Walker v. Davis, No. 4:2017cv03133 - Document 21 (S.D. Tex. 2018)

Court Description: ORDER granting 19 Motion for Summary Judgment. No COA is issued. (Signed by Chief Judge Lee H Rosenthal) Parties notified.(gclair, 4)

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Walker v. Davis Doc. 21 United States District Court Southern District of Texas ENTERED I TH E UN I N TED STA TE S D I STR I CO UR T CT FO R TH E SO U TH ER N DI STRI T O F TEU S C H O U STO N DI I O N V SI July 27, 2018 David J. Bradley, Clerk STEVEN D . ALK ER , W TD CJ N o. 927071 01 , Pe ii r ttone , CI L ACTI NO. 1 1 31 VI ON 1 - 7- 33 LORI DAVI Die t r E S, r c o , Te D e r m e ofCrm i lJ tc xas pa t nt i na us i e, Co r c i ll tt i D i s on, r e tona ns iutons vi i Res pondent . O R D ER G R AN TI G M O TI N FO R SU M M A R Y JUD GM EN T N O St ve D . a ker a Te s sa e pr s r brngst sha a c pusa ton unde 28 U . 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Fed.W rtPe . 5. ns e d ha l s s 7 i on s plna y onvi i i t at O n M a 1 201 TD CJnotf e W a kert the wasc r d w ih vi a i t TD CJ CI y 7, 7, ii d l ha ha ge t ol tng he - D Dicpl a yRu e a dpr c d r s o O fn es f r en o t pa e DHR a 1 2.OnM a 1 , s i i r ls n o e u e f r fe d r ,o b ig u of lc . n ty7 201 W ake sg dt s c i oft Fi Hea i Re tsa i t thewaved hi rgh t t 7, l r i ne he e ton he nal rng por t tng ha i s i t o he 2 ho he rng no i and i ut i d t hea i ofi e t pr e wih t he rng. 1 a 1 4- ur a i tce i horze he rng fc r o oce d t he a i ' d. t . a ' Att M a 1 201 he rng,t he rng ofi rf und W al rguit ofbei outofplc Hi he y 8, 7 a i he a i fce o ke ly ng a e. s pu s e w a t l e 45 da ofr cr a i prvie ,45 da ofc m i s r prviege , nd 30 ni hm nt s o os ys e e ton i l ges ys om s a y i l s a da ofgoodtm e.1 a 1 6.W a ke s it d aSt p 1a St p 2of e rg iva ef r .The ys i d. t , l r ubm te e nd e f nde re nc o m TD CJ de e bot g i va s. 1 a 2,4. ni d h r e nce d. t W al rf l d t sf r lha as pe ii on Oc obe 13,201 1 Fe . W rtPet.at 10. The ke ie hi ede a be tton t r 7. d i rc d i l e or ncudes t Dicplna y Hea i Re d,t Dici i r Gre nc Rec d,a t he s i i r rng cor he s plna y iva e or nd he Dicplna y Hea i Audi Re di wih a ompa ng busncs r c dsafi vis a we la si i r rng o cor ng, t cc nyi i s e or fda t , s l s ac ofW al rsc mime i l s r n,wih e a tons opy ke ' om t nt nqui c ee y t xplna i . 1 . The Sum m ar Judgm e St y nt andard t mma yj me i fdea ha asi difr t ni t a a ci lcae.' r c v d su r udg nt n e rl be s feentha n he verge vi s 'To r s . Th e ,395Fe App' l ,106( hCi.201 ( tngSmihv Coc r l, 11F. 661 668( h alr d. x. 01 5t r 0) cii t . k el3 3d , 5t Ci. r 2002) abr gatd onot rgr , o e he oundsb Te dv Dr t ,542U. 27 284( y nnar . eke S. 4, 2004:.