Zink v. First Niagara Bank, N.A., No. 1:2013cv01076 - Document 134 (W.D.N.Y. 2016)
Court Description: DECISION AND ORDER granting 123 Motion for Settlement; granting in part and denying in part 126 Motion for Attorney Fees. Signed by Hon. Jeremiah J. McCarthy on 12/29/16. (DAZ)
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Zink v. First Niagara Bank, N.A. Doc. 134 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT WESTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK _________________________________________ JEFFREY ZINK, on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated, DECISION AND ORDER 13-CV-01076-JJM Plaintiff, v. FIRST NIAGARA BANK, N.A., Defendant. ___________________________________________ Plaintiff Jeffrey Zink commenced this action on July 19, 2013, seeking to recover class remedies from defendant First Niagara Bank, N.A. pursuant to New York’s Real Property Law (“RPL”) §275(1) and Real Property Actions and Proceedings Law (“RPAPL”) §1921(1), for its allegedly “systematic failure to timely present to the county clerks of New York State proof that mortgages have been satisfied”. Complaint [1], ¶1; Amended Complaint [21], ¶1. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §636(c)(1) and Fed. R. Civ. P. (“Rule”) 73, the parties have consented to proceed before me instead of a district judge [122].1 Familiarity with the relevant facts and lengthy procedural history of this case is presumed - in particular, my October 20, 2015 Report and Recommendation [94] recommending denial of plaintiff’s previous motion for class certification and settlement approval (adopted by District Judge Richard J. Arcara on January 12, 2016 ([98], 155 F. Supp. 3d 297)), and my July 1, 2016 Decision and Order ([119], ___F. Supp.3d ___, 2016 WL 3950957) preliminarily certifying the class and approving the pending proposed settlement . 1 Bracketed references are to CM/ECF docket entries. Dockets.Justia.com Before me is plaintiff’s Uncontested Motion for Final Approval of Class Action Settlement pursuant to Rule 23 (the “Settlement Motion”) [123], and his Uncontested Motion for Attorneys’ Fees, Expenses, and Service Award Payment (the “Fee Motion”) [126]. Under the proposed settlement, First Niagara has made available the sum of $2.2 million to pay class claims (Settlement Agreement and Release [101-3], §2.35), representing approximately 50% of the full value of those claims. Plaintiff’s Memorandum of Law [124], p. 16 of 30. In addition, it has agreed not to contest an application for court approval for payment of a service award to plaintiff in an amount not to exceed to $5,000, and payment of attorney’s fees and expenses to counsel in an amount not to exceed one-third of the $2.2 million made available to claimants, both amounts to be paid by First Niagara in addition to the $2.2 million made available to claimants. Settlement Agreement and Release [101-3], §5.04(a), (c). Any unclaimed portion of the $2.2 million reverts to First Niagara. Id., §5.01(c). A fairness hearing was held before me on November 10, 2016 [131], attended by counsel for plaintiff and First Niagara. For the following reasons, the Settlement Motion is granted, and the Fee Motion is granted in part and denied in part.2 ANALYSIS A. Class Action Settlement “[T]here is a strong judicial policy in favor of settlements, particularly in the class action context.” McReynolds v. Richards-Cantave, 588 F.3d 790, 803 (2d Cir. 2009). However, “[Rule] 23(e)(2) provides that a court may approve a class action settlement only if it 2 I previously analyzed whether class certification was appropriate, and my only concern in that regard was adequacy of representation. October 20, 2015 Report and Recommendation [94], p. 10; 155 F. Supp.3d at 307. As discussed herein, while I have minor concerns as to counsel’s performance, I conclude that their representation of the class has been sufficient to justify approval of the settlement. -2- is ‘fair, reasonable, and adequate’ . . . . The court must review the negotiating process leading up to the settlement for procedural fairness, to ensure that the settlement resulted from an arm’slength, good faith negotiation between experienced and skilled litigators . . . . The court must also evaluate substantive fairness.” Charron v. Wiener, 731 F.3d 241, 247 (2d Cir. 2013). 