Correa-Muniz et al v. Walgreen Co., No. 3:2013cv01665 - Document 21 (D.P.R. 2014)

Court Description: OPINION AND ORDER granting 11 Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Jurisdiction. Signed by Judge Daniel R. Dominguez on 9/22/2014. (MM)

Download PDF

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO IVAN CORREA MUNIZ, ET AL. Plaintiffs, v. Civil No. 13-1665 (DRD) WALGREEN CO., Defendant. OPINION AND ORDER On Juliana August 28, Santoni 2013, Pares Plaintiffs ( Plaintiffs ), Ivan Correa representing MuÃ±iz and themselves and as parents of JECS, filed the instant matter alleging that Defendant Walgreen Co. ( Defendant or Walgreen ) is liable for injuries suffered by JECS when it negligently dispatched a wrong prescription medication in the minor s name. Pending before the Court is Defendant s Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Personal and Subject Matter Jurisdiction (Docket No. 11), Plaintiffs response in opposition and supplemental motion in opposition (Docket Nos. (Docket No. 18).1 14 and 16), and Walgreen s reply The main issue in dispute amongst the parties is whether Walgreen has sufficient contacts with Puerto Rico to support 1 personal jurisdiction. For the reasons discussed On April 1, 2014, the Court entered an Order (Docket No. 15) holding in abeyance Defendant s Motion to Dismiss and granting Plaintiffs request to conduct jurisdictional discovery. 1 herein, Walgreen s Motion to Dismiss (Docket No. 11) is hereby GRANTED. I. BACKGROUND Walgreen Co. is a Illinois corporation with its principal place of business in Illinois (Docket No. 11-1). Walgreen of San Patricio, Inc. is a corporation duly organized under the laws of Puerto Rico as of July 22, 1963 (Docket No. 11-2). Walgreen Co. indeed has a designated office in Puerto Rico and a resident agent (Docket No. 14-1). Walgreens of San Patricio is a wholly owned subsidiary of Walgreen Co. and thus both exist as separate corporate entities (Docket No. 11-1). Walgreen of San Patricio maintains its accounting records at their headquarters in 580 Marginal Buchanan, Puerto Rico 00966. Id. Extension Villa Caparra, Guaynabo, Further, Walgreen San Patricio directly manages multiple stores in Puerto Rico and pays the salary of its employees, all of who are covered under the State Insurance Fund of Puerto Rico. files Id. its Annual Report Lastly, Walgreen of San Patricio separate Puerto Rico State Department. On the other hand, from fact, www.walgreens.com with the Id. Walgreen Co. Patricio do not have separate websites. In Walgreen Co. allows and Walgreen of San See Docket No. 14-4. customers to refill their prescriptions online and pick them up at their local pharmacy, contains a store locator feature, provides coupons redeemable at 2 all of their stores, provides access to the Balance Rewards program, its nationwide rewards program, and allows customers to purchase goods online and have them shipped to Puerto Rico. See Docket No. 14, at 5. Walgreen distribution Co. and has a general dispatch of standard prescription protocol for medication, the which Walgreen of San Patricio specifically adapts to its pharmacies in Puerto Rico in order to comply with both federal and local regulations. See Docket No. 16-1, at 4. All of Defendant s pharmacies use a system called Intercom Plus, which is used to scan prescriptions, prepare labels, and verify barcodes. Id. at 4-5. According to the complaint, on August 28, 2012, Plaintiff Juliana Santoni went the Walgreen pharmacy located at 2505 Carr. 841, Guaynabo, Puerto Rico to fill a prescription of TRAMADOL/APAP 37.5MG/325MG prescribed to her by Dr. M. Martino Berio. To obtain said medicine, a patient must have a prescription and the prescription must show that the patient is of legal age. The prescription was allegedly dispatched under Juliana Santoni s child s name, who was three years old at the time. After picking up her prescription from the pharmacy, Plaintiff Juliana Santoni arrived at her residence and placed the Walgreen prescription bag in her medicine cabinet. 