Davis v. Federal Express Corporation, No. 2:2011cv02902 - Document 66 (W.D. Tenn. 2014)

Court Description: ORDER granting in part and denying in part 46 Motion for Partial Summary Judgment. Signed by Judge Samuel H. Mays, Jr on 3/24/2014.

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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE WESTERN DIVISION Rosie L. Davis, ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Plaintiff, v. FedEx Corporate Services, Inc., Defendant. No. 11-2902 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT On October 13, 2011, Plaintiff Rosie L. Davis (“Davis”) filed a Complaint against Defendant FedEx Corporate Services, Inc. (“FedEx”), alleging two counts of unlawful racial discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act (“Title VII”), 42 U.S.C. § 2000e, and one count of failure to pay overtime under the Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”), 29 U.S.C. § 215. (ECF No. 1.) 1, 2011. on July Tennessee She filed an Amended Complaint on December (ECF No. 8.) 15, 2012, Human discrimination Davis filed a Second Amended Complaint alleging Rights under T.C.A. two Act § counts of (“THRA”), 4-21-401, and violation the the of the first for second for retaliation for engaging in protected activity under T.C.A. § 421-301. (Am. Compl, ECF No. 13.) Before the Court is FedEx’s December 6, 2013 Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (the “Motion”). (Mot., ECF No. 46.) Davis responded on January 7, 2014 (the “Response”). ECF No. 50.) FedEx replied on January 23, 2014. (Resp., (ECF No. 55.) For the following reasons, the Motion is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. I. Background Davis, who is African American, began working for FedEx in 1989. (Def. Stat. of. Undisp. Facts, ECF No. 46-2 ¶ 1.) Since 2003, she Karen Beverly has reported (“Beverly”), Carnes (“Carnes”). to Wendy three different McNamara (Id. ¶ 2.) (“McNamara”), and Susan Davis claims that she began “working out of class” in or about June 2003. 1 ¶ 13.) managers, (Compl., ECF No. Davis was a Marketing Coordinator, which is an N5- level, nonexempt position, but believes she was performing the duties of an Associate Marketing Specialist, an E1-level, exempt position. The (Id. ¶ 3, 4.) record is not exempt and nonexempt. are not paid hourly.” Mallory Herlong clear on the precise definitions of According to Carnes, “exempt means you (Carnes Dep., ECF No. 50-6 at 13.) (“Herlong”), who worked on the same team as Davis, understood exempt to mean “that you’re salaried, full 2 time not clocking in and out.” 22, 23.) Herlong (Herlong Dep., ECF No. 50-8 at testified that in a salaried, nonexempt position, the employee is paid a salary based on a 40-hour work week, but the paycheck reflects an hourly rate. An accumulation of exempt or necessary for certain promotions. (Id. at 23.) “equivalent” experience (See id.; Davis Dep., ECF No. 46-3 at 5, 23; Carnes Dep., ECF No. 50-6 at 15.) positions are exempt. is (ECF No. 46-4.) E1-level Two years of exempt or equivalent experience is required to qualify for an E1B-level position. (Carnes Decl., ECF No. 46-4 ¶ 9.) Five years exempt or equivalent experience is required to qualify for an E2-level position. (Id. ¶ 10.) FedEx’s Education/Experience Equivalency Table states that “[t]wo years of directly related, part-time experience to the job being sought can be used to satisfy 1 year of full-time experience.” (ECF No. 50-3 at 5.) An applicant or employee’s related master’s degree “can be exchanged for 1 year of experience.” (ECF No. 50-3 at 5.) A. Reclassification Audit Before October working out of class. 22, 2010, Davis complained that she was (Crockum-King Dep., ECF No. 50-5 at 12.) An N5-level position is characterized by administrative work, but Davis claims that she was performing significant managerial tasks. (Def. Stat. of Undisp. Facts, ECF No. 46-2 ¶ 9.) A coworker testified that Davis trained her and numerous of her 3 colleagues. (Jolley Dep., performance appraisals GPAT1 meetings.” Following ECF 5.) Davis’s that she “conduct[ed] stated No. 50-7 at effective (Crockum-King Dep., ECF No. 50-5 at 17.) Davis’s complaint, FedEx conducted a job reclassification audit, led by Susan Russell, a Director in the marketing department. (Id. at 12.) The investigation was aided by Stephanie Crockum-King (“Crockum-King”) and Sharron Jackson (“Jackson”), both of whom worked in human resources. (Id. at 13; Davis Dep., ECF No. 46-3 at 4; Davis Decl., ECF No. 46-4.) The investigation included an interview with Davis, discussions with Davis’s appraisals. the supervisor, and a review of her performance (Crockum-King Dep. at 17; Davis Dep. at 4.) interview, Davis told Jackson about Davis’s During extensive responsibilities, and Jackson appeared surprised by their scope. (Davis Dep. at 4.) Jackson said that Davis’s responsibilities were “a lot” given her position and asked if Davis were working overtime. (Id.) Nevertheless, Davis was notified on October 18, 2010, that her position would not be reclassified because the audit had concluded that her duties were administrative. (Def. Stat. of Undisp. Facts, ECF No. 46-2 ¶ 9.) That conclusion rested in part on the job audit’s finding that “Rosie has never run a GPAT meeting, and statements are highly exaggerated.” 1 (Crockum-King Dep., ECF No. 50-5 at 14.) The record does not contain a definition of “GPAT”. 4 When confronted conclusion and with the Davis’s apparent performance discrepancy between appraisals, that Crockum-King testified that: in my mindset, what I picked up [from Davis’s performance appraisals] was that she had something to do with the GPAT meeting. I didn’t pick up that she facilitated it and ran it as a professional person would facilitate and run it. I picked up that she handled the meetings . . . . (Id. at 17.) Crockum-King never questioned Davis’s supervisor about whether Davis conducted GPAT meetings or merely provided administrative support. (Id. at 18.) On October 22, 2010, Davis filed an internal EEO complaint, alleging that her job should have been classified as an E1-level position, which is exempt. No. 46-2 ¶ 8.) (Def. Stat. of Undisp. Facts, ECF When Davis was notified that her position would not be reclassified to an E1, McNamara encouraged Davis to apply for an open E1-level position, Associate Marketing Specialist. (Id. ¶ 11.) Davis applied effective December 1, 2010. for and received (Id. ¶ 12.) that position, In her new position, Davis continued to report to McNamara until October 16, 2011, when McNamara was replaced by Carnes. (Id. ¶ 13.) B. Treatment of Davis’s and Her Coworkers’ Experience Soon after Carnes replaced McNamara, Davis began asking Carnes when Davis could be promoted to the next level within her pay band, Marketing Specialist, which is an E1B-level position. (Id. ¶ 26.) On March 1, 2012, Davis emailed Carnes asking 5 whether Davis position. had sufficient experience (Exhibit, ECF No. 46-4 at 6.) to for that It required two years of exempt-level or equivalent experience. No. 46-4 ¶ 8.) apply (Carnes Decl., ECF Crockum-King testified that, based on Davis’s seven or eight years of experience as a Marketing Coordinator, Davis would be eligible to apply for a position as a Senior Marketing Specialist, which is a band above the position Davis sought. (Crockum-King Dep., ECF No. 50-5 at 8.) At the time of discovery for this lawsuit, Davis was the longest serving member of her team, but her job as an E1 Associate Marketing Specialist was in a lower band than the job of any of her coworkers. (Herlong, ECF No. 50-8 at 38, 50-41.) Carnes initially did not provide a direct answer to Davis’s inquiry. had not (Id.) been Davis followed up, stating that her question answered, and directly to human resources. asking whether (Id. at 5.) Jackson, forwarding Davis’s email. (Id.) she should speak Carnes then emailed Jackson responded: “Hello Susan – non-exempt experience does not count towards the minimum requirements for exempt level jobs.” (Id.) Carnes “relayed this information to Davis,” telling her that she was not qualified to apply for the position as an E1B Marketing Specialist. (Carnes Decl., ECF No 46-4 ¶ 8.) In calculating whether Davis had the requisite experience to apply for the E1B position, Carnes did not consider Davis’s 6 previous part-time, nonexempt experience. (Carnes Decl., ECF No 46-4 ¶ 8.) Carnes considered Davis a “good employee” who did her job “very well”, but promoted several other people ahead of Davis. (Carnes Dep, ECF No. 50-6 at 38.) Carnes hired Kent Kimball (“Kimball”) for the E1B Marketing Specialist position that Davis had inquired about. (Carnes Decl., ECF No. 46-4 ¶ 9.) In finding that Kimball had