$ a i As te S tiev Can l 9F.d3 4 3 8(t Ci.1 98 (o p ro e o d tnni n tea pia lyo AEDP a s e povl . i, 4 3 7 , 7 5h r 9 ) fr up s s f ee nig h p lcbit f l i A, fd rl eio itldo ted t ii pa e i tepio mal y tm) e ea p tin s 'e n h ae t s lc d n h rs n is se . t i g n rl rn i e Rul 5 o teFe ea Rue o Cii Pr c d r , eai t s mmayj d me t e ea p i cpl, e 6 f h d r l ls f v l o e u e rltng o u r u g n , a i swihequa f cei t c e ofhabe cor c e .' ar v John on, 2 F.d 760, pple t l or n he ontxt as pus as s'Cl k . s 20 3 764 ( hCi. ) TheFe a RulsofCi l oc ea yt ha asc esonl asc it twih 5t r 2000 . derl e viPr edur ppl o be as y onssen t e tbls ha aspr c iea pr dur Se Rul 11oft Rul Gove ni Se i 2254Ca e . sa ihed be a tc nd oce e. e e he es r ng cton ss ( tonl2254()1 -whihma tst ttndi offc ma b asaec tae Seci e( ) c ndae ha i ngs a t de y tt our r ûr s me t b c re t -o erd steo dnaynl t a,nas mmayj d me t p e u d o e o rc ' v rie h r i r l h t i u r u g n e pr e di a1 dipu e f c smus be c tue i t lghtm os f vor bl t t oc e ng, 1 s t d a t t onsr d n he i t a a e o he n n vn p ry Une s g p tto e) c n te u ( 1 t e prs mpi n o o mo ig a t. ls t ei n r a r b t he i h e u to f c r c ne sby c e ra co nc ng e de e'a t t s a e oft c ts fndi or e t s l a nd nvi i vi nc s o he t t he our ' i ngs off c , he m us be a ce t a c r c . a tt y t c p ed s or e t Smih,311F. a 668. t 3d t Pl a ngsb as fr pr e e ltg nt r r viwe t ral ssrnge sa r t nt e e di y el-e es nt d ii a a e e e d mde es ti nt t nda d ha hos drfe byatr ys Se Hai v Ker , 4U. 51 520( 972)The epla ngsaee il atd tone . e nes . ner 40 S. 9, 1 . s e di r ntted t albe al onsr ton g vi a1r s bl i e e e whihc bedr wnfom t m . Hai s o i r c tuc i i ng 1 ea ona e nf r nc s c an a r he See ne , 404 U . a 5 1. k lho h t pl a ngstl d by pr s pa te ar he d t tes s rnge s a r S. t 2 l t ug he e di i e A o e r i s e l o l s t i nt t nda ds t n f m a pla ngs dr fed by l wy r , pr s pa tes mus silc pl wih t r es of ha or l e di at a e s' o e ri t tl om y t he ul p o e u ea dma ea g me t c p bl o wih tn i gs mma yj d me t'M a tnv Ha rs n r c d r n k r u n s a a e f t sa d n u r u g n . ri . rio ' Ct?z/ Jai,975F. 1 1 ( t Ci.1 )s ealo Ogbodigwuv Wack nhu Cor e ton )/7 l ,y 2d 92, 93 5h r 992) e s e . e t r ci s Cor ,202F. 265( t Ci.1 ( p. 3d 5h r 999) unpubls dtbl o nin) ihe a e pi o . Il. The ls ofExhaus on sue ti W al rc am st thel c d t r quiiei e t c ke l i ha a ke he e st nt nt o omm i t dici i r ofe ebe a e t he s plna y f ns c us hew a una et he rt or r oft c r c i of i e duet a e ra tloa i e ton, nd t t s bl o a he de s he or e tonal f c r o n a nd lr t nf c i a ha hi rght weevi ae byt uneq lte t ntofsmial st tdofe r.( d.W rtPe.a s i s r oltd he ua r ame i lry iuae fndes Fe i t t 5 .An i t c l ng a prs dici i r c cton mus e us hi a nitai -7) nmae halengi ion s plnay onvi i t xha t s dmi srtve rme isb f r tl gaf d r lj2 4 p tto Le mav Esel, 8 F.d 1 7 1 9 (t Ci. e d e eo e si n e ea 25 eiin. r . tle 5 5 2 29 , 2 9 5h r 1 ) Br s d v.Wal r 91 F. 978 ) ous ar ke , 8 supp.1 040,1 ( D.Te 1 ) Exha ton rquie 043 E. x. 996 . usi e r s f l ngt TDCJi ena gre ncepr e es i a 1 (ii Gartelv.Ga or 981F. olowi he ntr l iva oc dur ,d. t 043 ctng r l yl , 2d 254,258n.3)(t Ci.1 ) A peii rmus pr s nthi cli a or ngt t pr durl 5h r 993). ttone t e e s ams