3 Juliana Santoni had plans for that evening with friends, so the child s father, Plaintiff Ivan Correa, stayed home taking care of their son. At the time, Plaintiffs son had been taking Amoxicillin 400 MG to treat flu symptoms he had been experiencing. However, Plaintiff Ivan Correa had never administered the Amoxicillin to his son, and was therefore not aware of what the medicine looked like, what it was, or how it was administered. At some point during that evening, Juliana Santoni called the house to check on her son and asked Ivan Correa to give the Amoxicillin to the child. Ivan Correa went to the medicine cabinet and retrieved the unopened prescription bag that Juliana Santoni had placed there earlier in prescription 37.5MG/325MG Ivan Correa the day. Inside bottle but prescription containing erroneously then the labeled proceeded to bag Santoni s with the TRAMADOL/APAP the administer was child s one name. of the TRAMADOL/APAP 37.5MG/325MG pills to his child. During the night, Correa went into his son s room while he was sleeping and discovered that the child had not only thrown up, but was also deeply asleep. Correa immediately called his son s him pediatrician, who advised to take his hospital if he threw up again to avoid dehydration. did not throw up again that night. 4 son to the The child The next morning, Juliana Santoni appeared drowsy and was moving slowly. off in daycare, medication when Juliana she Santoni noticed noticed her son After dropping the child returned for that the home first to take her time that the prescription bag she had placed in the medicine cabinet the day before had been opened. When she approached the child s father to inquire about her medication, he informed her of the events that had transpired the previous evening. The parents immediately took the child to the pediatrician, who explained that the drug had most likely caused the child to have multiple seizures during his sleep, thereby causing him to throw up. pharmacy Later that day, the parents returned to the Walgreen that confronted the allegedly store dispatched manager, who the wrong medication and immediately apologized and encouraged them to take anything they wanted from the store, an offer the Plaintiffs refused. As a result of Defendant s negligence, Plaintiffs aver that their minor child is now afraid of sleeping alone, getting sick, and taking any kind of medication. II. FED R. CIV. P. 12(B)(2) STANDARD OF REVIEW Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(2)( Rule 12(b)(2) ), a defendant may move to dismiss a complaint for lack of personal jurisdiction. an evidentiary Where, as here, the Court refrains from holding hearing, the Court 5 applies the prima facie standard. 618-19 United States v. Swiss Am. Bank, Ltd., 274 F.3d 610, (1st Cir. 2001)(internal citations omitted); see generally Stars for Art Prod. FZ, LLC v. Dandana, LLC, 806 F. Supp. 2d 437, 452 (D.Mass. 2011). Under the prima facie standard, the plaintiff bears the burden of establishing that the Court has personal jurisdiction over the litigants. Id. To meet its burden, the plaintiff may not rely on the pleadings. Inc., 478 omitted). facts. F.3d 19, 23 Negron-Torres v. Verizon Commc ns, (1st Cir. 2007)(internal citations Rather, the plaintiff must proffer properly supported Id. The plaintiff s evidence is assumed to be true and construed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Astro- Med, Inc. V. Nihon Kohden Am., Inc., 591 F.3d 1, 8 (1st Cir. 2009)(internal citations omitted). A defendant s evidence is only relevant to the extent that it is uncontradicted by the plaintiff. the Id. plaintiff Thus, the make-or-break standard is whether has proffered evidence that, if credited, is enough to support findings of all facts essential to personal jurisdiction. Poole, P.A., Daynard v. Ness, Motley, Loadholt, Richardson & 290 F.3d 42, 50-51 citations omitted). 6 (1st Cir. 2002)(internal III. To the Plaintiffs party, establish DISCUSSION Court s personal must satisfy both jurisdiction Puerto Rico s over a long-arm statute and the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Negron-Torres, 478 F.3d at 24 (citing Swiss Am. Bank, 274 F.3d at 618). to the As Puerto Rico s long-arm statute extends jurisdiction maximum limits imposed by process analysis is determinative. the Constitution, the due Id. Under the Due Process Clause, a plaintiff must prove the existence of either specific or general jurisdiction. Negron- Torres, 478 F.3d at 24 (citing Harlow v. Children s Hosp., 432 F.3d 50, 57 determining exists is (1st whether the Cir. 2005)). either existence The specific of critical or minimum nonresident defendant and the forum. general contacts Id. inquiry in jurisdiction between the Therefore, the Court must find that the nonresident defendant maintains sufficient minimum contacts with Puerto Rico so as to comport traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice. Int l Shoe Co. v. Wash. Office of Unemployment Comp. to See & Placement, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945). A. Specific Jurisdiction Specific jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant exists where the cause of action arises directly out of, or related to, the defendant s forum-based contacts. 