1. Procedural Fairness Plaintiff and First Niagara were both represented by experienced and capable counsel, and the case was hard fought, including several substantive motions [12, 37, 70]. Moreover, the parties engaged in a lengthy session before JAMS Mediator David Geronemus. Blankinship Declaration [125], ¶7. The “involvement of an experienced mediator is a strong indicator of procedural fairness”. Chambery v. Tuxedo Junction Inc., 2014 WL 3725157, *6 (W.D.N.Y. 2014) (Wolford, J.). Therefore, I find that the process leading to the proposed settlement was procedurally fair. 2. Substantive Fairness In evaluating the substantive fairness of the settlement, the court must consider “(1) the complexity, expense and likely duration of the litigation; (2) the reaction of the class to the settlement; (3) the stage of the proceedings and the amount of discovery completed; (4) the risks of establishing liability; (5) the risks of establishing damages; (6) the risks of maintaining the class action through the trial; (7) the ability of the defendants to withstand a greater judgment; (8) the range of reasonableness of the settlement fund in light of the best possible recovery; [and] (9) the range of reasonableness of the settlement fund to a possible recovery in light of all the attendant risks of litigation.” Charron, 731 F.3d at 247. -3- “Courts have wide discretion in assessing the weight and applicability of each factor. The relative importance to be attached to any particular factor will depend on . . . the unique facts and circumstances of the case. ” 5 Moore’s Federal Practice, §23.164[1] (Matthew Bender 3d ed.). While I have considered each of the factors mentioned in Charron, I give particular weight to factors 2 and 4. See Raniere v. Citigroup Inc., 310 F.R.D. 211, 218 (S.D.N.Y. 2015) (“the reaction of the class to the settlement is perhaps the most significant factor to be weighed in considering its adequacy”); In re Traffic Executive Association Eastern Railroads, 627 F.2d 631, 633 (2d Cir. 1980) (“the most significant factor for the district judge is the strength of plaintiffs’ case balanced against the settlement offer”). With regard to factor 2, in this case “[a]ll 4,881 members of the class received notice, not a single class member objected, and only four class members opted out of the settlement . . . . Moreover, 43% of the class made a claim, an extraordinary claims rate that demonstrates that the Class views the Settlement favorably”. Plaintiff’s Memorandum of Law [124], p. 8 of 30. See Chambery, 2014 WL 3725157, *6 (noting that a 37% opt-in rate “is an unusually high participation rate for a ‘claims made’ settlement agreement . . . . ‘Claims made’ settlements regularly yield response rates of 10 percent or less”). With regard to factor 4, under the proposed settlement “[c]lass members stand to receive 50% of their potential recovery”. Plaintiff’s Memorandum of Law [124], p. 26 of 30. I believe that this figure is reasonable, particularly in view of the uncertainty regarding the existence of subject matter jurisdiction in light of Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, ___U.S.___, 136 S. Ct. 1540 (2016). As I stated in granting preliminary approval of the proposed settlement, “[i]n my view, under the present state of the law the scales tip slightly (but only slightly) in favor of finding that plaintiff has Article III standing to pursue claims on behalf of himself and the class. -4- However, the substantial possibility that a higher court might eventually rule otherwise, particularly when coupled with the other defenses potentially available to First Niagara, warrants the settlement agreement’s significant reduction from full value of the class members’ claims.” July 1, 2016 Decision and Order [119], p. 11 (2016 WL 3950957, *6).3 Since I issued that decision, some courts have agreed that subject matter jurisdiction exists in cases of this type. See Bellino v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., 2016 WL 5173392, *9 (S.D.N.Y. 2016) (“[t]he Supreme Court was clear in Spokeo that a concrete harm need not be tangible. The statutes create a substantive right for Plaintiff to have the satisfaction of mortgage timely filed, and Defendant violated that right. Nothing more is required, here, to demonstrate an injury-in-fact”); Jaffe v. Bank of America, N.A., 2016 WL 3944753, *4 (S.D.N.Y. 2016) (“[p]laintiffs have standing. Therefore, this action will not be dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction”). However, other courts have taken the opposite view. See Nicklaw v. Citimortgage, Inc., 839 F.3d 998, 1003 (11th Cir. 2016) (“[b]y alleging only that CitiMortgage recorded the certificate late and nothing else, Nicklaw has failed to establish that he suffered or could suffer any harm that could constitute a concrete injury . . . . Nicklaw lacks standing to sue CitiMortgage”); Villanueva v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 2016 WL 5220065, *6 (S.D.N.Y. 2016) (“as pled, Plaintiffs’ claims in the instant actions fail to allege a concrete harm sufficient to support Article III standing”); Zia v. CitiMortgage, Inc., 2016 WL 5369316, *4 (S.D. Fla. 2016) (“Zia has not alleged a concrete harm sufficient to establish Article III standing”). 