ( ke No. 4. Doc t 40- ) Si m i eslt r W ila e al dKoe ga a s t ts wa goi t ç a t sup x nut ae , li ms m ie ni nd dvied ha he s ng o ç ke hi t wihhihe ma ge ntASAP. ( ke No. - ) W ila e t g r na me ' Doc t 40 5. lims mphasz dt tKoe gt d ' ie ha ni i ha norghtt dipos of( r pe s lprpery. (d, i o s e hel rona o t ' I ) ' W ila st f r r he e a le ha w ih K oe g t t o he t o m e be soft li m hen o wa ded r m i xc nge t ni o he t r w m r he vol nt e kic c u e r then omm it e:J fr y Ti t,who s r ie W ila s and Debor h Gr e te e fe bbets upe v s d lim , a e n. W ila notdt ts wa e t ltt know t tde kls a i g r bei t non lims e ha he ntd o e hem ha t c e s ctons weel ng ake r p o l ' p ro a p o ry' ( c t . 0 6) W i imse h sz dta Snl o eh s rg t e p es e s n l r pet. Do ke No 4 - . l a mp a ie h t' o n a a ih ' l g t de t oy s e o s r om one' tea ur d pos e s ons ' a t ts i e d i o t ke t s t m a ge e , sr s e s s i , nd ha he nt nde i a hi o na m nt ' t EEO,Se iy,a t lwye . (d. curt nd he a r' l ) ' At8:8am.W ila s ntNGI e e oyme o runiy($ ' of e 1 . , lims e C qual mpl nt ppo t t ç EEO' fc r ) De a M ilr NGI l alc bor h le , C eg ouns lGe al Rem e s a NGI s urt ofi rEdih Na e t e r d i r , nd C ec iy fce t pir he f lo nge iwi t es be t ieS s o a o Pes n l r pet : olwi mal t h u j c ln s p s l f ro a P o rf' h Di La e a G e l m a di s nd nte n, Ihave s f r d a tonst tw a r ntm e t c a tyou. Som e ha t ke i upon uf e e c i ha r a o ont c one s a n t t m s vest d t oy m y pe s na c f e e whi h ha e r m e s tm e a va ue he el o es r r o l of e up e d xte en i nt l l a as nd poon f o m y s l r r colec i n. Thepe s n i que ton i aco- ke . rm ive wa e l t o r o n si s wor r The cu w asor r d f om a ca a og a gi n t m e i m e or ofm y de ea e p de e r t l nd ve o n m y c sd g a ot rm a ye r a r ndm he ny a s go. The pe s ha a it t ts t a he m y r on s dm ted ha he r s d pe s lpr r y. Thi m a s e pe t t yo butt spe s hasdone t s r ona ope t s y e m ty o u, hi r on hi beo et oh rc wo k r. l udb wil gt j tltig , u a l v s i f r o t e o- r e s wo l e li o us e t o b t s ha e ad n t c ha e r m e s ntm e t lva ue t m e. W ha r our e do lha a t s he up d xt e e i na l o t ec s ve t hi poi ? A ga n Ia ogi f ha ng t co a tyou i t fr tpl e Ia m a nt i pol ze or vi o nt c n he i s ac . m d and h tby t spe s s a to . She s d notbe alow e t r kl s y di pos ur hi r on' c i ns houl l d o ec es l s e ofpe e' pe s opl s r onalpr pe t a 1equa e t tt s e lng. o ry nd t ha o t a i ( ke No. 7. W ila t n f wadedt e ist Ka Baly, ni sCauc in Doc t 40- ) lims he or r he mal o y ie Koe g' asa s r s , i t ts wasts r t bohe ( ie wiht s' ( ke No. 8. upevior notng ha he tory o t r Balyq t hi. Doc t 40- ) ' A t9: a m . W ila ss nta tna e a lt K oe g,whi h s a e asf l s 01 . , li m e i lm i o ni c t t d olow : Carol , 1pr yf you. You ha t ne vet ad i yo ta he ac t tmea t wo l a or ve he r o m t u r s d up ha nt he rd t m ea noteve ofe a a ogy. Thr o nd n f r n pol ough i al It kec f r i knowi t t t 1 a om o t n ng ha i t Bi eGod s ysvenge nc i mi Yo ha abl s e lf n he bl a a e s ne. u ve e s d ie. ( ke No. 10. Doc t 40- ) At9: a m . D e a M il rf wa de W ila s S ipos ofPe s na Pr ry' e ai 45 . , bor h le or r d li m ' s s al D r o l ope t ' m l t M a ee Fi t NGI huma r our sofi e . M ilrm e i d t tFi t a ge o ur n nn, he C n es ce fc r le ntone ha nn d y t m i ve i dici i r acin i r uie ' ( nvol d f s plnay to s eq rd. Docke No. 11) ' t 40- . Be or Kay Ba l y,Koe g' s r i or ha t op t t t r ad t e a l f om f e ie ni s upe v s , d he poruniy o e he m is r W ila s J f r y Ti ts s o d by Ba l y' of i e a i or e he oft c lc be w e n li m , e f e bbe t t ppe ie s f c nd nf m d r he onf i t t e Koe ga W ila . ( ke No. 28a 7 ) Afe brefys aki wihKoe g, ndbeng ni nd lims Doc t 40- t 2. tr i l pe ng t ni a i a s t tKoe g no l rpl nne t t ke pa ' i c ea ng t kic n, l w asunde t dvi ed ha ni onge a d o a l n l ni he t he Baiey t r he i e sont tt matrwa r s ve (d. t74. Howe r ltrt tda a 2: p. , mprsi ha he te s eol d. 1 a ) ve,ae ha y, t 51 m. Ba l y f w a de W ila s SDi pos lofPe s lPr pe t ' m a l o K oe g a a ke K oe g t ie or r d li m ' t s a r ona o ry' e i t ni nd s d ni o s e he a e r boutt i s he s ue. Ba l no e t W ila s ha i ve Debor h M il r Edih N a e , iey t d hat li m d nvol d a le , t pi r a GeadRemes ( ke No. 1 ) nd rl i r. Doc t 40- 2. I he r pons t Ba l se a l Koe g a ked i Ba l y had s n t t n r es e o iey' m i, ni s f ie ee he t whol t e d' of e hr a ' mesa . ( ke No. 1 ) Koe g a s dBalyt ts wa ver u e t tW ila s ges Doc t 40- 3. ni dvie ie ha he s y ps tha lims ha dhr tne g r pes lywih (hejvenge nc sae t'a t ts fi e e t rie d t eae d hel ronal t t t a e ttmen,' nd ha he fntndldl o as t sis ofg r pe s s ft a wor onM onda whe gheha jtme- wihM r Remes hi sue hel ronal aey t k y n s s i - t . i r, M s Na e , s M ilra M rM ilr( . pir M . le nd . le Doug)' (d. . I) ' A ppr m at y 30 m i es l er Baiey f arded K oeni s r pons t Ti t oxi el nut at , l om g' es e o bbets. Baiey' em ai i uded t f l i m es l s l ncl he olow ng sage: 4 It d Car lwa edt t l t he a utt sis a t tDo s l ha notfe ol ol nt o ak o r bo hi sue nd ha r e l d ii d De eM ilr Edih Na e ,a Ge r Remer . 