cc di o he oce a r esoft a nitai bod Casil v Peo e , U. 3 351( 989) TheTDCJgre nc ul he dmi srtve y. tle . pls 489 S. 46, 1 . iva e pr edu ehast se t tapeiine mus e us.Wal rv oc r wo tps ha tto r t xha t ke .Wale ,385F. 5 515( t kr 3d 03, 5h Ci. 4)( tng Wrghtv Holigs t 260F. 357,358( h Ci.2001) Eve i acai i r 200 cii i . ln worh, 3d 5t r ). n f l m s u e ha se ,h c u t yd n io t meis 2 U. C. 22 4 b 4 ) W et 01 ) Me c d l . n x u td t e o rma e y t n he rt. 8 S. j 5 ( )2 ( s 2 8 ; r a e v Cai 179F. 271 276-78( t Ci.1 . n, 3d , 5h r 999) W ake f ie t m e i hi s ondcli i et rofhi gre nc f l r al d o nton s ec am n ihe s i va e onns DGR a 1 He . t -4. di not c pl w ih t TD CJ S i e nalgr e nc pr edur as t t s cond c a m ,whi h i d om y t he ' nt r i va e oc e o he e li c s u e h use . Dimis lma be wih p eu ie h we e ,b c u e t cam i p o e u al n x a td s sa y t rj dc , o v r e a s he li s r c d rl y def uled. Any s e nte f .t e us t sc am wo d be un i ey. Eve i W ake we e a t ubs que fol o xha t hi l i t ul tm l z nf l r r t pr e t s c ai t t Te s Co tofCr m i lA ppe l i a s a e ha a a plc ton, twoul o es nt hi l m o he xa ur i na a s n t t be s p i a i i d be di m i s d be a e pr s di c plna y cha l nge ca s s e c us i on s i i r le s nnotbe r vi w e o s a e ha as Se Ex e e d n t t be . e pareBr ge , S. . 46( x. i App.1 (heTexa Cour ofCrmi Appe l wil t a r 704 W 2d Te Crm. 986) t s t i nal as lnot rviw c le t prs dicplna yaci i asaeha asa iaton) e e halnges o ion s i i r tons n tt be pplc i . The r cor pr desno bas st c ude t tW al r sf iur t exha t sa i s r tve e d ovi i o oncl ha ke ' a l e o us hi dm ni ta i r m e eswasdue t S abs e ofa ia e St t co r c i pr es s' t an i f e tve p oc s e di oi an enc va l bl a e r e tve oc s ' or o ne f c i r e s lopr ec t rg soft a ia .28U. C. 2254( ( )B)i& (i ( es 201 .W ake ha s ot the iht he pplc nt' t ' S. j b)l( () i) W t 8) l r s Z - D, ye d rOre tto Ha d o k<h :- . c.tt. u/o u nsofe d rOre tt n Ha d o k TDCJCI O n e inain n b o e / / t jsaeW.sd c me t/ fn e inai n b o d o En ih.db a 7 - 5 ( sa ls n t a o f n e sh v fhe n d ysfo t ed t o t e icd n t r ie ase - n gl p t t 3 7 e t b ihig h t fe d r a e i e a r m h a e f h n ie t o a s tp o e s g iv n e a dtfend y fo ad na o ase o egiv n et fl ase t g iv n e. re a c , n 'te a s rm e il f tp-n re a c o ie tp-wo re a c ) i n td mo tae a a e u t c u ef rt ed f ut o t th wa a t al p eu ie Sat v o e nsrtd n d q ae a s o h e a l, r ha e s cu ly rj d c d. t e . Fule ,11F. 61 62( hCi.1 ;Wale v. n, 5F. 48 494( hCi. lr 3d , 5t r 994) k r Cai 21 3d 9, 5t r 2000) W ake' ; l rs sc ndcam i u e ha se a dpr c d r l b re , n i i d s se wihp eu ie e o li s n x u td n o e u al ar d a d t s imis d t rj dc . y 111 . The Is of a D ue Process V i aton sue ol i W ake ' dicplna y c s r ule i hi l i 45 da of r c e ton, 45 da of l r s s i i r a e es t d n m osng ys e r ai ys c mmis r , n 3 d yso g o tme S-l eDu Pr c s Clu ed e n t r tc e ey c a g o say a d 0 a f o d i .ilh e o e s a s o s o p o e t v l h n e