CSX Transportation, Inc. v. Emjay Environmental Recycling, Ltd., No. 2:2012cv01865 - Document 69 (E.D.N.Y. 2014)

Court Description: MEMORANDUM & ORDER granting 56 Motion for Summary Judgment; denying 57 Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Jurisdiction; denying 57 Motion for Summary Judgment. For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment is GRANTED, and Defendant's motion for summary judgment is DENIED. The Clerk of the Court is directed to enter judgment in accordance with this Memorandum and Order and to mark this matter CLOSED. So Ordered by Judge Joanna Seybert on 8/20/2014. C/ECF (Valle, Christine)

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK ----------------------------------------x CSX TRANSPORTATION, INC., Plaintiff, -against- MEMORANDUM & ORDER 12-CV-1865(JS)(AKT) EMJAY ENVIRONMENTAL RECYCLING, LTD., Defendant. ----------------------------------------x APPEARANCES For Plaintiff: Christopher Merrick, Esq. Kennan Cohen & Howard PC 165 Township Line Road, Suite 2400 Jenkintown, PA 19046 John Joseph Morris, Esq. Kelly, Rode & Kelly, LLP 330 Old Country Road Mineola, NY 11501 For Defendant: Brian Lee Gardner, Esq. Sullivan Gardner, P.C. 7 East 20th Street New York, NY 10003 SEYBERT, District Judge: Currently pending before the Court is: (1) plaintiff CSX Transportation, judgment (Docket Inc.’s Entry (“Plaintiff”) 56), and motion (2) for summary defendant Emjay Environmental Recycling, Ltd.’s (“Defendant”) cross-motion for summary judgment (Docket Entry 57). Plaintiff’s motion for summary Defendant’s motion is DENIED. For the following reasons, judgment is GRANTED and BACKGROUND1 Plaintiff operates as an interstate rail (Pl.’s 56.1 Stmt., Docket Entry 48-1, ¶ 1.) carrier.2 Defendant is a transfer station which generates revenue by charging customers to place construction and demolition debris, waste, and recyclables at its facility. 3.) municipal solid (Pl.’s 56.1 Stmt. ¶¶ 2- After Defendant separates the materials, it sends the waste to off-site landfills for disposal. (Pl.’s 56.1 Stmt. ¶ 4.) For example, Defendant sent the waste to landfills in various locations, including Ohio, via rail. (Pl.’s 56.1 Stmt. ¶¶ 6-7; Def.’s 56.1 Counterstmt. ¶¶ 6-7.) “Between shipments Atlantic were 2010 moved Railway and via Company a 2012 all combination (‘NY&A’), provided Brentwood, New carrier York service New [Plaintiff], and the to (Pl.’s 56.1 Stmt. ¶ 11.) an rail York from of [Defendant’s] the Central Railway Company (‘OHCR’).” NY&A of and Ohio (Pl.’s 56.1 Stmt. ¶ 10.) Defendant’s interchange point facility with in Plaintiff. Plaintiff then provided “long haul 1 The following material facts are drawn from the parties’ Local Civil Rule 56.1 Statements (“56.1 Stmt.”) and Counterstatements (“56.1 Counterstmt.”) and the evidence in support. Where relevant, the Court will note specific factual disputes. 2 Defendant apparently denies this description but offers no alternative characterization. (Def.’s 56.1 Counterstmt., Docket Entry 48-2, ¶ 1.) 2 carriage” to Ohio, where the OHCR transported the freight to its final destination. Although (Pl.’s 56.1 Stmt. ¶¶ 12-13.) the parties dispute the exact nature and consequences of the contracts, they agree that Plaintiff and Defendant transport entered of into Defendant’s several agreements freight. (Pl.’s to 56.1 govern Stmt. ¶ the 18; Def.’s 56.1 Counterstmt. ¶ 18.) For example, Plaintiff and Defendant CSXT 18699.”3 entered into “Contract (Pl.’s 56.1 Stmt. ¶ 18.) 85189” and “Contract Contract CSXT 18699 provided that it was in effect from January 1, 2010 through December 31, 2010 and Contract CSXT 85189 provided that it was effective from April 1, 2011 through March 31, 2013. 20.) (Pl.’s 56.1 Stmt. ¶¶ 19- Both provided: CAR SUPPLY: If [CSX] is to furnish cars, [CSX] will do so on a non-guaranteed basis subject to availability and distribution considerations . . . . PAYMENT AND CREDIT: Payment of all rates and charges that may accrue and become due from Industry to CSXT in connection with this Contract shall be made within the timeframes set forth in, and subject to the finance charges, late charges, and other provisions of Section 16, Tariff CSXT 8100 series (Merchandise) . . . . If [Defendant] fails to pay all rates and charges as required by this paragraph, CSXT may, without 3 NY&A and OHCR were also involved in these contracts, although the parties dispute whether they were completely separate signatories or were defined as a single “Carrier” with Plaintiff. (See Pl.’s 56.1 Stmt. ¶ 18; Def.’s 56.1 Counterstmt. ¶ 18; Def.’s 56.1 Stmt., Docket Entry 49-1, ¶ 7.) 