Hobart v. City of Stafford et al, No. 4:2009cv03332 - Document 45 (S.D. Tex. 2010)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM AND ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART 7 MOTION to Dismiss.(Signed by Judge Keith P Ellison) Parties notified.(sloewe)
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U N I D STA TE S D ISTR ICT C O U RT TE SO U TH ER N DISTR I T O F TEX AS C H O U STO N D I I O N V SI ST EV E H O BAR T ET A L. , Pl ntf s ai if , C I I A C TIO N N O .4: cvV L 09- 3332 V. CI O F STA FFO R D ET AL . TY , Dee f ndant . s M E M O M N D UM A ND O R D ER Pe dn b fr t e Co ti Dee d n s M o in t Dimis( c No 7 . Aûe n ig eo e h ur s fn a t' to o s s Do . . ) r c i rng t pa te 'tlngs a1 r s onsde i he ri s ii , 1 e pons s a r ple t r t a t a iabl l w, e nd e is he eo, nd he pplc e a t Cour tndst tDe e nt 'm oton t dim is s d be p a ed i pa ta de ed he ti ha f nda s i o s s houl nt n r nd ni i part n . 1 . BA C K G R O UN D Thi lws ta ie fom t de h ofAaon Hoba t(W aon' ,s ofPli if s a ui rs s r he at r r û r ' on ) antfs S e e a d P m Ho r idviu ly 1 r Ho a t o û s bat ' c le tv l , tv n a ba t(n i d al, $ . b r' r t .Ho r' olciey M ' M ' t- b rs' rû anif' .Aao s frd fo me tl e lhp o e a d a tet ll at'o ç itfs' r n ufee r m na h at r blms n , t h i lo pl ) me o t icd n ,h d be n tp rn o fo h sme iain . ( mpl ! 1 . On Fe r a y f he n ie t a e a e ig f f i d c to s Co . 4) b ur 1 2009,Aa on e re d s ve a m e a dite s Hi m ot rPa be m ec 8, r xpe i nce e r l ntl sr s . s he m ca once e m d a c ac e Aa on' te tng ps hi tit Dr M or l nd,who a s d he t c l 911 nd ont t d r s r a i yc ars, . e a dvie r o al Hobart v. City of Stafford et al Doc. 45 a rques asit e fom a Crss l e ve i Te m (t T') Cl ofier ha nd e t ssanc r ii ntr nton a tCl '. T fc s ve s iltani i ha i i viuaswihme a il ses (d. peca ri ng n ndlng ndi d l t ntl lne s . 1 ) M s H oba t ca l 911, a w a c . r led nd s onne t d t t St f or Polce D e r m e c e o he a f d i pa t nt (ç '. Shee ane t tAaon ne dedta porai t ahos tla me c ton. fSPD' ) xpli d ha r e rns tton o pia nd diai Dockets.Justia.com M s Hoba ts c fc l r que t d a C1 ofi r a alo e ane t tAa on di not . r pe iialy e s e T fce , nd s xpl i d ha r d ha a we pon a wasnotunde t i l nc ofa dr (d.I 1 ) Emege ve a nd r he nfue e ny ug. 1 J 5. r ncy s r i e r l ye t M s Hoba tt tt r s e vc s ea d o . r ha he e ponde woul be a et he p ta por Aa on r d bl o l r ns t r t ahos t l a t tt pr dur wo d be e ai d t M s Hoba twhe r s o pia , nd ha he oce e ul xpl ne o . r n e ponde s r arve (d. ri d. 1 ) Rat r t n s ndi s e he ha e ng om one s i i d i CI howe r SPD s nt Par pecalze n T, ve , e tol Ofie J s sEsrd (t fc rEsrda' t t eHo a t'h me (# ! 1 ) Ms Ho a t fc r e u ta a t ie ta ' o h b rs o . f . ( 6. . b r of ) i t Ofie Esrda i o t home. (d. Upon s eng a heai Ofie Esr , nvied fc r ta nt he I) e i nd rng fc r tada Aa on be me m or dita hta ti d t l a t home. Aa on tid t pa sOfi r r ca e sr ug nd re o e ve he r re o s fce Esr da on hi wa o ,c usng physca c a tbe we n t t ta s y ut a i i l ont c t e he wo. M s Ho r ye ld a . ba t le t t t t so a yc nfo tto , n tidt se i bewe nt et .(d.J 1 - 7) he wo o t p n o r nain a d re o tp n t e h wo 1 1 6 1 . ! Ofi e Esr da dr w hi fr a m . M s Hoba tc i d t s uta Aa on a fc r ta e s ie r . r ontnue o ho t r nd Ofi e Esr da. Ofi e Esr t n s Aa on i hi rg hi Aa on c lps d,a fc r ta tc r tada he hot r n s i ht p. r ola e nd lnde f ce do on t foor Ofi e Esr da pr ee d t fr m or s si o Aa o a d a wn he l . tc r ta oc de o ie e hot nt r n, frng t l s bule i o Aa o sne k. I a l Esr da sr k Aa on wih fve oft sx ii he a t l t nt r n' c n l, ta tuc r t i he i s o sh fr d Th ls b le p o e t b ftl (d ! 1 - 8) h t e ie . e a t u lt r v d o e aa. 1 . ! 7 1 . M r Hoba te e e t ha l y a Ofi e Esr da fr d hi l ts . He r he . r nt r d he lwa s fc r ta ie s as hot us d t Aa on, a i d pr s ur t t f t l ne k wound,a at mptd r us ia i o r pple e s e o he a a c nd te e es c tton. A sc e ond ofi rt a rve a t s ne a a sse M r Hoba twih t r us ia i fce hen r i d t he ce nd s it d . r t he es c tton. The a t m pt f ied,a A a on di d. te s a l nd r e Thi l w s tf l e N ow , ef nda sm ove t di m i son gr s a ui olow d. D e nt o s s ounds off iur t al e o sa eac am .The Cour tke up e h ofDe e nt 'a gu e si t n. tt li ta s ac f nda s r m nt n ur I. I LEG A L STAN DA R D 2 A c tm a dim i s a c pl i f tf iur t s a e a c a m upon w hi h r i our y s s om a nt or ia l e o t t li c elef c n be grntd. FED.R.CI P. 1 b)6) çlo s vve a Rul 1 b)6)moton t a a e' ' v. 2( ( . i- ur i ' e 2( ( i o dimis a c m pl i û s no ne d de al d f c ua ale i ns'butmus pr de t s s , o ant doe t e t ie a t l lgato , t ovi he pli ifs p ounds f e ilm e t r le- i l ng f c ua a l tons t t whe a ntf or ntte nt o ei f ncudi a t l legai ha n a s e t be tu ûa s a rg t r le a ve t s c ai l ve .' Cuv li r v. s um d o r e r ie i ht o ei f bo he pe ul tve e l'' ile Ta or 5 F. 3 401( h Ci.2007)( tngBel At.Cor v Twombl 550 U. yl , 03 3d 97, 5t r cii l l p. . y, S. 5 5 ( 44, 55 2007). Tha i,1ac antmus c an s fcintfcua matr ac e e ) t s i ompli t onti ufi e a t l te, c ptd a t ue t ût t a c a m t r le t t i pl i e on is f e '' As r .f v I ,556 s r , o s a e l i o e i f ha s aus bl t ac .' hc o t . qbal U. -- 1 S.Ct 1 1 ( S. -, 29 . 937, 949 2009)( i Twombl 550U. a 570 .A cam ha quotng y, S. t ) li s f c a plusbiiy i n t pl ntf pl a f t c e t talowst c tt dr w a i l a i lt t whe he ai if e ds acual ontnt ha l he our o a t r a o bl i e e e t t t de e nt i la e f t m ic he e s na e nfr nc ha he f nda s ibl or he s onduc al d. I t lege ' d. ' (ii Twombl 550U. a 556) Theplusbiiysa r i nota n t aû o biiy ctng y, S. t . a i lt tndad s ki o i ba lt pr r q r m e , but a ks f mor t n a s r pos i lt t t a de e nt has a t d e uie nt' ' s or e ha hee sbiiy ha f nda ce unlwf l 1 A pla ng ne d no c ai dea l d f c ua a l to ,butmus s t a uly. d. e di e t ont n tie a t l legai ns t e f t m or t n t a l a c l i ns a a f muli r cia i oft elm e s ofa orh e ha t be s nd oncuso , nd or a c e tton he e nt l cus ofa tonwilnotdo. Twombl 550U. a 555(iai omitd) a e ci l ' ' y, S. t ctton te . W he c i rng a Rul 1 b)6)moton t dimis a c tmus f cc ptt n onsde i e 2( ( i o s s, our t û e he a c m pl i ' welplade f c sastue a vi t m i t lghtm os f a e t t o ants l- e d a t r nd ew he n he i t avor bl o he pli if' Johns v Johns 385 F.d 503,529 ( h Ci.2004) s ealo Sonnirv antf ' on . on, 3 5t r ;e s e . St eFar Mut Aut I s Co.509F.d 673,675( h Ci.2007) A