Baker v. McCall et al, No. 2:2011cv00037 - Document 46 (W.D. Va. 2012)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 2/6/2012. (flc)
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CLERK' OFFI E U. . ST. S C S Df COURT AT ROANOKE, A V F1 ED L O I TH E UN I N TED STA TES D I I T COU RT STR C + ' 6 z SVf ) - FO R TH E W ESTERN D I STRI O F V I CT RGW I A BI STON E GA P DI I ON G V SI FEB 26 2 1 22 J ULI . DUDLEX CL RK BY; R OCK Y L.BA K ER, Pl ntf , ai i f oc DEPUTY CL E Ci lA c i N o. 11 00037 vi ton 2: CV M EM O M N D UM O PIN IO N R ox M C CA LL,# g. tJ , - By: Hon. l n E.Co a Ge nr d ChifUnied St t Diti tJ e t aes src udge De e f ndan s t. Thi ca ei pr s ntybef et c t t de e nt 'moton t dim ist pl i ifs s s s e e l or he our on he f nda s i o s s he antf' fr tn e i s m nded c pl i a t pl ntf sm oton f r l a t fl a s c a e d co pl nt om a nt nd he ai i f i o e ve o ie e ond m nde m ai . Fo t r s s tf t be ow , he de e nt 'm o i w ilbe g a e and t pl i if sm oto r he ea ons e orh l t f nda s ton l r nt d he a ntf in wilbedim is asm oo . l s s ed t B ac ound kgr The f l i s m a y oft f c s whi h i t ke f om t pl ntf sfr ta e d olow ng um r he a t , c s a n r he ai i f i s m nde co pl n ,i a e e a t u f pu pos oft def nda s motonst dimis Se Erc on m ait s cc pt d s r e or r es he e nt' i o s s . e iks v.Padus 551U. 89,94( ) r , S. 2007 . The pl i tf ,Roc L. ke ,w a em pl d b t N or o Ciy Sc a n if ky Ba r s oye y he t n t hool f s ve ye s s or e n m'. Hewor d a a a ssa prnci lfom 200 t J y of2009,whe heobt ne t poston of ke s n s it nt i pa r 4 o ul n ai d he ii prnc pa a J 1 Bur on Hi h Sc i i l t ohn . t g hool Ba s r e i t tposton untlN ove be 1 201 . ker e v d n ha ii i m r , 0, whe hewa a sg t t Ce r lOfi e a As it n t t Superntnde .Ba r mai d n s s i ned o he nta fc s ssa t o he i e nt ker e ne i t tpos ton t tlJ m e 30,2011 w he hi c r tw a no r ne e a he wasef e tve y n ha ii m i t , n s ontac s t e w d nd fci l t nat Dtr ng t t ee year pr enni ed. li he hr s ecedi hi t m i i Bakeral s ng s er naton, so erved as Di orof rect Tr ns r a i G i t and Ta e ed Coor na or Til 11Coor na o ,a G EA R UP a po t ton, fed l nt di t , te I di t r nd Co di t , n a ton t hi ot pos tons A tt tm e ofhi t r i ton,de enda sRon or na or i ddii o s her ii . he i s e m na i f nt M ccal Ti Ca s l,W ileM a Ha s St veM c r a Stve Chide swe em e b sof l, m s e l li e ni , e Eloy, nd e l r r m er t N oron Ciy Sc he t t hoolBoa d,a de e ntJ fCom e wast Supe i e ntoft N o t r nd f nda ef r he r nt nde he r on Ciy Sc t hool . sl On ora boutSe e ber30, 0,Ba rad s Com e t the i e d t m a r pt m 201 ke vi ed r ha nt nde o r y Cahei Philps at ubor naee o e. ( s Am. t rne li , ç di t mplye ' 1t Compla ! 1 .l r pons Come s ' . t 3) n es e, r pr s nt d Ba rwih aco ofSc e e e ke t py hoolBoa d Polc GCCB - Empl r iy oyme ofFa iy M e r nt m l mbe s (ûhePolc ),a a sdBa rt tt Polc C ul p o bi ( ke)fom ma ng t t iy' nd dvie ke ha he iy û d r hi t Ba r r wo nyi Philps' (d. ! 1 . li -' I at 4) z Subs que t t m e tng, ke i or d Come t the a Philpsha de de nott e nt o he e i Ba r nf me r ha nd li d ci d o ma r be us t y wa ed Ba rt bea et ke p hi prnci lposton.Ba ra lgest t r y, ca e he nt ke o bl o e s i pa ii ke le ha , d s iet c u l' d cso ,t eS h lBo r d moe a dr a sg e g k r t teCe ta e pt he o pe s e iin ûh c oo a d e td n e sin d Ba e) o h nr l t Ofi e, i nai hi ttea prncpa a r plci iwih (he tteofAs itntt t tc elmi tng s il s i i l nd e a ng t t t l il ssa o he Su rn e d n . 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Fa iy m e ber ar defned asf her mot ,br her sser s e,s m l m s e i at , her ot , it , pous on, daught ,s i l daught -n-aw,ss e -n-aw orbr her i l . er on-n-aw, er i l it r i l ot -n-aw ( fnda s Ex.1 . Dee nt' ) Folowi hi r a sg ntt t Ce r lOfi ei Nove rof201 Ba ri r d as l ng s e s inme o he nta fc n mbe 0, ke nquie t whe he i w oul be a v ol ton oft Polc f rhi t m a r Philps snc he wasno l nge o t rt d i ai he i y o m o r y li , i e o r hers r s . Ba ra lgest tCo e a s d hi t tt r woul beno vi a i a t , upe vior ke le ha m r dvie m ha he e d olton nd, hus t tt marigewoul nota f c hi e pl m e . ha he ra d fe t s m oy nt Ats poi t e he ,Ba rma re Philps Alhough t m a agedi notvi ae ome nt her a r ke ri d li . t he ni d olt t Polc t de e nt de lne t r ne hi e o he iy,he f nda s ci d o e w s mplymen c r tf t 2011 201 s hool t ontac or he - 2 c year. Ba rfl t i t ta ton on Aug t1 2011 n hi fr ta e ke ied he nsan c i us 6, .I s is m nded c ompl i ,Ba r ant ke aset t f l ngcamsunde 42U. C.j1 i prvai ofpr pet rght't s rs he olowi li r S. 983:t i ton de o ry i s'countI; ) t e rv to o lb ryrg t'( u t1) a dt e rv to o panifsrg t ofe s e c ' ç p iain f i et ihs'Co n 1. n ç p iain f litf ih t re p e h' d , d ( u t 1) Ad iin ly i Co n 1 Ba e a s rsas p e na saelw cam o Co n 11. dto al,n u t V, k r se t u plme tl tt a li f de a a i a i tde e ntHa rs f m ton ga ns f nda ri . Di scussi on 1. M ot on t D i i i o sm ss Thedee nt ha move t dimisBa rscai ptruantt Rul 1 b)6)oft fnda s ve d o s s ke ' l ms ts o e 2( ( he Fe rlRul ofCi lPr e e.ifhepupos ofaRul 1 b)6 moi i t t tt dea es vi oc dur d' r e e 2( () ton s o es he s f e c o ac mplit' Ed r sv. t o God b r ,1 8F.d2 , 4 ( t Ci.1 9 ) u t n y f o an . wad Ciy f ls o o 7 3 31 2 3 4h r 9 9 . ki ' W h nrviwigacam u d rRue1 ( )6 ,h c u t s a c pt l o t alg to si t e e e n li n e l 2 b ( ) te o r mu t c e a1 f he le ain n he c ompl i a tuea d a al r as bl i e e si f voroft pl ntf.L. a 244. ant s r nd r w l e ona e nf r nce n a he ai if da t . AlhoughE c ai atc db aRul 1 b)6)moi t dimisdoesnotne ddeald t ( ompl