7 United Elec., Radio & Mach. Workers of Am. v. 163 Pleasant St. Corp., 960 F.2d 1080, 1089-91 (1st Cir. 1992). The First Circuit divides the analysis into three categories: relatedness, purposeful availment, and reasonableness. See Platten v. HG Bermuda Exempted Ltd., 437 F.3d 118, 135 (1st Cir. 2006). An affirmative finding on each of the three elements of the test is required to support a finding of specific jurisdiction. Phillips Exeter Academy v. Howard Phillips Fund, 196 F.3d 284, 288 (1st Cir. 1999). With regards to the first prong, the First Circuit has emphasized that causation is central to a relatedness finding, accentuating that [t]he relatedness requirement is not an open door; it is closely read, and it requires a showing of a material connection. This court steadfastly reject[s] the exercise of personal jurisdiction whenever the connection between the cause of action and the defendant's forum-state contacts seems attenuated and indirect.... A broad but-for argument is generally insufficient. Because but for events can be very remote, ... due process demands something like a proximate cause nexus. Negron-Torres, 478 F.3d at 25 (quoting Harlow, 432 F.3d at 6162)(internal citations and quotations omitted). The relatedness Defendant s contacts element with requires Puerto Rico a and nexus between Plaintiffs injury such . . . [that] the litigation itself is founded directly on those activities. Mass. Sch. Of Law at Andover v. Am. Bar Ass n, 142 F.3d 26, 34 (1st Cir. 1998). 8 Plaintiffs allege that Defendant is liable in tort for the damages they suffered when one of its subsidiaries, Walgreen of San Patricio, negligently dispatched TRAMADOL/APAP 37.5MG/325MG in the child s name instead of his mother s, thereby leading Plaintiff Ivan Correa to erroneously administer said medicine to his minor child. The relatedness inquiry in the tort context concerns whether Walgreen Co. s contacts with Puerto Rico were the cause in fact Mass. and Sch. legal of Law, quotations omitted); cause 142 of F.3d Plaintiffs at 35 cause (internal of action. citations and Nowak v. Tak How Invs., Ltd., 94 F.3d 708, 715 (1st Cir. 1996). Cause in fact refers to whether the injury would not have occurred but for the defendant s forumstate activity whereas legal cause refers to whether the defendant s in-state conduct gave birth to the cause of action. Id. (internal citations and quotations omitted). Defendant s contacts with Puerto Rico, mainly through the use of its facilities interactive the website prescription www.walgreens.com, refilling relationship to Plaintiffs alleged harm. process, which bares no Www.walgreens.com is neither the but-for or actual cause of Plaintiffs injury because there is no indication that Plaintiffs used walgreens.com to refill the dispatched. prescription which was allegedly negligently Hurley v. Cancun Playa Oasis Int l Hotels, No. 99 574, 1999 WL 718556, at *1 (E.D. Pa. Aug. 31, 1999)(holding that 9 the plaintiff s tort claim did not arise out of the defendant s website because the plaintiff did not contend that he used the website to make a reservation). Plaintiffs would have fared no better had they argued that they had utilized walgreens.com to refill their prescriptions, as they simply cannot establish that the website is causally related to their injuries. injury would have occurred regardless of Plaintiffs Walgreen s contacts with Puerto Rico, as there is simply no evidence that Defendant Walgreen Co. s in-state conduct gave rise to Plaintiffs tort claim. In proven, fact, clearly directly Plaintiffs establish caused by factual that assertions, Plaintiffs Walgreen s if alleged subsidiary, a readily harm Puerto was Rico corporation. Hence, Plaintiffs cannot satisfy the requirements of the relatedness test, as Walgreen s contacts with Puerto Rico were not the proximate cause of Plaintiffs injuries. See United Elec., reject 960 exercise between F.2d of the at 1089 personal cause of ( First, we jurisdiction action and steadfastly whenever the the the connection defendant s forum-state contacts seems attenuated and indirect. ). In the instant case, Defendant s contacts with Puerto Rico do