Affordable Bail Bonds, Inc. et al v. Tulsa County Sheriff's Office et al, No. 4:2014cv00332 - Document 38 (N.D. Okla. 2019)

Court Description: OPINION AND ORDER by Chief Judge John E Dowdell ; dismissing/terminating case (terminates case) ; granting 16 Motion to Dismiss (lml, Dpty Clk)

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