3 While First Niagara has agreed not to contest standing at this time, it reserves the right to do so if the settlement is not approved. -5- In view of these conflicting opinions, the Second Circuit’s guidance would be helpful.4 However, 28 U.S.C. §1292(b) allows for an interlocutory appeal only where the court certifies that there is “a controlling question of law as to which there is substantial ground for difference of opinion and that an immediate appeal from the order may materially advance the ultimate termination of the litigation” (emphasis added). Thus, both conditions must be satisfied in order to appeal. See Koehler v. Bank of Bermuda Ltd., 101 F.3d 863, 865–66 (2d Cir. 1996) (“[t]he use of §1292(b) is reserved for those cases where an intermediate appeal may avoid protracted litigation”); Westwood Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. National Fuel Gas Distribution Corp., 964 F.2d 85, 88 (2d Cir. 1992) (“[a]lthough the issues raised on this appeal provide substantial ground for difference of opinion, and are controlling . . . it is not clear to us that our disposition of these issues will materially advance the ultimate determination of this case”). While the first condition is clearly satisfied, the second is not - for if I approve the settlement, the case is concluded. Although an appeal would lie if I were to dismiss the action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, for the reasons discussed in my July 1, 2016 Decision and Order [119] I continue to believe that “the scales tip slightly” in favor of concluding that this court has subject matter jurisdiction over the asserted claims, notwithstanding the contrary authority which I have cited. Therefore, I cannot in good conscience dismiss the action merely in order to obtain appellate review, for “when a federal court has jurisdiction, it also has a virtually unflagging obligation to exercise that authority”. Mata v. Lynch, ___U.S.___, 135 S. Ct. 2150, 2156 (2015). 4 In Strubel v. Comenity Bank, 842 F.3d 181 (2d Cir. 2016), decided on November 23, 2016, the Second Circuit analyzed claims for violation of the Truth in Lending Act (15 U.S.C. §§1601 et seq.) in light of Spokeo, holding that plaintiff had standing to assert some of the claims but not others. However, I do not believe that Strubel furnishes meaningful guidance as to standing for the claims asserted here. -6- B. Service Award Counsel “requests that the Court approve the payment of a service award to Plaintiff in the amount of $5,000 in recognition of his efforts on behalf of the Class. Pursuant to the Settlement Agreement, First Niagara has agreed to pay this award using its own Resources, which means these payments will not reduce the benefits payed to the Class members”. Plaintiff’s Memorandum of Law [127], p. 33 of 34. As I stated at an earlier stage of this case, “[p]ayments to class representatives, while not foreclosed, should be closely scrutinized”. October 20, 2015 Report and Recommendation [94], p. 15, (quoting Ortiz v. Chop’t Creative Salad Co. LLC, 2015 WL 778072, **3-4 (S.D.N.Y. 2015)). “Although an ‘incentive award’ or ‘service fee’ to named plaintiffs in a class action is not uncommon, it must be justified by the facts. Courts look for the existence of special circumstances when determining whether an award is justified and, if so, in what amount . . . . ‘Special circumstances’ includes the risk undertaken by the plaintiff, the time and effort expended, and any unique added value provided to the litigation . . . . Where a proposed incentive award is inappropriate, courts have reduced them.” Berkson v. Gogo LLC, 2016 WL 1375803, *1 (E.D.N.Y. 2016). “The party seeking approval of an incentive award bears the burden of proving that the proposed recipients, typically the class representatives, deserve an award and that the proposed level of the award is reasonable . . . . Accordingly, most courts require factual support for any proposed incentive award.” Newberg on Class Actions, §17:12 (5th ed.). “For the court to approve the incentive awards - even if they are nominal, and even if the defendant does not object - there must be some evidence in the record demonstrating that the representative plaintiffs were involved. Absent such evidence, the court lacks an adequate basis to approve the -7- incentive awards.” In re Heartland Payment Systems, Inc. Customer Data Security Breach Litigation, 851 F. Supp. 2d 1040, 1090 (S.D. Tex. 2012). “Typically, facts relevant to the incentive award determination are demonstrated in affidavits submitted by class counsel and/or the class representatives, through which these persons testify to the particular services performed, the risks encountered, and any other facts pertinent to the award.” Newberg, §17:12. No such affidavits were submitted here. Although plaintiff’s Memorandum of Law mentions various services allegedly performed by plaintiff ([127], p. 33 of 34), “[s]tatements by counsel in briefs are not evidence”. SHL Imaging, Inc. v. Artisan House, Inc., 