nt ta ke y a e 2( ( ton o s s e tie fcua algai ,apl ntf soblg tont pr det gr a t l le tons ai if iai o ovi he oundsofg s entte ntt rle hij ilme o eif r r m or t l s and concl i ,and a f m ul creciaton oft el ent ofa cause equies e h% abel us ons or ai ti he em s ofa tonwilno do.'BelAt. p.v.Two v,550U. 5 555( ) Astmi t ci l t ' l lCor mbl S. 44, 2007 . sl ng he f c ua aleg t o i t c pl i a e t u t y t us be e a t l l a i ns n he om a nt r r e, he ç t nough t r s a rghtt r le a ve m o aie i o e i f bo t s c a i l l' 1 he pe ultve eve . d. ' W h l e tisce d n emu tg n rl n t ec n ie e a teRu e1 ( )6 sa e t ie x rn i vie c s e eal o b o sd rd t h l 2 b ( ) tg ,ç y a cour ma co i rofi i lpublcr c ds doc nt c nta t pli ifsc am ,a docl e s t y nsde tc a i e or , ume s e r l o antf l i nd tm nt s fce l r f re t i t c m pli s l a t a he i t oft edoc e si not ufi inty e e r d o n he o a nt o ong s he ut ntciy hes um nt s diputd.'W it v. d.ns Co.1 F.App' 395,396(t Ci. s e ' thohn Fe I . , 64 x 4h r 2006)( tngAlenai cii tr tve Enegy.nc. StPa Fie& Ma i l . ,267F.d 3 33( s Ci. :.I t sc s t r l v. . ul r zne ns Co. 3 0, 1t r 2001 n hi a e,he def nda ss e nt ubmitd a c oft s ho s t m ' wrtenpolc on t empl e off m iy te opy he c ol yse s it iy he oym nt n l m e r wih t i m o i t dim is Bec us Bake s ik al r f r t t Polc i hi mbe s t her ton o s s . a e r pect ly e e s o he i y n s compl nta doe notdiput t e bi' a he i iy,t c tma pr ry consde t ai nd s s e he xhi ts ut ntct he our y ope l i r he Poiywi u c n e t gtemoint dimist o frsl r j d me t L s eas lc t t o v ri h to o s s o ne o l ho n mmay u g n . d e lo =; Se a v. rtLi ryI . wrz Fis be t ns Cop.No. 1 , 3:0CV1 201 U. DitLEXI 92,a *7- n. ( D. 20, 2 S. s. S t 8 2 E. Va J n 3 2 2 ( oi gt a t c u t o l p o e l c nsd rt ep lc s b te wiht e . a . , 01 ) n tn h the o r c u d r p ry o ie h oiy u mitd t h d fnd n ' mo int d s s, ic iwa a t e tca ditg a t t ep an ifsc mp an ) ee a ts to o imis sn e t s uh n i n n e rl o h litf o lit. A. Cl msunde j1983 ai r I hi frta n s is mende c antBa ra srsanumbe ofcai unde 42U. C.j 1 d ompli , ke se t r l ms r S. 983, whi h i c mpos ci llabiiy o a pe s a tng t rc orofsa e1w t de i a t r es vi i lt n ny r on c i mde ol t t a o prve no he pe s ofrg sa prvie s c e byt Consiuton a l wsoft Unie St es r on iht nd i lges e ur d he tt i nd a he t d at . Spe ii a l B a ra l ge t the w a de i d ofpr e t pr pe t a lbe t i e e t i c f c ly, ke le s ha s pr ve ot c ed o ry nd i ry nt r s s n vi a i oft due pr es c a e oft Fouree h Am e e ,a t tt de e ol ton he oc s l us he t nt ndm nt nd ha he f ndan s t r alat agai thi f exer sng hi Fis Am endm entr ghtt f ee s et i ed ns m or ci i s rt i o r peech. 4 1. Due Proc s C l m s e s ai TheFouree h Ame t nt ndmentt t Unie Stt sConsiutonpr vi t tno sa e o he t d a e tt i o des ha tt Es l ...de i a pe s oflf ,lbe t o pr ry wihoutduepr es oflw . U. iha l prve ny ron ie i ry, r ope t, t oc s a ' S. ' Cons . e X I . The Fouree t Am e e ' due pr s c aus c a ns bot pr dur l t Am nd. V t nh ndm nt s oce s l e ont i h oce a a s t ntve c po nt . C oc dur ldue pr ce si pos c tai s on gove n e al nd ubs a i om ne s l e a pr o s m es ons r nt r m nt de ii whih d prve i vi l ofEi ry'o ç ope t i e e t wihi t m e ni oft c sons c e i ndi dua s lbe t r pr ry' nt r ss t n he a ng he DuePr s Cl e.... Mahe v. drdce 424U. 31 332( 976) Thi c oce s aus ' t ws El i , ' S. 9, 1 . s ompone nt r quiest gove nme t pr dece ti pr e a pr e tonswhe ve i de i sape s e r he r nt o ovi ra n oc dur l otc i ne r t prve r on ofi e e t t tt pe s ha a quied i c r a n be tt . Bd. Reg nt v.Ro h,408 U . nt r s s ha he r on s c r n e t i ne i s of e s t S. 564,576( 97 .I c r s,t s tntveduep oc s c mpo nttba glc ran 1 2) n ontat he ubsa i r e s o ne ç rs e ti g r m e a a tonsr ga dl s oft f r s oft pr d e us d t i e e tt m . ove n nt l c i e r e s he aine s he oce ur s e o mplm n he ' ' Cnt ofSacn nt v.Le s 523U. 833,8 ( 998)(ntr quottonmaksomitd) l v. rme o wi, S. 40 1 i enal ai r te . t E ovi he g e d pr e ton a i tgove n nti e f r nc wih c rai f m e alrght d pr des i ht ne ot c i gans r me ntre e e t e t n undn nt i s a lbet i erss' Tr lv.Grnvil 5 U. 57 65( nd i ry nt et. oxe ' a le, 30 S. , 2000)(ntmalquottonmaks ie ai r o te ) I t i c s , k rscams whl n t pe iial lb lda s c , se t ilto so mi d . n h s a e Ba e ' li , ie o s cfc ly a ee s u h a sr vo ai n f t hi pr e a a s t tve d pr ce sr g s s oc dur l nd ubsan i ue o s i ht . a. Depri i ofPropert vaton v l Count1ofhi tr ta e d c pl i ,Bake a l ge t the ha a co tt i l n s i s m nde om a nt r le s ha d ns iutonaly pr e t d pr pe t i e e ti hi c i d e pl m e w ih t N or on Ciy Sc ot c e o ry nt r s n s ontnue m oy nt t he t t hool ,a t t s nd ha t de e nt de i d hi oft ti e es by notr ne ng hi e oy e c ta t To he f nda s prve m ha nt r t e wi s mpl m nt on r c . supportt scl m ,Bakercont hi ai endst he pos ed a l tm at enttem entt contnued hat sess egii e il o i em pl ent because he dhad obt ned contnui cont acts at due t hi t ee yearsas oym , s ai i ng r t us o s hr Die trofTrns ttonwihNoron,i whihpostonhesr e asas vior' ( s Am. r co a porai t t n c ii evd uper s . 1t ' Co l a ! 