dititc tc n at m ual o. n . , 3 5t r . src our a c i r t co e s of t pl a ngs i udi a t c e s t r t as w e l as ons de he nt nt he e di , ncl ng ta hm nt he e o, l doc e s at c t t m oton.i t y a e r e e d i t pli ifs c um nt ta hed o he i f he r ef r nce n he a ntf ompli a a nt nd aec nta t t cli . Colisv Mor St e De Witr 224 F. 496, (t r e rl o he ams ln . gan anly an te , 3d 499 5h 3 Ci.2 . Furher e,aCour ma rfrt matr ofpublcr o dwhe decdi a r 000) t mor t y ee o tes i ec r n i ng moton t dimis Chauhan v For s Pl tc Cor ,21 F. 595,595 ( h Ci. i o s s. . mo a asis p. 2 3d 5t r 2000) . Uli a ey,t que ton f t c tt de i i whehe t compl i saesa tm t l he si or he our o c de s t r he ant t t va i c am whe vi ld l i n ewed i t lghtm os f vor bl t t pl ntf The co tmus n he i t a a e o he ai if ur t a e welpla d f c s as tue butl ga c l i ar not e il d t t s m e cc pt l- e de a t r , e l onc usons e ntte o he a a s i oftut I ,1 S.Ct a 1 (iai omitd) Thec ts d not sumpton r h. qbal 29 . t 950 ctton te . our houl tttan t tnd i e e esf vo a e t t pl i if ''o G ce l l or a l tons tsr i o i nf r nc a r bl o he antfs ' r s pt conc us y legai , ac unwa r nt d de uci ns or l ga c l i ns'' R2 I e t s LD C v.Phil 401 ra e d to , e l oncuso .' nv s ment li ps, F. 638,642 ( h Ci.2005 ( i Sout and Se .Cor .I s r I s Sol i , 3d 5t r ) quotng hl c p.v npie n . utons I ,365F. 353,362 ( h Ci.2004).l tnty,t cour s d note l t t nc. 3d 5t r ) mpora l he t houl vauae he m e isof t al ga i butmus s tsy is l onl t tpl ntf ha a rt he le ton, t ai f te f y ha ai if s dequael pl d a ty e lgal c i a e c am . Unie St e c r .Rie v St Lu ' Epico Ho p. 355 e ly ogn z bl l i td ats x el ly . . ke s s pal s , F.d 370,376( t Ci. 3 5h r 2004) . Addii l t n a pli ifs s a publc ofi alunde ( tonj 1 t tonaly, l whe antf ue i tci r Seci 983, he diti tc tmus i iton heght ne pl di by t pl i if' M orn v Caie 77 src our t nss i e d ea ng he antf ' i . r, F. 11 1 ( h Ci.1 3d 6, 21 5t r 996)(ii Sc ta v.Wood,47 F.d 1 ctng hule 3 427,1433 ( h Ci. 5t r 1 ) l s h c es t pla ng t tçtt wih fcua deala patc a iy t 995). n uc as , he e di s i mus sae t a t l ti nd riulrt he ba i f r t cli whih nec s a iy i l s s o he a m c e s rl ncudes why t de e he f ndantofi i c nnot - fcal a s c sul mant nt defns ofi uc esfly i ai he e e mmuniy.' Babbv Dor 33F. 47 477( h t '' . man, 3d 2, 5t Ci.1 ( i Eli tv Pe e ,7 F. 1 2,1 (t Ci.1985). r 994) quotng lot . r z 51 2d 47 473 5h r ) 1 11. A N A LYSIS A . Four h A m endm entExce s ve For e C l m t si c ai 4 De e nt a gue t tt Hoba t f i t a l f ds s f nda s r ha he rs al o lege a howi a dam unde t ng i r he Fourh Am e t ndme . The c e t tt r e nti r - whi h r quiesa c tt nt y ont nd ha he elva nquiy c e r our o c nsd rt e o j ci r a o a e s o a o fc rsa to sfo t pes e tv ofa o i e h b e t e s n blne s f n fie ' ci n r m he rp ci e ve r ms bl polc ofi e on t s ene- s e ona e i e tc r he c hows t tOf i e Es r da be ved r as bl i ha f c r t a ha e ona y n hi decson t ope fr i t Hoba thous hol ç ca e he c d r as bl ha s ii o n ie n he r e d s us be oul e ona y ve be ive frng wasnec s r unde t t aiy oft f c ua cr m sa e a l d by le d ii es a y r he ot lt he a t l icu tnc s lege t Pli if. ( s'M ot t Dimis Doc.No.7,! 1 ) Pli if diput t s he antfs' Def. ' . o s s, ( 3. antfs s e hi c r trza i a gui t tt y pl ad a ha ace i ton, r ng ha he e dequa e f t t s t ac s o how t tt f c us d by ha he or e e Ofie Esrdawase esi ( s'Rep.oDes'Mott DimisfrFal et Stt fc r ta xc sve. Pl. s t f. .o s s o iur o ae aCli Ofi ilI am, tca mmuniy, ndGovenme a l t a r ntl mmuniy,Doc No.1 a 4- ) t . 0, t 6. To pr i o a Fourh Am e e e e sve f r e cli ,a pl i ifmus s eval n t ndm nt xc s i o c am antf t how &( )a ij r ( )whih r s le dr cl a d o y fo aus o fr et twa ce ry û 1 n nuy 2 $ c e utd ie ty n nl rm e f o c ha s lal e esi a ( t e esi s ofwhi wasce ryunr s na e'' Ontv osv xc sve, nd 3) he xc svene s ch lal ea o bl.' ier . Ci o s n eg,5 4 F.d 37 ,3 2 ( t Ci.2 09 ( u t Fr e v Go e 4 3 t fRo e b r 6 3 9 8 5h r 0 ) q oi y ng e man . r , 8 F. 40 4l ( h Ci.2007). $ n ofiers us ofdea y f ce i pr umptvel 3d 4, 6 5t r ) W fc ' e dl or s es i y r s na ewhe t ofi e hasr a o t belevet tt s pec pos at e tofs rous ea o bl n he tc r e s n o i ha he us t es hr a ei ham t teo fc ro t ohes' f .(iigMac v Ci o lsi e 3 3F.d6 , 2 r o h fie r o t r. # ctn ' e . t fpae tn , 3 3 21 6 3 y ( t Ci. 00 ). Fu t r i lq e ûe s n blne s ofa p riu a u e o f r emu tbe 5h r 2 3 ) rhe, û th ra o a e s ' d atc lr s f o c s j d e fo t e p rp ci eofar a o a l o fc ro t e s e e rte ta wi t u g d r m h es e tv e s n b e fie n h c n , ah r h n t he h 20/ viin ofhi iht' Gr 20 so ndsg .' aham v.Connor 490U. 386,3 (979 (ii Tery v. , S. 96 1 ) ctng l Ohi 392 U. 1 20- ( 968) Hee,ofc s ,i i nott t k oft s Cour t o, S. , 22 1 . r our e t s he as hi to de e m i whe he O f i erEsr da a t ly a i d e s i f r e i t de t ofA a o t r ne t r fc t a c ua l pple xce s ve o c n he a h rn Hoba t buti t d t detr ne whehe t Hoba t ha a quael pld a e es i r, nsea o e mi t r he rs ve de t y e n xc sve 5 f r e ca m a i tOfi r Esr da. The Cour fndst tt Hoba t ha a qua ey o c li gans fce ta ti ha he rs ve de t l pld tercam. F rt t eHo rs pla i ha ce ry alg d a ij r - ted ahof e h i li is, h bat' e dng s la l le e n n u y h e t t i s n. Sec her o ond,t Ho rsha pr f r d we lpl a d f t al gi t tOfi er he ba t ve ofe e l- e de acs le ng ha tc Esr da sus of f ce wa cea l a unr a ona y e es i . The Hoba t al e t t ta ' e or s l ry nd e s bl xc sve rs leg ha Pa Ho r c le 911 a t d t dipac rt tAaon w a una me a notunde t m ba t al d nd ol he s the ha r s r d nd r he i l nc ofa dnz ( mpl ! 1 ) M r.Ho r wascalng notbe us a ci ntue e ny g. Co . 5. s bat li ca e ny rme wa be ng c m it d, but r t r t r que t t t a CI of i e tans t A a on t t s i om te a he o e s ha T fc r r por r o he hos tlf teame . (d. M r.Hoba ts iial rlye t t 911 dipac rt t pia or r t nt 1 ) s r pecfc ly ea d o he s the ha Aaonwasme al il f 5 16. TheHobarsfrhe alget tEsr r s r ntly l.(#. ) t u t r le ha tada eponde t do t c l i or rt pr det a ssa erquetd,a nott i tgaeaci . (d. he aln de o ovi he sitnc e se nd o nvesi t rme 1 ! 1 ) Durng t c r ai isllt Hobat ale t tAaon be a dita 5. i he onfontton tet he rs lge ha r c me srught a tid t l a t ho eupon s i Ofi e Esr da Hetid t pas O fi e Esr da nd re o e ve he m eeng fc r ta . re o s fc r ta a c usd physca c a twih hi (d.I 1 ) The Ho rs alge,howe r t nd a e i l ontc t m. 1 J 7. bat le ve, hat Aa on' aci nsi no wa s r s to n y uggese t he w a r a hi f a we pon orc r i t d hat s e c ng or a onfontng Ofke Esrda (d. 18. f r ta . 