Gregory v. Newberg et al, No. 3:2015cv00473 - Document 11 (D. Or. 2015)

Court Description: Opinion and Order. The Court GRANTS Defendants Motion 8 for Judgment on the Pleadings. The Court also GRANTS Plaintiff leave to file an Amended Complaint no later than October 9, 2015, only (1) to the extent that Plaintiff can allege negligence b ased on a separate set of facts or allege a claim for negligence specifically in the alternative to his § 1983 claims and (2) to cure the deficiencies of his Monell claim as set out in this Opinion and Order. Plaintiff is advised that failure to file an Amended Complaint will result in dismissal of this matter with prejudice. Signed on 09/21/2015 by Judge Anna J. Brown. See attached 23 page Opinion and Order for full text. (bb)

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Gregory v. Newberg et al Doc. 11 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF OREGON AUSTIN GREGORY, Plaintiff, 3:15-CV-00473-BR OPINION AND ORDER v. CITY OF NEWBERG; HUNTLEY MILLER, Personally; and BRIAN CASEY, Personally, Defendants. LEONARD RANDOLPH BERMAN 4711 S.W. Huber Street Suite E-3 Portland, OR 97219 (503) 516-3715 Attorney for Plaintiff STEVEN A. KRAEMER BRYCE W. HANKS Hart Wagner, LLP 1000 S.W. Broadway Suite 2000 Portland, OR 97205 (503) 222-4499 Attorneys for Defendants 1 - OPINION AND ORDER Dockets.Justia.com BROWN, Judge. This matter comes before the Court on Defendants' Motion (#8) for Judgment.on the Pleadings. For the reasons that follow, the Court GRANTS Defendants' Motion. BACKGROUND Plaintiff Austin Gregory alleges the following facts in his Complaint: On March 31, 2013 at 10:13 a.m., Mr. Gregory, then a minor of 16 years, was lawfully in his home at 819 Zoe Court in Newberg, when Huntley Miller visited and spoke with his mother Patricia Gregory. Austin Gregory came near the door and spoke to Miller. While speaking with Ms. Gregory, Miller instructed Miller [sic] to go "into• his house or face arrest, while Austin was already standing inside the home. When Austin verbally challenged Millers' authority, saying he was rightfully and lawfully in his own home and there was no basis to arrest him, Miller lunged in to the home and grabbed Austin out of his home, slammed him on to the ground and, battered him and arrested him. He suffered a concussion and closed head injuries. His juvenile conviction[s] for interfering and resisting arrest [are] pending appeal in State court. Plaintiff timely filed a notice of tort claim September 23, 2013. Compl. at 8-11. Although it is not entirely clear in his Complaint, the parties clarify in their later briefing that Plaintiff was arrested for and charged with the crime of interfering with a police officer as well as with the crime of 2 - OPINION AND ORDER resisting arrest arising from his conduct during his arrest for interfering with a police officer. In addition, neither of Plaintiff's convictions for ihterfering with a police officer or resisting arrest have been overturned or expunged on appeal. On March 23, 2015, Plaintiff filed a Complaint in this Court against the City of Newberg, Officer Miller, and Chief of Newberg Police Brian Casey asserting claims pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for (1) wrongful arrest in violation of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, (2) excessive force in violation of the Fourth Amendment, and (3) a claim under Monell v. Department of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658 (1978). Plaintiff also asserted state-law claims for negligence, false arrest, battery, and malicious prosecution. On June 1, 2015, Defendants filed a Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings as to all of Plaintiff's claims. The Court took the Motion under advisement on June 29, 2015. STANDARDS Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(c) provides: After the pleadings are closed but within such time as not to delay the trial, any party may move for judgment on the pleadings. If, on a motion for judgment on the pleadings, matters outside the pleadings are presented to and not excluded by the court, the motion shall be treated as one for summary judgment and disposed of as provided in Rule 56, and all parties shall be given reasonable opportunity to present all material made pertinent to such a motion by Rule 56. 