the requisite exempt experience, Carnes credited Kimball with two years of exempt experience for his master’s degree instead of the one year specified by FedEx’s equivalency guidelines. Linda Erickson Specialist (Id.; ECF No. 50-3 at 5.) (“Erickson”) position, an (Carnes Decl., ECF No. 46-4 ¶ 10.) In finding had credited Erickson with master’s degree. requisite two years of years Marketing equivalent experience. the five Senior or Erickson required E2A exempt that which for Carnes hired experience, Carnes exempt experience for a (Carnes Dep., ECF No. 50-6 at 23.) Erickson had not yet completed the degree when she was hired. (Id.) Carnes found that the other three years of required exempt-level experience were satisfied by Erickson’s previous job realtor and as a market specialist for a temporary agency. at 24-25.) as a (Id. Carnes promoted Courtney Moore (“Moore”) to an E2A Senior Marketing Specialist. (Id. ¶ 11.) Carnes found that Moore had the requisite experience because Carnes credited Moore 7 with two years of work for her master’s degree, one year of work in an exempt-level position at FedEx, and two years experience at another company working as a Marketing Coordinator. Dep., ECF No. 50-6 at 14-15.) white. (Carnes Kimball, Erickson, and Moore are (Jolley Dep., ECF No. 50-7 at 5.) Deborah Jolley (“Jolley”), an E2B-level employee at FedEx, worked on and off with Davis for about twenty years. Dep., ECF No. 50-7 at 5.) her. (Id. at 5.) (Jolley Jolley testified that Davis trained Jolley also testified that Davis trained Erickson and Kimball, and contributed to the training of Moore. (Id.) C. Overtime Pay As a salaried employee, Davis was not aware that she was entitled to overtime compensation. 4.) (Davis Dep., ECF No. 46-3 at Neither human resources nor any of her managers had ever told Davis that she was entitled to overtime. FedEx policy states that “[m]management is (Id. at 23.) responsible maintaining records of overtime to non-exempt employees.” 46-3.) The first time Davis realized she was for (ECF entitled to overtime was when Jackson asked her during the job audit whether she had claimed overtime pay. form for FedEx requires (Id. at 4.) The overtime-record nonexempt employees to list a date, daily hours worked, and the signatures of the relevant employee and manager. (Id.) Before November 2010, neither Davis nor her 8 managers ever reported any overtime hours that Davis worked. (Def. Stat. of Udisp. Facts, ECF No. 46-2 ¶ 7.) According to Davis, no one had had informed her that she was entitled to overtime or provided her with an overtime-record form. (Davis Dep., ECF No. 46-3 at 23). On November 1, 2010, Davis emailed Janice Walthall with a list of functions, going back to 2005, that Davis had performed during periods in which she “may have been . . . work[ing] over 40 hours [a] week.” (ECF No. 46-3 at 44.) The “periods” Davis specified were nine two-week training classes between 2005 and 2008, an audit between February 2009 and July 2009, and an audit beginning May 13, 2010. (Id.) On February 16, 2011, McNamara responded to Davis with “estimates for the total sixty hours and pay periods” Walthall. for the (Id. at 45.) projects Davis listed in her email to The email listed each project Davis had claimed with an individual estimate of the overtime hours Davis had worked, totaling sixty hours. had any changes to the estimates. McNamara asked Davis if she (Id.) Davis responded within minutes, stating that she had “[n]o changes to the estimates below.” (Id.) Soon after, Davis received a check for sixty hours of overtime and deposited it. at 28.) She did not bring up the overtime issue again to anyone at FedEx. did not (Davis Dep., ECF No. 46-3 (Id.) believe In her deposition, Davis testified that she that this payment 9 closed the matter. She believes she is entitled to 50-60 hours of overtime per week for periods going back to 2005. (Id. at 27, 28.) When asked why she suggested no changes to McNamara’s email, she stated that “that’s when I went and filed the EEOC.” (Id. at 29.) Davis filed a Charge of Discrimination with the EEOC on February 11, 2011, alleging racial discrimination. of Undisp. Facts, ECF No. 46-2 ¶ 24.) (Def. Stat. In her deposition, Davis gave contradictory statements about the impact she believed her race had on the decisions about her employment. When asked if