not reach the requisite threshold, as there important, or at is least no in-state material, conduct element of forming proof. an Id. (quoting Marino v. Hyatt Corp., 793 F.2d 427, 430 (1st Cir. 10 1986))(internal quotations omitted). As an affirmative finding on each of the three elements is required, the Court need not go further as to the remaining Academy, 196 F.3d at 288. elements. See Phillips Exeter As such, the Court lacks specific personal jurisdiction over Walgreen Co. B. General Jurisdiction Federal district courts have general jurisdiction when the litigation is not directly founded on the defendant s forumbased contacts, but the defendant has nevertheless engaged in continuous and systematic activity, unrelated to the suit, in the forum state. arguments regards to to United Elec., 960 F.2d at 1088. support a Walgreen s finding of general contacts in Puerto Plaintiffs jurisdiction Rico are with twofold. First, Plaintiffs aver that Walgreen has engaged in continuous and systematic activity in, in Puerto and control Rico by over, virtue of its Walgreen of San ownership interest Patricio. Second, Plaintiffs argue that Walgreen has engaged in continuous and systematic activity with Puerto Rico by virtue of its relationship with Puerto Rico, independent of its subsidiary. Piercing the Corporate Veil Plaintiffs argue that Walgreen of San Patricio s contacts with Puerto Rico are attributable 11 to Walgreen Co. because Walgreen Co. is Walgreen of San Patricio s parent and alter-ego. The Court is unpersuaded. The Court may not exercise personal jurisdiction over a parent corporation simply by virtue of its subsidiary s contacts with the forum. Negron-Torres, 478 F.3d at 27 (citing Escude Cruz v. Ortho Pharm. Corp., 619 F.2d 902, 905 (1st Cir. 1980). The Court may, under certain circumstances, pierce the corporate veil to attribute the subsidiary s contacts to the parent. Id. Puerto Rico law determines whether veil piercing is warranted. Id. To pierce the corporate veil under Puerto Rico law, Plaintiffs must produce strong and robust evidence . . . showing the parent to have that degree of control over the subsidiary as to render the latter a mere shell for the former. Id. (internal citations and quotations omitted). In the case at bar, Plaintiffs fail to present any pleading, let alone strong and robust pleadings, showing that Walgreen Co. exercised sufficient control over Walgreen of San Patricio to warrant piercing the corporate veil. Plaintiffs aver that both Walgreen and Walgreen of San Patricio: (1) do business as customers Walgreen logos, system; Walgreens; can refill pharmacies (4) share their share marketing a the same prescriptions nationwide; advertisements, and (2) (3) image standard 12 share website, online common and protocol, and wherein local trademarks, integrated sales established by Walgreen, for the distribution and/or dispatch of pharmaceutical drugs. (Docket Nos. 14 and 16). These facts, without more, simply indicate that Walgreen Co. and Walgreen relationship. of San Patricio share a close branding See Diamond Chem. Co. v. Atofina Chems., Inc., 268 F. Supp. 2d 1, 8-9 (D.D.C. 2003)( Joint promotion without more does not mandate the finding that a subsidiary is a mere shell for its parent corporation. ). There is no indication in of the pleadings that Walgreen disregards corporate formalities, exercises control operations, had over Walgreen overlapping of San directors Patricio s and day-to-day personnel, Walgreen of San Patricio was undercapitalized. or that See De Castro v. Sanifill, Inc., 198 F.3d 282, 284 (1st Cir. 1999); see also Satellite Broad. Cable, Inc. v. Telefonica de Espana, 786 F. Supp. 1089, 1100 (D. Puerto Rico 1992). Rather, the evidence indicates that Walgreen and Walgreen of San Patricio operate independently. Walgreen of San Patricio owns and operates the pharmacy where the alleged tortious incident transpired, files independent independently annual obtains reports, all has necessary its own licensing headquarters, and permits required by the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, maintains separate accounting books, and pays the salaries of its employees, who are all covered under the State Insurance Fund of Puerto Rico. See Docket No. 11-1. 