1 ! ) Viwi t s f t i t lght mos f vor bl t t Hoba t, t Cou t e ng he e ac s n he i t a a e o he rs he r c udest tt yha s fce l sae a e si fr ecam unde Rul 1 b)6 . oncl ha he ve uf inty ttd n xcesve o c li r e 2( ( ) B. Fourt h A m endm entExces ve Force C l m eent si ai I t i Compl nt t Hoba t pl d a e s i f c ca m unde bot t n her ai , he rs ea n xce sve or e li r h he F rt a Fo re n h Ame d n s ( mp .!2 ) Dee da t mo e t d s s te is nd u te t n me t. Co l 6. fn ns v o imis h Hobars Fouree h Amend e cam ,a gu ng t t t Supr m e Cour ha e e sy t' t nt m nt li r i ha he e t s xpr s l rj ce te c u t'u e o t eFo re nh Ame d n ' s b tnt e d e p o e sca e ee td h o rs s f h u te t n me ts u sa i u r c s lus v unde t ecr um sa esbec us t Fo t Am e r hes ic tnc a e he urh ndme pr desa e i i s c of nt ovi n xplct our e pr e to a s ul beus d i t a ot ci n nd ho d e nse d. The Cour a e .A1 cli st tû a e o c m e ofi e sha us d e es i t p es 1 am ha l w nf r e nt fc r ve e xc sve l f ce de dl ornot i t c s ofa a r s , nve tga or s op,orot r t e zur ofa or -- a y - n he our e n r e t i s i t y t he s i e' fee ctze s ul be a l ze under t Fo t Am e r ii n ho d na y d he urh ndme a is te s na e s nt nd t r a o bl ne s sa tndrd, r t r t n unde a ûubsa i due pr e s a oac '' Gr ahe ha r s tntve oc s ' ppr h.' aham v. Connor 490 U. 386,395,( S.1 . I t s c s ,t Fourh Ame me woul , S. U. 989) n hi a e he t nd nt d a y onl whe e Aa o Hoba twa ts z d' a a fe ctze snc Ofi rEsr da wa ppl y r rn r s çeie ' s r e ii n, i e fce ta s note f c i a a r s or i s i t y s o a t tm e ofA a on' s i A pe s n i f e tng n r e t nve tga or t p t he i r s hootng. ro s û eze 'wihi t m e ng oft Fourh Ame m e whe a r s na epe s wo d t i d' t n he ani s he t nd nt n ea o bl ron ul notfe fe t l ve. Se Fl i v Bosik,5 U. 429,435 ( 991 . Her,bot e l r e o ea e orda . tc 0l S. 1 ) e h pa te a a t a e t tt Fo t Ame e ' r a ona e s i r a i he e, ri s ppe r o gr e ha he urh ndm nts e s bl ne s nquiy pples r e n t h t y have notdic s d i deai whehe Aa on Hoba twa s i d wihi ve houg he s us e n t l t r r r s eze t n t mea ng oft tAm e m e . The Cour de e m i s t t be a e Ofi e Esr he ni ha nd nt t t r ne ha , c us fc r tada dipl ye hi we po t Aa on,t e ountri pr ry de c i asa t ezur ' a t s a d s a n o r he nc e s ope l s rbed s i e' nd he s Fo t Am e urh ndme r a ona e s sanda d s d a y. Unied St e v.M ende l nt e s bl ne s t r houl ppl t at s nhal, 446U. 544,55 ( 980)( i t diply ofawea bya ofi ra a e mpl of S. 4 1 notng he s a pon n tce s n xa e crumsanc t tmi i cae a siur) The Hobars Fouree h Amend nt ic t es ha ght ndi t ez e . t' t nt me e s i f c ca m i t r f edim is d. xce sve or e li s he e or s s e C . C l m s Aga ns C hi f ofPolc Bonny K r ai i t e ie ahn The Co pli lss tve c us ofac i agans Chi fofPolc Bonny Kr hn m ant it i a es ton i t e ie a (v e K.n '. Dee nt s e dimis lofa1camsagans Chi Kr m,a gung s f rhn' chi ) fnda s e k s sa 1 li i t ef al r i t tChi Kr hn ha no perona i ve e i a al d unc tt i lcond t ha ef a d s l nvol m nt n ny lege onsiutona uc , a t t t Hoba t f i t al ge a f c s whi h de nd ha he rs al o le ny a t c monsr t a pate of sm iar ta e tm i l vi ai aii fo i de t tani ( No.7 111 20. TheHoba t r pond oltons rsng rm na quae ri ng. Doc. , 1 6- ) rs es t tt y sa ea cam a i tChi fKr hn be a e he f ie t tan SPD pe s ha he tt li gans e a c us a ld o r i ronne a l nd s r s Esr da hi f iur ca e Esr da t us unr as bl e s i f c ,a hi upe vie ta , s a l e us d ta o e e ona e xce sve or e nd s fiu ewa dei rtl i fee t t Hobars rght.( No.1 a 6- 1) alr s lbeaey ndifrnt o he t' i s Doc. 0, t 1 . Unde Seci 1 r ton 983, s r s r ofi a s a e not la e f r t a tons of upe vio y fcil r ibl o he c i s di eson a t or ofvi a i la lt Thomps v Ups r Cb= / 245 F. ubor nat he y c rous ibiiy. on . hu y, 3d 4447, ( h Ci.2001 ( i Thompl v #c/828F. 298,303 (t Ci.1 . 459 5t r ) quotng dns . /, 2d 5h r 987) I t d,t S s uc oft s bo di t mus be a fr a i l lnke t t a ton or nsea he t cond t he u r na e mi t fim tve y i d o he c i i a to o t s p r io . uh r v F x ## O i n l u tc ,1 4 F.d 5 9 5 0 n ci n f he u e vs r' ta d . c . . fcrmia J sie 1 3 3 , 5 'So ( h Ci.1997 ( ii Doev.Ta orI de Sc Dit,1 F. 443,453 (t cr 1 5t r ) ctng yl n p. h. s. 5 3d 5h i. 994) (n ba l. Supe vs y la lt ma at h onl i as pe vs y ofi ilafnnai l e nc) r ior ibiiy y tac y f u r ior tca fi tvey pa tcpa e i a ac t t vi aes t consiuton, or i e e s a unc tt i l ri i t s n n t ha ol t he tt i mplm nt n onsiutona poiyta c us st ep an ifsij r .Ba e v Pu n l7 F.d 1 0 1 9( t Ci.1 9 ) lc h t a e h litf' nu y k r . t a, 5 3 9 9 5h r 9 6 (iigM o i ev Ci o v Oa ,T x, 7 F.d9 4 9 9( t Ci. 9 2 ) I ti c s , ctn ul . t fLie k e 9 7 2 2 , 2 5h r 1 9 ). n h s a e l y t Ho rsdo nota lge t tChi fKr l waspe s l i ve i t de t ofAa o he ba t le ha e am r onaly nvol d n he ah rn Hoba t l t d,t y s Chi Kr hn unde t t or t the f ie t s r s Ofi r r. nsea he ue ef a r he he y ha al d o upe vie fce Es r da a f ie t t a n SPD pe s nne t r s t a nd a l d o r i r o l o e pond pr ry t m e a he t s r c ope l o nt l alh e vi e c l. Unde t s t or t e tbls Seci 1 als r hi he y, o s a ih ton 983 la lt a i tChi Kr hn,t ibiiy ga ns ef a he Hobat mus e tbls t t û( )t polcec e fie t s vieortan t ofie ; rs t sa ih ha:$1 he i hif ald o uper s r i he fc r ()ac us lc ci exitd bewee t fiur t s r s ortan a t vi ai 2 a a onne ton se t n he al e o upe vie r i nd he olton oft pli ifsrg s a ( t fiur t s vieortan a he antf iht; nd 3) he al e o uper s ri mountd t delbe ae e o i rt i fe e e t t pli ifs c tt i ndif r nc o he antf onsiutonalrght.' Rob t v CIy o h e e r,3 7 i s' ers . ' fs r vpo t 9 / . F. 287,29192 ( t Ci.2005) (iai omitd) Pr of a patm of smia 3d - 5h r cttons te . oof te i lr cons iutona vi a i i ge r l r qui e t es a i h de i r t i fe enc 1 tt i l ol tons s ne aly e r d o t bls lbe a e ndif r e. d. ( tngSn rv.Trpagnir 1 F. 7 798- ( hCi.1 ). cii yde e e , 42 3d 91, 99 5t r 998) He e t Hoba t al ge t tChi Kr f ie t tan Ofi e Esr da i CI r , he rs le ha ef ahn a ld o r i fc r ta n T m ehods a t t r f e m e tt tr tpr of s r ior la lt The f rhe t , nd hey he e or e he i s ong upe v s y i biiy. y ut r a lge t tChi Kz hn f ie t ta n SPD pe s nne i t pr r c m m u cai n of le ha ef a al d o r i r o l n he ope o ni to c i i i er nt o r ques s f m ent l i1 pe s , a di pa c ng a pr i t r s s nt ve i n e t or aly 1 r ons nd s t hi p opra e pe s r onne t t s e Se ond,t Hoba t as sa