3 - OPINION AND ORDER For purposes of a motion pursuant to Rule 12(c), the court must accept the nonmoving party's allegations as true and view all inferences in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Fleming v. Pickard, 581 F.3d 922, 925 (9th Cir. 2009). A judgment on the pleadings is properly granted when, taking all allegations in the nonmoving party's pleadings as true, the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Compton Unified Sch. Dist. v. Addison, 598 F.3d 1181, 1185 (9th Cir. 2010) . "To survive a Rule 12(c) motion, the complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face." Davis v. Astrue, Nos. C-06-6108 EMC, C-09-0980 EMC, 2011 WL 3651064, at *l (N.D. Cal. Aug. 18, 2011) (citation omitted). Dynamics C4 Sys., Inc., See also Cafasso v. Gen. 637 F.3d 1047, 1055 n.4 (9th Cir. 2011) (A Rule 12(c) motion is "functionally identical to a Rule 12(b) (6) motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, and therefore the same legal standard applies.") . DISCUSSION As noted, Defendants move for judgment on the pleadings as to all of Plaintiff's claims. I. Heck v. Humphrey bars Plaintiff's§ 1983 claim for wrongful arrest. Defendants assert Plaintiff's§ 1983 claim for wrongful 4 - OPINION AND ORDER arrest is barred by Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477 (1994), because a judgment in favor of Plaintiff in this action as to that claim would necessarily imply the invalidity of Plaintiff's convictions in state court for interfering with a police officer and resisting arrest. Plaintiff, however, asserts Heck does not apply to the juvenile adjudications against Plaintiff for interfering with a police officer and resisting arrest. A. Heck Doctrine. In Heck the Supreme Court held: [I]n order to recover damages for allegedly unconstitutional conviction or imprisonment, or for other harm caused by actions whose unlawfulness would render a conviction or sentence invalid, a § 1983 plaintiff must prove that the conviction or sentence has been reversed on direct appeal, expunged by executive order, declared invalid by a state tribunal authorized to make such determination, or called into question by a federal court's issuance of a writ of habeas corpus, 28 U.S.C. § 2254. A claim for damages bearing that relationship to a conviction or sentence that has not been so invalidated is not cognizable under § 1983. Thus, when a state prisoner seeks damages in a § 1983 suit, the district court must consider whether a judgment in favor of the plaintiff would necessarily imply the invalidity of his conviction or sentence; if it would, the complaint must be dismissed unless the plaintiff can demonstrate that the conviction or sentence has already been invalidated. 512 U.S. at 486-87 (footnotes omitted). In Smith v. City of Hemet the Ninth Circuit reiterated: "[I]f a criminal conviction arising out of the same facts stands 5 - OPINION AND ORDER and is fundamentally inconsistent with the unlawful behavior for which section 1983 damages are sought, the 1983 action must be dismissed." omitted). 394 F.3d 689, 695 (9th Cir. 2005) (quotation "Consequently, success in a subsequent § 'the relevant question is whether 1983 suit would necessarily imply or demonstrate the invalidity of the earlier conviction or sentence.'" Beets v. County of Los Angeles, (9th Cir. 2012) (quoting Heck, B. 669 F.3d 1038, 1042 512 U.S. at 487). Heck applies to Plaintiff's juvenile adjudication. Plaintiff notes he was a juvenile at the time of the events at issue, and his adjudication occurred in juvenile court. Plaintiff, however, asserts his juvenile adjudication is not susceptible to a Heck challenge. Although this district has not explicitly resolved whether a juvenile adjudication is susceptible to a Heck challenge, the Court notes at least two judges in the district assumed, without deciding, that Heck would apply. See Baldenegro v. Naylor, No. 1:11-cv- 03038-CL, 2012 WL 2367380, at *1 (D. Or. May 10, 2012), Finding and Recommendation adopted by Judge Ovren Fanner, 2012 WL 2367377 (D. Or. June 21, 2012). Courts in other jurisdictions, in any event, have held Heck applies to juvenile adjudications. See, e.g., Adkins v. Johnson, 319 (10th Cir. 2012) Heck v. Humphrey, 482 F. App'x 318, (" [T]he district court correctly ruled that 512 U.S. 477 6 - OPINION AND ORDER (1994), bars a suit for damages based on the allegations that implicate the validity of the five juvenile judgments."); Grande v. Keansburg Borough, No. 12-1968(JAP), 2013 WL 2933794, at *6 (D.N.J. June 13, 2013) -(applying Heck to § 1983 claim based on a juvenile adjudication) Similarly, in jurisdictions with state laws that establish juvenile adjudications are not convictions, courts have, nevertheless, held Heck applies. For example, in Morris v. City of Detroit the court recognized even though a juvenile adjudication is not a criminal proceeding under Michigan law, a juvenile adjudication retains many of the procedural rights and features of a criminal proceeding and is, therefore, "certainly the functional equivalent" of a criminal conviction. App'x 409, 411 (6th Cir. 2006). 