the decision not to reclassify her N5 position as an E1 position was based on her race or color, she answered “No.” ECF No. 46-3 at 28.) (Davis Dep., However, she stated that she believed “everything was related to [] race. The discrimination, all of this was discrimination related to [] race . . . . I felt like I was being discriminated by the series of issues that happened with the filing the internal, the reclassification not being done, not being given an opportunity for a job to be posted with the department.” (Id. at 35.) On November 13, 2011, she filed the Complaint, alleging claims of unlawful discrimination based on race. II. (ECF No. 1.) Jurisdiction This Court has federal question jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 and supplemental jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1367. Davis alleges two counts 10 of unlawful racial discrimination under Title VII and one count of failure to pay overtime under the FLSA. Davis also alleges two counts of violation of the THRA, the first for discrimination under T.C.A. § 4-21-401, and the second for retaliation for engaging in protected activity under T.C.A. § 4-21-301. Federal courts have pendant jurisdiction to hear state claims that “are so related” to the federal claims in a case “that they form the same case or controversy under Article III of the United States Constitution.” 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a). That requires that the “[t]he state and federal claims [] derive from a common nucleus of operative fact.” United Mine Workers of America v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 725 (1966). Davis’s claims under the THRA derive from the same nucleus of operative fact as her Title VII claims. III. The Court has jurisdiction. Standard of Review Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56, the court shall grant a party’s motion for summary judgment “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Civ. P. 56(a). The moving party can meet this Fed. R. burden by pointing out to the court that the non-moving party, having had sufficient opportunity for discovery, has no evidence to support an essential element of her case. 11 See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1); Asbury v. Teodosio, 412 F. Appx. 786, 791 (6th Cir. 2011) (citing Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23 (1986)). When confronted with a properly supported motion for summary judgment, the non-moving party must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine dispute for trial. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). the evidence is such See A genuine dispute for trial exists if that a reasonable verdict for the non-moving party. jury could return a See Wasek v. Arrow Energy Servs., 682 F.3d 463, 467 (6th Cir. 2012) (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986)). party must “‘do more than simply show that metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.’” The non-moving there is some Phelps v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 680 F.3d 725, 735 (6th Cir. 2012) (quoting Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, supported pleadings. 586 (1986)). summary A judgment party may motion by not mere oppose a reliance properly on the See Beckett v. Ford, 384 Fed. Appx. 435, 443 (6th Cir. 2010) (citing Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 324). Instead, the non-moving party “must adduce concrete evidence on which a reasonable juror could return a verdict in [her] favor.” Stalbosky v. Belew, 205 F.3d 890, 895 (6th Cir. 2000) (citations omitted); see Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1). The court does not have the duty to search the record for such evidence. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(3); InteRoyal Corp. v. Sponseller, 889 F.2d 108, 12 111 (6th Cir. 1989). The non-moving party has the duty to point out specific evidence in the record that would be sufficient to justify a jury decision in her favor. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1); InteRoyal Corp., 889 F.2d at 111. Although summary judgment must be used carefully, it “is an integral part designed to of the secure determination of every procedural shortcut.” Federal the Rules just, action[,] as a speedy, rather whole, and than which are inexpensive a disfavored FDIC v. Jeff Miller Stables, 573 F.3d 289, 294 (6th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). IV. Analysis FedEx argues that that (1) Davis cannot establish a prima facie case of racial discrimination; (2) even if she can, FedEx can offer legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons for its actions; (3) Davis cannot show that those reasons were pretext for discrimination; and (4) Davis cannot demonstrate a willful violation of the FLSA. Davis argues that (1) she has stated a prima facie case of racial discrimination, (2) she has offered sufficient evidence that FedEx’s nondiscriminatory reasons for its actions were pretext for discrimination, and (3) she can show willful violation of the FLSA. A. Discrimination Claims 13 Davis brings two counts of unlawful racial discrimination under Title VII. Davis claims that (1) FedEx’s decision not to reclassify her job from N5 Marketing Coordinator to E1 Associate Marketing Specialist and (2) FedEx’s failure to promote her from an E1-level position constituted violation of Title VII. unlawful discrimination in Davis brings corollary claims of racial discrimination under T.C.A. § 4-21-401, which the Court analyses under the same framework as her Title VII claims. 21-101. T.C.A. § 4- Marpaka v. Hefner, 289 S.W.3d 308, 313 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2008). Title VII “discriminate makes against it any unlawful individual for an with employer respect compensation . . . or privileges of employment.” 2000e-2(a)(1). to to his 42 U.S.C § Title VII also prohibits employers from acting “in any way that would deprive [employees] . . . of employment opportunities . . . because of [their] race . . . .” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(2). Because there is no direct evidence of racial discrimination here, the Court analyzes Davis’s discrimination claims using the McDonnell-Douglas burden-shifting framework. See McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 804 (1973). The plaintiff must establish a prima facie case, which gives rise to an inference of intentional 14 racial discrimination. Sutherland v. Michigan Dept. of Treasury, 344 F.3d 603, 614 (6th Cir. 2003). To make that case: a plaintiff must show that (1) [she] was a member of a protected class, (2) [she] suffered an adverse employment action, (3) [she] was otherwise qualified for the position, and (4) [she] was . . . treated differently than a similarly situated, non-protected employee. Deleon v. Kalamazoo Cnty. Rd. Comm’n., 739 F.3d 914, 918 (6th Cir. 2014). If the plaintiff establishes a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the defendant to offer a legitimate, nondiscriminatory Sutherland, burden, reason 344 then plaintiff to pretext.” F.3d the for at burden demonstrate the 615. of adverse “If the production that the employment defendant shifts proffered action. meets back reason this to is the a Id. 1. Davis’s Prima Facie Case The burden to establish a discrimination “is not onerous.” prima facie of racial See Texas Dept. of Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 253 (1981). first element. case Davis meets the She is African American, and it is not disputed that she is a member of a protected class. (See Def. Mem. of Law, ECF No. 46-1.) Davis meets the second element because she has made an adequate showing that she suffered an adverse employment action. An adverse employment action: 15 constitutes a significant change in employment status, such as hiring, firing, failing to promote, reassignment with significantly different responsibilities, or a decision causing a significant change in benefits. Burlington Indus., Inc. v. Ellerth, 524 U.S. 742, 761 (1998). It is generally economic harm.” Construed reasonable jury a “tangible action [that] inflicts direct Id. at 762. in the could light most conclude favorable that two FedEx caused Davis direct economic harm. to tangible Davis, a actions by First, FedEx failed to reclassify her job from an N5 Marketing Coordinator to an E1 Associate Marketing Specialist. Had the job audit determined that Davis had been working out of class for a period of years, she would have earned a higher eligible to apply for more Davis had attained the salary immediately senior positions. status of E1 and Second, Associate been after Marketing Specialist, FedEx failed to promote her when she sought an E1B Marketing Specialist position. for that position application but because [was] Davis qualified as an applicant she denied “sought the to file opportunity . to . . file an it.” Hockett v. Administrator of Veterans Affairs, 385 F.Supp. 1106, 1111 (N.D. Ohio 1974). Davis meets the third element because a reasonable jury could conclude that she was qualified advancements that she was denied. 