Davis v. Metro North Commuter Railroad et al, No. 1:2021cv00387 - Document 52 (S.D.N.Y. 2022)

Court Description: OPINION & ORDER: re: 23 MOTION to Dismiss First Amended Complaint (Partial) filed by Metro North Commuter Railroad, Andrew Paul, John Longobardi. For the reasons set forth above, Defendants' partial motion to dismiss is GRANTED. Davi s may amend Section 1983 Equal Protection and Due Process claims by July 19, 2022. Defendants are directed to answer the Second Amended Complaint by August 9, 2022. The Clerk of the Court is respectfully directed to terminate the motion, Doc. 23. IT IS SO ORDERED., ( Amended Pleadings due by 7/19/2022.) (Signed by Judge Edgardo Ramos on 6/21/2022) (ama)

Download PDF

Davis v. Metro North Commuter Railroad et al Doc. 52 Case 1:21-cv-00387-ER-BCM Document 52 Filed 06/21/22 Page 1 of 24 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK RHULAND DAVIS, Plaintiff, – against – OPINION & ORDER METRO NORTH COMMUTER RAILROAD, ANDREW PAUL, and JOHN LONGOBARDI, 21 Civ. 387 (ER) (BCM) Defendants. RAMOS, D.J.: Rhuland Davis brought this action pro se against Metro-North Commuter Railroad and Metro-North employees Andrew Paul and John Longobardi on January 11, 2021. Doc. 1. Davis ¿OHG D ¿UVW amended complaint (“FAC”) on September 29, 2021. Doc. 22. Davis alleges that he was subjected to racial discrimination, wrongful termination, and retaliation in violation of federal and state laws and was deprived of procedural due process in the pre-termination proceedings. Doc. 22. Defendants are moving to dismiss the FAC, except for the Title VII claims against Metro-North concerning Davis’ termination of employment. Doc. 23. For the reasons set forth below, the motion is GRANTED. I. BACKGROUND H IROORZLQJ IDFWV DUH EDVHG RQ WKH DOOHJDWLRQV LQ WKH FAC, Doc. 22, which the Court accepts as true for purposes of the instant motion. See, e.g., Koch v. Christie’s Int’l PLC, 699 F.3d 141, 145 (2d Cir. 2012). Davis ZKR LGHQWL¿HV DV DQ $IULFDQ American male, is a former Metro-North Conductor whose employment was terminated on October 9, 2018. Doc. 22 ¶¶ 3, 7. Davis was employed by Metro-North for twenty-seven years, Dockets.Justia.com Case 1:21-cv-00387-ER-BCM Document 52 Filed 06/21/22 Page 2 of 24 twenty-two of which he worked as a train conductor. Id. ¶ 9. Davis’ employment with Metro-North is governed by a Collective Bargaining Agreement (“CBA”) between Metro-North and his union, the Association of Commuter Rail Employees, Local 1 (“ACRE”). Doc. 25 at 10. On June 20, 2016, Davis signed in at the Harmon train station in Croton-OnHudson, New York for a conductor Àag assignment. Doc. 22 ¶ 2. His duty was to ensure the safety of a construction crew working on tracks. Id. Davis alleges that his services were not needed at that time VR KH QRWL¿HG WKH GLVSDWFKHU OHIW WKH VLWH DQG ZRUNHG another shift in the evening. Id. Metro-North denied that Davis was cleared from the assignment and charged him with conduct unbecoming of an employee, dishonesty, failure to complete the assiJQPHQW IDLOXUH WR SHUIRUP VDIHW\ EULH¿QJ IDLOXUH WR SHUIRUP assigned duties, and submitting false payroll records. Doc. 25 at 10–11; Doc. 24-2 at 2. After an investigation and hearing, Davis was found guilty of the charges and terminated. Doc. 22 ¶ 2. With ACRE’s assistance, Davis appealed the decision. Id. As a result of the appeal, his termination was reduced to a sixty-one-day suspension and a “last chance” warning pursuant to which any subsequent discipline would result in termination. Id.; Doc. 25 at 11. 2Q 0D\ 'DYLV ¿OHG D GLVFULPLQDWLRQ FRPSODLQW ZLWK WKH 1HZ <RUN 6WDWH Division of Human Rights (the “NYSDHR”) alleging that Metro-North engaged in racial discrimination against him when it suspended him in connection with the events of June 20, 2016. Doc. 22 ¶ 5. After investigation, the NYSDHR issued a decision on October 30, 2017, ¿QGLQJ that there was no probable cause for Davis’ discrimination claims. Doc. 24-3 at 2. 2 Case 1:21-cv-00387-ER-BCM Document 52 Filed 06/21/22 Page 3 of 24 On July 12, 2018, two trains collided on the New Haven line. Doc 22 ¶ 17. Davis, an engineer, and a brakeman were in the engine cabin of one of the trains. Id. ¶ 14. 'DYLV DOOHJHV WKDW EHFDXVH KH RFFXSLHG WKH ³¿UHPDQ¶V´ VLGH RI WKH FDELQ, he was unable to see the approaching train and was unable to give a timely signal to apply the brakes to the engineer. Id. ¶¶ 15, 17. After the collision, Davis was required to report the incident. Doc. 24-4 at 2. Davis did not contact WKH 5DLO 7UD c Control (“RTC”) because he heard another crewmember already doing so. Doc. 22 ¶ 18. As a result of the collision, the two trains became “hitched,” meaning that the “knuckles” of the two trains became connected. Id. ¶¶ 17, 19. Davis “unhitched” the trains by going down to the track and physically detaching the knuckles without authorization. Id. ¶ 19. Davis was suspended immediately after the collision. Id. ¶ 20. Approximately a week later, he received a notice of a disciplinary hearing regarding the collision. Id. Davis was charged with failing to prevent the engineer from operating at an excessive speed, failing to report the collision, participating in an unauthorized reverse move of the WUDLQ DQG IDLOLQJ WR FDUU\ KLV FRQGXFWRU FHUWL¿FDWH Doc 24-4 at 2. H Qotice also contained information about a pre-trial meeting scheduled for Wednesday, July 25, 2018. Id. Prior to the commencement of the disciplinary hearing, Davis rejected Metro-North’s R HU WR resolve the matter. Doc. 31-6. Davis declined to sign an