211 F. In Dominguez v. Shaw although the court noted a juvenile adjudication is not a conviction under Arizona law, the court, nevertheless, found there was not any "reason to treat juvenile adjudications differently than adult convictions for the purposes of Heck analysis." No. CV 1001173-PHX-FJM, 2011 WL 4543901, at *2-*3 (D. Ariz. Sept. 30, 2011) . The court noted: The crucial issue in assessing whether Heck bars [the plaintiff's] § 1983 claim is whether a finding by this court that the defendants' conduct warrants damages would necessarily invalidate the juvenile court's finding that [the plaintiff] engaged in illegal conduct. Whether the juvenile court's finding is labeled a conviction or an adjudication is, for Heck purposes, irrelevant If success on the § 1983 claim would undermine [the plaintiff's] juvenile adjudication, 7 - OPINION AND ORDER which has not been reversed or set aside, the claim has not yet accrued. Id., at *3 (citation omitted). Oregon courts have held "any procedure constitutionally required in criminal proceedings which is one of the essentials of due process and fair treatment will be required in juvenile proceedings." State ex rel. Juvenile Dep't of Marion Cnty. v. Smith, 126 Or. App. 646, 650 (1994) (quotation omitted). Accordingly, in a juvenile adjudication the juvenile has the right to notice of the charges against him, the right to counsel, the right to require the state to prove his case beyond a reasonable doubt, and the rights of confrontation and cross-examination. Id. at 242 n.5. The juvenile also enjoys the privilege against self-incrimination and the prohibition against double jeopardy. Id. The Court concludes in Oregon, as in Arizona and Michigan, a juvenile adjudication is the functional equivalent of an adult criminal proceeding for purposes of Heck. Accordingly, the Court concludes Heck applies to bar Plaintiff's claims under § 1983 to the extent that they would necessarily imply the invalidity of Plaintiff's juvenile adjudication for resisting arrest and interfering with a police officer. C. Heck bars Plaintiff's§ 1983 claim for wrongful arrest. In his § 1983 claim for wrongful arrest Plaintiff relies on the allegations in 8-11 of his Complaint and asserts Officer Miller arrested him for interfering with a police officer 8 - OPINION AND ORDER without probable cause and wrongfully charged him with resisting arrest. As noted, however, Plaintiff's adjudications for interfering with a police officer and resisting arrest have not been overturned or expunged. The Ninth Circuit has held a plaintiff's claim for wrongful arrest is barred under Heck when, as here, the plaintiff is unable to show both that his conviction is not inconsistent with such a claim and that the conviction was overturned or reversed. See, e.g., Backus v. Gissel, 491 F. App'x 838, 839 (9th Cir. 2012) (affirming district court's dismissal of the plaintiff's§ 1983 claims for false arrest and malicious prosecution "as Heck-barred" because success on those claims would necessarily imply the invalidity of the plaintiff's arrest and conviction.); Guerrero v. Gates, 442 F.3d 697, 705 (9th Cir. 2006) (Heck barred the plaintiff's claims under§ 1983 for wrongful arrest, malicious prosecution, and conspiracy because success on those claims "would necessarily imply the invalidity of his two convictions for possession of narcotics. Wrongful arrest, malicious prosecution, and a conspiracy among Los Angeles officials to bring false charges against [the plaintiff] could not have occurred unless he were innocent of the crimes for which he was convicted."); Johnson v. Arndt, 124 F. App'x 514, 515 (9th Cir. 2005) ("The district court properly dismissed without prejudice [the plaintiff's] illegal seizure and wrongful arrest 9 - OPINION AND ORDER claims [as barred by Heck] because success on these claims would necessarily imply the invalidity of [the plaintiff's) convictions, and he has not demonstrated that those convictions have been overturned."). District courts in the Ninth Circuit have reached the same conclusion. For example, in Sjogren v. City of Seaside the plaintiff was charged with interfering with a police officer and resisting arrest under Oregon law, pled no contest to those charges, and was convicted of both crimes. The plaintiff then brought an action under § 1983 for, among other things, wrongful arrest. Specifically, the plaintiff asserted the officer did not have probable cause to arrest the plaintiff for interfering with a police officer and "brought unfounded criminal charges against