16 for two First, a genuine separate dispute exists about whether Davis was performing work substantially equal to her white colleagues who were classified at the E1 level or above when she sought a job reclassification. See, e.g., Medrano v. MCDR, Inc., 366 F.Supp.2d 625, 636 (W.D. Tenn. 2005) (defining wage discrimination as being compensated less than white employees who perform substantially equal work). While working at the N5 level, Davis’s performance appraisals showed that she performed managerial work, such as conducting strategy meetings. Davis’s coworker, Jolley, testified that Davis not only performed work substantially equal to her higherpaid coworkers, but that she trained them. The job audit concluded that Davis’s job classification at the N5 level was accurate because Davis merely performed administrative tasks. A reasonable jury could disagree. Second, a reasonable jury could conclude that Davis was qualified for a promotion to Marketing Specialist, an E1B-level position. Crockum-King, a human resources specialist with FedEx who participated in Davis’s job audit, testified that Davis’s seven to eight years of experience as a Marketing Coordinator qualified Davis to Marketing Specialist. were required to apply for a position senior to that of Although two years of exempt experience apply, FedEx’s equivalency guidelines state that “[t]wo years of directly related, part-time experience to the job being sought can be used to satisfy 1 year of full-time 17 experience.” Given the ambiguity of the distinction between part-time and nonexempt conclude that Davis’s experience, seven to a eight reasonable years jury of could experience directly related to the Marketing Specialist position satisfied FedEx’s requirement for two years exempt experience. Davis adequate meets the showing final that similarly-situated, she element was non-protected because treated employees. she has made differently To an than make that showing, a plaintiff must show that she and her coworkers were “similarly situated in all respects.” Hollins v. Atlantic Co., Inc, 188 F.3d 652, 659 (6th Cir. 1999). is not required. Id. “Precise equivalence” Rather, a plaintiff must show that: the individuals with whom the plaintiff seeks to compare his/her treatment must have dealt with the same supervisor, have been subject to the same standards and have engaged in the same conduct without such differentiating or mitigating circumstances that would distinguish their conduct or the employer’s treatment of them for it. Id. at 660. Kimball, Erickson, and Moore are white. They worked in the same department as Davis and dealt with the same supervisor. Each was hired or promoted instead of Davis. had in worked the department longer and contributed to the training of each of them. money than each of them. did her job very well. had Davis trained or Davis made less Davis’s supervisor believed that Davis Davis has satisfied this element of her prima facie case. 18 Davis has established a prima facie case of discrimination, shifting the burden to FedEx to offer discriminatory reasons for its actions. legitimate, non- (See Sutherland, 344 F.3d at 615. 2. Legitimate, Non-Discriminatory Reasons FedEx offers several legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons for its treatment of Davis. FedEx claims that it did not reclassify Davis’s job from an N5 to an E1 level because it concluded that her job duties were administrative. It came to that conclusion after a job audit, in which FedEx employees interviewed Davis, discussed Davis’s performance supervisor, and reviewed her job appraisals. with her FedEx claims that Davis was not promoted from an E1-level position to an E1B-level position because she did not have the requisite experience, and those who were promoted had the requisite experience. Those are legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons sufficient to shift the burden back to Davis to show unlawful racial discrimination. that they are a pretext for See Sutherland, 344 F.3d at 615. 