e t oughoutt i co pl ntt ta l o he c ne. c he rs lo t t hr her m ai ha c us lc a a onne to e se bewe Ofi rEsr da sl c oftani a Aa on Ho r' ci n xit d t en fce ta ' a k r i ng nd r ba ts de t The al t tva i de es lton a non-e ha de e e m e s e e s t ah. y lege ha rous - caa i nd lt l f ns a ur s xit o a opra e ym a ppr it l nagea de an pe s wih m e a i r nt . The as al t nd t i rons t nt l mpaime s y lo lege hat t st ton cal f aCl ta ne ofi e ,whih SPD di notpr de.Thet r pr ng he iua i led or T-r i d fc r c d ovi hid o r quie t t Chif Kr s f l e t tan c tt e dei r t i fer nc t t e r s ha e ahn' aiur o r i onsiutd lbe a e ndif e e o he Ho rs c tt i na rg s To pr va lon t spr ba t' onsiuto l iht. e i hi ong,apl i ifm us pr dee de e antf t ovi vi nc of a pat r of c tt i l vi a i . He e t Hoba t do not a l e a f c s te n onsiutona oltons r s he rs leg ny a t s howi a pa tm ofconsiutonalvi a i , The Cour not t vit l a loft ng te tt i oltons t es hat rualy 1 he c e 1 w ct d by Def nda si s as a ie e nt n uppor ofdim is loft sc am co e fom c s s a t s sa hi l i m sr ae t te s mmay j d n p a e wh r mos o te lw o ti s b e ta p ast h v h u r u pne t h s , e e t f h a n h s u j c p e r o a e de o d. Be a e t s c s i now att m oton t dim is phas t Cour f t r velpe c us hi a e s he i o s s e, he t urhe a knowldg t tpr vi ng pr ofapatm ofconsiutona vi a i i exc edi y c e es ha o di oof te tt i l oltons s e ngl difc tf apli it whoha no s ceofpr - s over e de et thema pr uc fiul or antfl s our edic y vi nc ha y od e t s ppo ts h a c am . Ahe is r viw oft r l va c es howeve ,t s Cour o u r uc li rt e e he e e nt as , r hi t co ude t t t Hoba t mus s t f t a l s s ncl s ha he rs t e orh t ea t ome f t t t al ge a pate of acs ha le tm u c nsiu in l c n uc by SP S e eg ,Opo t v Ci o E1Pa o 201 W L n o ttto a o d t D. e , .. ro . t f y s, 0 3503457,a *8 ( . Te Se .2,201 (eusng t dimis a fiur t tai cam t W D. x. pt 0) r f i o s s al e-o-r n li whe e Pl i if pr de a ls oft ry-wo prori i nt of ofi e s al ge y usng r antfs ovi d it hit t i nc de s fc r le dl i e c sie d a l fr e ;Gr e o v Ci o Y a u 2 08W L 4 5 9 a * ( D. x e sv e d y o c ) e nwo d . t f o k m, 0 y 61 77 , t 4 S. Te Oc.1 2008 (ef i t dimisaf l e-o-ri cai whe epli ifrpored x. t 7, ) r usng o s s aiur t tan l m r antf e t t theha be n wrngf l mite t by ofi r i t pa t;Sa v Sumne Cbla/ ha d e o uly sr aed fces n he s) gan . r /. p ## o . fEdu . --F.S pp 2 -- 2 0 W L 26 1 9 a * 6 ( . Tem. uy 6 2 0 c, - u . d -, 01 96 6 , t 1 M D. r J l , 01 ) (efsngt dimisaf l et tan cam whe eplitf aleg t ta eby t c r r u i o s s aiur -o-ri li r anif l ed ha bus ea he ha oc ure numeoustme ove t c s ofmor t n onea demi ye r;La d c rd r i s r he oure e ha ca c a) Fond v Ci o n a e , 01 W L 5 3 0 ,a * ( D. 1. b. , 0 (ç t ea s n eo . t fKa k k e 2 0 y 0 0 9 t 5 C. 11Fe 8 201 ) 1n h b e c f I a algai ofprvi i i nt,E sngl i i nt i i ufiintt alge t t ny le tons e ous ncde s a i e ncde l s ns fce o le ha g ee d n ) wa d lb r tl id fe e tt poe ta c n tmto a vo ai n .) The d fn a t s eie aey n ifr n o tn il o si in l ilto s' . ' Co r b le e , tti j ncue ta e n g n r lfcswh c p i tt pro vo ai n by u t eiv s a h s u tr, h t ve e ea a t ih o n o ir ilto s SPD wo d al t Hoba t t s vi t m oton t dimispha e. The Ho rsf i, ul low he rs o ur ve he i o s s s ba t al howe r t a lgea f c sr ga di prorvi ai ns The Co twilal t Hoba t ve , o le ny a t e r ng i ol to . ur l low he rs lavet a e t i co pl i t a es t sdefc e y.l e o m nd her m ant o ddr s hi ii nc D. Quai dl lfe mmuniy t lAleratvey, underc t n cic tnce ,Se i l la lt ca atch unde t d i e i i nt tn i l erai r umsa s cton 983 ibiiy n ta r he l ngl ncde s e epton,'whih doesnotr quie a patenzofconsiutona vi ai . Thi exce i a i is r xc i ' c e r t tt i l oltons s pton pples twhe e t f t gi ng rs t t vi ai a e s h t i s d ha bee a r ntt t polc ma t a he acs vi ie o he olton r uc hat t houl ve n ppa e o he iy ker hat c tt i vi aton wast hi y pr ditbl co e nc ofapa iulrpolc orf l et tan.' onsiutonal ol i he ghl e ca e ns que e rtc a iy aiur o r i '' Ra rzv Jm Wel Ca ,201 W L 2 9 3 .a *1( D.Te J n 2 ,201 ) A panifmutas mie . i l @. 0 s 5 8 04 t S. x. u e 5 0. litf s lo s t t f l et tan r pr s nt t movi f c behi t c tt i lvi ai Robe t v how hat he aiur o r i e e e ed he ng ore nd he onsiutona olton. rs . Ci o S rvpo t3 7F.d2 7, 95( t Ci. 0 5 .Thee cpt ni n now.Thefcs a alge h r , t f he e r, 9 3 8 2 5, r 2 0 ) y h xe i s a o a t, s le d ee donotsaeafcily plusbl cl m unde t sngl i de exc pton.TheCour wilalow t Ho rs tt a al a i e ai r he i e nci nt e i t l l he ba t t r e t rcai unde t sngl i dente e i a w el i t y w ih. The mus ale s efct o eplad hei l m r he i e nci xc pton s l, f he s y t lge om a s rgadn te( ihyp e itbl'c n e u n eo afi r t tanrs ligi ti s e ii ijr , n ta e rig h i g l rdca e' o s q e c f al e o ri eutn n hs p cfc nu y a d h t h u ChifKrh ' fiue t tan wa te i vn fre'b hn t c si t n lvoai . 1 (nen l e a n s alr o ri s h b ig o c ' e id he on tui a ilt mo t o on d. itr a q oain omie ) u tt s t d . o t 10 D ef nda s a gue ne t t t H o r s f i t alege f c s whi h ove c e t e nt r xt ha he ba t a l o l at c r om he i vi ndi dualde e nt 'qua ii d i m uniy f t o r as .Fis ,D ef nda scont nd t t f nda s lte m t or w e ons r t e nt e ha t Ho rsdo no s he ba t t how t tOfi rEsr a Chi fKr hn de i d t m ofa cea l ha tce tada nd e a prve he l ry esa ihe rg ofwhih a r a o bl ofii lwoul ha known.Se ond,Def nda s t bls d i ht c e s na e fc a d ve c e nt c e t t t Hoba t do t s ont nd ha he rs hey how t t Ofi e Esr da or Chif Kr hn we e ha fc r ta e n r o j cieyu r ao bl i lg t teif r to e c o fca po s se ( c No 8 be t l n e s na e n ih of h n o main a h fiil se s d. Do . . , v a1 1) t 0-3. tl ove n ntofiil pefr ngdicei r f to ge r l aes ede tGj r me tcas romi s rtonay uncins nealy r hil d fom la lt f r cvi da age i of r as t r c r ibiiy o i l m s ns a hei onduc doe not vi ae c e ry t s ol t l a l esa ihed sa ut y or c tt i na rght ofwhih a r s bl pe s woul ha t bls tt or onsiuto l i s c ea ona e r on d ve known. Harow v Fiz r d,457 U. 8 81 ( 982) ' ' l , tge al S. 00, 8 1 .Thi sa r çû vesa e s tndad ûgi mpl r o f rmitk nj d me t' p o e t g çlb t panyi o ee to tos wh o m o sa e u g n s by r tci al uthe li l nc mp tn r h e o n kno ngy vi ae t 1w.' Dc ec v wi l olt he a '' rr .Saunder,588 F. 282,287 (t Ci.2009) s 3d 5h r ( i Male v Brggs,475 U. 335,343,3 (986). l exa ni whehe an quotng ly . i S. 41 1 ) n mi ng tr ofiil i e il t quaiid i fca s ntted o lfe mmuniy,a c tû onducg) t t se a l i' t our t c ts he wo-tp nayss' outi d i Sau e v Kat Lyte v Be Cbl y,560 F. 404,409 ( t Ci.2009) lne n cir . z. l . xar / , nf 3d 5h r (ii Sau e v Kat 533 U. 1 ( ). Sauce manti d a fi d ç de of ctng cir . z, S. 94 2001) ir i ane l gi or r r ba te,' i a 409, r by quaii d i tl '' d. t whe e lfe mmuniy wast bedee m i dby exa ni tr t t o tr ne mi ng i s, whehe t f cs al ge s t r he a t le d how t ta ofi i vi a e ac tt i lrght a s c ha n fcal olt d onsiutona i , nd e ond, whehe t tc tt i lrghtwa cea l e tbls a t tm e oft vi a i 5 t r ha onsiutona i s l ry s a ihed t he i he olton. 