1 ) mp . t 2 . To t e e Ba ra tm p st sae apr e la duepr s cli r l tngt t he xtnt ke te t o t t oc dtr l oce s am e ai o he t r i ton ofhi e pl e , he c tc ude t thi aleg tons a e i uf i i n t e m na i s m oym nt t our oncl s ha s l a i r ns fc e t o w ihs a t de e t t nd he f ndan s m oton t d s i s W hie t pa te diagr e ast w he he Ba rhad t ' i o im s . l he ri s s e o t r ke ac e d c i ng c r c sa usb vit ofs r i ast DiecorofTr ns ra i f hive ontnui onta t tt y rue e vng he r t a po tton or t e ye r pro t hi t nni ton, t c tne d notde i t sis t dipos ofhi hr e a s i r o s e na i 3 he our e cde hi s ue o s e s pr dur ldue pr es cl i . Eve as um i t tBa rha a pr e t pr pe t i e es i oce a oc s a m n s ng ha ke d ot c ed o ry nt r t n contnued e pl ym e ,a t the w a de i d oft ti e e ta a r s tofhi t r i ton,a i m o nt nd ha s prve ha nt r s s e ul s e m na i pr dur ldue pr ce svi a i ( sno c pl t unl s a l tlt St t f ist pr de due oce a o s ol ton t t om e e e s nd m i he a e a l o ovi i pr ce s' Zi r nv. c 494U. 11 11 ( 990) Thus t pr valonapr edurldue o s . nemo Burh, ' S. 3, 6 1 . ,o e i oc a pr es c a m ,ç pl i ifm us ha t ke a nt ge oft pr es e t ta e a l bl t hi oc s l i ç a ntf a t ve a n dva a he oc s s ha r vaia e o m . . ., unl s t epr s esa euna l eorpa e ty i de e. Al n v. uki 2 F. e s hos oce s r vaiabl t n l na quat ' vi Suz , 27 3d ' 1 7 1 6( dCi. 0 ) s eas Dusn kv. n o , 7 F.d 5 8 5 3( t Ci.1 8 )(û 0 , 1 3 r 20 0 ; e lo a e Hn n n 6 7 2 3 , 4 7h r 9 2 tA1 ( sa ec no behe dt ha vi a e d pr e sr uie nt whe i ha ma pr e lal tt nn t l o ve olt d ue oc s eq r me s n t s de oc dtr pr ecinlla ia ea t pli ifha smpl r usdt a ihi efoft m.'. ot to s valbl nd he antf s i y ef e o val msl he ' ) l t sc e,Ba ' frtame d c m pli i de d ofa a lga i ofpr e al n hi as kers is nde o ant s voi ny le tons oc dur de i e e r lt d t hi t r nai n.Ba rdo notaleg t the u ii dt pr e s fcincis ea e o s e mi to ke es l e ha tlze he oc s 3Fort pur esofpr he pos ocedur due pr s pr rt i er t ar notdefi by t al oces , ope y nt ess e ned he Cons iuton,buti t d sem f om an i tt i nsea t r ndepe nts ces assat l R0t 408 U . a 577. nde our uch t e aw. h, S. t UnderVigi a lw ,a publc s r ni a i choola i sr t hasapr ect pr rt rghti hi em pl e once dm nita or ot ed ope y i n s oym nt h o ansc n i n c ta tsaus Hibit v. h na Sc Bd.43 F. x20 206( h Ci. e bti o tnuig onr c tt . b ts Buc a n h. , 3 App' 3, 4t r 2 1 ( ii W ooe v. itnFo g Sc Bd.655F. 55 ,5 - (t Ci.1 :. E u r ior' 0l ) ctng tn Clfo r e h. , 2d 2 54 55 4 h r 981 A û pe vs ' s ma a hiv c ntnungc nta tsau wh n c t nr q rme sa eme. S eVa. dej2 12 4; y c e e o i i o r c tt s e erai e uie nt r t e Co 2.- 9 8 Va. mi Cod j20440 1 Ad n. e - - 0. 6 a ia ef c le nghi t r i ton ort ts h pr es wa c tt i l i quae. va lbl or ha lngi s em na i ha uc oc s s onsiutonaly nade t 4 Bec us t hepl ntf c r s p t tpr e sa us t f de alc t asam e nst ge ba k a et t ai if amot ki ha oc s nd e he e r ours a o t c wha hewa s'hi pr d a duepr es cai mus bedim is d.Al n,227 F. a 11 t nt,' s oce ur l oc s l m t s se vi 3d t 6. To t e e Bake a s i e t a s r a s t tve due pr e s c a m a i i f o t he xt nt r l o nt nds o s e t ubs an i oc s l i r sng r m he deprva i ofhi a lge pr ry i e e ti c i d e oy e wih t Noron Ciy i ton s le d ope t nt r s n ontnue mpl m nt t he t t S h o s s c cam mus l e s b d s se .ç l erg t s b e t op o e t a d e c o l, u h li t i wie e imisd d i ih s u j c t r c dl l u k un k r pr s pr e ton,whi h a i e f om s zc s ot rt t Cons iuton, ubs a i due pr es oce s ot c i c rs r olr e he han he tt i s t ntve oc s rg sars s el fom t Consiu i ' Hua v.Bd. Gove nor ofUni ofN . , F. iht ie ol y r he tt ton. ' ng of r s v. C.902 2d 11 11 n.1 ( h Ci.1 ) Be us Ba rsrg t c i dpublce oy nt i a 34, 42 0 4t r 990 . ca e ke' iht o ontnue i mpl me ,f ny, wa arghtcrae bysaelw,idoesnoti i t s tntveduepr es.Se jt ( tng s i e td tt a t mplcae ubsa i oc s e .snoi t . t tt pli ifse il me t aposton,lfi e ss i e s nta l a sa elw c r c rght ha he antf ntte nt o ii Ci t xit , s s e ily t t a onta t i , n t fnd me tlitr s e o idi t eCo si to ' seas Nih lsv. n S ae o a u n n a nee t mb de n h n tt inl; e lo c oa Pe n. tt u Uni , 2 F.d 1 3 1 2 (dCi. 0 0 (oi n t eS ra mao i o c u t o a pe l'whc v.2 7 3 3 , 4 3 r 2 0 ) nig h l e t j rt f o rs f p as' ih g y ha hedt tt i empl nti ( t af ndn tlpr ryi ees e il t s bsa i ve l ha t c publ oyme s nol u mena ope t ntr t ntted o u tntve duepr s pr e ton' Ac or ngl Cou loft frtn oce s otci ). c di y, nt he is mende c antmus be d ompli t din i s d. s As e b. D epri i ofLi vat on bertv l Cot 1 , ke a s r st the w a dep i d oflbe t i e e t pr e t d by t n mt I Ba r s e t ha s r ve i r y nt r s s ot c e he Foure nt Amendme .Spe t ly,Ba rco e t dee nt vi ae hi Ci ryrg g te h nt cikal ke ntnds he fnda s oltd s 'be t ihtj l t ma ' e or i t s hools tm ' polc o t e o e off m iy membe s a o ny'by nf cng he c yse s iy n he mplym nt n l r , nd 4I deed, Baker scouns ac n ' el knowldge durngt he i on t i t ntmotonst Bakerdi e d i he arng he ns a i hat d notavai hi s foft applcabl gre l m el he i e ivance pr ocedur e. t a te t u te d p ie ( mlo hsl ryrg tt e g g i t ep o e so o (i) h t h y t rh r e rv d hi f i i t ih o n a e n h r f sin f h s f be c i 's ciialyt tofd i i l' ( s Am.Compla !!30- ) Fort ras t t hoosng,' pe fc l ha ç ncpa. 1t pr ' .t 31. he e ons ha f lo t c t t o cu e ta Co n 1 i as s be tt d s sa. olw,he ol c n ld s h t u t 1 s lo u jc o imisl r i . Ri t M arrv ght o l i wel s tl d t tt Cons iuton e br e a f ndn e a r ghtt m a y. See W a e s t s l e te ha he tt i m ac s u m nt l i o n' tr v.Gaso Cnt ,57F. 422,425( hCi.1 ( tngLo ngv. ,388U. 1 1 ( 967). tn y. 3d 4t r 995) cii vi Va. S. , 2 1 ) TheUnied St t Supr me Cour ha r c z howe r t tt srg i notwihout t aes e t s e ognied, ve ,ha hi i ht s t lmiai I Za oc v. dhai, U. 3 ( 978)t Su emeCour hedt tû e y i tton. n bl ki Re l434 S. 74 1 ,he pr t l ha t ver not r srci ont rgh t mar vi aegqt Consiuton;rt rte ona ergultonst do etiton he i t o ry olt s he tt i ahe ras bl e ai hat notsg t l i e f r wih de ii t e