3. Pretext To show pretext, a plaintiff can offer “evidence that the employer’s proffered reason had no basis in fact [or] did not actually motivate its decision . . . .” 471 F.3d 588, 596 (6th Cir. 2006). 19 Asmo v. Keane, Inc., Independent evidence of racial discrimination beyond that offered in the prima facie case is not always necessary to show pretext. See Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 149 (2000). [A] plaintiff’s prima facie case, combined with sufficient evidence to find that the employer’s asserted justification is false, may permit the trier of fact to conclude that the employer unlawfully discriminated. Id. at 148. Davis has presented sufficient evidence for a jury to reasonably conclude that FedEx’s proffered reasons did not actually motivate its actions. Read in conclusion the that light Davis’s most job favorable to responsibilities administrative matters is not based in fact. that Davis trained her Davis, coworkers and were FedEx’s limited to There is evidence managed meetings. In discounting Davis’s contributions to the GPAT meetings as merely “administrative”, Crockum-King said she did not conclude from Davis’s job appraisals that Davis “ran [the meetings] professional person would facilitate and run [them]. up that she handled the meetings . . . .” as a I picked A reasonable jury could conclude that such a distinction is not legitimate, but a pretext for unlawful racial discrimination. Davis has presented sufficient evidence that FedEx’s proffered reasons for failing to promote Davis from her E1-level position to an E1B-level position were a pretext. Carnes asserts that Davis did not have the requisite exempt experience 20 and that others did. Evidence in the record is inconsistent with that assertion. A reasonable jury could conclude Carnes applied FedEx’s experience-equivalency that guidelines stringently to Davis and loosely to her white colleagues. Davis was given no credit for her many years working as a Marketing Coordinator, experience directly relevant to the position she sought. By equivalency contrast, for her Carnes experience credited as a Moore Marketing with exempt Coordinator. Contrary to FedEx’s equivalency guidelines, which specify a oneyear equivalency for a master’s degree, Carnes credited Kimball, Erickson, and degrees. Moore with two years equivalency for master’s Erickson had not yet completed her master’s. A reasonable jury could conclude that Davis was required to meet rigid guidelines that her white colleagues were not, resulting in career stagnation and economic loss. Davis’s contradictory statements in her deposition about whether she believes those actions were taken because of her race do not change this analysis. Davis has consistently maintained in her pleadings that she was discriminated against based on her race. The contradictory statements in her deposition are a credibility issue for the jury. See Ahlers v. Schebil, (“Credibility 188 F.3d 365, 369 (6th Cir. 1999) judgments and weighing of the evidence are prohibited during the consideration of a motion for summary judgment . . . .”) 21 B. Retaliation under the THRA Davis alleges that FedEx retaliated against her for filing an EEOC complaint. Davis filed the EECO complaint on February 11, 2011, and FedEx allegedly retaliated by failing to promote her in March 2012. The THRA makes it unlawful to retaliate against an employee for opposing a discriminatory practice or filing a charge of discrimination forbidden under the statute. 301(1). See T.C.A § 4-21- Because there is no direct evidence of retaliation, courts analyze a retaliation claim under the THRA using the McDonnell-Douglas burden-shifting framework. See McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 804 (1973); Tolliver v. Children’s HomeChambliss Shelter, 784 F.Supp.2d 893, 909 (E.D. Tenn. 2011). To make a prima facie case of retaliation, a plaintiff must show that (1) she engaged in legally protected activity, (2) the defendant knew of her protected activity, (3) the defendant thereafter took an adverse employment action against her, and (4) there was a causal connection between the protected activity and the adverse employment action. Tolliver, 784 F.Supp.2d at 909. FedEx protected activity. does not activity dispute and Although that FedEx that FedEx disputes Davis knew that engaged of it in Davis’s took legally protected an adverse employment action against Davis, the Court has found otherwise. 