admission of guilt and waive his right to appeal in exchange for an option to continue his employment with Metro-North. Id. $W WKH KHDULQJ KHOG RQ 6HSWHPEHU DQG 'DYLV WHVWL¿HG WKDW (1) he could not see the approaching train and therefore could not notify the engineer; (2) the other crewmember initiated the emergency protocol by calling the RTC; (3) his conductor 3 Case 1:21-cv-00387-ER-BCM Document 52 Filed 06/21/22 Page 4 of 24 cHUWL¿FDWH IHOO RXW RI KLV SRFNHW HDUOLHU WKDW GD\ DQG XQKLWFKLQJ WUDLQV GRHV QRW constitute a reverse move requiring authorization. Doc. 22 ¶ 21. Davis also claimed that the engineer took full responsibility for the incident. Id. ¶ 23. Davis alleges that prior to the conclusion of the investigation, Andrew Paul, Vice President of Labor Relations, communicated to the union WKDW KH LQWHQGHG WR ¿UH 'DYLV Id. ¶ 24. Davis also claims that John Longobardi, Deputy Chief of Field Operations, told a union representative that he was forced to sign Davis’ dismissal letter. Id. At the conclusion of the hearing, Davis was terminated on October 9, 2018. Id. ¶ 3. 2Q 2FWREHU 'DYLV ¿OHG D FRPSODLQW against Metro-North with the NYSDHR and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) alleging that Metro-North engaged in unlawful racial discrimination and retaliation motivated by his prior complaint about racial discrimination. Doc. 24-5 at 2; Doc. 25 at 12. H NYSDHR issued a decision on June 24, 2020, ¿QGLQJ no probable cause for Davis’ allegation. Doc. 24-5 at 2. H EEOC adopted the NYSDHR’s no probable cause determination. Doc. 25 at 13. On November 18, 2019 and December 10, 2019, pursuant to the CBA, Davis and Metro-North participated in arbitration. Docs. 24-6; 24-7. H DUELWUDWRUV XSKHOG 0HWURNorth’s decisions regarding Davis’s prior suspension and his termination. Id. Defendants moved to partially dismiss the FAC on October 21, 2021, Doc. 23, arguing that the New York State Human Rights Law (“NYSHRL”), Section 1981, Section 4 Case 1:21-cv-00387-ER-BCM Document 52 Filed 06/21/22 Page 5 of 24 1983, and Title VII claims 1 regarding the events of June 20, 2016 should be dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, claim preclusion, and failure to state a claim. Doc. 25. After this motion was fully briefed, Davis retained counsel. Doc. 41. Counsel for Davis subsequently indicated to the Court that Davis wished to withdraw Davis’ claims under the NYSHRL as well as his claims under Title VII against the individual GHIHQGDQWV RQO\ 'RF H &RXUW KHOG D FRQIHUHQFH RQ -XQH DW ZKLFK FRXQVHO IRU 'DYLV DJDLQ FRQ¿UPHG KLV LQWHQWLRQ WR ZLWKGUDZ WKRVH FODLPV 'DYLV FRQWLQXHs to oppose dismissal of the remaining claims. II. LEGAL STANDARD A. Rule 12(b)(1) Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) requires that an action be dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction when the district court lacks the statutory or constitutional power to adjudicate the case. See Mason Tenders Dist. Council of Greater New York and Long Is. v. CAC of New York, Inc., 46 F. Supp. 3d 432, 435 (S.D.N.Y. H SDUW\ DVVHUWLQJ VXEMHFW PDWWHU MXULVGLFWLRQ FDUULHV WKH EXUGHQ RI HVWDEOLVKLQJ by a preponderance of the evidence, that jurisdiction exists. See Morrison v. Nat’l Australia Bank Ltd., 547 F.3d 167, 170 (2d Cir. 2008) (quoting Makarova v. United States, 201 F.3d 110, 113 (2d Cir. 2000)). On a Rule 12(b)(1) motion challenging the district court’s subject matter jurisdiction, evidence outside of the pleadings, such as D GDYLWV PD\ EH FRQVLGHUHG E\ WKH &RXUW WR UHVROYH WKH GLVSXWHG MXULVGLFWLRQDO IDFW issues. See Zappia Middle E. Constr. Co. v. Emirate of Abu Dhabi, 215 F.3d 247, 253 (2d 1 Defendants do not move to dismiss the Title VII claim against Metro-North concerning Davis’ termination in connection with the collision that occurred on July 12, 2018. 5 Case 1:21-cv-00387-ER-BCM Document 52 Filed 06/21/22 Page 6 of 24 Cir. 2000); see also Morrison, 547 F.3d at 170 (citing Makarova, 201 F.3d at 113). When evaluating a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, the Court accepts all material factual allegations in the complaint as true but does not draw inferences from WKH FRPSODLQW IDYRUDEOH WR WKH SODLQWL See J.S. ex rel. N.S. v. Attica Cent. Schs., 386 F.3d 107, 110 (2d Cir. 2004) (citing Shipping Fin. Servs. Corp. v. Drakos, 140 F.3d 129, 131 (2d Cir. 1998)). “Despite the lenient standards with which courts review pro se complaints, pro se SODLQWL V PXVW HVWDEOLVK VXEMHFW PDWWHU MXULVGLFWLRQ ´ Hill v. Douglas, No. 09 Civ. 4259 (JS) (ARL), 2010 WL 395817, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. Jan. 15, 2010) (citation omitted). Where, as here, a party also seeks dismissal on Rule 12(b)(6) grounds, the Court PXVW FRQVLGHU WKH 5XOH E PRWLRQ ¿UVW Baldessarre v. Monroe–Woodbury Cent. Sch. Dist., 820 F. Supp. 2d 490, 499 (S.D.N.Y. 2011), a ’d sub nom. Baldessarre ex rel. Baldessarre v. Monroe–Woodbury Cent. Sch. Dist., 496 F. App’x 131 (2d Cir. 2012), because “disposition of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion is a decision on the merits, and therefore, an exercise of jurisdiction.” Chambers v. Wright, No. 05 Civ. 9915 (WHP), 2007 WL 4462181, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 19, 2007) (quoting Magee v. Nassau Cnty. Med. Ctr., 27 F. Supp. 2d 154, 158 (E.D.N.Y. 1998)). B. Rule 12(b)(6) When ruling on a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), district courts are required to accept as true all factual allegations in the complaint and to draw all UHDVRQDEOH LQIHUHQFHV LQ WKH SODLQWL ’s favor. See Walker v. Schult, 717 F.3d 119, 124 (2d Cir. 2013). However, this requirement does not apply to legal conclusions, bare assertions, or conclusory allegations. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) 6 Case 1:21-cv-00387-ER-BCM Document 52 Filed 06/21/22 Page 7 of 24 (citing Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). In order to satisfy the pleading standard set forth in Rule 8 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a complaint PXVW FRQWDLQ VX FLHQW Iactual matter to state a claim for relief that is plausible on its face. Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). Pleadings that tender “naked assertions devoid of further factual enhancement,” id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557) (internal quotation marks omitted), or “an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me DFFXVDWLRQ´ ZLOO QRW VX FH Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). In addition to UHTXLULQJ VX FLHQW IDFWXDO PDWWHU WR VWDWH D SODXVLEOH FODLP for relief, Rule 8 requires a ³VKRUW DQG SODLQ VWDWHPHQW´ RI D SODLQWL ’s claim in order to “give the adverse party fair notice of the claim asserted so as to enable him to answer and prepare for trial.” Salahuddin v. Cuomo, 861 F.2d 40, 41-42 (2d Cir. 1988) (citation omitted). It is within the Court’s discretion to dismiss a complaint “so confused, ambiguous, vague, or otherwise unintelligible that its true substance, if any, is well disguised.” Shomo v. New York, 374 F. App’x 180, 182 (2d Cir. 2010) (quoting Salahuddin, 861 F.2d at 42). C. PUR Se PlDLQWL H &RXUW KROGV VXEPLVVLRQV E\ pro se litigants to “less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers,” Ferran v. Town of Nassau, 11 F.3d 21, 22 (2d Cir. 1993) (quoting Hughes v. Rowe, 449 U.S. 5, 9 (1980)), and liberally construes their pleadings “to raise the strongest arguments that they suggest.” Burgos v. Hopkins, 14 F.3d 787, 790 (2d Cir. 1994) (citation omitted). H REOLJDWLRQ WR EH OHQLHQW ZKLOH UHDGLQJ a pro se SODLQWL ¶V SOHDGLQJV ³DSSOLHV ZLWK SDUWLFXODU IRUFH ZKHQ WKH SODLQWL ’s civil rights are at issue.” Jackson v. N.Y.S. Dep’t of Labor, 709 F. Supp. 2d 218, 224 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) (citing McEachin v. McGuinnis, 357 F.3d 197, 200 (2d Cir. 2004)). Nonetheless, pro se 7 Case 1:21-cv-00387-ER-BCM Document 52 Filed 06/21/22 Page 8 of 24 status “does not exempt a party from compliance with relevant rules of procedural and substantive law.” Triestman v. Fed. Bureau of Prisons, 470 F.3d 471, 477 (2d Cir. 2006) (quoting Traguth v. Zuck, 710 F.2d 90, 95 (2d Cir. 1983)); see also Zapolski v. Fed. Republic of Germany, 425 F. App’x 5, 6 (2d Cir. 2011) (pro se SODLQWL V PXVW SOHDG VX FLHQW IDFWV WR HVWDEOLVK D SODXVLEOH FODLP WR UHOLHI DQG HVWDEOLVK VXEMHFW PDWWHU jurisdiction). III. DISCUSSION A. NYSHRL Claims Davis brings claims under the NYSHRL alleging racial discrimination and retaliation by Defendants. Doc. 22 ¶ 1. Davis’ racial discrimination claims stem from the 2016 incident when he left the assigned worksite early and collected payment for the shift. Id. ¶¶ 2, 5. Davis claims that Metro-North subjected him to more severe disciplinary measures because of his race when it suspended him for sixty-one days and placed him on the “last chance” warning. Id. H FRUH RI 'DYLV¶ UHWDOLDWLRQ FODLP LV KLV 2018 termination. Id. ¶¶ 3, 5. Davis was terminated in connection with the two-train collision. Id. ¶ 3. Davis alleges Metro-North terminated his employment in retaliation for his 2017 discrimination complaint with the NYSDHR. Id. ¶ 5. Defendants move to dismiss those claims under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1) as barred by the election of remedies doctrine. Counsel for Davis has indicated that Davis now wishes to voluntarily dismiss the NYSHRL claims. Doc. 48. Accordingly, the NYSHRL claims are dismissed. 8 Case 1:21-cv-00387-ER-BCM Document 52 Filed 06/21/22 Page 9 of 24 B. Section 1983 and 1981 Claims Davis brings claims under Sections 1981 and 1983 alleging racial discrimination and retaliation. Doc. 22 ¶ 1. Davis’ racial discrimination claim stems from the 2016 incident when he left the worksite early and collected payment for that shift. Id. ¶ 2. As a disciplinary measure, Metro-North suspended Davis for sixty-one days as a condition of the “last chance” policy. Id. On May 1, 2017, Davis ¿OHG a complaint with the NYSDHR claiming that Metro-North suspended him because of his race. Doc 24-3 at 2. On October 30, 2017, the NYSDHR dismissed Davis’ complaint based on a ¿QGLQJ RI QR probable cause to believe that Metro-North engaged in discriminatory conduct regarding the 2016 incident. Id. Davis’ claim regarding retaliation is based on the termination of his employment in 2018 after the train collision. Doc. 22 ¶ 3. On October 8, 2019, Davis ¿OHG D FRPSODLQW ZLWK WKH 1<6'+5, alleging that Metro-North terminated his employment in retaliation for his May 2017 complaint. Doc. 24-5 at 2. On June 24, 2020, the NYSDHR issued a no probable cause determination, ¿QGLQJ WKDW WKHUH ZDV QR discriminatory animus on the part of Metro-North and that it had legitimate nondiscriminatory bases for Davis’ termination. Id. at 2, 5. On October 13, 2020, the EEOC DGRSWHG WKH 1<6'+5¶V ¿QGLQJ RI QR probable cause and issued the right-to-sue letter regarding the retaliation claim. Doc. 22 at 10; Doc. 24-3 at 2. Davis alleges that Defendants violated Sections 1983 and 1981 by subjecting him to more severe disciplinary measures and terminating his