117 F. Supp. 2d 301, 315 n. 6 (S.D.N.Y. 2000).5 Counsel’s time records [132] mention communications between plaintiff and his attorneys on June 25, July 2 and July 15, 2013 and on April 24, August 6, August 7 and October 21, 2014. However, in context of the entire history of this case, those sporadic communications (which are not described) do not appear to be substantial. Moreover, while plaintiff’s deposition had been scheduled, counsel stated at oral argument that it was never held. Finally, the time records do not indicate whether plaintiff participated in the mediation. “[T]he desire to incentivize lead plaintiff participation must be tempered by an equally important quest for parity and fairness among class members.” In re AOL Time Warner ERISA Litigation, 2007 WL 3145111, *4 (S.D.N.Y. 2007). While plaintiff’s cursorily documented efforts on behalf of the class are deserving of some recognition, they do not justify a service award in the amount requested. Instead, an award of $2,500 is appropriate. See Berkson, *1 (“[n]amed plaintiffs did not incur significant risk or expense in this litigation . . . . Plaintiffs did not incur significant personal risk in the way a plaintiff bringing employment-related claims Plaintiff’s Memorandum of Law refers to “Blankinship Dec. ¶ 24”. [127], p. 33 of 34. However, there is no paragraph 24 in either of attorney Blankinship’s Declarations [125, 128], nor does either Declaration elsewhere mention any services performed by plaintiff himself. 5 -8- does. Service awards of $2,500 [rather than the $5,000 requested] to each of the three named plaintiffs is approved for the time each of them devoted to the case”). C. Attorney’s Fees/Expenses Counsel also seeks court approval for an award of “$733,333.00, or one third of the $2,200,000 Settlement Fund . . . in attorney’s fees and costs, which is separate and apart from the benefit to be received by Class members”. Plaintiff’s Memorandum of Law [127], p. 13 of 34.6 While no class members have objected to this request, “the absence of objections to an agreed-upon attorney’s fee award does not relieve the Court of its independent obligation to assess the agreement for its overall fairness and reasonableness”. Davis v. J.P. Morgan Chase & Co., 827 F. Supp. 2d 172, 183 (W.D.N.Y. 2011) (Larimer, J.). “What constitutes a reasonable fee is properly committed to the sound discretion of the district court . . . which is intimately familiar with the nuances of the case.” Goldberger v. Integrated Resources, Inc., 209 F.3d 43, 47–48 (2d Cir. 2000). First Niagara’s agreement not to oppose counsel’s fee request (Settlement Agreement [101-3], §5.04(c)) is known as a “clear sailing” agreement. Newberg, §13:9. Such an agreement “by its nature deprives the court of the advantages of the adversary process”. Weinberger v. Great Northern Nekoosa Corp., 925 F.2d 518, 525 (1st Cir. 1991). “Courts worry that such agreements are indicia of collusion between class counsel and the defendant, signaling that perhaps class counsel agreed to a smaller class recovery in exchange for a heftier fee.” Newberg, §13:9. 6 This amount includes expenses totaling $41,261.57 (Blankinship Declaration [128], ¶21; [133]), which I find to be reasonable. -9- “However, not every clear sailing provision demonstrates collusion.” Id. “[A]n agreement not to oppose an application for fees up to a point is essential to completion of the settlement, because the defendants want to know their total maximum exposure and the plaintiffs do not want to be sandbagged.” Malchman v. Davis, 761 F.2d 893, 905 n. 5 (2d Cir. 1985), abrogated on other grounds, Amchem Products, Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591 (1997). See also Blessing v. Sirius XM Radio Inc., 507 Fed. App’x. 1, 4 (2d Cir. 2012) (“[t]o the extent objectors argue that the clear-sailing and reversionary provisions suggest improper collusion between class counsel and Sirius XM, we note that such provisions, without more, do not provide grounds for vacating the fee”). “In determining a reasonable fee, the Court is free to rely on a percentage of recovery determination, and/or to employ the lodestar method (multiplying the attorneys’ billable hours by their reasonable billable rate). However, the recent trend in the Second Circuit has been to apply the percentage-of-recovery method and loosely use the lodestar method as a baseline or cross check.” In re Eastman Kodak ERISA Litigation, 2016 WL 5746664, *2 (W.D.N.Y. 2016) (Larimer, J.). “Factors relevant to a determination of the reasonable fee under both the lodestar and percentage of recovery methods include: (1) the time and labor expended by counsel; (2) the size and complexity of the matter; (3) the risks involved in the litigation; (4) the quality of representation; (5) the relationship between the requested fee and the settlement; and (6) considerations