Town of Islip v. Datre et al, No. 2:2016cv02156 - Document 316 (E.D.N.Y. 2022)

Court Description: MEMORANDUM & ORDER granting Plaintiff's 307 Motion for Summary Judgment. So Ordered by Chief Judge Margo K. Brodie on 2/14/2022. (Lee, Tiffeny)

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Town of Islip v. 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