1me i bbi le , t pi r nd ry i s ntonedt s na est he e m o Ca ol be a e Iw a e t e pha i e t tt s wasnota i e na m a t rbe w ee r , c us nt d o m s z ha hi n nt r l te t n he a D or el a t tot sw e e now i ve Be o i Ca ol sr s r nd s l nd ha her r nvol d. l w s r ' e pons . 1 e t nkwes dgveDougM ilrg ie a Ti ts s r iojai dsup' hi houl i le Baly nd bbet' upe vs r d - ' hea on t s st i hi iuaton. ( Docke No.40- 4. t 1) Ko g s e nty me wih Ba ly on Augus 9,2007 a a tm pt t pr deher eni ubs que l t t ie t nd te ed o ovi i i o t sor ' ( ke No. 27. Acc r ngt Koe g,Baly a s dhe t ti was ' de f he t y. Doc t 40- ) s ' o di o ni ie dvie r ha t Coo lt 'a t tKoe gwasSg ngt bedicplne any y. (d. t aer' nd ha ni t ioi o si i d wa ' l ) ' On Frda Aug t1 2007a 8: a. .Koe g e l De a M ilra r que td a i y, us 0, t 33 m , ni maied bor h le nd e se n a nt e . K oe g i c t d t ts ne ed t s a w ih M il ra ppoi m nt ni ndi a e ha he ed o pe k t le bouta û or r a ed t k el t w st ton' i w hi h K o g bele d t ts had bee tea ed i a C s i i t y m a r' iua i ' n c eni i ve ha he n r t n t crm na or di nne . ' ( ke No. - ) Afe M ilri ntûedaposi eme tngd ea tme Koe gt dM ilr Doc t 40 15, tr le de i sbl ei at nd i , ni ol le t ts was( ii f artlncalfom g r atr y,' ndt ts woul %ge bac t ha he k tng or etr l r he j tone 'a ha he wa dç t ko ( ler whe ghe)ha mor i omai t t( dli c t sst ton. ( ke No. Mil l n s d e nfr ton ha woul mpa t hi iuai ' Doc t ' 35- 3. 1) Shorl a t e alng M ilro Augus 1 2007, ni r se t me wih Edih ty fer m ii le n t 0, Koe g eque td o et t t N a e a M a lee Fi pi r nd tr n nn. K oe g i c t d t ts ne ded t s a t N a e ça ta w or ni ndi a e ha he e o pe k o pi r s bou k r ae st tondurngt c s o whih ( r pe s lsft ... t e tned'( ke No. eltd iuai i he oure f c hej rona aey was hrae 'Doc t 35 1 ,a t ts nee t me twihFi a ast to t ttwarntdalte of - 4) nd ha he ded o e t nn bout iuain ha ç ra e etr rprma i t fl ofa e o ewhom (hefllhadsa r a lbeld( r'( ke No. e i nd n he ie n mplye s et lndeed nd i e hel'Doc t 35- 5) 1 . On Augus 14,2007,Baiey s t l poke t Carl Sham berger r di t confi bet een o a egar ng he lct w Koeni a W ila . ( ke No. 1 ) Sha r ri ama ge nte o rl i g nd lims Doc t 35- 5. mbege s na me mplyee eatons s alstbas i Ari peci i ed n zona. Baiey w asref r t Sham ber by Fi aferBaiey cont ed l er ed o ger nn, t l act Fi f ra c Ac di t Baie Sha r ropi t tKoe g' co uc wa r nt d a nn o dvie. cor ng o ly, mbe ge ned ha ni s nd t ra e lte ofc ei ( ke No.40- a 77- ) etr ounslng. Doc t 28 t 78. On A ugus 1 2007,K oeni s an em ai t N api and Rei ersr t 6, g ent lo er m eques i t r tng hei a s s a e. Thee a l asc e t Ba l y, nn,a D e a M il r A f e quotng por i of s i t nc m iw opi d o ie Fi nd bor h le . t r i tons t e a l f om W ilam s whi h r f r nc d s e i a ve he m is r li , c e e e e t alng nd ngea e,Koe g s a e asf l w s nc ni t t d olo : 1. M s D or e l ila sha t ea e d m y w o k s f t a s c iy by s a i . s l W li m s hr t ne r a e y nd e ur t t tng t s i s ng vengeance agai m e. hat he s eeki nst 2. M s D or e lW ila sha lbe e m eby w rtng t tm y a tonsa e e . s l li m s i ld ii ha ci r qual o t t e ofa t e . hos hi f 3. M s D or e lW ila sha sande e m e by t li ot rN GI e pl es . s l li m s l rd e lng he C m oye t tmyaci (olowi etbls t r fo kic n ce uppr e e)ar ha tons f l ng sa ihed hid lor the lan- oc dur s e t e ofo who sea s hos ne t l. 4. M s Dor e lW ila ha bltnty dir s c e me b dipa a ngm y . s l li ms s aa l se pe t d y s r gi vol e rcofeeco teeef t a.whe Idi tbuyhe s cii lyprfre unte f mmit fors ) n dn' r pe fcal eerd t a brndofta, ndb.whe Icla a pr e alydipos dofpr ry ype nd a e a ) n e ned nd oc dur l s e ope t t ti cl l UN AU TH O RI ha s ear y ZED by N G I regul i C aton. Thi de i r t ,u nunt ve ba mz em o i nala t c upo m e hasc e m e s lbe a e nwa ed r l d to ta k n aus d gr a a ey whe Ia a N GI whe ela now f ce t l bori ahosiewor e t nxi t n m t C r m or d o a n tl k e r e . Thi hos ie w or e r en hasbe n c e t d by M s D or e l nvionm nt s tl k nvionm t e r ae . sl W ila s s ande ,lbela t ea s a i tm e. Pr e l Ia s ups tt t1a li m ' l r i nd hr t ga ns es nty m o e ha m u a et p ro m myj bd te t teb s o mya iiis T srs t t h h s n bl o ef r o u is o h e t f b l e . he te s ha s e a t c e t d hasc e m e s ee de i ton,gre rae aus d l p prva i i vous e otona dit e s a i es i l m i l s r s nd nt tna dior r whiha eafctngmy g nea he lhj ta 1a a utt beshe e s des c r fe i e rl at us s m bo o c duld f serous eye slger or i tr y. Ia k yot a s s a i he pi N GI m e isFe r m a ge i oblga i t s l s it nce n l ng r C et t de al na ral i tons o pr deal empl swih as e sr s fe ,he lhy wo k e r e t ovi l oyee t af , tes -r e a t r nvionm n . Ias t tN GI s pe M s D o s lW ila sf c e tng t sr ci ly unde t d k ha C us nd . r el li m or r a i hi a a l rone hos ie wor envionm ent tl k r . ( ke No. 1 ) Doc t 40- 6. 