e i o t m a ia r a i hi ma be lgii ael inikanty nt re e t c sons o nt r nt he rt l eltons p y e tm t y i e ''W ae s 57F. at425(uoi Za oc ,434U. a 386- .Theeor src mpos d.' tr, 3d q tng bl ki S. t 87) rf e, tit s r tny a i sçonl t r gultonst tçi nii a l i e f r wih t rgh t m a r ' I c u i pple t y o e a i ha sg fc nty nt re e' t he i t o ry.' d. ( i Za oc , U. a 388) l apolc orr ultondo noti e fr ç rcl a quotng bl ki434 S. t . f iy eg ai es ntree ç e ty nd di s tntal wiht fmda nt rghtt marag 't c t tCa al r viw t ( olc ubsa ily t he t me al i o ri e, he our mus E cily e e he pj iy ' f t dee mi whe he t r wasar tona bassf ispas a ' l a 426. o tr ne t r he e a i l i or t s ge. d. t ' I W a e s t Unie St t Cour ofAppe l f t Fourh Cicui wast s wih n t r , he t d aes t a s or he t r t a ked t r viwi apolc t tpr hi t s e fo wor ng wihi t s me de rm e a or e e ng iy ha o bied pous s r m ki t n he n pa t nt nd/ s r ii e c ot r JJa 424.Notngt tt polc wa ak r r ltdr titon'wih upe vsng a h he . .. t I, i ha he iy s t k-eae esrci ' t wo m e ey Cncde a e f c s'o m a a ,t Fourh Cic i he d t tt polc di d tdiecl r l l i nt l fe t' n ni ge he i t r u t l ha he iy d s no r ty a s tntal itre ewih (he rg (oma byprve i t ewhowiht mar fo nd ubsa ily nefr t t j iht t nyl e ntng hos s o ry r m doi s ' J a 426(ntr lq ainmakso te .G mos,'heCour emphasze t ng o.' Z t i ena uotto r mitd) ; At t't t i d,he polc w asS n t e c e hur e,f r i one s us t a tm ptt t a f rt anot r iy k mw l om a dl o c ng po e o te o r ns e o he 8 de rm e wihi t Coun y o t lavet Count sempl at t r' L. Cons nty, pa t nt t n he t r o e he y' oy logehe . da ' . eque l t Cour he d t tt polc di nots f c e l i pa ta f he t l ha he i y d uf i i nty m c undn e a r gh s a t r qui e m nt l i t o s o e r src s r tny a l i Ltit c u i nayss. d a l r lng a i di i W a e s t Fou t Cic twasnoti t m i r t on t s i s A s n u i s t d n t r , he rh r ui n he no iy hi s ue. t eUntdS ae Co r o Ap e l f rt S xhCic i p e iusyn td,dv it l e r c u t h i tts u t f p as o he i t rut rvo l oe E qrual vey o r e l y t ha co r nt d achal nget a a ine im polc on Fis Am e o ve nfo e le o n nt- pots iy rt ndme ,s t ntvedue nt ubsa i pr ce s eq lpr eci o ot rg oundsha a i d rtonalba i s r tny. M ont om e y v. o s , ua ot ton, r he r s pple ai ss c u i ' ' g r Ca r 1 F. 111 11 (t Ci.1 .Fori t e i Paksv.CiyofW n ne Robi ,43 r, 01 3d 7, 26 6h r 996) nsanc ,n r t r r ns 609,61 ( 1hCi.1 , ofsvealde so t t FourhCicuif ndperu i i 4 1 t r 996)one e r ciins hathe t r t ou s asve n W a e s t Unie St t s Cour ofAppea s f t El ve t Ci c thel a f l w s: t r , he td a e t l or he e n h r ui d s olo W e conc ude t tt W a ne Robi a i ne i m polc doesnot l ha he r r ns nt- pots iy die l a s t nta l i e f r w ih t r ghtt m a r The polc doe r cty nd ubs a i ly nt r e e t he i o r y. iy s notc eaea die tlgalobsa l t twoul pr ve a ol el ac a sof r t rc e t ce ha d e nt bs ut y l s pe e f o m a r ng. W hie t po i y m a pl ce i r s d e opl r m r yi l he lc y a nc ea e cono i m c btr ns on c r a n c t em pl e who w i h t m a r one a he ,t lde e t i iy oye s s o ry not r he polc do no f r d t m fom m a ng .... i y es t o bi he r nyi Any i r as ec nc e ed onom i c bur n c e e by t an ine im polcyi no mor t n a i de a de r atd he t- pots i s e ha n nci nt l e f c ofa polc a m e a m ai ai ng t ope a i le t i nc of fe t i y i d t nt ni he r tona fk e y W ane Robi 'g r m e t de rm e s no adiec a tmptt c tol r r ns ove n n al pa t nt, t r t te o on r t m a ialdecsonsofciy e o es he rt ii t mplye . M or ove ,ndi dua i t nc ofha ds p no wihsa ng, he e r i vi l nsa es r hi t t tndi t a ine ts polc a is he edoesnotm a ma a pr c i ly nt- po im iy t s ue r ke ni ge a tcal i o sbef rapat ua ca so p ro .Al o g g epli t f)h v mp s il o ri lr ls f es ns t u h t ani s a e c h h f posponedt i we ngf ove f y r , ndi t out t her ddi or r our ea s pe ng he come oft s hi ca e t y ha pr s , he ve oduce no e de o ot rc essm ia l detred d vi nce f he oupl i lry e r byt polc nordo webe ivet tor na iy s h wilbet c e.A s he iy, le ha di rl uc l he as t SuprmeCour notdi ( lfnov. obs,434U. 47,5 ( 977), he e t e n Caia J t S. 4 1 1 a saut i notr r d i i smpl be us s peronswho mi tt e s ende e nvald i y ca e ome s ght ot r s ha m a redwe ede e r d byt r e o bec us s he wie ve ri r t re he ul r a e omewho di d m a r w e e btr ned t r by. r y r lde he e Bec us t W n n rRobi polcydoesnotdiec l and a e he r e ns i r ty s bsa tal itreewihtef n na rg t oma wes b e t h u tn ily n efr t h t me tl ih t ny, u j c t e md polc t r tonalba i s r tny. iy o a i ss c u i P r s 43F.da 61 (nen l u tto mak a da dto a ctto o te ) a k , 3 t 4 itr a q oain r s n d i n l i ins mitd . i a Appl ngW ae sa t de ii nscie f vor bl t r i t c t r e wih t yi tr nd he c so td a a y he en, he our ag e s t he de e nt t tt No t Ciy Sc s a ine ts polc d notdie ty a s t nta l f nda s ha he ron t hool' nt- po im iy oes r c l nd ubsa ily i e fr wih t rghtt ma r ThePolc doe no f bi ma ra at t r a i Lovi or ntre e t he i o ry. iy s t or d ri ge logehe , s n ng, f r d m a r a w ihoutt pe m i son o t s a e, i Za oc . û m os , t Polc l sa o bi r i ge t he r s i f he t t as n bl ki t At t' he i y i n ' i unwe c l omehur e, f ci ones et a tm p t ta f rt a he s ho orde rme dl ' or ng ' pous o te t o r nse o not r c ol pa t nt wihi t s hools tm ,ort l vet s hools t m ' e o alogehe . W a e s 57 F.d a t n he c yse o ea he c yse s mpl y t t r tr, 3 t 426. Bec us t Polc doe no s gnii n l i e f r w ih t rghtofm a a i i not a e he i y s t i fca ty nt r e e t he i ni ge, t s s be t src sr tn a ayss n ta ,h c u t t e iw tePo iyt d tr n wh