him." No. 05-CV-1478-ST, 2007 WL 221869, at *5 (D. Or. Jan. 19, 2007). The court held the plaintiff's claim for arrest without probable cause was barred by Heck because the plaintiff's convictions for interfering with a police officer and resisting arrest had not been expunged or overturned and "the validity of an arrest, prosecution and conviction may be challenged only by writ of habeas corpus." Similarly in Dowd v. County of Kern the plaintiff was arrested and convicted of interfering with a peace officer. No. 1:12-cv-01063-LJO-JLT, 2012 WL 3704827, at *3 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 27, 2012). The plaintiff brought a§ 1983 action alleging, 10 - OPINION AND ORDER among other things, a claim for wrongful arrest on the ground that the police officer lacked probable cause to arrest him. The court held Heck barred the plaintiff's wrongful-arrest claim because the plaintiff's conviction for interfering with a peace officer had not been invalidated and a judgment in favor of the plaintiff on his wrongful-arrest claim ftwould necessarily imply the invalidity of his conviction.n Id., at *4. As in Backus, Guerrero, Johnson, Sjogren, and Dowd Plaintiff's§ 1983 claim for wrongful arrest is barred by Heck because success on this claim based on the lack of probable cause for Plaintiff's arrest would necessarily imply the invalidity of his juvenile adjudication. Accordingly, the Court grants Defendants' Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings as to Plaintiff's§ 1983 claim for wrongful arrest and dismisses that claim without prejudice. II. Heck bars Plaintiff's state-law claim for false arrest. Defendants assert Plaintiff's state-law claim for false arrest is barred by Heck. Plaintiff contends he was falsely arrested because Officer Miller did not have probable cause to arrest him for interfering with a police officer. "Heck . . generally bars a claim for false arrest under § 1983 if success in the false arrest suit would be inconsistent with an underlying conviction." Parks, 450 F.3d 1059, 1065 n.5 (9'h Cir. 2006). 11 - OPINION AND ORDER Hart v. See also Radwan v. County of Orange, 519 F. App'x 490, 491 n.l (9th Cir. 2013) ("Heck also bars Radwan's state-law false arrest claims because success on those claims· would call into question the lawfulness of his prior conviction for marijuana possession."). Under Oregon law ''the tort [of false arrest] has four elements: ( 1) defendant must confine plaintiff; (2) defendant must intend the act that causes the confinement; (3) plaintiff must be aware of the confinement; and (4) the confinement must be unlawful." Hiber Creditors Collection Serv., Inc., 154 Or. App. 408, 413 (1998) (citing Lukas v. J.C. Penney Co., 233 Or. 345, 353 (1963), and Walker v. City of Portland, 71 Or. App. 693, 697 (1985)). Here the Oregon courts have not reversed, expunged, or questioned Plaintiff's adjudication, and success on Plaintiff's false-arrest claim on the ground of lack of probable cause would call into question the lawfulness of his adjudication for interfering with a police officer and resisting arrest. The Court, therefore, concludes Plaintiff's claim under § 1983 for false arrest is barred under Heck. Accordingly, the Court grants Defendants' Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings as to Plaintiff's state-law claim for false arrest and dismisses that claim without prejudice. III. Heck bars Plaintiff's§ 1983 claim for excessive force. Plaintiff asserts Officer Miller violated Plaintiff's right 12 - OPINION AND ORDER not to be subjected to excessive force when he grabbed Plaintiff, slammed him on the ground, and arrested him for resisting arrest and interfering with a police officer. Defendants assert Heck bars Plaintiff's claim for excessive force because Plaintiff was adjudicated for resisting arrest under Oregon Revised Statute § 162.315 and success on Plaintiff's excessive force claim would necessarily imply the invalidity of his adjudication for resisting arrest. Oregon Revised Statute § 162.315(1) provides: "A person commits the crime of resisting arrest if the person intentionally resists a person known by the person to be a peace officer in making an arrest." § 161. 