6 On Frda Augus 1 2007, pirs ntKoe g a e a la sngt ts a Fi i y, t 7, Na e e ni n m i dvii ha he nd nn c d m e tw ih Koe g on M onda A ug t20, oul e t ni y, us 2007. U pon r ce vi N a e ' e a l K oe g e i ng pi r s m i, ni s ntt f l i r pl whi h w a copi d t Ba l y,Fim , m e s and Debo a M il r e he olow ng e y, c s e o ie l Rei r , r h le : 1wi h t m a i V ERY c ea by wr te r or t tlw i h t a es e c ofyou s o ke t l r it n ec d, ha s o ddr s a h I D I I ALLY . Ido notlke t t ng' a pr c t pr bl m s vi i t nds N V DU i he d ga ' p oa h o o e ol ng; t e t pr egrup t nk( bi ,ornot rka al. o omot o hi mob ng) hil t l 1di notbrng m y not s w ih m e t y, nd Ia s e ng m y a t ne t y a t r d i e t oda a m ei tor y oda fe w or s ln notye pr pa e t s a de i tve y on t s i s k, o m t e r d o pe k tnii l hi s ue. H ow e rt ve he t nltofea h m e tng 1a k t hol w ih e c per on I I I A LLY,i how do h s c ei s o d t a h s ND V DU s: y pr pos t di c plne M s Dor e lW ila s f he sande ,lbe ,t ea sa ou o e o s i i . s l li m or r l r i l hr t nd dirs c t dsme. Ia now tki pr c i inme c ton( t sde sepe t owar m a ng esrpto diai wih i efcs f t mi anesIa kewihe c mor ng, ca elhavec t wor fe t) or he gri wa t a h ni be us ome o k i t hos ie w or e r nm e he e c ea e by M s D or e lW ila s n he tl k nvi o nt r r t d . s l li m . ( ke No.35- 7. Doc t 1) A t11: 4 a m . A ugus 20,2007,Baiey e a l d Sha be ge a l te ofco e i f 1 . on t l m ie m r r e tr uns lng or K oe g, a ke Shn ber rt pr de s ni and s d m ge o ovi ugges i ns ( ke No. 1 ) Thedr t e das to . Doc t 40- 7. af ra f lw s olo : SUBJ ECT: Let rofCouns lng te ei Thi l t i i ende t e e sm y c s eter s nt d o xpr s once nsa utyo r ce tbe oron r bo ur e n havi Aug t6,2007. l i m yundert ndi t tyout e a y ac a s us ts sa ng ha hr w wa up nd poon be ongi t M s D or e lW ilam s du i yourkic n c e up d i . l ng o . s l li r ng t he l an- utes A c or ng t M s W ila s t e ie sha bee l ts ki i t s nk on c di o . li m , hes t m d n ef oa ng n he i Thur da e ng,a s e ove he r you s y t tt ie sw oul be s y veni nd om one r a d a ha he t m d d s e ofi t y w e e l f t r one m o e da Yourbe ort a d M s i pos d f he r e t he e r y. havi ow r . W ilnm s wasdi r pe t u ,a lw a t m a i c e rt ts h be vi w ilnot li s es c f l nd nt o ke t l a ha uc ha or l be t e a e i t f ur . A l c w or r s d be t e t d w ih r pec ,snce ol r t d n he ut e 1 o- ke s houl r a e t es t i w or ng r l tons psa e c ii alt m i s on s ce s Any f t ri t nc oft s ki e a i hi r rtc o s i uc s . urhe ns a es hi be vi m a r s ti dicplna y a onsbeng t ke agans you. ha or y e ul n s i i r di i a n i t Thi lte wilbea s et r l ddedt yourempl o oyeef d butwilno bem ant i i your ol er l t i aned n of i alper f ci sonnelfl ie. ( ke No. 17. Sha r rrple t ts woul t ha t tkeal 'a t lte , Doc t 40- ) mbe ge e id ha he d t ppy o a be ook' the etr a t ts woul ge bac t Balyi afw da . ( c tNo.40- 8. nd ha he d t k o ie n e ys Do ke 1) 7 At1 35p. . Aug t20, 2: m on us 2007,Rem e ss nta e i r s i r e n ma l e pondi t Koe g' r que t ng o ni s e ss f a ssa . Rem e s e l whih wa c edt N a e ,Baie Fim ,a De r h M il r or s itnce i r ' mai, c s opi o pir ly, l nd bo a le , s a e asf l s t t d olow : M s Koe g, . ni youre a l l i c t st ti i yourdesr t m e ti vi lyt m i beow ndi a e ha t s ie o e ndi dua l o dic spunihme ofM s W ila s. W he he t e i vi l wiht mee s us s nt , lim t r hes ndi duas s o t i vi l orc l c i y i t i c l t m a a notyour . l yo do twant ndi dualy ole tvel s he r a l o ke nd s f u n' t m e twih t m i t y c o e t he f he hoos t lte s bei. Addii nal Iam a sng e he at r o t to ly, dvi i t m a gover e em pl st tt t c ofa he pe s s di c plnew ih he s nm nt oyee ha he opi not r r on' s i i t you woul be e iel i operand wilnotbedic s wih you. Suc a d ntr y mpr l s us ed t h t pi / a t ri w ihi t pu v e o t o he pe s ss r s y c i ofw hi h o c m te s t n he r i w f he t r r on' upe vi or ha n c you a e nota pa t Y o alega i n ofs a r lbeli ba e e s Ta ng a he r r . ur l t o l nde /i s s l s . ki not r pe s spr pery wihoutt i pe m iso andper ne l de i ngt m o i i r on' o t t her r s i n ma nty prvi he f t s by de i to l r e s e i t t e c. .. t ve you c l i, ti w ha i i , he fnii n a c ny, t alng, hef, t . wha e r alti s tt s t f tt tyou don' lke i doe n' c nget ngs A ddiim a l q tng f om ac ha t i t s t ha hi . tc ly, uo i r s rpt e wih a f uson t w or i ngea e ' sha dl s m e hi a t r pm' c i ur t oc he d s ve nc ' i r y o t ng ny hi d t y w oul r s d ea onabl co tue a a phys c lt e tt yourpe s n. Y ou do tha a y nsr s i a hr a o ro n' ve c e. Yourc n ofc m a w ila e syouri pr pe t ki ofa her as hai om nd l ddr s m o r a ng not pe s spr pe' i pe nty. Asf yo al to , wila s herc i r on' o ly nde nde l t or ur legai ns I l dvie han t tls e abs u e y no ca e f m i c ha e ol t l s or s onduc a i the ba e on wha you' t ga ns r s d t ve pr e ed. W ha ldo s e i a tt f -a pr m ptve a t m pton yourpa t o ty t es nt t e s i- ort t ee i te rt r o di s de yourc i f om ac i upon yourown m i de d. Ic n a sle yo t s s ua ha n r tng s e a s tr u hi , t tlwilco pl t y, hor hl a s c s uly def nd a s h f i ous ha l m e el t oug y, nd uc es f l e ny uc rvol acton you m ay brng agai tt gover ent i i ns he nm . ( ke No. 1 ) Doc t 40- 9. At3: 3 p. .Na e a s r ponde t Koe g' e direma l Na e e 1 m , pi r lo es do ni s a e is. pi r mpha iedt t sz ha s eh dt oie whee( e i 'lc mme t rg r i gû a g ' n i b i 'g r jc mi h a d d a r Ko n g s o n s e ad n g n s a d mo bng wee o ng n fom ,' t tt i or a i pr vi d by Koe g i ca e o ra ng a e ofr ponsbiiy r 'and ha he nf m ton o de ni ndi t d ve lppi r as es i lt bewe n scurt a pes me. ( ke No.35- 8. t e e iy nd rol l Doc t 1) On A ug t23,2007,Sham be ge ad s d Ba l t ts w asgoi t