33 U. 1 4,200- ( ) over e i par b Pe s v Calahan,-- S.-- 1 S.Ct S. 9 01 2001, ruld n t y aron . l -U. -, 29 . 8 ( 08 2009) Afert SuprmeCo tsde soni Pe s v Calahan,ac tne dnot . t he e ur' cii n ar on . l our e a e st et q si i t tpa tc a or r 1 S.Ct a 81 ddr s hes wo ue tons n ha ri ulr de . 29 . t 8. W he a de e ntpr r y a s rs a de e e of qualfe i m uniy,t bur n n f nda ope l s e t f ns ii d m t he de f l t t pl i if t lç m o t a e t i pplc biiy of t de e e.' A tebe r v. als o he a ntf o tde nsr t he na i a lt he f ns '' t r y No o a Ge .Hop. 4 0 F.d 2 5 2 3 ( t Ci.2 0 )( u tn Mc e s n v Ci o c n n s , 3 3 4 , 5 5h r 0 5 q oi g cln o . t f y Colmbi 305F. 31 323( hCi. u a, 3d 4, 5t r 2002)(nba )( rc iml. e nc pe ura ) A pli if i not r quied t a i pa e t de e e of quaii i uniy a antf s e r o ntci t he f ns lfed mm t nd tp o iege trs cfct ''nac mp an .Elsv Cr w o d 2 05W L 5 40 , t* t r vd r ae pe iiiy 'i o lit l . a f r , 0 t i 25 6 a 4 ( D.Te Ma .3,2005 ( i Todd v Hawk 72 F. 443,446( t Ci.1 ( r N. x. r ) quotng . , 3d 5h r 995) pe c iml.I t d,apli ifi oblgae t fl i tal açthor a pl nsae nt'of ura ) nsea antf s i td o ie niily ts t nd ai ttme '' t cli purua t Rul 8()2) 1 Ahe a defnda a wes wih a quaiid he am s nt o e a( . d. r e nt ns r t lfe i uniy de e e,a c tç a i is di c ei nss t t a pli if fl a r pl ' mm t f ns our l y, n t s r ton,i it ha m antf ie e y' purua t Rul 7()t ta e s t quaiidi s nt o e a ha ddr ses he lfe mmuniyque ton. Sc ta v.Wood, t si hule 47 F. 1 1 34 ( h Ci.1 . Thi rpl l tbetiord t t ase ton of 3d 427, 433- 5t r 995) s e y i mus al e o he s ri quaii d i lte mmuniy a f ry e t nd ail ngag is a lgai . 1 a 1 e t le tons' d. t 433. A def ns pla ' e e e ded wihpatc aiy,t n,wilr quiepatc a iyfom t pli ifsRul 7()r pl f t riulrt he l e r riulrt r he antf e a e y. #. l t sc e t Cour hasnotrquese aRul 7( )rpl fo t Hoba t. I n hi as, he t e td e a e y rm he rs f Pl n if f lt alege f cs whih ove c aitfs ai o l at c r ome qua iid i muniy,t s Cour wilal lfe m t hi t l low t m t a e t i c pli t c et e dei incis he o m nd her om a nt o ur hos tce e . The Cour' tr tt k i t dee m i whehe Pli if ha al ge t vi aton ts is as s o tr ne t r antfs ve le d he ol i ofa c tt tonalrght W ebe n wih Ofi rEsr da. The Hoba t a l t tOfi e onsiu i i . gi t fce ta rs lege ha fc r Esr da us e e sve f c i f t ly s i Aa on Ho r. As no e a ta ed xc s i or e n a al hootng r ba t t d bove,a1 1 cl i s t t1 w e o c m e ofi e s ha us d û xc s i f c --de dl ornot i t a m ha a nf r e nt tc r ve e t e s ve or e - a y e - n he c s of a a r s , i tga or s op, o ot r l e zu e' of a f e c tze s ul be our e n r e t nvesi t y t r he s i r r e ii n ho d a l e unde t Fo t Am e e a is ûe ona e s sa r ' Gr nayz d r he urh ndm nt nd t r as bl nes ' t nda d. ' aham v. 12 Connor 490U. 38 395( 989) To saeaFourh Ame , S. 6, 1 . tt t ndme e si f cecli nt xce sve or am, teHo a t mu talg t( )a ij r ( )wh c r s tddr cl a do yfo aus o h b rs s l e t 1 n n u y 2 ih e ul ie t n nl r m e t e y ef fr e t wa ce ry e esi a ( t exc sve s of whih wa ce ry o c hat s lal xc sve, nd 3) he esi ne s c s lal u r ao a e' On ie o v Ci o Ro e b r 6 F.d 3 9 3 2 (t Ci.2 0 ) n e s n bl.' tv r s . t f s n eg,5 4 3 7 , 8 5h r 0 9 ' y ( i Fr manv.Gor ,483 F.d 404,41 ( h Ci.2007). TheHobat alget t quotng ee e 3 6 5t r ) rs le ha Ofie Esr da f t ly s Aa o Ho r whe r s fc r ta a a l hot r n ba t n e pondi t t Hobars r ue tf ng o he t' eq s or a ssa e. W hehe t Hobarsha al ged a e s i f r c am he e de ndson s itnc t r he t ve le n xce sve o ce l i r pe whehe or nott y ha pl d a f cily plusbl ca m t t Ofi e Esr da' de dl t r he ve e a a l a i e li ha fc r ta s a y f re wa o j ciey u ra o a l u d r t cru tn e . Se stn çv Gammo , o c s b e tv l n e s n b e n e he ic msa c s e z k . n 2 0W L 9 6 4 ,a * ( D. x J n. 6 2 0 .t jcier ao b e e si û p e 01 9 7 3 t 5 N. Te . a 2 , 01 ) s e tv e s na ln s s a ur ob queton oflw't ti c i r a r deemi ng t r lva fct.' 1 ( i si a ha s onsdeed he tr ni he ee nt a s' d. quotng Scot v Hari,550 U. 372,381 n. ( t . rs S. 8 2007). To ma t s deemi ton,co t ) ke hi tr nai urs tt tbaa t a tmus lnce he mountof f c us d a i tt ne d f f c '' f ( i or e e gans he e or ore.' #. quotng Ramie v.Knoulon,5 F.d 1 1 ( h Ci.2008) rki t sbalncette r rz t 42 3 24, 29 5t r ).Sti ng hi a srquie ca e ulate i t t f t a cr umsa e of e c pa tc a ca e i l ng t r f tnton o he acs nd ic tnc s a h riul r s , ncudi he s ve iy oft c i a is ,whehert s pe tpos sa i m e a et ea t t s ey e rt he rme t sue t he us c e n m dit hr t o he af t oft ofi r orot r ,a whehe he i aci l r ssi a r s ora tm ptng t e de he fce s he s nd t r s tvey e itng re t te i o va ars by fi .' 1 (uotng Gr re t lght'' d. q i aham,490 U. at 3 . The balncng ts i S. 96) a i et s % onsri d' i a c s i ol ng de y fr e. û e ofde dl f c i ob e tvey k tane ' n a e nv vi c adl o c d us a y ore s j ci l unr s ea onabl unl s nec s r t pr ve s ro ha m t t ofi e o ot r .' 1 e es es a y o e nt e i us r o he fc r r he s' d. (iai omit . A cour mus ke p i mi a a1tme ,t tpolc ofi r oRe cttons ted) t t e n nd, t 1 i s ha ie fces n ma s ltsc ndj d me t u d run e ti cru tn e , n s ul v e a o tc rs ke p i-e o u g n s n e c ran ic msa c s a d ho d iw n fi e ' c onduc wiho t be i ofhi i . t t ut he nett ndsght 13 He e t Ho rs alege t t Aa on be me a tt d upon Ofi r Esr da' r , he ba t l ha r ca gia e tce ta s a rva,a he a tm ptd t l a t hous The Hoba t f t ralege t tAa on ha ri l nd te e o e ve he e. rs urhe l ha r d no we pons a f t t t wa co muni a e t t e r nc dipa c r durng Pam a , ac ha s m c t d o he me ge y s t he i Hoba tspho cal Alhough Aa on c us d physc lc a twih Ofi rEsr dawhie r' ne l. t r a e ia ont c t tce ta l at mptng t wak pa thi a outt door t Hoba t a lge t tt t se d te i o l s m nd he , he rs le ha he wo tppe ba k fom e h ot rrghta y a Aa on' aci i no way s c r ac he i wa nd r s tons n uggese t the wa t d ha s r c ng f a we pon or ot r s c r i Ofier