employment in retaliation for his discrimination complaint with the NYSDHR. Doc. 22 ¶ 1. Both Sections DQG VDIHJXDUG SODLQWL ¶V ULJKWV DJDLQVW GLVFULPLQDWLRQ based on race. Littlejohn v. City of New York, 795 F.3d 297, 314, 320 (2d Cir. 2015); 9 Case 1:21-cv-00387-ER-BCM Document 52 Filed 06/21/22 Page 10 of 24 Patterson v. Cnty. of Oneida, N.Y., 375 F.3d 206, 225 (2d Cir. 2004). To state a claim under Section D SODLQWL PXVW DOOHJH WKDW D ULJKW VHFXUHG E\ WKH &RQVWLWXWLRQ RU federal law was violated; and (2) the alleged violation was committed by a person acting under color of state law. West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988) (citation omitted). Section 1983 creates no substantive rights, but rather provides a procedure for enforcing existing federal constitutional and statutory rights. See Sykes v. James, 13 F.3d 515, 519 (2d Cir. 1993) (citing City of Oklahoma City v. Tuttle, 471 U.S. 808, 816 (1985)). It is well-established that employment discrimination based on race and retaliation for discrimination complaints constitute unlawful deprivation of rights, privileges, or immunities under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. See Feingold v. New York, 366 F.3d 138, 159 (2d Cir. 2004); Vega v. Hempstead Union Free Sch. Dist., 801 F.3d 72, 81 (2d Cir. 2015). To establish individual liability under Section D SODLQWL PXVW VKRZ WKDW GHIHQGDQWV ZHUH H[HUFLVLQJ SRZHU ³SRVVHVVHG E\ YLUWXH of state law and made possible only because the wrongdoer is clothed with the authority of state law.” Polk Cnty. v. Dodson, 454 U.S. 312, 317–18 (1981). A state employee DFWLQJ LQ WKHLU R FLDO FDSDFLW\ TXDOL¿HV is generally a state actor acting under color of state law. Back v. Hastings On Hudson Union Free Sch. Dist., 365 F.3d 107, 123 (2d Cir. 2004). Unlike Section 1983, Section 1981 enumerates rights which are protected from intentional race discrimination by both private and state actors. See generally Phillip v. Univ. of Rochester, 316 F.3d 291, 297 (2d Cir. 2003). H VWDWXWH VSHFL¿FDOO\ SURWHFWV WKH right of “all persons within the jurisdiction of the United States” to “make and enforce contracts” without respect to race. Id. at 474 (quoting 42 U.S.C. §1981(a)). H VWDWXWH 10 Case 1:21-cv-00387-ER-BCM Document 52 Filed 06/21/22 Page 11 of 24 IXUWKHU GH¿QHV ³PDNH DQG HQIRUFH FRQWUDFWV´ DV ³WKH PDNLQJ SHUIRUPDQFH PRGL¿FDWLRQ DQG WHUPLQDWLRQ RI FRQWUDFWV DQG WKH HQMR\PHQW RI DOO EHQH¿WV SULYLOHJHV WHUPV DQG conditions of the contractual relationship.” 42 U.S.C. §1981(b). H VWDWXWH thus covers employment discrimination and discriminatory termination of employment. Lauture v. Int’l Bus. Machs. Corp., 216 F.3d 258, 261 (2d Cir. 2000). Preclusive E ect of NYSDHR Proceedings Defendants argue that Davis’ claims alleging racial discrimination and retaliation under Sections 1981 and 1983 should be dismissed pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) as precluded by the determinations of the NYSDHR. Because SUHFOXVLRQ LV DQ D UPDWLYH GHIHQVH DQG QRW D MXULVGLFWLonal matter, a court can dismiss a claim on preclusion grounds on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion. See Bd. of Managers of 195 Hudson St. Condo. v. Je rey M. Brown Assocs., 652 F. Supp. 2d 463, 470 (S.D.N.Y. 2009). Under the doctrine of res judicata, also known as claim preclusion, ³D ¿QDO MXGJPHQW RQ WKH PHULWV RI DQ DFWLRQ SUHFOXGHV WKH SDUWLHV RU WKHLU SULYLHV IURP relitigating issues that were or could have been raised in that action.” EDP Med. Comput. Sys. v. United States, 480 F.3d 621, 624 (2d Cir. 2007) (citation omitted). When a federal court determines a state court judgment should be given preclusive H HFW, the federal court must give the judgment ³WKH VDPH SUHFOXVLYH H HFW . . . as the judgment would have had in state court.” Burka v. N.Y. City Transit Auth., 32 F.3d 654, 657 (2d Cir. 1994). $FFRUGLQJO\ EHFDXVH 'DYLV ¿OHG complaints with the NYSDHR and received determinations of no probable cause, the Court must look to how New York courts DQDO\]H D SUHFOXVLYH H HFW RI DQ DGPLQLVWUDWLYH DJHQF\’s determination. See Vargas v. City of New York, No. 01 Civ. 7093 (LAP), 2008 WL 361090, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 7, 11 Case 1:21-cv-00387-ER-BCM Document 52 Filed 06/21/22 Page 12 of 24 2008) (applying New York res judicata principles to federal claims of employment discrimination). New York courts have adopted a transactional approach to res judicata analysis. O’Brien v. City of Syracuse, 429 N.E.2d 1158 (N.Y. 1981). Under this approach, parties and their privies are barred from relitigating matters “that could have or should have been raised in a prior proceeding arising from the same ‘factual grouping,’ ‘transaction,’ or ‘series of transactions.’” Sackets Harbor Leasing Co., LLC v. Vill. of Sackets Harbor, 485 F. App’x 497, 499 (2d Cir. 2012) (summary order) (citation omitted). Furthermore, New York courts JLYH ³D FRQFOXVLYH H HFW WR WKH TXDVL-judicial determinations of administrative agencies . . . when rendered pursuant to the adjudicatory authority of an agency to decide cases brought before its tribunals employing procedures substantially similar to those used in a court of law.” Ryan v. New York Tel. Co., 467 N.E.2d 487 (N.Y. 1984) (citation omitted). It is well established that the NYSDHR has the authority to adjudicate employment discrimination disputes and to issue binding determinations regarding those disputes. Kosakow v. New Rochelle Radiology Assocs., P.C., 274 F.3d 706, 734 (2d Cir. 2001). )HGHUDO FRXUWV KDYH