gi t c tonsofc i entha ng a s t nta a n he ondii onfnem vi ubs a i l dver e i pa t on t pr s r ' Sandi v s m c he ione . ' n . Conne ,515U. 472,478( 995 .l i t qua iyoftmesr edt tce tsalbe t i ees, r S. 1 ) t s he ntt i e v ha rae i ry ntr t r t rt n t qua iy oftm e s r d. a he ha he lt i e ve Sandi 515U . a 483-84; adi v Par r 1 F. d 765, n, S. t M son . ke , 04 3 7 ( h Ci.1 7) Toi i t duepr es bas ont quaiyoft tmes r e rquie t 67 5t r 99 . mplcae oc s ed he lt he i e v d e rs he i aet s nm t o how a daypi a a sgnii a ha ds p i r a i t t or na yi i t ofprs n tt c l nd i fc nt r hi n elton o he di r ncden s ion lf ' Sandi 51 U. a 48 Thel sofr cr a i andco m is r prvie i nota C t ca ie. ' n, 5 S. t 4. os e e ton m s a y i lges s n s ypi l a a d sg iia th r s p. S e i Th s l se ae ç ha g si te c n i o so g ak rs n in fc n ad hi ' e d. e e o s s r s n e n h o dt n f W l e') ' c i c i me 't té noti i t duepr e sc ens' Madion,1 F. a 768(osng onfne nt'ha s do mplcae oc s onc r . 'See s 04 3d t li 30 da ofc ys ommis y a 30 daysofc l r titonsdo noti i t duepr e s;s e alo sar nd el esrci mplcae oc s) e s Sandi 51 U. a 486(dmi srtvesgrgatondoesnoti iaealberyi ee t)W al rs n, 5 S. t a nitai e e i mplc t i t ntrs. ke ' cli t thi duepr s rg swer vi aedb t l sofhe eda of e r to a c a m ha s oce s i ht e ol t y he os t s ys r c eai n nd omm is r s ay p iie e i ds se , t p eu ie rvlg s s imis d wi rj d c . h T he I ssue ofG ood- m e R evocaton Ti i W a ke ' l sof3 da ofgood-i ec e tdoe i plca e albe t i e es .Se Te Gov' l r s os 0 ys tm r di s m i t i ry nt r t e x. t Codejj508.47,508.49( es 201 ; e Exhi tA; 1 1 W t 3)s e bi DHR a 1, Tos t t wa de i d t 8. how ha he s prve o duepr e sbyt spunihm e , ake f oc s hi s nt W l rmus s t how t tt c nduc oft dicplna ypr ee ng ha he o t he s i i r oc di PTAssroehb ato 'Wak rSe n( l- I3 Ore MS 72 -0I a4wp - 5Ehinrae sz lT le tve H-73 3 ) d r J -72 8 0 d ps h - di notme tduepr es r uie e s 418U. a 556 d e oc s eq r m nt. S. t -70.Thes r quie nt a et tt i ae e e r me s r ha he nm t be prvi d: 1 ad nc wrte notc oft dicplnay c r ;2)a opporuniy t cal o de ) va e itn ie he si i r hages n t t o l w ine s a pr e doc e s w he i i not undul ha r t s es nd es nt um nt n ts y za dous t i tt i o ns iutonal s f t a a e y nd coreci lg l;a 3)a wrte sae ntb t fc-i roft evi ncer i onandt r tona oas nd itn ttme y he a tfnde he de eled he r a o f rt ed s il r a to 1 a 5 3 6 e s ns o h icpi y cin. d. t 6 - 7.Theimaemus s w p eu iefo a yd e na n t t ho rj dc r m n u pr e svilton.Se Jaco'nv Cai 8 F. 1 1 ( h Ci.1989 . oc s oai e l o . n, 64 2d 235, 251 5t r ) The r or s st tW a ke r e ve wrt e no i e ofhi di ci i r c r s a oft ec d how ha l r ec i d it n t c s s plna y ha ge nd he hea i on M a c 1 201 a 2: p. .Alhough W a ke sg d o t ts daea wai dhi rng r h 7, 7, t 55 m t l r ine n ha ame t nd ve s r g t t 24i ht o he hournotc bef e t he r ng,DH R a l t he rng w a hel on M a 1 201 i e or he a i t , he a i s d y 8, 7. D H R at l D H A .W al r was i or ed of hi r g t c l