Esr da Fr t Cour ' ea hi or a he wi e onfontng fc ta . om he ts r d ng oft Ho r' co ai ,t onl ba i f a r a ona ebeleft tAa on pos ea i he ba ts mpl nt he y ss or e s bl i ha r ed a t ea of ha m i t phys c l c a t a A a o s a t m pt t l ve t hous hr t r s he i a ont c nd r n' te o ea he e. Consde i o y t pl a ngsa ac e i t Hoba t'f t la lga i a tue a i rng nl he e di nd c ptng he rs acua le tons s r , s t s Cour mus, t Co t tnds t t t Ho rs ha saed a c am t Ofi r hi t t he ur i ha he ba t ve t t l i hat fce Esr da' us ofde dl f r e wasexc sve a unr a o bl unde t cr umsa s ta s e a y oc es i nd e s na e r he ic tnce . Ac od n t t c mp an , r nHo a t d c n a t us o c a d se pe b c . He c r i g o he o lit Aao b r ma e o tc j t n e n tp d a k di no f i t co pl wih a or rgi n by Ofi rEsr da ora a t ber c ng f r d t a l o m y t n de ve fce ta , ppe r o ea hi o awe pon.Alhough he i ta l at mptd t l ve, di nota ua l l a t hous or a t niily te e o ea he d ct ly e ve he e fee M or over Aa on Hoba twa no a c i na s pe t i an wJ a s Ofi e l . e , r r s t rmi l us c n y y nd o fc r Esr da c d no be ive hi t be da r us on t e gr ta oul t le m o nge o hos ounds The Hoba t ha . rs ve sae a f caly plusbl c am f rt vi a i ofac nsiutonaldght t td a i l a i e l i o he olton o tt i . Ne ,t Cour mus c i r whehe t vi a i of Aa on Ho r' Fo t xt he t t onsde t r he olton r ba ts urh Ame d n rg t wa o j ci l u ra o begie t ce ry e tbls e 1w a t n me t ih s s be t y n e s na l v n he lal sa ih d a t he ve tm e ofhi de h. Thi i a s pa a e i r f om t Fo t A m e i s at s s e r t nqui y r he urh ndm e r a ona e s nt e s bl ne s de e m i ton. The f us i on t tû pe f c c r um s a s of t i i nt t r na i oc s he ls cii i c t nce he nc de --coul a d n ofi e ha r as na y i e r t d t l t c ncudet tt pe c i d t e tpos d by fc r ve e o bl nt m e e he aw o o l ha he r e ve hr a e t s pec wa s fce t j tf de dl f c ' Banks,2010 W L 996743,at *6 he us t s ufiint o usiy a y ore?'' ( i Ontve o ,564 F. a 38 n.) Fo t pumos oft qualfed i quotng i r s 3d t 3 1. r he es he ii mmuniy t a l i, ttl a l e tbls d'm e ns t t t û ont s of t rght a e çuf inty nayss kc e ry sa ihe a ha he c our he i ' r s fce l cla t a r a ona e ofi i lwoul unde sa t t wha he i doi vi a e t t e r hat e s bl fc a d r t nd ha t s ng olt s ha rg .' 1 (uotng Andes v.Cr ght 48 U. 635,640 ( 987 The l iht'' d. q i ron ei on, 3 S. 1 :. aw ge r ly s d be e tbls d i a m or pa tculrz d s ns be a e t prm a y ne al houl sa ihe n e ri a ie e e, c us he i r c e n i f i notc t t ofi e i t s c fc c t xt i whih he i a tng. 1 onc r s ar i e o he tc r n he pe ii on e n c s ci d. (iainso te . % e quaii d i ctto mitd) n lte mmuniy i r s d i amoton t dimis i i t t s aie n i o s s , t s he d fn a ts c n uc a o ti e i t e pe dn s ta i e mi d f r o j ci e ee d n ' o d t s u ln d n h la ig h t s xa ne o b e tv r a ona e s .1 at* ( i Be e v Pelte ,51 U. 299, (996). e s blne s d. 7 quotng hr ns . leir 6 S. 309 1 ) I 2009,whe Aa on Ho r' s i de h oc ured,i wa clary e tbls d n n r ba ts hootng at c r t s e l sa ihe t tûç dl f r e vi a e t Fourh Am e e unl st ofi rha pr bl c us ha ldea y o c ol t s he t ndm nt es he fce s oba e a e t bele t tt s pec pos sat ea ofs rousphysc lha m ,et rt t ofi e or o ive ha he us t e hr t e i i a r ihe o he fc r t ot r .' Baz v Hi go Cnl. 246 F. 481 488 ( h Ci.2001 ( i o he s'' an . dal y, 3d , 5t r ) quotng Te s e v Gar r 471 U. 1 11 (985). The tle tofphysc ham mus be nnese . ne , S. , 1 ) l a r ial r t i me ae. Gar r 471U. a 1 Ac e i t c m di t ne , S. t 1. c ptng he ompl i ' w elplade f ct a tu ants l- e d a s s r e a vi wi t m i t lght mos f vor bl t t Ho rs Aa on di not pos a nd e ng he n he i t a a e o he ba t, r d e n i e at t e tt Ofi e Esr da o t ot r . As al ge i t eo pli ,Aa on mm di e hr a o fc r ta r o he s le d n he m a nt r bum pe i o Ofi e Esr da once a se d ba k,a Ofk e Esr da i me a ey d nt fc r ta nd t ppe c nd t r ta m di t l dr hi gu and o ne fr . The Hoba t'pl di s fcinty a l t t Ofi e ew s n pe d ie rs ea ngs ufi e l lege ha fc r Esr da' us ofdea y f c wa ob e tvel unr s bl i lghtofcl ry e tbls d ta s e dl ore s j ci y ea ona e n i eal sa ihe l w s ast ove c e O fi e Esr da' qualfed i m uniy de e e a t s s a a o o r om tc r t a s ii m t f ns t hi t ge. A st Chi Kr o ef ahn,t H oba t f lt a l ge t vi a i ofa c tt tona r g he r s ai o le he ol ton ons i u i l i ht wih r s c t hi s r ior la lt Thi i outi d i m or de ala t e pe t o s upe v s y ibiiy. s s lne n e t i bove. Be us ca e Hoba t ha f ie t m a t s s i t Cour ne d no t n t t s c pr ng of r s ve a l d o ke hi how ng, he t e t ur o he e ond o t quaii i muniy a l i. The Cour wilal w t Hoba t la t a e t r he lfed m t na yss t l lo he rs e ve o m nd hei c pl i t a t m ptt c e t s de i e y. om a nt o te o ur hi fci nc D . M uni i lLi lt c pa abii y De e nt a guene t tt Hoba t f lt al f c swhih s f nda s r xt ha he rs ai o lege a t c uppor a cai t lm a i tt Ciy ofSt f r A l a g r ntm a be s d underSe i n 1 ûûfi ga ns he t afo d. oc l ove nme y ue cto 983 ti t i alege t ha c us d a c tt i na t tt o s l d o ve a e onsiuto l or hr ugh a polcy sa e e ,or na e i tt m nt di nc , r a i ,or decson ofi a l a e a pr egultons ii fcily dopt d nd omul e by t t body' ofi r .' gatd ha s fce s' Zarnow v. Ci.yo Wih t Fal ,61 F.d 1 ,1 6 ( t Ci.2 0 ( u tn Ci o . t f c ia l 4 3 61 6 5h r 01 ) q oi g t fst s y Loui v Prpr ni 485 U. 11 1 1 ( 988) Munii lla lt ma as at h s . a ot k, S. 2, 2 1 ). cpa ibiiy y lo tac whe e t c tt to lvi a i occ spur ua t a gove m e a c t t tha no r he onsiui na olton ur s nt o m nt l usom ha s t r c ie fr la p o l d (iigM o elv Ne Y r ( De 'o o .5 nw.43 e ev d o ma p r va.1 . ctn n l . w o k 7@ p t fs c ' , 6 e U. 658,690 (1 ). To esa ih muni pa la lt a pli ifmus pr t e S. 978) tbls ci l ibiiy, antf t ove hre e e nt 'apolcyma ,a ofii lpolc a a vi ai ofc tt i lrght whos l me s . i ker n fc a i y, nd ol ton onsiutona i s e movi f c i t polcyo c t f ( ttonso te . ng ore s he i r usom. #.quoai mitd) On t fr te e he is l ment t Ho rsa quae y pla t tChi Kr hn i an ofi i l , he ba t de tl e d ha ef a s tc a polc a rf t Ciy ofSt for iym ke or he t a f d. On t s c he e ond ee e ,Pl i if poi t no ofi a polc pr lm nt antfs nt o tcil i y omul t d by t ga e he m uni i iy. l t a t r tve, t H o r s m a a l c palt n he le na i he ba t y lege a t us om o polc ' by s t c r i y' de monsr tng a ûi r it ntwi pr d pr c ie of c t ofi i l o e pl s whi h, tai çpe sse des ea a tc iy fc a s r m oyee , c a t ug nota hor z d by of i i ly a lho h ut i e f c a l dopt d a pr ul t d polc i s c m on a e nd om ga e i y, s o om nd we l s tld a t c tmt a c t m t t f il r pr e s m uni i l polc '' 1 l ete s o onsi e uso ha ary e es nt cpa i y.' d. ( u t g We se v Ci o u tn,7 5 F.d 8 ,8 ( t Ci.1 8 ) Be a s t e q oi n b tr . t fHo so 3 2 38 41 5h r 9 4). c u e h y Cour i a a e of no of i a polc at f ul i t s c s , i w il c i r t H o r s ts w r fci l i y a t n hi a e t l ons de he ba t ' c am sunde t s c f m ofpolcy. li r he e ond or i The Hoba t m ay i ove t exitnc of a ûusom or polc i one of t rs ç pr he se e c t i y' n wo wa . 