ha R e m er us r r vi e iey ha he ng o ve i s r viw t l te ofc e e he et r ouns lng t tBal yha dr fe Upon r cevi Rei e s ipu , e i ha ie d a td. e i ng m r ' n t Sha be ge f w a de Baie a r vi ed l te ofc m r r or r d l y e s e t r ouns lng. Ba l y a pt d al oft s es e ei ie do e l he ugg t d r s ons,and i ued t l t ofcounselng t Koeni on August27,2007. The fnalver i evii ss he eter i o g i s on, w hi K oeni r used t s gn,r as f l s: ch g ef o i ead olow 8 SU BJ ECT: Le t r ofCouns i te elng 1 . Thi m i t n c s te ouns i i i e d t e es m y co e n a tyo r ce elng s nt nde o xpr s nc r bou ur e nt beha oron or a tAug t6, vi bou us 2007 w he you c w o ke ,M s D or el W ila s n r o- r r . s l li m lf ac a s e t up nd poon be ongi t he i t c m on of i e s n a e a durng l ng o r n he om fc i k r a nd i yo c ea u you dipos d o t m w ihoutr ga d t he wi hesorherpe s na ur l n p s e f he t e r o r s ro l pr ry. Thi una c pt bl be vi t a dsM s. iln sw a di c t ousa ope t s c e a e ha or ow r W li m s s our e nd w ilnotbe t e a e 1e c you t t e tal ofyourc w or r w ih r pe t l ol r t d. xpe t o ra l o- ke s t es c , snce w or ng r l tons psa e c ii a t m i s on s c s i ki e a i hi r rtc l o s i uc es . 2. You a e a s t tt sw rte c r dvi ed ha hi it n ouns lng wilno be m a a m aterof ei l t de t r c d i yotrO fi i Pe s m e Fie. 1 , e r yourm i c e or n l f c al r or l l f how ve , s onduc pe s s s a t r t r it fe r c i ng t sw rte co elng,Iwilcons d t ki f m a di c plna y ac i e e vi hi it n uns i l i er a ng or l s i i r ton a i tyou. De ndi on t pa tc a c r um s a s s h a ton c d i ude ga ns pe ng he ri ul r ic t nce , uc c i oul ncl t f lr nge ofava l bl pe li s i l ng yo r m ovalf om Fe r Se v c . he ul a ia e na te nc udi ur e r de al r i e l you ha a q s i c e ni a i onna i i t s l te , e e co a t f ve ny ue tons onc r ng ny nf ton n hi e t r pl as nt c m e f cl iicaton. or ar t i ( ke No. 26. Doc t 40- ) The l terwast s c l te ofco elng i s t K oe g i a t e ve m ont pe i et he e ond e tr uns i s ued o ni n w l h rod. On Se e be 6,2006,A nn M il , he a tng di s o c e , s ue K oe g a l te o c pt m r ler t c i vi i n hi f i s d ni e t r f ouns i elng f e or ngagi i dico tousbe vi du i ameei wihDougM ilr ( ke No.35- a ng n s ure ha or rng tng t le . Doc t 34 t 27. Thelte e ) etr mpha iedt ts hbe orwo dno bet eae a t ta f t r sz ha uc havi ul t olrtd nd ha ny urhe i t e ofdi c t s m a r ul i di c plna y a ton. Baie a Sha be gerw er a a e of nsanc s s our e y y es t n s i i r c i l y nd m r e w r t pr orl te w he t dec s on w a m a t i s t s ond l te ofcouns lng i Aug tof he i e t r n he i i s de o s ue he ec e tr ei n us 2007. ProceduralH i orv st Af e ex us i he a i s r tver m e e , ni fl d t i t nta ton o Se e be t r ha tng r dm nit a i e di s Koe g ie he nsa c i n pt m r 20, 1 as e tng c a m sofr e di c i i ton, e a i ton,a hos ie w or envionm e t The 201 , s r i l i ac s rm na i r t la i nd tl k r n. dee nts e ntymove t dimist c ai ,purua t Rul 1 b)6)oft Fedea fnda ubsque l d o s s he ompl nt s nto e 2( ( he rl Rul ofCi lPr dur . On M a c 26,201 t c tdi m i s d t pl i i f shos ie w or es vi oce e rh 2, he our s s e he a ntf tl k 9 e r nvionme cli . Thec tde e t de e n ' m o i wihr pe tt t pli ifscli s nt am our nid he f nda ts ton t es c o he antf am ofr ce di c i i ton a r t la i a s rm na i nd e a i ton. Folwigt ec mplto o d s o r ,h d fn n mo e f r u r ud me t Th l n h o ein f ic vey te ee da t v d o s mmayj g n . e o c t l a hea i on t m oton onN ove be 28, 2. The m o i ha bee f l bref a our he d rng he i m r 201 ton s n uly i ed nd i rpe f revi . s i or ew St andard ofRevi ew An a r o s mmayj d me t sa p o raeift mo a ts o t a t eei n wa d f u r u g n i p r p it s he v n h ws h t h r s o i g n i ds uea t a ymaeil a ta dt emo a t se tte t j g n a amatro lw. e une ip t s o n tra fc n h v n i n i d o ud me t s te f a ' l ' F d R. v. 5 () I d tr nn wh te t g a tamoinf rs e . Ci P. 6 a . n eemiig eh r o rn to o umma yj g n ,hec u t r ud me tt o r m us vi w t r cor i t lg m os f vor bl t t non- ova . Ande s 477 U . a 255. t e he e d n he i ht t a a e o he m nt r on, S. t Towih tn as mmayj d me t to ,h n n mo a t s p o u es fiin e i e c fo t sa d u r u g n moin t e o - v n mu t r d c u fce t v d n e r m wh c ar a o a l j r c u dr tr av r c i h rfv r I a 2 8. i n l s r o ih e s n be u y o l eu n edit n e a o . d. t 4 ù cu o y r co s ultvealgai donots fc ,nordoesaS r s i il ofevi nc i s pec ai le tons ufie mee cntla de e' n uppor of(he t t no mova 'lcae.' Thomps v. oma Elc. rCo.31 F. 645,649( hCi. 2) n- nts s ' on Pot c e Powe , 2 3d 4t r 200 ( tngPhilpsv. Tr ns sI ,1 F. 285,287( hCi.1 ) quoi li CSX a p. nc. 90 3d 4t r 999). D i si scus on 1 . Race Di cri i i s m nat on l Cot tOne ofhe c pl i ,Koe g a s r sa c ai ofr ce di c i i ton t de Til n m r om a nt ni s e t l m a s r m na i m r te Spe fca l K oe g c t ndst ts w a i s d t l te ofc cii ly, ni on e ha he s s ue he e t r ouns lng i Aug tof2007 ei n us be us ofhe r e. ( ke No.1a 1. ca e r ac Doc t t ) Til Vl pr bisa e oye fo k srmi ti a ns a i vi lwihrs c te 1 ohi t n mpl r rm ' ci nagng) gai t ny ndi dua t epe t di t( rc o he l ompe ai tr ,c tons o prvie ofe oymen,bec us ofs h nston,ems ondii , r i lges mpl t a e uc i vi ls...a . 