13 Accordingly, the Court finds there is neither strong nor robust evidence demonstrating that Walgreen of San Patricio is but a mere shell of its parent, Walgreen Co. Walgreen Co. s Contacts With Puerto Rico Lastly, Plaintiffs argue that Walgreen Co. has sufficient minimum contacts in Puerto Rico, standing alone, to warrant the exercise of personal jurisdiction. The Court may exercise general jurisdiction over Walgreen Co. if Plaintiffs establish that: (1) Walgreens Co. has sufficient contacts with Puerto Rico; (2) that said contacts with Puerto Rico are purposeful; and (3) maintaining jurisdiction is reasonable. Cossaboon v. Me. Med. Ctr., 600 F.3d 25, 32 (1st Cir. 2010)(citing Harlow v. Children s Hosp., 432 F.3d 50, 57 (1st Cir. 2005)). are deemed rather sufficient if isolated and than omitted); see determining generally whether they are systematic casual. Int l Walgreen s Shoe, and Id. (internal 326 U.S. contacts with at Puerto Contacts continuous citations 317. Rico In are sufficient, the Court s analysis is highly idiosyncratic and fact specific, not mechanical or qualitative. citations omitted). Id. (internal At first glance, it seems like the Court has general jurisdiction over Defendant Walgreen Co.; however, after conducting an in-depth analysis of the underlying factual allegations, we conclude that maintaining jurisdiction would not be reasonable. 14 According to Plaintiffs, Walgreen Co. has sufficient purposeful contacts in Puerto Rico given that it: (1) conducts a nationwide promotional campaign for all of its pharmacies; (b) provides services nationwide, such as refilling prescriptions; (c) has only one website covering all of its pharmacies wherein Puerto Rico resident can purchase goods and have them shipped to the island; and (d) has a designated office for Puerto Rico and a Resident Agent. See Docket No. 14, at 3-8. We agree. Plaintiffs aver, and the Court concurs, that the Defendant has sufficient minimum contacts with Puerto Rico due to the interactive nature of its website, the fact that it is registered as a Foreign Corporation authorized to do business at the Department of State for the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and has both a registered agent and a designated office for this jurisdiction. Walgreen Co. directly provides services to its Puerto Rican customers through their website, www.walgreens.com (Docket No. 14, at 5). prescriptions Said website permits individuals to refill their online at the pharmacy of their choosing and allows individuals to use the Store Locator feature to locate Walgreen pharmacies nationwide. Further, customers may purchase goods online and have them shipped to Puerto Rico. A website is sufficient to confer personal jurisdiction if the defendant has actually 15 and purposefully conducted commercial or other transactions through its websites. added)(collecting maintaining necessary, a website as forum state residents Cossaboon, 600 F.3d at 35 (emphasis cases). such with Something accessible interactive to more than everyone features simply online which is allow the successful online ordering of the defendant s products. McBee v. Delica Co., Ltd., 417 F.3d 107, 124 (1st Cir. 2005)( The mere existence of a website does not show that a defendant is directing its business activities towards every forum where the website is visible.... ). The facts clearly demonstrate that Defendant s contacts with Puerto Rico, through www.walgreens.com, are continuous and systematic. Defendant s website not only allows customers to refill their prescriptions online, but provides for the online sale of products to Puerto Rico consumers.2 Thus, Plaintiffs have satisfied the first two prongs. We now turn to whether exercising jurisdiction Walgreen is reasonable under the circumstances. 600 F.3d at 33. over See Cossaboon, This third requirement is secondary rather than primary; unless the defendant has some cognizable contacts 2 Plaintiffs assertion that Defendant has sufficient contacts with Puerto Rico through its registered agent and local office is unavailing, as appointing a registered agent for service of process purposes and maintaining an office that is currently not conducting any business does not amount to continuous and systematic for minimum contact purposes. See Sandstrom v. ChemLawn Corp., 904 F.2d 83, 88-90 (1st Cir. 1990). 