of public policy.” Id. I will consider each of these factors in deciding an appropriate fee award: -10- 1. The Time and Labor Expended by Counsel Counsel claim to have devoted in excess of 1400 hours to this case (Blankinship Declaration [128], ¶17), and have submitted detailed time records [132], which I have reviewed. Given my familiarity with the procedural history of this case, that amount of time appears reasonable. See Torres v. Gristede’s Operating Corp., 519 Fed. App’x. 1, 4 (2d Cir. 2013) (“[t]rial courts evaluating fee requests need not, and indeed should not, become green-eyeshade accountants . . . . district courts may take into account their overall sense of a suit in estimating compensable attorney time, which determinations are owed substantial deference”); Davis, 827 F. Supp. 2d at 184 (“[w]here the lodestar method is used as a mere cross-check, the hours documented by counsel need not be exhaustively scrutinized by the district court. Instead, the reasonableness of the claimed lodestar can be tested by the court’s familiarity with the case”). 2. The Size and Complexity of the Matter This action involved a class of over 4800 members, and was one of the first (if not the first) class actions seeking to enforce RPL §275(1) and RPAPL §1921(1). Prior to the settlement, the action was vigorously defended by First Niagara, which moved to dismiss on several grounds, including federal preemption and lack of standing [37], which motion I denied. See Amended Report and Recommendation [51], adopted by Judge Arcara [59] (18 F. Supp.3d 363). Thereafter, First Niagara raised a second standing challenge in light of Spokeo. See First Niagara’s Memorandum of Law [102], p. 5 of 8. -11- 3. The Risks Involved in the Litigation “[T]he risk of success [is] perhaps the foremost factor to be considered in determining whether to award an enhancement.” Goldberger, 209 F.3d at 54. Given the various defenses asserted by First Niagara, including preemption and lack of subject matter jurisdiction, counsel had no guarantee of success. In fact, counsel represented plaintiffs in at least three other actions (Nicklaw, Villanueva and Zia) involving the same statutes as those at issue here, which have been dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction - meaning that counsel recovered nothing for their efforts in those cases. 4. The Quality of Representation Counsel have overall done a commendable job on behalf of the class. However, in some respects they have demonstrated a lack of attention to detail, as discussed both in my Report and Recommendation [94] recommending denial of plaintiff’s first motion for settlement approval, and elsewhere in this opinion - for example, in failing to properly document the basis for a service award to plaintiff (p. 8, supra), and in suggesting that Southern District, rather than Western District, billing rates should apply to the lodestar cross-check (p. 19, infra). The fact that the motion is unopposed does not excuse this inattentiveness. If anything, it makes my job in evaluating the settlement (and fee application) more difficult, because First Niagara has no incentive to point out any flaws in the application. See Martin v. Cargill, Inc., 295 F.R.D. 380, 383–84 (D. Minn. 2013) (“[j]udicial review must be exacting and thorough. The task is demanding because the adversariness of litigation is often lost after the agreement to settle”). -12- 5. The Relationship Between the Requested Fee and the Settlement Counsel argues that “it is appropriate to award attorneys’ fees as a percentage of the entire maximum gross settlement fund, even where amounts to be paid to class members who do not file claims will revert to the Defendants”. Plaintiff’s Memorandum of Law [127], p. 20 of 34. Here, however, no fund has been created - instead, First Niagara has agreed to pay claims as they are asserted, up to a maximum of $2.2 million, which is known as a “claims-made settlement”. See Newberg, §13:7 (“[a] claims-made settlement is a settlement that does not have a fixed settlement fund, but rather provides that the defendant will pay claims of class members who file them, usually up to some fixed ceiling”). “[C]laims-made settlements complicate fee setting. In a common fund case, counsel is typically entitled to a percentage of the fund. But in a claims-made settlement, courts are split on what to take a percentage of: the full amount available to the class or the smaller amount actually claimed by the class.” Id. At an earlier stage of this case, I stated that “if the fee is to be calculated as a percentage of the settlement, the settlement should be valued on the basis of the number of claims that were made against it.” October 20, 2015 Report and Recommendation [94], p. 17 (155 F. Supp. 3d at 310), quoting Parker v. Time Warner Entertainment Co., L.P., 631 F. Supp.2d 242, 267 (E.D.N.Y.2009). However, for