42U. C.j2000e2()1 . W he t r i nodie te de eof ndi dua' rce S. - a( ) n he e s rc vi nc 10 dicrmi to apl ntf m a pr ee u rt bur e s fi fa e r s tf t i s i nai n, ai if y oc d nde he d n-hitng r m wo k e orh n M cD omw l D ougl Cor . v. ee 41 U. 792, l as p Gr n, 1 S. 802- (973 . Se Di 07 1 )1 e mnondv. onil Col a Lie& Accde I .Co.41 F. 31 31 ( hCi. ) Thi fa f i nt ns , 6 3d 0, 8 4t r 2005 . s r mewor r uiest k eq r he pl i ift fr te t bls a prm a f i ca e ofdicrm i t o by a pr po r nce oft e de e. a ntf o i s s a i h i ac e s s i na i n e nde a he vi nc Se Te De tofCmt Afar v.Bt di 45 U. 248, 53( 981. l aplitf e x. p' y. fis l ne, 0 S. 252- 1 ) f anif r es a i heshe pr m a f c e c s t bu de s fst t e pl rt a tc a e a l gii a e, t bls r i a i a e, he r n hi t o he m oye o r i ul t e tm t non- s i i t y r s f t a r e e pl enta ton. M cDol el D ougl Cop . 411 di crm na or ea on or he dve s m oym ci m l as , U. a 80 03. Onc t e o c S. t 2e he mplyer omesf wa d wih s h ar as k hebur n r ve t t t or r t uc e on,t t de e rs o he pl ntf t es a i h t tt e pl er snon- s rm i t y r to l i a pr t xtf i t ntona ai if o t bls ha he m oy ' di c i na or a i na e s e e or n e i l dici nai ' Hekov.Col srmi ton. ' i ombo Sa Ba F. B.434F. 249, ( hCi. v. nk. S. , 3d 258 4t r 2006) Thi . s E i lpr t xti r m er sw ih t uli a e bur n ofpe s ng t c t ha t pl i ifha G na e e nqui y f ge t he tm t de r uadi he our t t he a ntf s be n t vi tm ofi entona di c i i ton,whi h a a ltm esr m a nsw ih t pl ntf .' e he c i nt i l s rm na i c tl i e i t he ai i f' Meritv.O1 Domi on FrihtLi sI .601F. 289,294(t Ci. 0 (ntr quotton rt d ni ec ne nc, 3d 4h r 201 ) i enal ai maksa ale ain o te . r nd tr to mitd) A. Pri a Faci C as m e e Toe tbls aprmaf i c eofdici naor dicplne,apl ntf mus s sa ih i ace as s rmi t y si i ai if t how:()t t 1 ha s i ame rofapr e tdca st rTil VI;( t tt pr hi tdco ti whih s he s mbe otce ls mde te 1 2) ha he o bie nduc n c he e ge w a c pa a e i s rous s t t m i cond tofa e pl nga d s om r bl n e i ne s o he s uc n m oyee out i t pr e t sde he ot c ed cl s a ()t tt dicplnar me s e e oredagans he weemor sve et nt e as; nd 3 ha he s i i y a urs nf c it r r e e r ha hos e or dagans t ot re oyee Cookv. nf ce i t he he mpl . CSX Trns Cor ,988F. 507,511( hCi. a p. p. 2d 4t r 1 . I stsyi t s c a t r ee nt,t pli ifmus s t tt ot r 993) n aif ng he e ond nd hid lme s he antf t how ha he he em pl oyee w as si iarl siuat i al r evantres s M onk v.Poter 723 F.Supp.2d 860, m l y t ed n l el pect . t , 1Thepari haveconfnedt i agume st t M c tes i her r nt o he Donnel Doualsfa e k, l a r m wor 8 7( D. . 01 ) s eas Lihne v Ci o W i n t n 5 5F.d2 0 2 (t Ci. 0 8 7 E. Va 2 0 ) e lo g t r . t f l go , 4 3 6 , 65 4 h r 2 0 ) y mi (k- smiaiybewee c tl i lrt t n ompart sa t srous soft rrs ci ofe esmus be -he aor nd he e i nes hei epe tve fns t ce ryesa ihe i or rt bemea ngf . Suc as ngi l st vi nc t tt lal tbls d n de o ni ul' ). h howi ncude t de e ha he e e oye E l wiht smes r s ,g r s j c t t smesa r a ... nga d mpl es deat t he n upevior weeq ub e t o he a tnda ds nd e ge i t s m ec n he a onduc wiho s h m ii a i cr t t ut uc tg tng icumsa est twoul ditnguiht i c t nc ha d si s her onduc o tr t empl ye ' te t ntoft m f i.' He he o r s r a me he or t'' ywar v.M onr ,No.97d oe 2430,1 U, App. 998 S. LEXI 30855,a * ( h Ci.De 7,1 ( tngM ic lv. e Hos ,96 F. 577,583 S t 6 4t r c. 998) quoi thel Toldo p. 4 2d ( hCi.1 ) 6t r 982). l t sc e K oe g a t m pt t esa i h a pr m a f c e c e ofdi c i i t y di ci i by n hi as , ni te s o t bls i a i as s rm na or s plne a gui t tW ila sw asnotdi ci i d,e n t r ng ha li m s plne ve hough s t t d dicoure l by l a ng a he t e s t ousy ac e vi dit c a s n s ki i asnki as rdofiekic nf s verlda .' ( ry up nd poo oa ng n i n hae fc the or e a ys' Docke No. t 39 a 1 1 . Theco ta e wiht defndmz, vert tt sa g nti i ufiint Eve t 6- 7) ur gres t he e thowe ,ha hi r ume s ns fce . n i t cour as um e t tbot e pl ese f he t s s ha h m oye ngage i e va e m i c d n qui l nt s onduct K oe g hasnot , ni pr f r d e de e s fc entt s of e e vi nc uf i o how t ts a W ila sw e e s m ia l s t t d i a1 r e nt ha he nd li m r i l r y iua e n l el va r pect Court have r es s. s ecogni t 'wor hi t i a r evantf ori det m i ng zed hat ç k sory s el act n er ni e pa a lt 'a i t sca e,he ei noe de et tW ila sha a hit r ofm ic om r biiy,' nd, n hi s t r s vi nc ha lim d ny so y s onduc . t SookYo v.Se lus 481F. x 8 ,850( hCi. 2)(ii Armbur v. ei Co. on bei , App' 48 4t r 201 ctng a u Bo ng , 11 F.d 1 1 ( 0hCi.1 ) l c rs,Koe gwa c el f dic tous 2 3 398, 404 1 t r 997). n onta t ni s ouns ed or s oure be vi l s t n a ye be or s r ce ve t l trofco elng a i s i t s c s Gi n ha or es ha ar f e he e i d he ete uns i t s ue n hi a e. ve t sdi tng s ng f c or t c tag ee w ih t de e ntt tW ila si notapr pe hi s i ui hi a t , he our r s t he f nda ha li m s o r co pa a or a t tKoe g i una et esa ih aprm af i ca eofdic i na i 2 Se m r t , nd ha ni s bl o t bls i ace s s rmi ton. e Ause v. tn HCA He lhSe v . Va.l .5F. p' 253, 4( hCi. )( di t tamae at r s of ,nc, Ap x 25 4t r2001 hol ng ha l e pl m oyee w a nots m ia l st t t f m a e e pl esw ho e s i l ry iua ed o e l m oye ngag i t s m e m i c ed n he a s onduc , t snceheha arco dofdicplnaywani l Pll rv. ui, 98 13 