t r u j d o tit c uiy n l i.Ise d t e o r mus r ve h lc o eemie ehe t r wa ar tona bassf ispa s ge.l he e s a i l i or t s a d. l a a t m ptt a d t a plca i n oft r tonalba i s a r Ba r a gue t tt n n te o voi he p i t o he a i s s t nda d, ke r s ha he Polc w ass l c i l e or e by t s hools t m ,a t tis s e tve e or e e w a r nt iy e e tve y nf c d he c ys e nd ha t el c i nf c m nt r a s t a ia i ofsrcts r tny a yss Howe r Ba rciesno a ho iyt s he pplc ton ti c u i nal i. ve , ke t ut rt o uppor t s t hi ar um e , ndt co ta e wih t de e n st ti co l t prncpl sofs tntve d g nt a he ur gr es t he f nda t ha t nfaes i i e ubsa i ue pr s w ih t e ofe lpr t c i n. I t c e ofs bs a i d pr es ,a t Fourh oce s t hos qua o e to s n he ont xt u t ntve ue oc s s he t Cic temphasz d i W ae s co t Ss d a y src s nzi onl t r gultonst t r ui i e n tr , urs lhoul ppl tit c tny y o e ai ha ûin fc n l itree wi terg tt mar . W aes 5 F.da 4 5(mp ssa d d sg iia ty ne fr ' t h ih o ry' tr, 7 3 t 2 e ha i d e ) h ' ( i Za oc ,434U. a 388 ;seas M o g r v.Car 1 F. 111 11 ( h Ci. quotng bl ki S. t ) e lo ntomey r, 01 3d 7, 24 6t r 1 Cûnt s tntveduepr es c e ,Za oc hol t td tr ni t a oprae 996) l he ubsa i oc s ontxt bl ki ds ha eemi ng he ppr it 5BakerdoesnotAs tan equalpr e i cl m i hi frtame ser ot cton ai n s is nded compl nt Even i hi ai . f s alegatonsofs ec i enf cementc d be consr t r s s cl m,t cour concl ,f t l i el tve or oul tued o aie uch ai he t udes or he ras nssae beo t a s hcam wo dno s vv tedee da t'Rul 1 b)6 mo in. e o ttd lw, h t uc li ul t ur ie h f n n s e 2( ( ) to 10 lvelofs ui y t a yt gove nme a a ton a lge t i rnget rghtofm a a r quies e cr tn o ppl o r nt l c i le d o nfi he i ni ge e r a t o- t p a l i :fr t a co tm us a k whe he t polc orac i i a diec or s t nta w s e na ys s is , ur ts t r he i y ton s r t ubs a i l i er e e e wih t rg ofm a r a ;s c nt f r nc t he i ht r i ge e ond, ft polc ora ton i a die ta s t nta i he i y c i s r c nd ubs a i l i er e e e wih t rg ofm a r a ,a y s rc s r tny,o he w i e a y r tonalba i nt f r nc t he i ht r i ge ppl t i t c u i t r s ppl a i ss sr tny.);W olor v.Ang one 38F.Supp.2d45 46 ( . Va 1 ( di t tt c ui ' fd el , 2, 2 W D. . 999) hol ng ha he Vigni De a t n o Cor cins a t-rtmiainr g lto wa û ts jc t h ihe d r i a p rme t f re to ' n ifae z to e uain s û ube t o eg tne no sr tny' Be us t Polc i t sc s doe notsgnii nl i efr wiht rg t mar c ui ). ca e he iy n hi a e s i fca ty ntree t he iht o ry, t co ti c nce t tr to lbasss r tny i a o it he ur s onvi d ha ai na i c u i s ppr prae. A ppl ng t s s a r ofr vi w ,t c tha no m i gi ngs i c udi t tt yi hi t nda d e e he our s s vi n oncl ng ha he Polc pa s sm us e . A st Fourh Cicui e pha i e i W a e s s h r ul to on t iy s e tr he t r tm s z d n t r , uc eg a i ns he e oyme ofs esorot rfm iy membe sC fe t t r tonala l bl wor a e mpl nt pous he n l r t f cuae a i e nd auda e kpl c g s's h a E voi ng c lc sofi e es be wee wo k-e aedand f miy-ea e oal, uc s s di onfit ' a ntr t t n r r lt a l r lt d o i tons r duc ng f vorts oreve t a blga i ; e i a iim n he ppea a e off vort s ; e ntng f m iy c lc s r nc a ii m pr ve i n l onfi t fom a f c i t w or ac , ' r f e tng he kpl e' and, lm ii i e - tce da i de r asng t lke i by i tng nt r ofi tng, c e i he i lhood of sxualhaasme i t wor a e. W ae s 57F. a 426(nenalcttona quotton e r s nt n he kplc ' tr, 3d t ' itr iai nd ai mak o te ) Fo te era o s t ec u t o cu e ta tePoiyi rto al r ltdt a r s mitd . r h s e s n ,h o r c n ld s h t h lc s ai n l eae o y lgii t gove n e t i e e ta t , ha ise or e tdi notvi a eBa ' e tma e r m n al nt r s nd, hus t t t nf c men d olt kers f m e a rg t m a r unda nt l i ht o r y. l r s ns t t de e nt m oto Bake e pha i st the w a t a f r e t t n e po e o he f nda s' i n, r m s ze ha s r ns e r d o he Ce ta Ofiee e to g h d cd dn t omar hi s b r iaee o e , ndt a ûth r i n rl fc v n h u h e e ie o t ry s u o dn t mply e a h tt l e e s g nopolc whihpr hi t as r iorfom dai as di t ' ( .sBr i Opp' a 6) As iy c o bis upe vs ' r tng ubor nae. Pl' .n ' nt . t de e nt not i t i r pl bre , e r Ba rc t s no a hort t s por t he f nda s e n he r e y i f how ve , ke ie ut iy o up t he pr poston t tt &i ry rghtt ma r 'o whi h Count1 i pm i lypr mied,e e t o ii ha he t be t i o ry, n l ' c 1s a l e s xt nds o dai r ai hi .( s Am. tng eltons ps 1t Compla :30) Eve i s hr ltons psc ttt at of . t . n f uc eai hi onsiue ype a s ai e il t s ot fr ofc tt i lpr eci thesme( i i e have sociton ntted o ome her o m onsiutona ot ton,i a prncpls l t be n a i d t r l tons ps l s f nna t n m a rag ' Be c m v. e pple o e a i hi es o l ha r i e. ' e hn Hende s Cnt . 422 F. d r on y, 3 372,377( hCi. 6t r 2005) Thus ii ûnc e uental'ha (hepli ifs i i t asocai . . ,t s t ons q i 't t t antf l ntmae s iton i . . wa notf mai d bym a ra 'a t tmehewa ta f re t t Ce r lOfk e l s or lze ri ge' t he i s r ns e r d o he nta t . d. ( di t tt pli ifscam aii fom t tr nain ofhe e o ntasars tof hol ng ha he antf li rsng r he e mi to r mplyme eul h rr ma tcrlto hpc udn tp e al p ntea p iaino rto a bai r ve . e o n i eains i o l o rv i u o h p lc to f ain l ss e iw) Si pl s a ed, he s m e c e ns t tpr vi va i g ounds f a ine t s polci a e m y tt t a onc r ha o de ld r or nt- po i m i es r pr e w hen a s vi orda eshi s di t e pl e. SeeA nde s v. Civ ofLa e cne es nt uper s t s ubor na e m oye 6 r on t v r , 371F. 879,88 (t Ci. 3d 2 6h r 2004)( di t tapolcefr epolc pr bii dai bewe n hol ng ha i o c iy ohi tng tng t e ofi r o dif r ntr nksdi no die ty a s tnta l btr n t rg t i i ae fce s f fe e a d t r c l nd ubsa ily lde he