a ques i w ine s a pr s nt ; ke nf m s i ht o al nd ton t s es nd e e d m e a y e de e,a hehad t opporu t t do s a hi hea i DHR a 1 4,6;DHA. ocu nt r vi nc nd he tniy o o t s rng. t , W ake sgnedadoc nta trt he rng i t s ton lbeld kofe rSi t ef Re i l ri ume fe he a i n he eci a e l f nde gnaur or cept ofFi Re t'sa i hehadr eve t TDCJDicplna yRe t Hea i Re or DHR nal por, ttng ' ec i d he s i i r por and rng c d. a l TheRe ts toutt e de r le u n a t r as f t dicplnay a ton.DHR t. por e he vi nce ei d po nd he e ons or he s i i l c i a 1.Ther c d s t e or howst tW a ke r cevedt pr s hewa due. ha l r e i he oce s s Fi ly, ake ' c l nge t t me isa eund r i dbyt e r whi hde o ta e nal W l rs hale s o he rt r e m ne her co d, c m nsr t s t tt r wa s ee de t uphol t fndi ofg l.The Supr ha he e s om vi nce o d he i ng uit eme Cour ha hel t td t s d ha ue pr es i s tss d i a prs dici i r c ci n i s oc s s aite f ion s plna y onvito s uppore by d ome e de e. td t s vi nc ' ' Su i e perntndent Mas .Cor .I t .Hil 47 U. 445,455 6 ( 985) The S o e de e' , s r ns.v l, 2 S. -5 1 . t me vi nc ' s s a r i l sexa tng t n t pr ponde a e oft e de e s a r r rng o y t tt t nda d s es c i ha he e r nc he vi nc t nda d, equii nl ha he de s on notbe a bir r orwihouts ppor i t r c d. il 472 U . at cii r ta y t u t n he e or H l, S. 457.Thehea i ofi e rng t c r ba e hi fndi of guit on t cha gi of i e ' t s i ony a O f e e Re t D H R at 1 6; s d s i ng l he r ng f c r s e tm nd f ns por . , DHA . c r ng ofi e e a ne i de a lho he dee mi d t tW ake wa outofplce. The ha gi fc r xpli d n t i w tr ne ha l r s a DHA ;DHR a 1 5 W akerwa r pr s nt i t dici i r he i t ough a c t -2, -6. l s e e e ed n he s plna y arng hr ouns l e s tt e who ha t o ubsiut , d he pporuniy t c os - xa i t c r ngofi e .TheDHO r viwe t t t o r s e m ne he ha gi fc r e e d he e de e a c ude t tW al r ha be outofpl ce ascha ge D HA ;DH R a 1 6. Thi vi nc nd oncl d ha ke d en a r d. t , s r c d,w ih t cha gi of i r st s i ony, t nse e or t he r ng fce ' e tm con ai noug f c st s h a t o uppor t fndi ofguit t he i ng l. W al rcon e t thel c t i e t c ke t nds ha a ked he ntnt o omm i t dicplna y ofe ebe a ea e r t he s i i r f ns c us n a a t oa i e ton madehi una et he rt c r ci lofi ersor r .Fed.W rtPe . t6. nd hr t nf ci m bl o a he or e tona fc ' de s i ta W al r s cl i f isbe aus i e i no a e e e oft di c plna y of e e ofbei û of ke ' a m a l c e nt nt s t n l m nt he s i i r f ns ng k out plc . TDCJ CI Dic ia y Rue a d Pr c du e o O fn es a 3 ;s eAv l n d v a e' ' - D, s èl r ls n o e r sf r fe d r t 8 e el e a . n a Qu tr No. V. V- 1 2008W L 21 are man, CI A. 07- 9, 68346,a * ( D.Te M a 23, ) toutof t 4-5 S. x. y 2008 .s Pl ce 'i de i a t I a una hor z a e s a a c l or w i t w hi h one i no a ' s fned s: d n ny a. ut i ed r a, uch s el ng o c s t a sg s i ned;orb. iur t bea a de i t d a eaa as cii tm e, orexa e,he ofe rhas Fa l e o t sgna e r t pe fed i f mpl t f nde a l y-n f am e c la a i or di a ppoi m e , tg t t lbr r i