1 99U. App. i d e r s i i r r ngs; tmme Fr tNo. - 23, 9 S. LEXI 5 a * ( h Ci.M a.2 1 99 ( i t twhieot e oye e S 039, t 4 4t r r 4, 9 ) notng ha l her mpl es ngage i t d n he s m em i c a s onduc , he pl ntf d f r d no e de e t ta e pl ee ha a di c plna y r or tt ai if k e e of vi nc ha ny m oy d s i i r ec d smia t he s'. i lr o r' ) B. Pretext Eve i K oe g c d es a i h a prm a f ci c e ofdi c i i ton,t de e nthas nf ni oul t bls i a e as s rm na i he f nda ofe e a lgii t nondic i naor r as f is ngt l t ofc fr d e tma e, s rmi t y e on or s ui he eter ouns lngt Koe g, ei o ni nn ey t tKoe g a t wih dic t y by diposngofa c wor rsper o pr ry. m l ha ni c ed t s oures s i o- ke ' s nal ope t Be us t de e nthascl a l m e hi bur n ofpr f rng ape m i sbl r as f t l te ca e he f nda e ry t s de of e i r s i e e on or he e t r ofc ouns lng,K oe g i r quie t s ei ni s e r d o how t tt a s re r s i i c ua l a pr t xtf ha he s e t d ea on s d t ly a e e or dici nai ' Hilv. khe dM atn LogitcsM g .l ,35 F, 277,284- ( hCi. srmi ton. l Loc e ri ' si mt,nc. 4 3d 85 4t r 2004) W hieKoe gadva ess vealagume si a atmptt esabls prtxtt c u' . l ni nc e r r nt n n te o t ih ee ,he ot t c ude s hasf ie t c r y he bur n. oncl s he a l d o a r r de K oe g tr tc t st e de e w hi c s s s e doub on t de e nt s a s r i t t ni i s ie o vi nc ch a t om t he f nda ' s e ton ha Ba l y, one, a t fna de i i n t i s t l te ofc uns lng. Fo i t nc ,dtrng t ie al m de he i l c s o o s ue he e t r o e i r ns a e li he a i sr tve pr e di , l t s ii d t ts i s d t l te ofc dm ni ta i oc e ngs Baiey e tf e ha he s ue he e tr ouns lng bec us s ei a e he 2 Thedef nda alo a guest tKoe g i unabl t esabls aprmaf ci cas ofdicrm i ton be et e nt s r ha ni s e o t ih i a e e s i na i caus he lterofcouns i di notrs t t l ofa advere e oyme ac i Se J m e v.Booz- l & et elng d ie o he evel n s mpl nt ton. e a s Alen Ha lo lc.3 F.d3 , 5(t Ci, 0 4 Cs g r e so ter ueaplitf f lwsi p o n aTil mitn.n , 68 3 71 37 4h r 2 0 ) Re adls f h o t anif ol n r vig te o VI a i t exit l cton, he senceofs eadvereempl om s oyme ac i i r r nt ton s equied. An adver ee oymenta i i a s mpl cton s ds rmiao ya t iha ves l a fcstetr , o iin , b neisof h plitf e lyme t' ici n tr c whc d rey fe t h ems c ndto s or e ft t e anifs mpo n .) ' (nena ctto a dq oainmak o te ) Ba e o tec u tsrs u i of h dici naincam,t itr l iains n u tto rs mitd . s d n h o r' eolton t e s rmi to li i nee nota es t sa gument Eve as umi t tt l trofco ei c tt e a ad s empl d ddr s hi r . n s ng ha he ete uns lng onsiut d n vere oyme nt a i Koeni ha f l t demonsrt aprmaf ec e ofdic i naton. cton, g s aied o ta e i aci as s rmi i 13 t a t d t do s by Ca l Sha be ge ,' nd be a e s w a a s d t do s by d a ge ent' t s ol o w o r a m r r' a c us he s dvi e o o û na m . m ' ( ke No. 28a 77,88. Suc e de e,howe r i no prbai ofprtxt tn Doc t 40- t ) h vi nc ve ,s t o tve ee . t l de tai t ... ii wa pr txt ghepli ifha jt pr 6 ht tt ras was monsrtng he decson s ee , t antf s o ove b0t ha he e on f l e,a t tdi c i i ton w a t r lr as '' Adam s v.Tr .oft U ni ofN . a s nd ha s rm na i s he ea e on.' s he v. Caolna W imi t 640F. 550,560( hCi. 1 (uoi Jmi zv.May W a hi on r i - l ngon, 3d 4t r 201 ) q tng i ne r s ngt Col.57F.d369,378( hCi.1 )(mpha i i orgna) l ot wor ,Siti no enough 1, 3 4t r 995) e ss n ii l. n her ds ' l s t g t dibele 'a ase tonma bydée nt thefc-i rmus beiveghepl ntf s o s ive' n sri de fnda ;t a tfnde t t le t ai if j e a tonofi e i lrc dici nai ' Lovelanev. a t 355F. 766, ( hCi. xplnai ntntona a e srmi ton.' -v M ri n, 3d 788 4t r 2004) He e t meef c t tSha r rorohe of il ma ha plyedar ei t fna . r ,he r a tha mbege t r ûcas y ve a ol n he l d cso t is et lte o c t eigd e n t e nsr t ta tea s re usiiainf r h e iin o su he etr f oms l o s o d mo tae h t h se tdj tfc to o t e n lte wasf s ort tt lte wa a t l is d be us ofKoe g' r c e tr ale, ha he et r s cualy s ue ca e ni s a e. K oeni al o t g s akesi sue w ih t w or ng oft l t ofcouns i nam el t f t s t he di he eter elng, y he act hat t l te i ntf e W ila sby na e e n t he e t r de ii s li m m , ve hough Koe g di notknow t tt c a s ni d ha he up nd poon bel onged t W ila sa t tm e s di pos d oft m . W hie i ntf ng t o ne oft c o li m t he i he s e he l de iyi he w r he up a s n ma ha be n ul es a y ort ar af er lcour S nd poo y ve e mec s r mf i, ed a t s notstasaki of does i nd s r per om w lde r m en w e g ng t pr ne ofe pl entde s ons m a by tr s upe - s pa t t i hi he ude e m oym d i de i m chage wihe oy ntdici nai ' De anet v. ni I ,1 F. 293,299( h r d t mpl me s rmi ton.' l r te Cor ng-nc. 33 3d 4t Ci.1 (ntr lciatona quoai maksomitd) l t d,t c tsts ec en'i r 998) i ena t i nd tton r te . nsea he our' ûol onc r ' s w he he t r a on f t c le d em pl enta ton w a t s rm i t y.' 1 H e e, he t r he e s or he ha l nge oym ci s k c i na or ' d. r t di c ti c nce t tt wor ng o t lte ofc our s onvi d ha he di f he et r ouns lngpr desno bassupon whih a ei ovi i c r ao a ej r c udi frp ee t e s n bl u y o l n e rtx . K oeni sr ai ng ar ent ar alo i fci t dem ons r et r di i i i g' em ni gum s e s nsuf i ent o t at hat ace scrm naton w ast r r on behi t di plnar acton t n agai tK oeni Once agai Koeni he eal eas nd he sci i y i ake ns g. n, g 14 e pha i st ts w asi s d a lt e ofc m s ze ha he s ue e t r ouns lng a W iln sw a not W hie c pa a o e i nd li m s . l om r t r e de e c be (e pec a l r l va ' t a s i ofpr t xt M c onne l ougl Cop . 