260 provides: In addition, Oregon Revised Statute "A person may not use physical force to resist an arrest by a peace officer who is known or reasonably appears to be a peace officer, whether the arrest is lawful or unlawful." Oregon Revised Statute§ 161.290, however, permits an individual "to use such force as is necessary to overcome what the person reasonably believes to be the unlawful use of physical force by anyone, including a police officer." State v. Oliphant, 347 Or. 175, 193 (2009). The Oregon Supreme Court resolved the "apparent conundrum" that under Oregon law "[a] person may not use force to resist arrest, even if the arrest is unlawful, but any person is entitled to use such force as is necessary to overcome what the 13 - OPINION AND ORDER person reasonably believes to be the unlawful use of physical force by anyone, including a police officer" as follows: "it is crucial to distinguish between (1) the use of physical force in resisting arrest and (2) the use of physical force in defending oneself, i.e., self-defense, against excessive use of force by the arresting officer. * * * "If a peace officer uses excessive force in making an arrest, the arrestee has a right to use physical force in self-defense against the excessive force being used by the officer. In that circumstance, the arrestee is not resisting arrest, but, rather, is defending against the excessive force being used by the arresting officer." Id. (quoting State v. Wright, 310 Or. 430, 434-35 (1990)). It is not clear on this record whether Plaintiff raised a defense of self-defense in his juvenile adjudication. If Plaintiff raised such a defense, it could be properly inferred that Officer Miller did not use excessive force. If Plaintiff did not raise the issue of self-defense but succeeded on his § 1983 excessive-force claim, his success would necessarily imply the invalidity of his adjudication for resisting arrest. The Court, therefore, concludes Heck bars Plaintiff's § 1983 excessive-force claim. Accordingly, the Court grants Defendants' Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings as to Plaintiff's§ 1983 claim for excessive force and dismisses that claim without prejudice. IV. Heck bars Plaintiff's state-law battery claim. Plaintiff relies on the facts stated in ]] 8-11 of his 14 - OPINION AND ORDER Complaint and asserts Officer Miller's actions "constituted the tort of battery." Defendants, in turn, assert Heck bars Plaintiff's battery claim. Under Oregon law the elements of a battery claim are wellestablished: "[T]he conduct which brings about the harm must be an act of volition on the actor's part, and the actor must have intended to bring about a harmful or offensive contact or put the other party in apprehension thereof. It is not necessary that the contact do actual physical harm - it is sufficient if the contact is offensive or insulting." Johnson v. Jones, 269 Or. App. 12, 17 (2015) (quoting Bakker v. Baza 'r, Inc., 275 Or. 245, 249 (1976)). "Thus, a 'battery is a voluntary act that is intended to cause the resulting harmful or offensive contact.'" Id. (quoting Harris v. Pameco Corp., 170 Or. App. 164, 169 (2000)). In Ballard v. City of Albany the plaintiff asserted defendant police officers committed battery against him during his arrest when they "intentionally and recklessly deployed their police dog, sprayed, beat and attacked plaintiff." 630, 640 (2008). 221 Or. App. The court noted: A "battery" is a "voluntary act that is intended to cause the resulting harmful or offensive contact." Walthers v·. Gossett, 148 Or. App. 548., 552 (1997). [A] police officer is justified under [Oregon Revised Statute§ 161.235] in using physical force when he or she believes it is reasonably necessary to make an arrest, see Gigler v .. Klamath Falls, 21 Or. App. 753, 763 (1975), and a police officer is presumed to be acting in good 15 - OPINION AND ORDER faith in determining the amount of force necessary to make the arrest. Rich v. Cooper, 234 Or. 300, 309 (1963). However, the use of excessive force by a police officer in carrying out an arrest can give rise to civil liability for battery. Id. at 640-41. Thus, only excessive force by a police officer carrying out an arrest can give rise to civil liability for battery. In addition, as noted in the excessive-force claim analysis, when "a peace officer uses force in making an arrest, the arrestee has a right to use physical force in self-defense. In that circumstance, the arrestee is not resisting arrest, but, rather, is defending against the excessive force being used by the arresting officer." Oliphant, 347 Or. at 193 (quotation omitted) . As with Plaintiff's claim for excessive force, success on Plaintiff's claim of battery would necessarily imply. the force used by Officer Miller was excessive; that Plaintiff had a right to defend against the excessive force; and, therefore, that Plaintiff was not resisting arrest. Thus, success on Plaintiff's claim for battery would necessarily call into question his conviction for resisting arrest. The Court, therefore, concludes Heck bars Plaintiff's battery claim. Accordingly, the