136 Field Point Circle Holding Company, LLC v. Razinski et al, No. 1:2019cv05656 - Document 57 (S.D.N.Y. 2021)

Court Description: MEMORANDUM AND ORDER granting 41 Motion for Summary Judgment. For the foregoing reasons, 136 Field Point Circle Holding's motion for summary judgment is granted. The Clerk of Court is directed to enter judgment in favor of the Plaintiff fo r the amount of $1,000,000. The Clerk of Court is directed to terminate the motion pending at ECF No. 41 and mark this case closed. SO ORDERED. (Signed by Judge William H. Pauley, III on 5/6/2021) (kv) Transmission to Finance Unit (Cashiers) for processing. Transmission to Orders and Judgments Clerk for processing.

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