D RUGHG D SUHFOXVLYH H HFW to the NYSDHR’s no probable cause determinations when federal and state claims arise from the same facts, the claims involve the same parties or parties in privity, and the parties have an “adequate opportunity to litigate” those claims. See, e.g., Kirkland v. City of Peekskill, 828 F.2d 104, 110 (2d Cir. 1987) GLVPLVVLQJ SODLQWL ¶V federal claims alleging employment discrimination as precluded by the NYSDHR’s determination); Vargas, 2008 WL 361090, at *5 (holding that relitigating of employment discrimination claims is precluded by the 12 Case 1:21-cv-00387-ER-BCM Document 52 Filed 06/21/22 Page 13 of 24 NYSDHR’s unreviewed determination of no probable cause). Pursuant to the New York transactional approach, the relitigating of claims is precluded when the claims arise from the same factual grouping, transaction, or series of transactions even when a SODLQWL EULQJV WKHP XQGHU D GL HUHQW OHJDO WKHRU\ RI UHFRYHU\ RU LV VHHNLQJ D GL HUHQW UHPHG\. Kirkland, 828 F.2d at 110; O’Brien, 429 N.E.2d 1158. Furthermore, for the purpose of res judicata, the employee-employer relationship is VX FLHQW WR HVWDEOLVK privity. See Amadsau v. Bronx Lebanon Hosp. Center, No. 03 Civ. 6450 (LAK) (AJP), 2005 WL 121746, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 21, 2005) (concluding that the hospital and university were in privity with their employees for claim preclusion analysis). Finally, an adequate opportunity to litigate the claim means that the claimant had an opportunity to present his charges on the record, though informally, and to submit all exhibits which he wished to present. Kremer v. Chem. Constr. Corp., 456 U.S. 461, 483 (1982). HUH LV QR UHTXLUHPHQW RI D KHDULQJ SULRU WR RU DIWHU WKH 1<6'+5¶V determination of no probable cause. Id. at 483–84. Moreover, the NYSDHR’s investigation of a complaint is similar to the federal procedure for a summary judgment motion or for a dismissal for failure to state a claim. Kirkland, 828 F.2d at 108. HUHIRUH IRU WKH SXUSRVH RI res judicata, the agency’s procedure for determining the merits of a complaint is adequate even without a formal hearing. See Rosu v. City of New York, 742 F.3d 523, 527 (2d Cir. 2014) (holding that New York City Commission on Human Rights’ procedures of no probable cause determination based solely on the agency’s investigation RI WKH FRPSODLQW ZHUH VX FLHQW XQGHU WKH 'XH 3URFHVV &ODXVH). In his response, Davis argues that his Section 1983 and 1981 claims are not precluded because WKH 1<6'+5 GLG QRW D RUG him a full and fair opportunity to litigate 13 Case 1:21-cv-00387-ER-BCM Document 52 Filed 06/21/22 Page 14 of 24 the claims. Doc. 31-2. Davis erroneously relies on the standard for collateral estoppel or issue preclusion from Kosakow v. New Rochelle Radiology Assocs., P.C., 274 F.3d 706 (2d Cir. 2001) (adopting the New York standard of collateral estoppel under which there must be an identity of issues decided in the prior proceedings and where a claimant had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issues). Collateral estoppel is a “narrower species” of res judicata and precludes relitigating of an issue raised in the prior proceedings and decided whether or not the tribunals or causes of action are the same. Ryan, 467 N.E.2d 487. In this case, there is no need to analyze whether collateral estoppel applies since Davis’ Section 1981 and 1983 claims are precluded by the principals of res judicata. Davis’ claims stem from the same 2016 and 2018 incidents as the claims he brought before the NYSDHR. e parties here are the same because Paul and Longobardi, as employees of Metro-North, are in privity with Metro-North. See Reininger v. New York City Transit Auth., No. 11 Civ. 7245 (DAB), 2016 WL 10566629, DW 6 ' 1 < 'HF FRQFOXGLQJ WKDW D SODLQWL ¶V VXSHUYLVRU DW WKH 1HZ <RUN City Transit Authority (“NYCTA”) was in privity with NYCTA for the purpose of res judicata). Furthermore, Davis had an adequate opportunity to litigate his claims, because the NYSDHR investigated his complaints, Metro-North’s response, and his rebuttal prior to issuing a no probable cause determination. See Vargas, 2008 WL 361090, at *5 (concluding that NYSDHR’s SURFHGXUHV GLG QRW R HQG GXH SURFHVV DQG D ord an adequate opportunity to litigate). HUHIRUH 'DYLV¶ FODLPV under Sections 1981 and 1983 are precluded by the NYSDHR’s determinations. Defendants’ motion to dismiss Section 1981 and 1983 racial employment discrimination and retaliation claims is granted. 14 Case 1:21-cv-00387-ER-BCM Document 52 Filed 06/21/22 Page 15 of 24 Section 1983 Equal Protection Claim Davis alleges a violation of the Fourteen Amendment based on Defendants’ more severe enforcement of disciplinary policies against him than against other employees. Defendants seek to dismiss the claim pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) because (1) the “class of one” doctrine does not apply in the context of public employment and (2) pursuant to the selective enforcement doctrine, Davis failed WR SURYLGH VX FLHQW comparators to plausibly allege he received disparate treatment due to Defendants’ “malicious intent to injure” him. Doc. 34 at 8–10. PODLQWL s DOOHJLQJ GL HUHQWial treatment not based on a membership in a protected class can bring a claim under the “class of one” and selective enforcement doctrines. Harlen Assocs. v. Inc. Vill. of Mineola, 273 F.3d 494, 499–500 (2d Cir. 2001). (a) Class of One Claims A valid claim under the “class of one” doctrine must contend that a SODLQWL ZDV irrationally treated GL