Court grants Defendants' Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings as to Plaintiff's battery claim. V. Heck bars Plaintiff's state-law claim for malicious prosecution. Plaintiff asserts Defendants committed malicious prosecution 16 - OPINION AND ORDER when they commenced prosecution against Plaintiff without probable cause to prosecute. To establish malicious prosecution under Oregon law a plaintiff must prove (1) the defendant initiated or prosecuted a judicial proceeding against the plaintiff, favor, action, ( 2) the proceeding terminated in the plaintiff's (3) the defendant lacked probable cause to prosecute the (4) the defendant acted with malice or with the "primary purpose other than that of securing an adjudication of the claim by the defendant,'' and (5) the plaintiff suffered damages. Perry v. Rein, 215 Or. App. 113, 125 (2007). Plaintiff states in his Complaint that his appeal of his adjudication for resisting arrest and interfering with a police officer is pending. Plaintiff, therefore, has not and cannot allege his adjudication terminated in his favor. Accordingly, the Court grants Defendants' Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings as to Plaintiff's state-law claim for malicious prosecution and dismisses that claim without prejudice. VI. Plaintiff does not sufficiently state a negligence claim. Plaintiff alleges Defendant City of Newberg was negligent because it (1) failed "to administer training and to timely and appropriately hire, train and supervise employees regarding dealing with citizens safelyn; (2) failed "to hire, train and supervise employees regarding safe restraint of civilians"; and (3) failed "to train for legal bases to arrest." 17 - OPINION AND ORDER Plaintiff also asserts the individual officers "were negligent in their dealings with plaintiff in causing injury without provocation or justification." Defendants assert Plaintiff's negligence claim fails because in this district "a·state common-law claim of negligence may be maintained separately from a § 1983 claim only when the negligence claim is based on facts that are different from the facts on which the § 1983 claims are based." Whitfield v. Tri-Metropolitan Transp. Dist., No. 06-1655-HA, 2009 WL 839484, at *11 (D. Or. Mar. 30, 2009) (citing Shilo v. City of Portland, Civ. No. 04-130-AS, 2005 WL 3157563, *1 (D. Or. Nov. 22, 2005)). As the court explained in Shilo: [M]ere negligence cannot sustain a § 1983 claim Thus, as a matter of principle, the court recognizes that a plaintiff may allege negligence as a basis for recovery separate from § 1983 for acts arising in the Fourth Amendment search and seizure context. The negligence claim, however, should not be founded on the same facts that give rise to the § 1983 claim. Shilo, 2005 WL 3157563, at * 1 (citing Lewis v. City of St. Petersburg, 260 F.3d 1260, 1263 (11th Cir. 2001)). Here Plaintiff's negligence claim is based on the same set of facts that give rise to his and his § 1983 Monell claim. § 1983 claim for excessive force The Court, therefore, grants Defendants' Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings as to Plaintiff's claim for negligence and dismisses that claim with leave to file an Amended Complaint to the extent that Plaintiff 18 - OPINION AND ORDER can allege negligence based on a separate set of facts or allege a claim for negligence specifically in the alternative to his § 1983 claims. VII. Plaintiff does not sufficiently state a claim under Moneii. In Monell v. Department of Social Services of City of New York the Supreme Court held municipalities are "persons" subject to damages liability under section 1983 when "action pursuant to official municipal policy of some nature cause[s] a constitutional tort." 436 U.S. 658, 691 (1978). The Supreme Court made clear that the municipality itself must cause the constitutional deprivation and that a city may not be held vicariously liable for the unconstitutional acts of its employees under the theory of respondeat superior. Canton v. Harris, Id. See also City of 489 U.S. 378, 385 (1989) (requiring "a direct causal link between a municipal policy or custom and the alleged constitutional deprivation"). The Ninth Circuit has held a plaintiff may establish municipal liability under Monell in one of three ways: (1) the officer "committed the alleged constitutional violation pursuant to a formal governmental policy or a longstanding practice or custom which constitutes the standard operating procedure of the local governmental entity," (2) "the individual who committed the constitutional tort was an official with final policy-making authority," or (3) "an official with