411U . vi nc an t s i ly e e nt' o how ng ee , D lD as , S. a 804,t pe s be ng c pa ed m us be ùsm ia l st t d ...i a lr l va r s c s' t he r ons i om r t ûi l r y iua e n 1 e e nt e pe t . ' Odom v.ItlPa rCo.652F. pp. 671 692( D. . ) s as Liht r 545F.da n ' pe , Su 2d , E. Va 2009 ; ee lo g ne, 3 t 265. A sdi c s a ve t c t sco nc d t tt sr qui e e c nnotbe m e i t i t nt s us ed bo , he our i nvi e ha hi e r m nt a t n he nsa CRSC. Fi ly, oe g o f she o n conc us y opi o t t( GI di no w a t ups ta of na l K ni f er r w l or ni n ha C C d t nt o e ny N isA f i an- e i n e pl esora a t t m asi i f vor d Ca s a e pl yee . t rc Am rca m oye ppe r o he ft a e uca i n m o s ' ' ( Docke No.39a 1 ) Suc uns pore s c ai i aloi ufiin t etbls t tt t t 7. h up td pe ulton s s ns fce t o sa ih ha he a s t d ba i f t l t e ofc s ere s s or he e t r ouns lng w a pr t xtf r c di c i i ton. See W ila s v, ei s e e or a e s rm na i li m Cebeonis I .871F. 45 456( hCi.1 (SAIpli ifsownase tonsof r r c .nc, 2d 2, 4t r 985) GL antf sri dicrm i ton i a oft m s l s a e i uf i i ntt cot e s t nta e de ofl tm a e s i na i n nd he e ve r ns fc e o mt r ubs a i l vi nce egii t no s rmi t y ra onsf a a ree oyme a ton.) Li wie,hemeefc t t ndici naor e s or n dves mpl nt ci ' ke s t ' r a t ha Koe g i Ca s a a W ila s i A f i n- m e i a i i de t asa m a t rof1 w t ni s uca i n nd li m s rca A r c n s na qua e te a o a ti e t l t e ofc tr but he e t r ouns lng t r c A st U nied St t Cour ofA ppe l f rt Fo t e i o a e. he t a es t a s o he ur h Cic te anedi Hq nsv.Pe i l , F. 27 ( hCi. rui xpli n wki pscoa nc.203 3d 4 4t r 2000) : La doe no blndl a c i t r ce a lpe s lc l c sbe wee i vi sof w s t i y s r be o a l r ona ont i t t n ndi dual dif r ntr c . To do s woul t n t w or a i o a ltgi c ul on of f e e a es o d ur he kpl ce nt ii ous a dr r ci s pi i a al us c on. l t a l ga l s t c e e de e i r quied t t a f m a ns e d, e ly ufi i nt vi nc s e r o r ns or n or na y c l c ... nt a a tona e c a m ofdi c i i ton. di r onti t i o n c i bl l i s rm na i 1 a 28 d. t 2. Fort r s ns sa e t c tc l he ea o t t d, he our onc udest tKoe g ha f ie t pr f s fc e ha ni s a l d o ofer ufi i nt e denc ofpr e t a ds vi e etxt o voi umma' j me . Acc r ngl t dee ntsmotonwilbe l udg nt y o di y,he fnda ' i l grant w ih r pectt K oeni scl m ofrace di cri i i ed t es o g' ai s m naton. 1l. R et i i alat on I CountTw o ofhercom pl nt K oeni as t a cl m ofre alaton underTil VII I n ai , g sers ai t ii te . n a ton t pr hi tng di c i i ton on t ba i ofapr t c e tai, te V I m a i unl w f ddii o o bii s rm na i he s s o e t d r t Til I kes t a ul f a e oye t rt i eagans a e oye i c us (hee oye lha o e a or n mpl r o ealat i t n mpl e s a e t mpl e s pposd ny be prciema a unlwf e o a tc de n a ul mplyment aciebyt ss pr tc hi ubcha e . Se 42U. C.j2000e3() ptr' e ' S. - a. Toprvalonhe rtlai cli Koe gmus s w: 1 t ts e ge i aprtce a tviy; e i r eaiton am, ni t ho ( )ha he nga d n oe td ci t ( t tt defnda t k amaeilya reacina i the ;a ( t tac uslc ne ton 2) ha he e nt oo tral dve s to gans r nd 3)ha a a on ci e s e be we n t pr e t d a tviy a t m a e i ly a ve s a ton. EEOC v.N a Fe xi t d t e he ot c e c i t nd he t r a l d r e c i vv d. Crdi Uni 424F. 397, 06( hCi. 05 . Fort f l ngr s ns t c t e t on, 3d 405- 4t r 20 ) he olowi ea o ,he our concl udest Koeni hasf l t esabls t fr tel entand,t t t def hat g aied o t i h he i s em hus, hat he endanti al s so e t ld t s ni e o umma yj d me twihrs c t ti cam. t r u g n t epe t o h s li l t c e ofa r t i ton cl i , ç ot c e ac i t ' n be e t rço n he ont xt e ala i a m a t e t d tviy' ca pr ihe s ppos to ' ii n' a tviy o d r i i ton' a tviy. 1 a 406. A sr l va he e,op ii n a tviy i l c i t r ' tc pa i ' c i t d. t pa e e nt r post o c i t nc udes i e nalc ntr ompl nt a ai s boutalege dic i naor a tons l Fors h aci t t bepr t c e l d s rmi t y c i . d. uc tviy o o e t d, how ever,an em pl oyee m us opposean çact unl ulem pl entpr i 'ortan em pl ent t s ual awf oym actce' t oym pr tc t tt e pl e r s na y be i vesi unl w f . J r n v. le na i Re .Co . ac i e ha he m oye ea o bl le s a ul' o da A t r tve s p , ' 458F. 332,338( hCi.20 )(mphai i o i na) t a et a yssfrdeemi ng 3d 4t r 06 e ss n rgi l. c us he nal i o tr ni Bec wh te a e o e r a o a l b le e ap a tc i u lwf li a o j cieo e t eis ma eh r n mply e e s n by eiv s rcie s na ' s n b e tv n ,h sue y u be r ol d asa m a t rofl w .' 