i ht o ntm t asocai a t tiwa rto l rltdt algii t go r nti eet. s iton, nd ha t s ainaly eae o e tmae venme ntrs) Ac or ngl t t e e Ba raleg t tt d e nt vi aedhi rghtt ma r or c di y, o he xt nt ke l es ha he ef nda s ol t s i o ry s omeot ra s citona i e e tby ta f ri hi t t Ce ta Ofk e t c t ncudes he s o a i l ntr s r nse rng m o he n r l t , he our co l t thehasf ie t saea cai upon whih r le ma begr nt ha a ld o t t l m c ei f y a ed. 6The cour not t i i alo çofno cons t es hat t s s d equencet t e wasno ofi alpolcy'pr bii hat her fci i ' ohi tng Baker sdatng r a i hi wih hi s di e e pl ' i eltons p t s ubor nat m oyee.Beecha ,422 F. at377.s alo m 3d , ee s M o t o r 1 F. a 1 27( mph szngta G stt ofiil a tngwih tt a t rt o a n g me v, 01 3d t 1 e a ii h t ç lae fcas ci tou he uho iy f ny l gener polc s d notneces rl bebared f om de di i a iol ed cas t tans erone oft al iy houl sa iy r r ci ng n n s at eor f wo co- kers esbecaus t ofi albelevest t coupl sm ar i i i er erng wih l tm at wor pous e hat fci i hat he e' rage s nt f i t egii e g e n nal j c i s'. ov r me t obe tve ' ) 12 i. i Ri t Engage i t O c ght o n he cupaton ofH i Choi i s ce B a ra s alege t tt de e nt de i hi ofhi t i ry rghtt e ge i t ke l o l s ha he f nda s prved m s ' be t i o nga n he l p oe so o ( s c o ig'b tkn a yh sd sr dp iino p icp la dra sg i r fsin f hi) ho sn , y a ig wa i e ie osto f rn ia n e sinng ' hi t aCe rlOfieposton. ( s Am. m o nta tc ii ; 1t Compl a !31 .Fort f l ngras ,hec t .t ) he olowi e ons t our c n ld st thi cam i as s be tod s sa. o cu e ha t s li s lo u jc t imis l Thelbe t i e e t pr e t d b t Fouree t Am e i ry nt r ss ot c e y he t nh ndme i udet fe dom to nt ncl he r e : t enga i a oft c m on occ tonsoflf ' Rot 408 U . a 572. Thi rght how e r ge n ny he om upa i ie. ' h, S. t si , ve , i n ts b o da t p oe ta idviu lsrg t oapat ua j b.I se d Eiti tel e t t s o o r a s o rtc n n i d a' ih t ri lr o n ta ,t l s h i ry o c g b pls eap riua c l n o o c p to a dno t erg t oas e ii j b,h ti s c rdb t e t u a tc lr al g r c u ain, n t h ih t p cfc o t a s e u e y h r i Fou te hAme nt' Pi knikv. nns va a 36F. 1 1 1 ( Ci.1 4) re nt ndme .' ec c Pe yl ni, 3d 250, 259- 260 3d r 99 (ntr lctto a quottonmaksomit ) s as Ha bv.Hon,536F. 963,968( h i ena iain nd ai r ted ; ee lo bha 3d 8t Ci. )( i Pic c a hol ngt tt pli ifha notbe n de i ofa y lbe t r 2008 quotng e knik nd di ha he antf d e prved n i ry i ees) Ulc v.M et Cmt Sc Dit,249F. 686,70 (t Ci. )Cl- due ntr t; ihnv ron v. h. s. 3d 4 7h r 2001 -he l pr es c a eoft Foure nt Am e oc s l us he te h ndme s cur st lbe t t ptrueac lng o nt e e he i ry o ls ali r o c pain, n n tt rg tt as e ii j b'.As h S prmeCo t mp a ie i Roh, c u to a d o he ih o p cfc o .) t e u e ' ur e h sz d n t ûll srthe t c e t frt s es t tapes i de i dofEi ry'whe hesmpl tit tec s he onc pt oo a o ugg t ha ron s prve lbet n i y i n t e ie i o ej bb t e isa fe a beo et s e a ohe. Roh, 0 U. a 5 5 s o rh rd n n o u rman s r e s fr o e k n t r' t 4 8 S. t 7 . ' 1The de endant consr t pl ntf sfrtam e f s tued he ai if' is nded compl ntt as er a lbery i er t ai o s t i t nt es cl m bas on t alegedl unpl antwor c tonst t pl ntf expere ai ed he l y eas k ondii hat he ai if inced f l ng hi olowi s tansert t CentalOfi Thepl ntf confr durng t m otonshearng,however t thew as r f o he r fce. ai if imed i he i i , ha notatem ptng t as er s cl m . t i o s t uch ai Li w ie,t pl ntf wihdr w hi lber.y i er tcl m t w asbas on ale y def or ke s he ai if t e s i t nt es ai hat ed lgedl amat y sa e ent m ade by def ttm s endantHari SeePl' Br i Opp' atpage9. Thus i i unne ar f t rs. .s . n n ,t s cess y or he cour t consi whe hert pl ntf salega i a e s fci t sat t t oflbert i er tcl m to der t he ai if l tons r uf i ent o t e he ype i y nt es ai dic s di c e s h a Scol v. t ofNe r Ne ,4 F.d64 ( h. r 2 ) s use n as s uc s i i Ciy no ' wpo t ws 80 3 2 4t Ci. 007 . 1 3 l t sc e,Ba rdoe no c am t thehasl tt a lt t pur ueaca e ri n hi as ke s t l i ha os he biiy o s re n ed to a a r s to t de e nt 'a tons o t tt de e nt 'ac i nshave ha a uca i n s e ul f he f nda s c i , r ha he f nda s to d ny efec on hi a lt t obt n aposton i a t rs hools t m . Raher Ba ra lgesonl t t f t s biiy o ai ii n no he c yse t , ke le y ha t dee nt û prvedg mlofhi lbe t rgh t e ei t pr esi of( s c i he fnda s s i hi de s i ry i t o ngag n he of son hij hoosng, prnci l' by r s i ng hi t t Ce r lO fk e a uli a e y t r i tng hi e pl ym e t i pa , ' ea s gni m o he nt a t nd tm t l e m na i s m o n. Ast f e ngdecsonsma ce r s h a lga i fl s tofde onsr tngt tt he or goi ii ke la , uc le tons a l hor m tai ha he de e nt a tons i plc t d a c za e lbe t i e e t A c or ngl t c t us gr nt f nda s' c i m ia e ogni bl i ry nt r s . c di y, he our m t a t de e nt 'moton wih r pe tt sc am . he f nda s i t es c hi l i 2. Fi A m endm entC l m rst ai I Col tIIoft fr ta e n m l he i s m nded c pl i t Ba ra s rs a Fis Am e entr t la i om a n , ke s e t rt ndm e a i ton cai . Specfcal Ba ral est tt de e nt vi a e hi rg t fe s ec by lm ii ly, ke leg ha he f nda s olt d s i ht o r e pe h t moi andr a sg ng ( mlf smpl s a ngt thei e dt mar Philps' ( s t tng de e sini hi or i y pe ki ha ntnde o ry li .' 1t Am. mp . t!3 . Co la 4) The Supr m eCour G madecea t tpublce oy sd no s r e ral t i Fis e tt has l r ha i mpl ee o t u r nde 1 her rt Am e e rght by r a on oft i e pl e . Ga ce t v.Ce los 5 U . 