HUHQWO\ from others similarly situated. Hu v. City of New York, 927 F.3d 81, 91 (2d Cir. 2019). It is well established that “class of one” claims cannot be asserted in the context of public employment. Engquist v. Or. Dep’t of Agric., 553 U.S. 591, 594 (2008); Porr v. Daman, 299 F. App’x 84, 87 (2d Cir. 2008) XV Ds a public employee at Metro-North, Davis is barred from bringing Section 1983 equal protection claims under the “class of one” doctrine. See Bertram v. Metro. Transp. Auth., No. 13 Civ. 338 (RA), 2014 WL 748933, at *9 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 26, 2014) (dismissing MTA police R FHU¶V 6HFWLRQ FODLPV EURXJK XQGHU WKH ³FODVV of one” doctrine against the MTA). HUHIRUH WKH Section 1983 claims brought under the “class of one” theory are dismissed. (b) Selective Enforcement Claims 15 Case 1:21-cv-00387-ER-BCM Document 52 Filed 06/21/22 Page 16 of 24 To state a viable claim under the selective enforcement theory, a SODLQWL PXVW show that (1) a SODLQWL ZDV treated GL HUHQWO\ IURP RWKHU similarly situated employees and (2) such treatment was motivated by the malicious or bad-faith intent to injure a person. Cine SK8, Inc. v. Town of Henrietta, 507 F.3d 778, 790 (2d Cir. 2007). H WHVW of a malice-based claim requires proof that the disparate treatment was caused by the impermissible motivation. Bizzaro v. Miranda, 394 F.3d. 82, 87 (2d Cir. 2005). To prove disparate treatment, a SODLQWL PXVW VKRZ WKDW he and his comparators are similarly situated in all material respects. Artec Constr. & Dev. Corp. v. City of New York, No. 15 Civ. 9494 (KPF), 2017 WL 5891817, at *10 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 28, 2017). Similarly situated does not mean identical but rather “a reasonably close resemblance of the facts and FLUFXPVWDQFHV RI SODLQWL ¶V DQG comparator’s cases.” Graham v. Long Island R.R., 230 F.3d 34, 40 (2d Cir. 2000). H resemblance test relies on an objective standard. Mosdos Chofetz Chaim, Inc. v. Vill. of Wesley Hills, 815 F. Supp. 2d 679, 696 (S.D.N.Y 2011). H WHVW LV VDWLV¿HG ZKHQ D SODLQWL SURYLGHV FRPSDUDWRUV a prudent person would objectively ¿QG WR EH roughly equivalent ZLWK WKH SODLQWL Id. “‘[R]elevant aspects’ are those factual elements which determine whether reasoned analogy supports, or demands, a like result. Exact correlation is neither likely nor necessary, but the cases must be fair congeners. In other words, apples should be compared to apples.” Estate of Morris v. Dapolito, 297 F. Supp. 2d 680, 686 (S.D.N.Y. 2004) (quoting Dartmouth Review v. Dartmouth College, 889 F.2d 13, 19 (1st Cir. 1989)). Even though, at the pleading stage, D SODLQWL LV QRW UHTXLUHG WR SUR HU HYLGHQFH RI FRPSDUDWRUs QRQHWKHOHVV WKH SODLQWL PXVW DOOHJH VX FLHQW IDFWV WR DOORZ WKH court to determine whether it is plausible that a jury could determine that the alleged comparators are similarly situated and were treated 16 Case 1:21-cv-00387-ER-BCM Document 52 Filed 06/21/22 Page 17 of 24 GL HUHQWO\ Rosario v. Town of Mount Kisco, No. 16 Civ. 8766 (NSR), 2018 WL 2209487, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. May 11, 2018). Here, Davis did not identify any comparators for the 2016 incident involving his unauthorized early leave of the worksite. As to the 2018 incident leading to Davis’ termination, in the FAC, Davis describes some of the alleged comparators only in conclusory terms, and thus, fails to plausibly identify them. See Bishop v. Best Buy, Co., No. 08 Civ. 8427 (LBS), 2010 WL 4159566, at *11–12 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 13, 2010) ¿QGLQJ WKH SODLQWL IDLOHG WR LGHQWLI\ VLPLODUO\ VLWXDWHG LQGLYLGXDOV ZKHQ WKH SODLQWL SURYLGHG only conclusory statements about the alleged comparators). To determine whether the comparator’s conduct is comparable to that of a SODLQWL WKH FRXUWV ORRN DW ZKHWKHU WKH SODLQWL DQG WKH DOOHJHG FRPSDUDWRUV ZHUH subject to the same workplace policy; and (2) whether the conduct at issue was of comparable seriousness. Graham, 230 F.3d at 40. H Rther Metro-North employees Davis LGHQWL¿HV ZHUH VXEMHFW WR GL HUHQW GLVFLSOLQDU\ SROLFLHV GXH WR DGPLVVLRQs of guilt or engaged in conduct dissimilar to that of Davis. Davis alleges that the engineer and brakeman who were also involved in the 2018 train collision, unlike him, were not terminated. Doc. 22 ¶ 23. However, the engineer admitted guilt prior to the commencement of disciplinary hearings while Davis did not. Id.; see Testagrose v. N.Y.C. Hous. Auth., 369 F. App’x 231, 232 (2d Cir. 2010) (summary order) ¿QGLQJ WKDW LQGLYLGXDOV ZKR YROXQWDULO\ UHVLJQHG RU DGPLWWHG JXLOW XQOLNH WKH SODLQWL ZHUH QRW similarly situated in all material respects). Davis also fails to clarify whether an engineer, ZKR ZDV LQYROYHG LQ D GL HUHQW WUDLQ FROOision, continued her employment with MetroNorth because of voluntary admission of guilt. 