1 a 3 es ve te a ' d. t 39. I t sc e, oe g c e t ts e ge i d ot t a tviy' on t o oc asons t n hi as K ni ont nds ha he nga d n t ec ed c i t ' w pr c i , he fr tofw hi h w ason A ugus 1 20 whe s a ked t s k t D e a M il ra ta S or is c t 0, 07, n he s o pea o bor h le bou i k w rel ed siuaton' i w hi s beleved t s had been teat i a Sdi i i or m anner.' at t i ' n ch he i hat he r ed n d scrm nat y ' ( ke No.40- 5. Alhoug t e i,isl, ovi snoaddiina deal r gadi t Doc t 1 ) t h he mal tefpr de to l tis e r ng he 16 al d dic i naton, ni a s rst ts s ntt e la trl r ng t ta de ii ha lege s rmi i Koe g s e t ha he e he mai fe ea ni ha c son d bee m ade t di ci i he C ed s e y on t co pl i ofa A f i n Am e i a c w or r' n o s plne r t bas ol l he m a nt n rca r c n o- ke . ' ( ke No.39a 5. Doc t t ) W hl Ko n gma h v s b e tv l b le e t a s ewa b i gd s i ie i vo aino ie e i y a e u j ciey eiv d h t h s en icpl d n ilto f n Til Vl, hehasfie t s t the beifwasob e tveyras bl Asdefo Koeni s te ls ald o how ha r le j ci l e ona e. i rm g' ow n ba e as e tons t r i no e de t tt de i i t di ci i Koe g w asbas d on r c r s r i , he e s vi nce ha he c son o s plne ni e a e. O n t sr or t c ti con nc d t tno r as bl pe s c d ha be i ve t tK oe g hi ec d, he our s vi e ha e ona e r on oul ve le d ha ni w a t vi tm ofr ce di c i i ton. See Col m a v.Lo n Cou y Sc s he c i a s r m na i e n udo nt hoolBoa d,29 F. r 4 App' 778,4t Ci.2008 ( di t tt pli ifsbeift tj c ndi t weebei x (h r ) hol ng ha he antf le ha ob a daes r ng dic i naeda i tont bassofrc wasnotob e tveyras bl wheet r wast srmi t gans he i a e j ci l e ona e, r hee t no e de ewhas ve ,ohe t (hepl ntf'lown sl-evi uns t tae opi ons'; vi nc toe r t r han t ai ifs efsr ng, ubsanitd ni ' l M a v. rtUni Na' Ba 1 F. p' 242,2 ( hCi.2006)( di t tt plitf nn Fis on tl nk, 85 Ap x 48 4t r hol ng ha he anif ha no r s t c ude t a tons we e t ke o t bas sofhe ge r whe e t r w a no d ea on o oncl hat c i r a n n he i r nde , r he e s e de eofdici nai l he t n(hepli ifs baea s rinsl; rvv. ppos 776F. vi nc s rmi ton t r ha t antf') r s e to ' Pe r Ka , ot Su 2d 1 1 ( D. 2011 (t u re s c aini no e pp. 82, 97 E. Va. ) ç ppo td pe ulto s t nought wihsa amoi uns o t tnd ton f rs mmayj d me t Noo j cieyra o a l p ro i Plitf po i o wo l b l ve o u r u g n. be tv l e s n b e es n n an ifs st n ud ei , i e ba e on t f c spost d by Pli tf,t theors wasbei dic i i t d a ns on t ba i s d he a t ie a n if ha he ng s rm na e gai t he ss ofrc ge r orcoor' . Cons ue l Koe g' Aug t1 2007e i di notc tt e a e, nde , l .' ) eq nty, ni s us 0, mal d onsiut Cpr ect actviy'underTil VI t ot ed i t ' te 1. K oe g a s cl i st ts e age i C ot t a tviy' whe s e aied N a e , ni l o a m ha he ng d n d ec ed c i t ' n he m l pr pi r Rei e s Baiey,Fi a Debo a M il r o A ugus 1 2007,a c pl i a m r, l nn, nd r h le n t 6, nd om a ned boutW ila s li m ' co nduc . Ass tf t a t e orh bove, ni as e td t tW ila sha c e t d aGr c al u roned Koe g s re ha lim d r a e da i ly nde t hos ie w or e r e ' by s ndi e a l r f r i t venge nce a com pa i Koe g' tl k nvionm nt' e ng m is e e rng o a nd rng ni s 17 a inst t eofat ef ( ke No. 16. Oncea i t c t nor s t doubtha cto o hos hi . Doc t 40- ) gan,he our has eaon o t t Koe gfundW ila 'c ni o lims ommenss j tveyofe i No t ls ,hee de ei t ubeci l fnsve. nehee s t vi nc s i d q aea amatro 1w frKo n gt ha er a o byb le e t ts wa b i s be td na e u t s te f a o e i o v e s na l eiv d ha he s eng u j ce t a r c a l hos ie wor e r e . N one ofW iln s m es age t K oe g orot r o a i ly tl k nvionm nt li m ' s s o ni he s m e i d W ila s r c Koe g' r e orr ce i ge r l W hie W ila se a l d t EEO ntone li m ' a e, ni s ac , a n ne a . l li m m ie he of r(ndot rNGI ofi il)ononeocc sont co ana t dipos lofhe peronal fce a he C tcas a i o mpli bouthe s a r s pr r y,ne t rt te a l nort f c t tKoe g i Ca asa a W ila si ope t ihe ha m i, hc a t ha ni s uc i n nd li m s A f i n- e i a pr d a r a ona e ba i f bele ng t tW ila s sa e e s wer rca Am r c n, ovi es e s bl s s or i vi ha li m ' t t m nt e r i ly m o i t d ort i e w ih r c a hos iiy. Be us K oe g c d notha r s na y ac a l tva e a nt d t a i l tlt ca e ni oul ve ea o bl be i ved t tW ila s'c le ha li m onduc g rs t avi a i ofTil V I ,K oe g' Aug t1 2007 t ave i e o ol ton te 1 ni s us 6, e a ldi notc tt t ' ot c e a tviy' l de t s a ut m i d ons iu e t e t d c i t ' m r he t t e. pr Fo t e r s ,t c tc ncl r hes ea ons he our o udest tKoe g i una e t e t bls t fr te em e ha ni s bl o s a i h he i s l nt r quied t pr vai on a cl m ofr t la i 3 A c or ngl t de e nti al o e il t e r o e l ai e a i ton. c di y, he f nda s s ntted o s ummar j y udgme ont scam. nt hi li Co l i nc us on F rt er ao sae ,h c r wilg a t h d fn a tsmo inf rs o h e s ns ttd te ou t l rn t e e e d n ' to o ummayj g n . r ud me t The Cl r i di e t t s nd c r ii c esoft sm e or ndum opi on a t e k s r c ed o e e tfed opi hi m a ni nd he accom panyi or t al couns ofrecor ng der o l el d. Ix esR :'hi s r r s :9 d yo Jn ay, 2013. a f aur Chi fUnie S a e D it i tJ e t d t t s s rc udge 3Havi r ac d t sconcusi , t c t ng e he hi l on he our need notaddr s t r ni elm e s. W hie Koeni a guest e s he emai ng e nt l g r hat Remes Au s 2 , 0 e iwa û nisfc , nlwf rtl to '( c e No 3 a 22, rfi et i r' gu t 0 20 7 mal s ç t a e u a ul eai in'Do k t . 9 t )he al o o a ur esabls t s e t ih hat he ngaged i sat orl pr eced a i t i f alt he r alaton cai underTil Vl. Se n t ut iy ot t ctviy s at o r et i i l m te I e Vad ra v. ne wel c . lto ,nc, 3F. p 2 6 , 6 n.l ( Md. 0 )(Til Vl' le rma Ho y lTe h Sou ins l .47 Su p. d 58 6 4 1 D. 2 07 ' te ls a ir alaton pr son onl pr ec sempl nt-et i i ovii y ot t oyeeswho oppos pr ctce le ona y bele d't beunl ul e a i s r as bl ive o awf un rTil Vl.)(u tngNa yFe Crdt o 4 4F.da 40 ) de te 1' q o i v d. e iUnin, 2 3 t 6 . '

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