41 41 ndm nt i s e s he r m oym nt' r ti ' ba l , 47 S. 0, 7 ( 0 6 .ld e ,dl S p e Co r' d cso i Pc eigv Bo r o Ed c, 91U.. 6 2 0 ) n e d ithe u rme u t e iin n ik rn . ad f u .3 g s S53 ( 968)andc e f l ng, tbls dt tasaego r me e oye vi ae t 1 , ass olowi esa ihe ha tt ve n nt mpl r olts he Co tt i i i de i sa e oye ofavaua eempl nsiuton f t prve n mpl e l bl oyme be tti r t lai f t nt nei n e a iton or he e pl yee se r i e o hi co tt i ly pr ec e s e h. Di ec i v.H a nes 45 F. 790, m o ' xe c s f s ns iutona l ot t d pe c ' M lo ' i , 3d 80 ( hCi.1 .I o d rt e tbls avi ai oft Fis Ame 4 4t r 995) n r e o sa ih olton he rt ndme , ve ,apublc nthowe r i em pl oyee m us s i f t f l ng t ee el ent t at s y he olowi hr em s: Fis ,t publc e pl e m us ha s r t he i m oye t ve poke asa cii e no a a n tz n, t s n e pl e, a m a t rofpublc co r Se m oye on te i nce n. cond, he e pl e' i e es t m oye s nt r t 14 i t e es i a is m us ha out i d t e o r si e es i n he xpr son t s ue t ve weghe he mpl ye ' nt r t n pr di e f c i a efi ints r i e t t publc.Thid,t r mus ovi ng fe tve nd tce e v c s o he i r he e t ha be n a s fci ntca alne be w e n t pr e t d s e h a t ve e uf i e us xus t e he ot c e pe c nd he r alat y em pl entacton. et i or oym i Ripahv. ofGo r r M as lUni ,447F.d292,31 ( hCi. )(ntr lciai d t Bd. veno s rhal v. 3 6 4t r 2006 i ena ttons a quotto makso te . nd ain r mitd) To de e mi whehe Ba r ss e h i c tt i nalypr t c e t c t us tr t t r ne t r ke ' pe c s onsiuto l o e t d,he our m t s s de de a at e hol ma tr whehe t pli ifs kea actze o ama trofpublc ci , s hr s d te , t r he antf po s ii n n te i c once n. Thi de e mi to Ci a que ton oflw f t c t'whi h t houl bem a by r s t r nai n ls si a or he oul ' c û s d de e m i ng t E ont nt f m a con e ofa gi n s a e e , r vea ed b t r co d a a xa ni he c e , or nd t xt ve t t m nt as e l y he e r s whol ''Hola v.Ri r 25F. 1 ,1 (t Ci.1 (uoi Col c v.Mye s e.' lnd mme, 3d 251 255 4h r 994) q tng mik r, 461U. 1 1 1 ( 983).i c us al ta hi t toc ur wihi apublca nc S. 38, 47- 48 1 ) t a e mos nyt ng ha c s t n Be i ge y c d bea c e n t t publc't c tsi r m us l f uson t i r i e es of oul onc r o he i,' he our' nquiy t ç oc not he nhe ent nt r t i por a e oft m a tr di c s d b t e pl e, b on û t rt s e h a i s ... m t nc he te s s us e y he m oye ' ut û he he pe c t s ue ' whe wasm a prm a iy i t pl i i f sr e asa c tz n orprm a iy i hi r e ase pl e. de i rl n he a ntf ol ii e i rl n s ol m oye ' ' Di e i v. i , F. 790,805( hCi.1 (mpha i i orgi )( i Terl v. M glo Hanes 45 3d 4t r 995) e ss n i nal quotng rel Un v o Te a Sy . l e 7 2F.d 1 6 ,1 6 (t Ci.1 8 ); e as Ur fk v. l r , i . f x s s Poi , 9 2 3 0 3 2 5h r 9 6 ) s e lo o s y Gimo e c 21 F. 401 407( hCi. 0)(mphaii t d rtca t adee mi tonofwhehe 6 3d , 4t r 200 e szng hats ii l o tr nai c t r e pl ye s c i e il d t Fis A m e e pr t c i i whe he t s e h i m a m o e pee h s ntte o r t ndm nt o e ton s t r he pe c s de prmaiyi t (mpl e'lr ea ciie orprmarl i hi r ea e o ' (ntr l i rl n he e oye s ol s tz n i iy n s ol s mplyee' i ena ) ciai a quoai maksomitd) tton nd tton r te . W he a e pl yee' s ec pe t nst am a t rofpe s na i e es , he Fis n n m o s pe h rai o te r o l nt r t t rt Ame ndme tofesnopr ecin.Sr nv. ltnCnt Sc Dit,981F. 1 1 (t n fr ot to toma Coleo y. h. s. 2d 52, 56 4h Ci.1 .Ast Fourh Cic te ane i Stoma tg es na gre r 992) he t rui xpli d n r n,tpl ro l ivmwes co an s , mplit 15 a boutc tonsofe o e ,ore es i a utot rm a tr ofpe s li er s do not ondii mpl ym nt xpr sons bo he te s r ona nt e t co tt e s c a utm a t r ofpublc co e n t ta e pr ec e by t Fi s A m e e ,but ns iut pee h bo te s i nc r ha r ot t d he r t ndm nt a emat r mor i e a ey c e r te s e mm dit l onc nwdwiht s l-nt r s oft s ke ase oye ' l t he efi e e t he pea r mpl e. d. ' ( tngConnik, U. a 1 . cii c 461 S. t 47) Appl ng t s pr nc pl s t c t yi he e i i e , he our conc ude t ti i cl a f om Bake ' a l ga i t t l s ha t s e r r r s le tons ha t s e h a is wa notm a asacii e upon ama trofpublcc he pe c t sue s de tz n te i once . Ba r sFis m ke ' rt Ame ndm e cl i i ba e on a c nt a m s s d onve s ton wih Supe i e ntCom e ,d i whi h Ba r rai t rnt nde r ur ng c ke e e s d hi i e t ma r Cahe i Philps Ast de e nt e xpr s e s ntnt o ry t rne li . he f nda s mphasz t swascl ry a i e,hi ea l prvaedicus i be we n a e o a hi s r iorr ga d ngt e pl e' own i t s son t e n mplyee nd s upe v s e r i he m oye s pe s lda i r ai hi a hi i e i wihr s tt t tr a i hi Even i t r ona tng eltons p nd s ntntons t e pec o ha eltons p. f he s b e to t ec n rainwo l ao s itrs i tes lt wno No tn,û emeefc ta u j c f h o vesto ud r u e n eet n h mal o f ro Ch r a t h t t t t c oft e oye ss c wa onei whi t publcmi htorwoul ha hada gr a he opi he mpl e' pee h s n ch he i g d ve et i e e ti ofltl m om e . Di eg i 45 F. a 8 I t a aspr vi usy sa e t c ii l nt r s s ite nt' M lo, ' 3d t 05. ns e d, e o l t t d, he rtca de e mi ton i d t rt s c a i s ... sm a prmarl i t pl ntf sr eas t r na i s t he he pee h t s ue wa de i iy n he ai if ol whe ctze orprmaiyi ( s r ea e oye ' I I t sc e,hec en,f m,a c ex of ii n i rl n hi) ol s mpl e. d. n hi as t ont t or nd ont t ' t conve s ton al ge i t frtn nde c he r ai le d n he is me d ompli e tbls t tBa rss c wasmade a nt sa ih ha ke ' pee h a a e pl e t hi s r i oron a m a t r ofpe s li t r t r t rt n a a c tze s a ng s n m oye o s upe v s te r ona n e es , a he ha s ii n pe ki ou a t boutm at r ofpublc c e n.Ac or ngl Ba rsFis Ame m e cai mus be te s i onc r c di y, ke ' r t nd nt l m t di m i s d. s se 3. EqualProt i C l m ect on ai Ba ' f r ta e d c pl ntdoesnoti ude a e ker s i s m nde om ai ncl n qualpr e t o c a m . Eve i hi ot c i n l i nf s alega i nst tt de e nt s l c i l e o c d t Polc c d be co t ue t as e ts h l t o ha he f nda s e e tve y nf r e