16 with the proposed jurisdiction. forum, the court cannot assert general Id. (quoting Sandstrom, 904 F.2d at 89)(internal quotations omitted). In analyzing the reasonableness inquiry, courts weigh the so-called Gestalt factors, which include: (1) the defendant's burden of appearing, (2) the forum state's interest in adjudicating the dispute, (3) the plaintiff's interest in obtaining convenient and effective relief, (4) the judicial system's interest in obtaining the most effective resolution of the controversy, and (5) the common interests of all sovereigns in promoting substantive social policies. Harlow, 432 F.3d at 66-67 ( Even where purposefully generated contacts exist, courts must consider a panoply of other factors which bear upon the fairness of subjecting a nonresident to the authority of a foreign tribunal. )(internal citations and quotations omitted); see U.S. v. Swiss American Bank, Ltd., 274 F.3d 610, 619 (1st Cir. 2001)(plaintiff must demonstrate that exercising jurisdiction would be reasonable). At the outset, the Court notes as to the first factor that Defendant s burden of appearing in Puerto Rico would be minimal. This first demonstrate factor some is kind only of meaningful special or where unusual a party burden, can which Walgreen Co., a multi-billion dollar corporation, has failed to do. Pritzker v. Yari, 42 F.3d 53, 64 (1st Cir. 1994). Thus, the first factor weighs in Plaintiffs favor. The second, parties favor. third, and fourth factors weigh in neither For purposes of this analysis, it is important 17 to stress that Defendant Walgreen Co. does not contend that Plaintiffs do not have a valid cause of action, they are simply accentuating that the proper Walgreen of San Patricio. Defendant is their subsidiary, Hence, Walgreen Co. argues that the appropriate forum to litigate this dispute is the Court of First Instance of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, as the appropriate parties are all citizens of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Therefore, the jurisdiction borders over will regardless interests of one remain the who of causes intact, forum. Puerto as Rico tortious Puerto Additionally, in exercising injury Rico within law its applies Plaintiffs have not shown how they would be inconvenienced by having to litigate this case in state court or how the administration of justice would be impeded by having to litigate the instant matter in the state tribunal against Walgreen of San Patricio. However, the fifth and final factor weighs heavily in the Defendant s favor. In the case at bar, Plaintiffs are suing Walgreen Co., the parent company of the subsidiary where the alleged harm jurisdiction. occurred, As we merely to previously achieve discussed, federal diversity Walgreen of San Patricio is an independently run subsidiary of Walgreen Co., and the alleged tortious actions occurred as a result of the alleged negligence of individuals employed and supervised by Walgreen of San Patricio. No evidence has been presented demonstrating that 18 Plaintiffs utilized www.walgreens.com to refill the prescription that eventually harmed their minor child. In fact, there is no evidence whatsoever that Defendant s contacts with Puerto Rico, as minimal as they are, in any way contributed to the harm suffered by Plaintiffs and their minor son. considerations weigh corporation litigate to heavily a against case in Therefore, policy subjecting federal court a foreign when said corporation did not cause Plaintiffs harm. Hence, exercising general jurisdiction over Walgreen Co. to entertain Plaintiffs causes of action would be unreasonable, especially given the fact that Plaintiffs can file suit in state court against Walgreen of Defendant in the case at bar. San Patricio, the appropriate Accordingly, Defendant s Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Personal and Subject Matter Jurisdiction (Docket No. 11) is hereby GRANTED.3 3 Lastly, the Court notes that in Gonzalez v. Walgreens Co., 878 F.2d 560 (1st Cir. 1989), the First Circuit determined that the U.S. District Court in Puerto Rico lacked personal jurisdiction over defendant Walgreen Co. The First Circuit concluded that the plaintiffs had failed to demonstrate that Walgreen Co. was liable for the acts of its subsidiary, Walgreen of San Patricio, under an agency theory. Id. 19 IV. For the aforementioned CONCLUSION reasons, the Court hereby GRANTS Defendant s Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Personal and Subject Matter Jurisdiction (Docket No. 11). Judgment of dismissal is to be entered as to Walgreen Co. IT IS SO ORDERED. In San Juan, Puerto Rico, this 22nd day of September, 2014. /s/ DANIEL R. DOMÃ NGUEZ DANIEL R. DOMÃ NGUEZ U.S. District Judge 20

Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.

This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.