the following reasons, I now believe that the weight of authority is to the contrary - and to quote Justice Jackson, “I see no reason why I should be consciously wrong today because I was unconsciously -13- wrong yesterday”. Commonwealth of Massachusetts v. United States, 333 U.S. 611, 639-40 (1948) (dissenting opinion).7 In Fears v. Wilhelmina Model Agency, Inc., 2005 WL 1041134, *4 (S.D.N.Y. 2005), involving a common fund, the district court recognized that courts in other circuits “have held that attorneys’ fees should be calculated as a percentage of the total fund”, but concluded that “decisions within this Circuit prohibit the allowance of attorneys’ fees in an amount greater than the sum actually claimed by the class.” However, on appeal, the Second Circuit reversed: “In siding with courts that compute fees as a percentage of claims made, the District Court saw the alternative procedure as creating a ‘windfall’ for the attorneys. We disagree. The entire Fund, and not some portion thereof, is created through the efforts of counsel at the instigation of the entire class. An allocation of fees by percentage should therefore be awarded on the basis of the total funds made available, whether claimed or not. We side with the circuits that take this approach.” Masters v. Wilhelmina Model Agency, Inc., 473 F.3d 423, 437 (2d Cir. 2007) (citing Waters v. International Precious Metals Corp., 190 F.3d 1291, 1295 (11th Cir.1999) and Williams v. MGM–Pathe Communications Co., 129 F.3d 1026, 1027 (9th Cir.1997)).8 Some courts have concluded that Masters is not applicable to a claims-made settlement. For example, in Bodon v. Domino’s Pizza, LLC, 2015 WL 3889577 (E.D.N.Y.), adopted, 2015 WL 3902405 (E.D.N.Y. 2015), the court reasoned that “the settlement in Masters See also Christianson v. Colt Industries Operating Corp., 486 U.S. 800, 817 (1988) (“A court has the power to revisit prior decisions of its own . . . in any circumstance”); Rule 54(b) (“any order or other decision, however designated, that adjudicates fewer than all the claims or the rights and liabilities of fewer than all the parties . . . may be revised at any time before the entry of a judgment adjudicating all the claims and all the parties' rights and liabilities”). 7 See also Alleyne v. Time Moving & Storage Inc., 264 F.R.D. 41, 59 (E.D.N.Y. 2010) (“the value of legal service rendered in the creation of a settlement fund [is not] diminished by the failure of beneficiaries to cash in, regardless of what happens to the surplus”); Gascho v. Global Fitness Holdings, LLC, 822 F.3d 269, 285 (6th Cir. 2016) (“an option to file a claim creates a prospective value, even if the option is never exercised”). 8 -14- bears no resemblance to the one in this case. First, the Masters settlement set aside a specific, fixed sum. Here, the Court’s settlement proposal, and the resulting agreement of the parties, did not include either a fixed sum or minimum payment . . . . Moreover, in Masters . . . the defendants were not entitled to the [unclaimed] funds; rather, those funds would either be distributed to charities that benefitted the class members, or allocated to class members as treble damages. Because the class members in Masters thus would receive the benefit of the entire fund, plaintiffs’ counsel were entitled to a percentage of the whole recovery. The Second Circuit’s award of a percentage of the entire recovery in Masters does not, however, mean that plaintiffs’ counsel are entitled to a percentage of a hypothetical recovery.” 2015 WL 3889577, *5 (emphasis in original). In my view, this interpretation of Masters is unduly narrow. In the first place, although a claims-made settlement does not result in the creation of a separate fund, it has repeatedly been recognized that such a settlement is “the functional equivalent of a common fund settlement where the unclaimed funds revert to the defendant . . . . [T]he two are fully synonymous”. Newberg, §13:7; Poertner v. Gillette Co., 618 Fed. App’x. 624, 629 n. 2 (11th Cir. 2015), cert. denied, ___U.S.___, 136 S. Ct. 1453 (2016). “There is no meaningful distinction between a fund with a reversion provision and a defendant-paid-claims process . . . . In both cases, unclaimed funds wind up with the defendant.” Gascho, 822 F.3d at 286. Secondly, I do not believe that Masters’ holding is limited to situations in which the unclaimed funds do not revert to the defendant - for in both of the cases with which Masters “side[d]” (473 F.3d at 437), the unclaimed funds did revert to the defendant. See Waters, 190 F.3d at 1292 (“the stipulation provided that any money not claimed by the plaintiff class or used to pay out fees and expenses would revert to defendant”); Williams, 129 F.3d at 1027 (“the -15- unclaimed money in the fund . . . will be returned to the defendants if it is not used to pay the class attorneys’ fees”). See also Poertner, 618 Fed. App’x. at 628, 629 n.2 (“attorneys’ fees awarded from a common fund shall be based upon a reasonable percentage of the fund established for the benefit of the class . . . . While no published opinion of ours extends [the] percentage-of-recovery rule to claims-made settlements, no principled reason counsels against doing so”). “When conducting a percentage of the fund analysis, courts must calculate the ratio between attorney’s fees and benefit to the class. Attorney’s fees are the numerator and the denominator is the dollar amount of the Total Benefit to the class (which includes the benefit to class members, the attorney’s fees and may include costs of administration).” Gascho, 822 F.3d at 282. While it may seem curious to include separately-paid attorney’s fees as a “benefit to the class” when the class has no entitlement to them, the reason is that if the fees were not separately paid, then they would be paid out of the amounts otherwise available to the class, thereby diminishing the class recovery. Therefore, even if indirectly, attorney’s fees paid directly by the defendant are a benefit to the class. See Newberg, §15:56 (“[b]ecause there is no real common fund in a claims-made settlement, fees in claims-made settlements are typically paid by the defendant, not by the class out of the fund, in addition to the amounts paid to the class members. All that said, in calculating those fees, a court may use the scope of the claims-made fund (or its ceiling) as a valuation measure”) (emphasis in original). Counsel’s fee request “represents only 25 percent of the value of the aggregate settlement amount (i.e., the amount available to the Class plus attorney’s fees)” (plaintiff’s Memorandum of Law [127], p. 9 of 34).9 That is considered a “benchmark” fee request. See 9 At oral argument, counsel stated that the actual payout to class members who submitted claims will be $697,000. -16- Williams, 129 F.3d at 1027 (“our benchmark for an attorneys’ fee award in a successful class action is twenty-five percent of the entire common fund”); Poertner, 618 Fed. App’x. at 628 (“25 percent [is] the bench mark attorneys’ fee award”); Newberg §1:18 (“[t]he plaintiffs’ attorneys typically receive around 25% of the gross recovery as their fee award”); Eastman Kodak, 2016 WL 5746664, *3 (“the Court will impose a modest across-the-board reduction . . . to 25% of the common fund”). 6. Considerations of Public Policy “Consumer class actions . . . have value to society . . . both as deterrents to unlawful behavior . . . and as private law enforcement regimes that free public sector resources. If we are to encourage these positive societal effects, class counsel must be adequately compensated.” Gascho, 822 F.3d at 287. “[I]n addition to providing just compensation, awards of attorneys’ fees . . . serve to encourage skilled counsel to represent those who seek redress for damages inflicted on entire classes of persons, and to discourage future misconduct of a similar nature.” In re Telik, Inc. Securities Litigation, 576 F. Supp. 2d 570, 585 (S.D.N.Y. 2008). “Whether or not to reward counsel with a percentage of a fund that never came into being, or was never claimed and reverted back to the defendant, has divided courts and commentators alike . . . . Those who believe the fee should be calculated according to the monies disbursed point out that the reversionary portion of a fund is illusory.” Newberg, §15:70 (emphasis in original). On the other hand, “limiting counsel to a percentage of the class’s actual recovery in a claims-made or reversionary fund situation is likely to disgorge significantly less money overall, providing defendants with what might be characterized as a windfall. All things being equal, it seems more defensible that class attorneys, rather than defendants, receive the -17- excess, as they will likely reinvest it in future class action cases.” Id. (emphasis in original). See also Gascho, 822 F.3d at 284 (“devaluing the available relief if it goes unclaimed could in many cases unduly penalize class counsel and have the lasting effect of discouraging the filing of class actions in cases where . . . the deterrent effect of such a suit would be socially desirable”). As stated previously, the $733,000 sought by counsel, representing 25% of the full value of the settlement, is a “benchmark” figure. The fact that such an award would exceed the amount paid to the class is not by itself fatal to the request. See Torres, 519 Fed. App’x. at 3, in which the court approved “an award of $3,858,059.85 - comprising $3,415,450.00 in attorney’s fees and $442,609.85 in costs - in connection with a $3,530,000 settlement on the eve of trial of class action claims”. “Calculated on the basis of the total funds made available . . . the $3.86 million total award of costs and fees here represents 52.2% of