22 After the filing of the EEOC complaint and the first Complaint in this lawsuit, FedEx failed to promote Davis. To show a causal connection between engaging in a protected activity and an adverse employment action, “a plaintiff must produce sufficient evidence from which an inference can be drawn that the adverse action would not have been plaintiff not engaged in the protected conduct.” quotation marks omitted). taken had the Id. (internal A causal link can be shown by (1) presenting direct evidence, or (2) “through knowledge coupled with a closeness in time that there is no an inference other of retaliatory discrimination evidence.” Id. (citing Nguyen v. City of Cleveland, 229 F.3d 559, 566 (6th Cir. 2000)). when creates compelling Although Sixth Circuit authority is divided on whether causation can be shown solely by proximity, “proximity alone generally will not suffice where the adverse action occurs more than a few months – let alone nine months – after the protected conduct.” Hamilton v. Starcom Mediavest Grp., 522 F.3d 623, 629 (6th Cir. 2008). There is no direct evidence of retaliation on the record, and there is an insufficient inference of causation. temporal link to create an Over a year separated the protected activity and the alleged retaliation. facie case of retaliation. C. Allegations under the FLSA 23 Davis cannot make a prima The FLSA allows an employee to bring against an employer for unpaid overtime. U.S.C § 215. a private action 29 U.S.C. § 207; 29 “An employer who violates the FLSA must pay the affected employee the amount of their unpaid . . . overtime compensation liquidated . . . and an additional Boaz damages.” [] v. FedEx equal amount Customer as Information Services, Inc., 725 F.3d 603, 605 (2013) (citing 29 U.S.C. § 216(b)) (internal quotation marks omitted). The statute of limitations for violations of the FLSA is two years for nonwillful violations and three years for willful violations. U.S.C. § 255(a). 29 A violation is willful if “the employer either knew or showed reckless disregard for the matter of whether its conduct was prohibited” by statute. Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Thurston, 469 U.S. 111, 128 (1985). Read in the light most favorable to Davis, FedEx’s failure to pay Davis overtime was not willful. Davis admits that before November 2010, she never reported working overtime. When she did report it, she was compensated fully for the hours that she listed. Although the parties dispute whether she has been fully compensated for all of the overtime hours she worked, accepted McNamara’s estimate without suggesting changes. two-year limitation applies. on November 13, 2011, her she The Because Davis filed the Complaint claim 24 for unpaid overtime and liquidated damages is limited to the period beginning on November 13, 2009. FedEx asks the Court to decide that Davis is not entitled to liquidated damages because FedEx acted in good faith in its failure to pay Davis overtime. is not well taken. is “substantial.” See 29 U.S.C. § 260. The motion The burden on an employer to show good faith Elwell v. Univ. Hosp. Home Care Serv.’s, 276 F.3d 832, 843 (6th Cir. 2002). It requires “proof that [the employer’s] failure to obey the statute was both in good faith and predicated on such reasonable grounds that it would be unfair to impose upon [it] more than a compensatory verdict.” Id. at 840 (emphasis omitted) (alternations in original). Davis testifies that she was never told she was entitled to overtime and was never given an overtime-compensation form. FedEx has not met its burden. V. Conclusion For the foregoing reasons, FedEx’s Motion Judgment on Davis’s Title VII claims is DENIED. Davis’s THRA discrimination Davis’s retaliation THRA claim claim is for Summary The Motion on is DENIED. The Motion on GRANTED. The Motion Davis’s claim for willful violation of the FLSA is GRANTED. Motion to exclude liquidated damages is DENIED. So ordered this 24th day of March, 2014. 25 on The s/ Samuel H. Mays, Jr.______ SAMUEL H. MAYS, JR. UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 26

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