1 a 1 Fis,t y m a e tbls t tm uni i a t sore pl ese ge ys' d. t 69. rt he ' y sa ih ha cpal cor m oye nga d i a pat m of unc tt i n te onsiutonal c onduc . Sec t ond, t y may e tbls t t a fna he sa ih ha i l polc iymake t asngl unc tt i la ton.1 (iai omit . r ook i e onsiutona ci d. cttons ted) The Hoba t f lt al ge a pa tr ofunc tt tonalc rs ai o le te n onsiu i onduc he e. The ha t r y ve i ntfe no ot ri t nc sofvi a i r uli fom polceofi e s co uc t r de ii d he nsa e oltons es tng r i tc r ' nd t owa d m e a l ilper ons A s f a sngl unco tt i nt ly 1 s . or i e ns iutonala ton by a f na polcy a r t ci i l i m ke , he Hoba t mus pl a t Chi Kr hn i a tna polc a r a m us a s s rs t e d hat ef a s i l i ym ke , nd t lo how t the ha hasvi a e ac tt i lrght The ha done net r Asnotd a olt d onsiutona i . y ve ihe . e bove,t Hoba t he rs do notal gef ct s le a s howi t tChi fKr hn i la eunde Se ton 1 ng ha e a s ibl r c i 983. Fort sr as t Hoba t'c hi e on, he rs ompli a s f ist sa e a cai a ns t Ciy a nt lo al o tt l m gai t he t ofSt for on t s pa a et or t t Ciy ha a polc ofi de e tani ofis af d he e r t he y hat he t d i y na quat r i ng t polc of e s SeeZar i e fc r . now,61 F. a 1 Onc a i t Ho rsdo notal get t 4 3d t 70. e gan, he ba t le ha t muni i lt wa delbe ael i fe e i adoptng ista ni polc he cpaiy s i r t y ndif r nt n i t r i ng i y. The Cour alows t Hobars l ve t a e t r c t l he t ea o m nd hei ompli t sae a cli a nt o t t am a i tt Ciy ofSt for gans he t a f d. E. The A DA and Rehabiiat on A ct lt i 17 Dee f ndant m ove t dim i s t Hoba t ' c a m s unde Til 1 of t A DA and s o s s he rs l i r te 1 he Se to 5 of t Re biia i A c ,a gu ng t tt Fi Ci c t s ca e 1 w pr bis c i n 04 he ha lt ton t r i ha he Ah r ui' s a ohi t s h cli sunde t s cr um sa es uc am r he e ic t nc . Til 1 oft ADA pr de t tl quaii d i vi lwih a dia lt s l te 1 he ovi s ha t no lfe ndi dua t s biiy hal, by r as ofs h di a lt be e l d f om pa tc pa i i orbe de e t be is of e on uc s biiy, xc ude r ri i ton n ni d he neft t sr ie ,p o a ,o a tvte o ap bl e tt,o b s b e td t ds rmiain he e vc s r grms r cii s f u i niy r e u j ce o ici n to i c by a s h e iy. 42 U. C.j1 3 G ç i e iy'i l s çny de rme , ny uc ntt ' ' S. 21 2. 1 publc ntt ncude a A pa t nt a ncy,s il pum os diti ,or ot r i tume a iy of a St t or St ts or l l ge peca e srct he nsr nt lt ae ae oca gove n nt''Haizev. char ,207F. 795,799(t Ci.201 ( i 42U. C. r me .' n Ri ds 3d 5h r 0) quotng S. j 1 31 1( ) The lngua of Til 1 tac t lngua ofSe ton 504 of t 21 ( )B). a ge te 1 r ks he a ge ci he Re biiai Ac of1 i (iai o ted) a fs iial pr de t tçthe ha ltton t 973, d. cttons mit , nd lpecfc ly ovi s ha gl r m e e ,pr edu e a rght 'a lbl unde Se ton 504 s l be t s m e ast e e dis oc r s nd i s vaia e r ci hal he a hos a ia e unde Til 1.5 I ( i 42 U. C.j1 33 . A dia e plitf c n valbl r te 1' d. quotng S. 21 ) s bld anif a s c e i a Til 1 c a m i he c s uc e d n te 1 l i f an how t t t r a o ofhi di a lt he w a e t r ha , û e s n by s s biiy, s ihe E l d fom pa tc pa i n i or de e t be is of t s r c , pr a s or exc ude r r i i to n ni d he neft he e vi es ogr m , a tvte o ap b i e t y'o wa ohewie éu j de t d srmiain b a y s c ci i s f u lc ni , r s t r s s b e d o ic i n to y n u h i t e iy.' 1 (uotng42 U. C.j1 32) ntt '' d. q i S. 21 . H e e t pa tes do notdi put t tA a on Hoba twas a di a ed pe s ort t r , he ri s e ha r r s bl r on ha t Ciy ofSt f or i a publc e iy. The H oba t ale num e ous vi a i ofTil 1 he t af d s i ntt r s l ge r ol tons te 1 a Se ton 5 i l ng:t f iur a r us t a commodae polc de rm e nd c i 04, nc udi t al e nd ef al o c a t ie pa t nt o r to f m e a hea t s r i e ca l ,a f iur and r f a t ado a polc t pr ec pe a i ns or nt l lh e v c ls a l e e us l o pt i y o ot t pe s wih m e a il s es dic i nai i t pr so of polce s r c a r ons t nt l lne s , s rmi ton n he ovii n i e vies nd e e ge r pons s and a f iur t conduc a s l-vauai n pl n f pr a s a m r ncy es e , al e o t e fe l to a or ogr m nd 18 s r ie afctng pes ns wih me a il s s' ( .No.10,a 1 ) Dee nt e vc s fe i ro t ntl lnese .' Doc t 2. fnda s a ar no t c e t Hoba t frt s c ppe t o onts rs' is, e ond,and f rh t ore of r c r l is ou t he i s e ove y. n t m oto D e e nt a gue a ns Til 1 r i f o y i of r a i r l t s t t i i nt i n, f nda s r gai t te 1 ele nl ns a s t e a e o he nc de is l Fr t Cour' r vi w oft pla ngsa De e nt 'moton,t t r c am te f om he ts e e he e di nd f nda s i he hid l i i t onl one t r e s die ty t t i de l a ng t Aar n' de h. The ot r s he y hat ef r r cl o he nci nt e di o o s at he cl m spe ti onl t t Ciy' polc e bot be or a afe Aa on' de t TheCour ai ran y o he t s ii s h f e nd tr r s ah. t t r f r wilnotc i rt Hobars'fr t s ond,a f t t oresofr c y f r he e o e l onsde he t is, ec nd ourh he i e over o t pum os oft smoton t dim is Thos cli sm a go f wa d. he es hi i o s s. e am y or r Coursofa al ha a e s d t a ia lt ofTil 1 t a r ssi a va i y t ppe s ve ddr s e he pplc biiy te 1 o r e t n ret ofc ext. They ha i ntted t c t i f t s cli s The fr tba i i a ont s ve de ii wo aegores or he e am . is ss s û ongf l a r s ' t or t ç wr u re t' he y û r whih t polc wr y a r t a i vi lwih a unde c he ie ongl res n ndi dua t dia lt be a e t polc m ipe c i d t e f t ofhi orhe dia lt a c i i s biiy c us he i e s r e ve he fecs s r s biiy s rm nal a t iy' M o ai v Ci o ia epha 20 W L 8 381 ,a *1 ( D. .Ma .1 , ci t. v ' r s . t fph ld l i, 07 y 5 1 t 1 E. Pa r 9 2007)(ii Lewi v Tr t,960 F.Supp.1 17 78 ( D.I 1 ) The scond ctng s . uit 75, 6- S. nd. 997). e e t gor i t i e ona e ac omm odai 't or t a e y s he : as bl c r ton' he y ç r whi h t polc pr pe l unde c he ie o ry i s i t a a r ta pe s w ih a di a lt f a c i e unr l t t t tdi a lt but nve tga e nd r es r on t s biiy or r m e a ed o ha s biiy, f i t r as bl a c al o e ona y c omm oda e t dia e pe s n' dia lt i t c s of t he s bl d r o s s biiy n he our e i etg to o ar s,ça