the entire $7.39 million recovered by plaintiffs. Such an award does not constitute an abuse of discretion.” Id., *5. However, while a benchmark figure may aid the court’s analysis of the reasonableness of a fee request, it is no substitute for that analysis. See Goldberger v. Integrated Resources, Inc., 209 F.3d 43, 51–52 (2d Cir. 2000) (“[w]e are not unaware of the assumption that twenty-five percent is the ‘benchmark’ that district courts should award in common fund cases . . . .We are nonetheless disturbed by the essential notion of a benchmark . . . . [A] theoretical construct as flexible as a ‘benchmark’ seems to offer an all too tempting substitute for the searching assessment that should properly be performed in each case”). Therefore, after considering the factors discussed above, “the court may always adjust the percentage awarded in order to come up with a fee it deems reasonable”. Masters, 473 F.3d at 437. Moreover, “[e]ven when the percentage method is employed . . . the Second Circuit has endorsed the use of the lodestar method as a ‘cross check’ on the reasonableness of the -18- requested percentage.” Davis, 827 F. Supp. 2d at 184; Masters, 473 F.3d at 436. “The lodestar method multiplies hours reasonably expended against a reasonable hourly rate.” Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Visa U.S.A., Inc., 396 F.3d 96, 121 (2d Cir. 2005). As previously stated, I find the hours spent by counsel to be reasonable under the circumstances. However, the same cannot be said for their hourly rate. Counsel argues that their partner rates of $700/hour (Blankinship Declaration [128], ¶17) “are reasonable, indeed modest, by comparison with other firms in the Southern District[ ]”. Plaintiff’s Memorandum of Law [127], p. 30 of 34 and n. 13. However, the relevant district for purposes of the lodestar analysis is the Western District of New York, not the Southern District. See Luciano v. Olsten Corp., 109 F.3d 111, 115 (2d Cir. 1997) (“[i]t is well-established that the ‘prevailing community’ the district court should consider to determine the lodestar figure is the district in which the court sits”); In re Bausch & Lomb, Inc. Securities Litigation, 183 F.R.D. 78, 83 (W.D.N.Y. 1998) (Larimer, J.). Although “[f]ees may be awarded at higher out-of-district rates if a reasonable client would have selected out-of-district counsel because doing so would likely produce a substantially better net result”, Frommert v. Conkright, 2016 WL 7186489, *6 (W.D.N.Y. 2016) (Larimer, J.), “[t]he party seeking a higher, out-of-district rate bears the burden of overcoming the forum rule by making a particularized showing that objective factors warranted the use of higher-priced, out-of-town counsel”. Id. Counsel has made no such showing in this case, and the cited hourly rates are far above what is reasonable in this district. See Frommert, *8 (“rates in excess of $500 an hour . . . easily exceed what is typical for this district, and likely many other districts as well”); Dunda v. Aetna Life Insurance Co., 2016 WL 4831962, *3 (W.D.N.Y. 2016) (Telesca, J.) (“the rate of $600 requested by Plaintiff’s counsel is excessive . . . . The Court finds that an hourly rate of $320 is reasonable and appropriate here”). -19- Multiplying the hours expended by a reasonable hourly rate for this district would yield a lodestar figure substantially lower than the $768,459.50 lodestar cited by counsel (plaintiff’s Memorandum of Law [127], p. 30 of 34). However, “[c]ourts in their discretion may increase the lodestar by applying a multiplier based on factors such as the riskiness of the litigation and the quality of the attorneys”. Wal-Mart Stores, 396 F.3d at 121. Therefore, even if the lodestar were cut in half to account for this district’s lower hourly rates, a multiplier of at least two could be applied to that figure, restoring the fee award to the range sought by counsel. See Davis, 827 F. Supp. 2d at 185 (“[c]ourts regularly award lodestar multipliers from two to six times lodestar”). While counsel are to be commended for their overall handing of this case, in some respects their performance could stand improvement. See pp. 8, 12, 19, supra. Therefore, having considered all of the applicable factors, in the exercise of my discretion I will reduce their request for a $733,000 award for fees and expenses by five percent. CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, plaintiff’s Settlement Motion [123] is granted, and plaintiff’s Fee Motion [126] is granted to the extent of awarding plaintiff the sum of $2,500.00 as a service award and plaintiff’s counsel the sum of $696,350.00 as fees and expenses (both sums to be paid by First Niagara), but is otherwise denied. Dated: December 29, 2016 /s/ Jeremiah J. McCarthy JEREMIAH J. MCCARTHY United States Magistrate Judge -20-
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