t a ' TD CJ CI ,lk d ix , nt nt bu oes o he i a y ns e d. ' - D Lv pl n Roc , t Ae Gxr e l h :œ <m / / . c. a. d e ioFe d rœ e ué n Hrd o - si . t j tk. e œr n ds n e- n o - Y k En s e h a 38. Ofe eRe r sa est tW al rwaso ofplc afe beng or r d ba k t hi c l o t The f ns po t tt ha ke ut a e tr i de e c o s elf r S a up' an k pe ilc t' DHR a.2. W ake was t tofplc 'whe he r mane i an t ck ' d t ca oun . r s ' t l r i ou a e' n e i d n t t ie a e a trhewaso d r dba kt li c l f ras ca c mt DHR a 2.Thehe rngofi r mauhorz d r a fe r e e c o ls el o pe il ot . t a i fce f t t tt r wass tc e te de et s por t c nviton,a t r c r s rst tr s t o md ha he e ufi i n vi nc o up t he o ci nd he e o d uppo t ha e ul. W al ra s cl i savi a i ofhi e l ot c i r gh .A pe ii ra s ri t sc a m ke l o a m ol ton s qua pr e ton i t ttone s e tng hi l i m us s t how t tpr s of i a s ac e w ih a S s r m i t y pum os ' a ç e t d t o or m or ha i on fci l t d t s c i na or di e ' nd û a e w cr e ca sfc tonsofsmial st ed prs r t twee te ed difrnty,...a ( t tt lsiiai i lry iuat iones ha r rat fee l nd 2) ha he ca sfc t nh dnor to a rlto t a ylg t t g v n ntl b e tv . S ea f . y lsiiai a o ain l eai n o n e ii e o e une a o j ci e' tf nofv Ha s ma ' PSAEsroehba oo! k r See ( (- I3 Ore MS.-72 l a 4wp - 7c sspinra es PWklrz tv n H-73 3 ) dr J72 -0 8 O . d s - Count 1 F. 523,5 ( hCi.1 ) Woo v.Edwar ,51F.d 577,580 (t Ci.1 ) y, 54 3d 27 5t r 998 ; ds ds 3 5h r 995 . é i c i i or pu pos ... m ple t tt de i i m a rs l t a pa tc a co s ofa ton i s r m nat y r e D i i s ha he c s on ke e ec ed r i ul r ur e c i a l a t i pr t be us of a not s m pl i s t of t adve s i pac i woul ha on a t e s n a ca e , nd i y n pie , he re m t t d ve n i ntfa egr p.' tdst esv Galowa 951F. 64, (t Ci.1 .W ake ague t t de iibl ou 'Unie at . l y, 2d 65 5h r 992) l r r s ha ot ri aeswho we e c r wih t s m e o smia di cplna y ofe esr c ve dif e he nm t r ha ged t he a r i lr s i i r f ns e ei d fer nt punihmen ,i t y we e punihe a al. Fed.W rt Pe .W hie W a ke ha m a e s t f he r s d t l i t l l r s de ondus y or a lga i t tot rsm ia l st t d i aeswe e punihed dif r nty,he hasnota lge or le tons ha he i lry iua e nm t r s fe e l le d i n ii d r or e de e t tw oul s de tf e ec d vi nc ha d uppor a i e e t tpr s of i al f t n nf r nce ha i on fci s ound hi g ly m uit be us ofpup os f dic i i to ori pe m isbl m otve. Norhas he s ca e e ul s rm nai n m r si e i hown t the was ha c ce wih i ufi i nte de ort thi punihme vi a e due pr es . Thi cai i onvi td t ns fc e vi nce ha s s nt olt d oc s s lm s di m i s d. s se V. C oncl i us on Themo inf rs mmayj d me t sg a td. n l u g n i e trdb sp rt od r to o u r u g n i rn e Fia j d me t s n ee y e a ae r e . No c rii t ofa albiiy i i s be a e W ake doe notm e tt r quieme s e tfcae ppe a lt s s ued c us l r s e he e r nt . SI ED on J y 27, 8, tH ous on,Te s GN ul 201 a t xa . Lee H .Ros hal ent Chi fU nie St t s D it i tJ e t d a e s rc udge

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