sn t pes n t s frFe trij r o id g iy i t t nv siain r re t c u ig he ro o ufe ae n u y r n in t n ha pr es t n ot rar tes'' I (ii Gohi v.Enrght 18 F. 1 6,1 ( 0t oc s ha he rese .' d. ctng er i , 6 3d 21 220 1 h Ci.1 ) He e Ofie Esrda a r t ha us d f c i r s e t s me r 999). r , fc r ta ppeas o ve e ore n e pons o o be vi rofAa on Ho r' t twa r a e t hi dia lt Thi i undo e y no a ha o r ba ts ha s elt d o s s biiy. s s ubt dl t n ar e t s t ton, a s t s Co t wil co i r t s c e unde t û e s bl r s iua i nd o hi ur l ns de hi as r he ' a ona e r ac om m oda i n' c t gor Unde t s c t gor t H oba t 'a gu e i t t O fi e c to ' a e y. r hi a e y, he r s r m nt s ha f c r Esr da ove r c e t Aa o Ho r' co ta rea t d o r n ba ts nduc ,whi h was a s m pt of hi me a t c y om s nt l il s . One pot nta a c m oda i he e, a i M or s w oul be f t polce t lne s e i l c om ton r s n ai , d or he i o tefan fom tki a e sveaci a i t( r)untlheprs ntd an i dit t ri r a ng ggrs i ton gans Hobat i r ee e mme ae t ea t hum a lf . f hr t o n i e ' #. ' De e nt a gue t t t Hoba ts c am i f ecos d by t Fi Cic ts f nda s r ha he r' l i s or l e he hh r ui' de ii i Haizev Rihar s,207F.d 795( hCi.2000) l Haize t Fit Cic t cson n n . c d 3 5t r . n n ,he fh rui hed t t ûril 1 does not a y t a ofi ers on-he sr e r s ns s t r pored l ha û te 1 ppl o n tc ' t -te t e po e o e t d su b nc so ohe smia icd ns wh t ro n ttos c lsiv l s be t wi itr a e r t r i lr n i e t, ehe r o h e al n ove u j cs t h mentldi a lte ,prort t ofi rs s urng t s e a e urng t tt r i no a s biii s i o he fce ' ec i he c ne nd ns i ha he e s tle tt huma lf ' f a 801 Alho h t shol ng ce t nl doe pr l t flng lr a o n ie. J. t . t ug hi di ' rai y s ecude he ii of Til 1 s t i m a exi nt c r um s a es a t s s age t Co t c nnot s y t t te 1 uis n ny ge i c t nc , t hi t , he ur a a ha Hai eba sr leff l sop. TheHai e c tf e a muc dif r ntf ct lr cor t n nz r e i ul t nz our ac d h fe e a ua e d ha t sCour doe i t i tntca e.Fis,t tc thad a f l de o d r c d be us hi t s n he nsa s r t ha our uly velpe e or ca e t c s wa o a pe lfo a s mmayj d n moin.Byc nr s, nt i c s,we he a e s n p a r m u r u pue t to o ta t i hs a e c i ronl t pl di f rt pur e ofam oton t dimi s Sec onsde y he ea ngs o he pos s i o s s . ond,t r or he ec d i Hai e co l i y e t bls t t t pl i if pos d a i e a e t ea t t n nz ncusvel sa ihed ha he antf e n mm di t hr t o he ofie si t ca e The polc ofi e s a rve a t s ene t fnd pli ifhol ng a fc r n hat s . i e fc r ri d t he c o i a ntf di knie a sa ng ne t a tuc occ e by t unknown pe s . He t n be n f nd t ndi xt o r k upi d wo r ons he ga m ovi quikl t wa d a ofi e ,diobe ng hi r peae or r t sop. The ofi e ng c y o r n fc r s yi s e td de s o t tc r t r di nots he e d hootuntlt pl ntf wa wihi a f w f e . The Fit Cic tdee m i i he ai if s t n e e t fh r ui tr ned t tt ofi e ' a tons t r t r s tofa qui k dic e i na y de ii ma i s lha he fc rs c i t e he e ul we c s r to r c son de n ef de e e a f rt s f t oft e a t s e . f a 801.Unde t e c r um sa e , f ns nd o he a ey hos t he c ne' #. t ' r hos ic t nc s 20 t Fi Cic the d,ofs e s we enotr quie t r as bl a omm odae a s pe ts he hh r ui l ic r r e r d o e ona y cc t us c ' dia lt unde Til l. s biiy r te I By c nt as ,t Hoba t we lpl a o r t he r s' l- e ded f c s es a i h t A a on H o r w as not a t t bls hat r ba t a i dit t ea t Ofi e Esr da ora n mme a e hr t o fc r ta nyone i t vi i t He wasunar d a n he cniy. me nd nont e t ni The Fit Cic ts r as ng t r or doe nots ua e ne ty wih t hr a e ng. fh r ui' e oni he ef e s q r a l t he lm ie f t a ia e i t s c e. Furhe m o e o t bass oft f c s i H ai z t i t d ac s va l bl n hi as t r r , n he i he a t n n e, he Fi Cic tr peaed y not t tt pl i ifwa notde e be t ofapu i e iy' ûh r ui e t l ed ha he antf s ni d neks blc ntt s s r i e or pr a s by r s of hi dia lt butr t rby r s of hi own lf e vc s ogr m ea on s s biiy, ahe ea on s ie tle t ni be vi . Viwi t f c s i t Hoba t' f vor he e, Aa on Hoba t lr a e ng ha or e ng he a t n he rs a r r r diplye no lf -hr t ng be vi . The ef r i i atl a t plusbl t t he was s a d ie t eaeni ha or r oe t s e s a i e ha de e t be ft oft Ciy' polces r i e by r as ofhi di a lt nid he ne is he t s i e v c s e on s s biiy. For t s r s , a t s sa of t ltgai t Cour wil not dimis he e ea ons t hi t ge he ii ton, he t l s s Pl i ifss c Til I/ ton 504 c am . Al oft Ho rscli sunde Til 1 a antf e ond te lseci li l he ba t am r te 1 nd Seci n 50 wilgo f w a d. to 4 l ol r F. St e L a C l i s at w a m Fi l t De e nt m o t dim ist Ho rs'sae 1 w cli sa i tt naly, he f nda s ve o s s he ba t t t a am gans he Ciy ofSt for The Cour fndst tt Ho rs c t a f d. t i ha he ba t' ompl i f is a t one s cton,a ant a l s o e i nd t e or deci st a es t ot r her f e lne o ddr s he he s. 1. Sect on 101. i 021 Def nda s a gu t t Pli if ' cli a e ba r d by Seci 1 021 of t e nt r e ha antfs a ms r re ton 01. he Te sCi lPr ci e a Re di Code Tha saut wa ve gove nm e a i xa vi a tc nd me es . t tt e i s r nt l mmuniy i t n t e ae :us ofpublcy- d ve ces pr mie dee s a ij i a ii fom hre ras e il owne hil , e s s fct, nd nures rsng r c ndii orus ofpr pe t Br o tons e o ry. own v M ont . gomey Ca@. o p.Dit, S. .2d 481, r H s s. 905 W 483 ( x.App. Bea Te - umont 1 . Thi Cour nots t tt onl e ii vi ai 995) s t e ha he y xplct olton drce a t Ciyi ane i fiur t tan a s r s cam .( No.1 563. ie td t he t s glgent al e o r i nd upe vie li Doc. , ) The Ciy c nnot be la e f da a s unls t a lge ne i nce f ls unde a t a i bl or m ge e s he le d glge al r sa ut y wave ofi uniy. The Co tc l tt or i r mm t ur onc udest tt Ho rsf i t i c t ,i ha he ba t a l o ndi a e n t rc hei ompl nt how t Ciy ha wa ve is i muniy unde a oft t ee wave ai , he t s i d t m t r ny he hr i r c t gores SeeBr ae i . own,902 S. . at484.TheCour wilr quie t Hoba t t r pl ad W 2d t l e r he rs o e e t s cli t a lge s tc e f cs t tesa ih a wave of gove n e a i uniy hi am o le ufi i nt a t ha t bls i r r m nt l mm t unde t TTCA. r he I . V C O N C LUSIO N Fort ras sae i t sor r Dee he e ons ttd n hi de, fndantsMoton t Dimis( No.7) ' i o s s Doc. i GM NTED i pa t a DENI s n r nd ED i pa t The Ho rs s l tl a a e d n r. ba t hal ie n m nde / cm lnwtnwn ()ashtuet dt'csdniehr. opat iitet 2 dytacrsh e!ni i ti ee i h y0 e ie e e fd I IS SO O R DER ED . T SI GNED atHo t Texa , t st uson, s on hi he da ofSe e r 201 y pt mbe , 0. v K EI T . X .ELLI SON UNI TED YATES DI STRI J CT UDGE
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