17 Case 1:21-cv-00387-ER-BCM Document 52 Filed 06/21/22 Page 18 of 24 Furthermore, Davis describes incidents where the individuals engaged in conduct ranging in seriousness from cheating on a test to use of illegal substances; however, none of the instances are of comparable seriousness to Davis’ violations. Cf. Berube v. Great Atl. & Pac. Tea Co., 348 F. App’x 684, 687 (2d Cir. 2009) (¿QGLQJ WKDW VPDOO LQYRLFH discrepancies and larger inventory discrepancies in the context of recordkeeping were of “comparable seriousness”). %HFDXVH QRQH RI WKH LGHQWL¿HG LQGLYLGXDOV FRXOG REMHFWLYHO\ be considered similarly situated in all material respects, Davis fails to plausibly state that he was subjected to selective enforcement of Metro-North disciplinary and termination policies. HUHIRUH WKH FODLP LV GLVPLVVHG SXUVXDQW WR )HG 5 &LY 3 E C. Title VII Employment Discrimination Claims Davis alleges that Defendants violated Title VII when they discriminated and retaliated against him. Defendants move to dismiss the Title VII claims against individual defendants as barred by the statute. Doc. 25 at 23. As to the claims regarding the 2016 incident, Defendants move to dismiss the Title VII claims for failure to exhaust administrative remedies. Id. at 24. At this juncture, Defendants are not moving to dismiss the Title VII claims of racial discrimination and retaliation against Metro-North regarding Davis’ 2018 termination. Doc. 23. Title VII Claims against Individual Defendants Counsel for Davis has indicated that Davis now wishes to voluntarily withdraw his Title VII claims against individual defendants. Doc. 48 at 1. Accordingly, these claims are dismissed. 18 Case 1:21-cv-00387-ER-BCM Document 52 Filed 06/21/22 Page 19 of 24 Exhaustion of Title VII Administrative Remedies Defendants move to dismiss the Title VII claims against Metro-North regarding Davis’ 2016 suspension on the grounds that Davis failed to provide a right-to-sue letter from the EEOC. Doc. 25 at 24-25. Davis has not presented arguments opposing this issue. Before filing a Title VII claim in a federal court, a plaintiff must exhaust administrative remedies. Fowlkes v. Ironworkers Local 40, 790 F.3d 378, 384 (2d Cir. 2015). To exhaust administrative remedies, a plaintiff must timely file a complaint with the EEOC and receive a right-to-sue letter. Deravin v. Kerik, 335 F.3d 195, 200 (2d Cir. 2003). Failure to obtain a right-to-sue letter, like a statute of limitations, must be asserted by a defendant, otherwise it is waived. Bey v. Welsbach Elec. Corp., No. 01 Civ. 2667 (LAP), 2001 WL 863419, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. July 30, 2001), aff’d, 38 F. App’x 690 (2d Cir. 2002). Where a plaintiff fails to provide a right-to-sue letter from the EEOC and does not allege that plaintiff received or attempted to procure such letter, courts have dismissed the Title VII claims. See Staten v. Patrolmen’s Benevolent Ass’n of City of New York, Inc., 282 F. Supp. 3d 734, 742 (S.D.N.Y. 2017) (dismissing the Title VII claims where the plaintiff did not receive a right-to-sue letter prior to filing the lawsuit), aff’d, 736 F. App’x 17 (2d Cir. 2018); Henriquez-Ford v. Council of Sch. Supervisors and Administrators, No. 14 Civ. 2496 (JPO), 2016 WL 93863, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 7, 2016) (dismissing the Title VII claims for failure to exhaust administrative remedies where the plaintiff did not provide a right-to-sue letter and alleged that she filed a complaint with the EEOC in conclusory fashion). 19 Case 1:21-cv-00387-ER-BCM Document 52 Filed 06/21/22 Page 20 of 24 Here, Davis did not provide a right-to-sue letter from the EEOC regarding his 2016 suspension. Nor does Davis allege that he had filed charges regarding the 2016 suspension with the EEOC. Moreover, Davis has not provided arguments opposing Defendants’ argument based on failure to exhaust administrative remedies. Therefore, the Title VII claims against all defendants involving the 2016 incident are dismissed. D. Section 1983 Procedural Due Process Claims Davis alleges that his pre-termination proceedings were GH¿FLHQW DQG LQ violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. Doc. 31-6. Defendants move to dismiss the Due Process claim for failure to state a claim. Doc. 34 at 11. Requirement of a Notice and Hearing To state a claim alleging a deprivation of procedural due process, a SODLQWL PXVW (1) identify “a protected interest in property or liberty”; (2) establish that the state GHSULYHG WKH SODLQWL RI WKDW ULJKW DQG VKRZ WKDW WKH GHSULYDWLRQ RFFXUUHG ZLWKRXW GXH process of law. Barrows v. Burwell, 777 F.3d 106, 113 (2d Cir. 2015). A public employee has a property interest in continued employment if the employee is guaranteed continued employment absent just cause for discharge. Ciambriello v. Cnty. of Nassau, 292 F.3d 307, 313 (2d Cir. 2002). A public employee is entitled to a notice and a limited opportunity to be heard prior to termination. Locurto v. Sa¿r, 264 F.3d 154, 171 (2d Cir. 2001) (citing Cleveland Bd. of Educ. v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 545–46 (1985)). H notice, either oral or written, must include the “charges against [the employee], an explanation of the employer’s evidence, and an opportunity to present [the employee’s] side of the story.” Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 546. H UHTXLrement of a hearing is a minimal one, and it does not require a neutral decisionmaker. Locurto, 264 F.3d at 173– 20 Case 1:21-cv-00387-ER-BCM Document 52 Filed 06/21/22 Page 21 of 24 74. HUHIRUH ZKHQ D SXEOLF HPSOR\HH KDV D SURWHFWHG LQWHUHVW LQ FRQWLQXHG HPSOR\PHQW SURFHGXUDO GXH SURFHVV LV VDWLV¿HG ZKHQ DQ employer provides notice and a minimal opportunity to present the employee’s side of the story. Quire v. City of New York, No. 19 Civ. 10504 (RA), 2021 WL 293819, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 28, 2021). Davis alleges that he did not receive an adequate notice and that the preWHUPLQDWLRQ SURFHVV ZDV GH¿FLHQW in violation of the CBA. Doc. 31-5. Prior to Davis’ termination, Metro-North sent Davis a written notice dated July 19, 2018, which contained the charges, their explanation, date and place of a formal investigation