final policy-making 19 - OPINION AND ORDER authority ratified a subordinate's unconstitutional decision or action and the basis for it.n Gillette v. Delmore, 1342, 1346-47 (9th Cir. 1992). See also Heath v. City of Desert 979 F.2d Hot Springs, No. 13-55946, 2015 WL 3942839, at *3 (9th Cir. June 29, 2015) (same). In his Monell claim Plaintiff alleges: Huntley Miller, acting under color of law, deprived plaintiff of his Fourth Amendment rights. Brian Casey, acting as Chief of Police was the final policymaker for City of Newberg as to officer conduct and he knowingly ratified and approved of deputies excessive force without reasonable suspicion or probable cause that a crime had been committed or a danger existed. In the alternative, there exists a custom, unwritten policy or practice to use excessive force on citizens based on prior tort claims and actions against Miller and other Newberg officers. Compl. at 23-25. Defendants, in turn, assert Plaintiff has not sufficiently stated a claim for Monell liability against the City of Newberg. In AE ex rel. Hernandez v. County of Tulare the Ninth Circuit addressed the level of pleading sufficient to state a claim under Monell in light of the Supreme Court's decisions in Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007), and Ashcroft 20 - OPINION AND ORDER v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009) . 1 2012). 666 F.3d 631, 636-37 (9th Cir. The court noted: In the past, our cases have not required parties to provide much detail at the pleading stage regarding such a policy or custom. "In this circuit, a claim of municipal liability under § 1983 is sufficient to withstand a motion to dismiss even if the claim is based on nothing more than a bare allegation that the individual officers' conduct conformed to official policy, custom, or practice." [Whitaker v. Garcetti, 486 F.3d 572, 581 (9th Cir. 2007)] (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). * * * [After Twombly and Iqbal, however, ] . "to be entitled to the presumption of truth, allegations in a complaint . . may not simply recite the elements of a cause of action, but must contain sufficient allegations of underlying facts to give fair notice and to enable the opposing party to defend itself effectively. Second, the factual allegations that are taken as true must plausibly suggest an entitlement to relief, such that it is not unfair to require the opposing party to be subjected to the expense of discovery and continued litigation." Hernandez, 666 F.3d at 637 (quoting Starr v. Baca, 652 F.3d 1202 (9th Cir. 2011)). Plaintiff's allegations in his Monell claim may have satisfied the pre-Twombly/Iqbal standard. See Hernandez, 666 F.3d at 638 n.6 ("[A]t the time [the district court] denied [the 1 Although Twombly and Iqbal address the pleading standard for a Motion to Dismiss under Rule 12(b) (6), the Ninth Circuit has held a Rule 12(c) motion is "functionally identical to a Rule 12(b) (6) motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, and therefore the same legal standard applies." Cafasso, 637 F.3d at 1055 n.4. 21 - OPINION AND ORDER plaintiff] leave to amend, our precedent required no more than the allegation that the government officials acted pursuant to an established policy or custom."). allegations, however, do not satisfy the current pleading standard because they do not include sufficient allegations of underlying facts to give fair notice to Defendants or to enable Defendants to defend themselves effectively. In addition, Plaintiff's factual allegations underlying his Monell claim, even when viewed as true, do not "plausibly suggest an entitlement to relief." Accordingly, the Court grants Defendants' Motion for. Judgment on the Pleadings as to Plaintiff's Monell claim. The Court, however, grants Plaintiff leave to file an Amended Complaint to cure the deficiencies of his Monell claim. CONCLUSION For these reasons, the Court GRANTS Defendants' for Judgment on the Pleadings. Motion (#8) The Court also GRANTS Plaintiff leave to file an Amended Complaint no later than October 9, 2015, only (1) to the extent that Plaintiff can allege negligence based on a separate set of facts or allege a claim for negligence specifically in the alternative to his § 1983 claims and (2) to cure the deficiencies of his Monell claim as set out in this Opinion and Order. Plaintiff is advised that failure to file an Amended Complaint will result in dismissal of this matter with 22 - OPINION AND ORDER prejudice. IT IS SO ORDERED. DATED this 18th day of September, 2015. ANNA J. BROWN United States District Judge 23 - OPINION AND ORDER

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