he i y oul ns r d o s r uc 16 cam,t udn n t ee sb s be tt ds sa.I i weletb ih dt a ç ee tv li iwo l o eh ls e u j c o imis l t s l sa ls e h t d lci e s e or em e ofa f c a l co tt i lr gul ton doe no ,by is l , ol t e nf c nt a i ly nsiutona e a i s t t e f vi a e qualpr ec i n. ot to ' ' W olo d,38F. p.2d a 462 n. I t d,t s c s ulyplad a e lpr t c i cli ,a fr Sup t 4. nsea o uc es f l e n qua o e ton am pl ntf m us a lget hewaste t d dif r nty fo a he sm ia l st t d i vi l a ai if t le hat r a e fe e l r m not r i lry iua e ndi dua , nd û ha s h s l tve te t en wasbas d on i pe m i s bl c ns de a i s h a r e, elgi n, t t uc e ec i r a m t t e m r s i e o i r tons uc s ac r i o i entt i bi orpuni h t e r i e ofc tt tona r gh s orm a i i usorba f t i t ntt nt o nhi t s he xe c s ons iu i l i t , lc o d aih n e o ij r ap ro ' Lia sPat Ci Ic v To o He ret, 8 F.d 1 ,1 ( dCi. 9 9 . nu e es n. s ' ry t n . . wn f n ita 1 5 3 2 7 2 r 1 9 ) ' y I lghtoft s r quie el m e t , he c t r sw ih t def nda st tt n i he e e r d e n s t our ag ee t he e nt ha he a l ga i i Ba r sfr tn e d c pl i a e i ufi i tt t ai e a r g t r i a le tons n ke ' is m nde om a nt r ns tc en o ç s i ht o elef bove t r he s c ltv lv l'Two l 5 0U. a 5 5 s eas W aes 5 F.da 4 7(ee t a pe uaie e e. ' mby, 5 S. t 5 ; e lo tr, 7 3 t 2 rj ci ng s lci enf c me c l et a a ine im polc ;W olod,38F.Supp.2da 46 n. ee tve ore nt haleng o n nt- pots iy) fr t 2 4 (a ) Tobes e, rha s se t tt d e nt a tonsweeabirr a unfi. sme . ur Bake s ugge td ha he efnda s' ci r r tay nd ar ç - e r eve t ki t e ale tons a t ue t r i no ale ton t tt a tons- as ç l ve , n a ng hes l ga i l ow s r , he e s l ga i ha he c i a bir r orir tonala t y m a ha bee - we em otva e by a c tt i ly r ta y ra i s he y ve n r i td ons iutona l i pe m i s bl cons de a i ' Pa v. m r si e i r ton.' vne Huntngt U ni Fr e Sc Di t 1 F.Supp. 11 ' i on on e h. s ., 01 2d 6, 11 ( D. Y. 9 E. N. 2000) Bec us tll û yis i a eq pr e ton cam al i s e tve . a e tthe ke sue'n n ual otci li legng elci e o c me i i nni sbl motve't c ur i c nc t tBake ' al gai a e nf r e nt s mpe s i e i ,'he o t s onvi ed ha rs le tons r 8To t ext ntBakeraleges i par aph 29 ofhi compl nt t tt def he e l , n agr s ai , ha he endant s (dicrmi ed agai thi f voi ng hi desiet mary,'t cour agr w ih t def nt t t d s i nat ns m or ci s r o r ' he t ees t he enda s ha s ar uch gumenti dervatveofhi Fis Amendmentcl m and doesnotgi rs t a s at t y of s i i s rt ai ve ie o epar e heor r c vey.Se , g.Edwadsv. t ofGols r l 8F.d231 25 ( hCi.1 )(fimigt e e o r e e. , r Civ d bo o, 7 3 , 0 4t r 999 a fr n h dim is oft pl ntf sequalpr ecton cl m,snce i w ast tchar t ri asam er r w or ng of s s al he ai if' ot i ai i t G bes ac e zed e e di hi Fis Ame me rt ito cl m' He s rv. l, 7F. pp. d 3 ,38 ( Co 2 1 s rt nd nt ealain ai ); use Hae 77 Su 2 66 5 D. nn. 01 ) Cç- Se o d Cic tha h l t a whe eas lci e o c me tcam i f u t ûoae c wiha -he c n r ui s ed h t r ee tve nfr e n li s o nd o c ls e' t l l l i uf i entFis Amendm e r alaton cl m ,t EqualPr ec i cl m mus alo f lasa egaly ns fci rt nt et i i ai he ot ton ai t s ai ma trof1w.)( iigCo v. z i36 F. 8 ,l 0( Ci. 00 :. te a ' ctn bb Po z, 3 3d 9 1 2d r 2 3 ' 17 i ufi e t wihsa t dee nt'moi t dimis 1 (nenalcttona quotton ns fcint o t tnd he fnda s ton o s s . d. itr iai nd ai mar omitd) ks te . B. St e La D e am aton Cl m at w f i ai I a tont hi c tt i lcamsunde j1 Ba rasersasaelw cam of n ddii o s onsiutona li r 983, ke s t tt a li d fmai na an td fn a t ri.Ha igd tnnie ta Ba e ' fd r l li a es be t en to g i s ee d n Hars vn ee n d h t k rs e ea cams r u jc t d s sa u d rRue 1 ()6 ,hec u t e l e t e e cs j rs ito o e ted fmain o imis l n e l 2b () t o r d ci s o x r ie u id ci n v r h ea to n cam.S e2 U.. j1 6 .Ac o dn l, u hcam wil ed s se wih u p eu ie li e 8 SC. 3 7 c r igy s c li lb imis d to t rj dc . II . M oton t Am end i o Ba rpr viusym o d f rla t fl a s condn e d compl nt tf rt s e ke e o l ve o e ve o ie e m nde ai ,to he ol pupos ofi l ng(healeg ydefmaoyjl uag 'us dbydeenda Hars ( .sM o . r e ncudi t l edl n tr ang e' e f nt ri. Pl' t t Ame da 1.Be a et ec u t a d cie t e ecs j rs ci no e ted fmain o n t ) c us h o r h s e l d o x rie u idito v r h en to n cai , kersm o i t n ndwilbedimis d a moot l m Ba ' ton o me l s se s . C oncl i us on Fort r a ons sat d, he c tw ilg an t def nda t s m oton t di m i s l r ac ng he e s t e t our l r t he e n ' i o s s . n e hi t s de s o t cour i notuns pa he i t Bak r spr di m e ,a hasno r as t doubt hi ci i n, he ts ym t tc o e ' e ca nt nd e on o Ba r s a s r i t thi pe f m a wih t N oron Ciy Sc ke ' s e ton ha s r or nce t he t t hool w a e ele .N o t e s s s xc l nt ne hel s , t c ti c t a ned t c ude f t r as s tf t a he our s ons r i o oncl , or he e ons e orh bove t tt a l ga i i , ha he le tons n Ba r s fr ta e d c pl i a e i ufi i tt s a e a c a m ofco tt i ke ' i s m nde om a nt r ns fc en o t t l i ns iutonalpr to . opori ns Ac or ngl t c tmus grntt dee nt'motonwihrs c t Ba rscli unde j c di y,he our t a he fnda s i t epe t o ke ' ams r 1 3.Ad iin ly h sd fmaincam t e saelw wi beds se wi o tp eu c 98 dto al , i e a to li md r tt a l imis d t u rj die l h a hi m o i n t a e t de a a i c a m w ilbe dim i s d a m oot nd s t o o m nd he f m ton l i l s se s . 18 TheClr i die t d t s nd c rii co e oft sm e o andum opi o a t e k s r c e o e e tfed pi s hi m r nin nd he a com pa ng or rt a lco elofr c d. c nyi de o 1 uns e or p EN TER :Thi f s t . b ur 2 da ofFe r a y,201 . y Chi fU nied St t D it i tJ e t a es sr c udge 19
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