hearing, and explanation of rights pursuant to the CBA. Doc. 24-4 at 2. The notice sufficiently satisfies the requirements stated in Loudermill. Furthermore, Davis’ pre-termination hearing was held over two days, September 5 and 19, 2018, where he testified. Doc. 22 ¶ 21. As to Davis’ allegations that his termination was predetermined prior to the hearings, Defendants correctly point out that the Fourteenth Amendment does not require a neutral decisionmaker in pre-termination hearings. See Green v. Dep’t of Educ. of City of New York, 16 F.4th 1070, 1077 (2d Cir. 2021) (dismissing plaintiff’s allegations premised on arbitrator’s bias because due process does not require a neutral decisionmaker in pre-termination proceedings); Faghri v. Univ. of Conn., 621 F.3d 92, 99 (2d Cir. 2010) (stating that a pre-termination hearing need not be conducted before a neutral decisionmaker). Because Davis received an adequate notice and an opportunity to present his version of events, 'HIHQGDQWV VDWLV¿HG WKH 'XH 3URFHVV UHTXLUHPHQWV See Leary v. Civ. Serv. Emps. Ass’n, No. 11 Civ. 716 (CS), 2012 WL 1622611 (S.D.N.Y. May 9, 2012) GLVPLVVLQJ SODLQWL ¶V 'XH 3URFHVV FODLPV ZKHUH WKH SODLQWL UHFHLYHG D QRWLFH DQG KDG D 21 Case 1:21-cv-00387-ER-BCM Document 52 Filed 06/21/22 Page 22 of 24 pre-termination hearing), a ’d sub nom. Leary v. Civ. Serv. Empls. Ass’n Region 3, 516 F. App’x 42 (2d Cir. 2013). Next, Davis alleges that Defendants deprived him of the right to a pre-trial meeting and settlement under the CBA in violation of Due Process. Doc. 31-8. H pertinent CBA provision requires that prior to the scheduled hearing, the Union and Metro-North representatives meet for the purpose of attempting to resolve the matter. Doc. 33-1 at 10. e July 2018 letter to Davis regarding the disciplinary charges scheduled a pre-trial meeting for July 25, 2018, at 9:00 am. Doc. 24-4 at 2. 2 Furthermore, Davis acknowledges that prior to the investigation he rejected MetroNorth’s proposal to settle premised on his admission of guilt and waiver of a right to appeal the disciplinary measures. Doc. 31-6. Accordingly, Davis’ claims that he was deprived of the pre-hearing proceedings required by the CBA are dismissed for a failure to state a claim. E. Leave to Amend Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2), a “court should freely give leave [to amend a complaint] when justice so requires.” In particular, a pro se litigant “should EH D RUGHG every reasonable opportunity to demonstrate that [the pro se litigant] has a valid claim.” Dluhos v. Floating and Abandoned Vessel, Known as New York, 162 F.3d 63, 69 (2d Cir. 1998) (citation omitted). However, leave to amend need not be granted if an amendment 2 Davis refers to the letter stating his disciplinary charges in the FAC. Doc. 22 ¶ HUHIRUH WKH &RXUW properly considers the document for the purpose of Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss. See Blue Tree Hotels Inv. (Canada), Ltd. v. Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide, Inc., 369 F.3d 212, 217 (2d Cir. 2004) (allowing consideration of “any documents that are either incorporated into the complaint by reference or attached to the complaint as exhibits”). 22 Case 1:21-cv-00387-ER-BCM Document 52 Filed 06/21/22 Page 23 of 24 would be futile. Advanced Magnetics, Inc. v. Bayfront Partners, Inc., 106 F.3d 11, 18 (2d Cir. 1997). An amendment is futile when a SODLQWL FDQQRW FXUH WKH GHIHFWV E\ UHIUDPLQJ the complaint. See Chunn v. Amtrak, 916 F.3d 204, 208 (2d Cir. 2019). Here, even though Davis has not requested to amend the FAC, the Court has the discretion to grant leave to amend the FAC sua sponte. See Witkowich v. Gonzales, 541 F. Supp. 2d 572, 590 (S.D.N.Y. 2008) (granting leave to amend the complaint sua sponte H &RXUW DOORZV 'DYLV WR DPHQG, but only his Section 1983 Equal Protection and Procedural Due Process claims. H DPHQGPHQWV WR WKH UHVW RI WKH FODLPV ZRXOG EH IXWLOH because the “barriers to relief for [the] claims cannot be surmounted by reframing the complaint.” Ashmore v. Prus, 510 F. App’x 47, 49 (2d Cir. 2013). e repleading of Section 1983 and 1981 employment discrimination and retaliation claims will be futile because the claims are barred by res judicata. See Rafter v. Liddle, 704 F. Supp. 2d 370, 378 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) GHQ\LQJ OHDYH WR DPHQG WKH FRPSODLQW ZKHUH WKH SODLQWL KDG SUHYLRXVO\ OLWLJDWHG WKH “essence of her complaint against [the] [d]efendants”). Further, Davis’ Title VII claim regarding his 2016 suspension cannot be amended as he neglected to exhaust administrative remedies under the statute. See Leonelli v. Pennwalt Corp., 887 F.2d 1195, 1199 (2d Cir. 1989) D UPLQJ WKH GHQLDO RI OHDYH WR DPHQG WKH FRPSODLQW ZKHUH WKH SODLQWL IDLOHG WR H[KDXVW DGPLQLVWUDWLYH UHPHGLHV XQGHU (5,6$ If Davis elects to amend Section 1983 Equal Protection and Procedural Due Process claims, he must do so by July 19, 2022. 23 Case 1:21-cv-00387-ER-BCM Document 52 Filed 06/21/22 Page 24 of 24 IV. CONCLUSION For the reasons set forth above, Defendants’ partial motion to dismiss is GRANTED. Davis may amend Section 1983 Equal Protection and Due Process claims by July 19, 2022. Defendants are directed to answer the Second Amended Complaint by August 9, 2022. H &OHUN RI WKH &RXUW LV UHVSHFWIXOO\ GLUHFWHG WR WHUPLQDWH WKH PRWLRQ Doc. 23. It is SO ORDERED. Dated: June 21, 2022 New York, New York Edgardo Ramos, U.S.D.J. 24

Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.

This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.