3 limitation, cancel or suspend its performance under, or terminate this Contract. [Defendant] may not set off or withhold any payment due under this Contract in any dispute with any Carrier. ENTIRE UNDERSTANDING: This Contract represents the entire understanding of the parties, may not be modified without their written consent, shall be construed (except for matters referring to or traditionally governed by or construed under federal laws, regulations, or case law) according to the laws of the State of Florida without regard to its conflict of laws rules, and has been executed by the duly authorized representatives of the parties. (Pl.’s 56.1 Stmt. ¶ 21; Merrick Decl., Docket Entry 56-3, Ex. 4.) For each shipment of commodity, Defendant paid a single “through rate” directly to Plaintiff. (Def.’s 56.1 Stmt. ¶¶ 13- 14.) According to Plaintiff, it then pays NY&A and OHCR for their participation in the shipment of Defendant’s regardless of whether Defendant has paid Plaintiff. freight, (Pl.’s 56.1 Counterstmt., Docket Entry 49-2, ¶ 15.) For freight through Defendant Defendant’s funds. a period of time, Plaintiff. began wire According to apparently however, causing an outstanding balance, transfers to be for President, Michael behalf Defendant. Counterstmt. ¶ 27.) Cholowsky, (Pl.’s shipped Plaintiff, accruing (Pl.’s 56.1 Stmt. ¶ 26.) of Defendant rejected insufficient On July 19, 2011, Defendant’s executed 56.1 a Stmt. Promissory ¶ 27; Note Def.’s on 56.1 The Promissory Note pertains to a loan of 4 $334,998 to cover unpaid through April 2011.4 Promissory payment. Note, charges from (Pl.’s 56.1 Smt. ¶ 28.) Defendant gave November 2010 Pursuant to the Plaintiff a $50,000 down (Pl.’s 56.1 Stmt. ¶¶ 29, 31; Def.’s 56.1 Counterstmt. ¶¶ 29, 31.) further freight According to Plaintiff, Defendant did not make any payments. additionally (Pl.’s maintains 56.1 that, Stmt. after ¶ the 32.) Plaintiff Promissory Note, it continued to ship Defendant’s freight between January 2011 and July 2012, incurring $519,704.72 in freight Defendant also did not pay to Plaintiff. charges that (Pl.’s 56.1 Stmt. ¶¶ 34, 36.) DISCUSSION Plaintiff judgment. standard and Defendant now each move for summary The Court will first address the applicable legal before turning to the parties’ motions more specifically. I. Legal Standard Summary judgment is only appropriate where the moving party can demonstrate that there is “no genuine dispute as to any material fact” and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. 4 FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a). Defendant’s counterstatement denies this, and many other statements without any purported characterization of its own or explanation as to why the statement is incorrect other than a vague assertion that the statement is not supported. (See Def.’s 56.1 Counterstmt. ¶ 28.) 5 In considering this question, the Court considers “the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories and admissions on file, together with any other firsthand information including but not limited to affidavits.” Nnebe v. Daus, 644 F.3d 147, 156 (2d Cir. 2011) (citation omitted); see also FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c). “In assessing the record to determine whether there is a genuine issue to be tried . . . the court is required to resolve all ambiguities and draw all permissible factual inferences in favor of the party against whom summary judgment is sought.” Chrysler Corp., 109 F.3d 130, 134 (2d Cir. 1997). McLee v. The burden of proving that there is no genuine issue of material fact rests with the moving party. Gallo v. Prudential Residential Servs., L.P., 22 F.3d 1219, 1223 (2d Cir. 1994) (citing Heyman v. Com. & Indus. Ins. Co., 524 F.2d 1317, 1320 (2d Cir. 1975)). Once that burden is met, the non-moving party must “come forward with specific facts,” LaBounty v. Coughlin, 137 F.3d 68, 73 (2d Cir. 1998), to demonstrate that “the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party,” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S. Ct. 2505, 2510, 91 L. Ed. 2d 202, 218 (1986). allegations or denials will not suffice.” 781 F.2d 319, 323 (2d Cir. 1986). “Mere conclusory Williams v. Smith, And “unsupported allegations do not create a material issue of fact.” Weinstock v. Columbia Univ., 224 F.3d 33, 41 (2d Cir. 2000), superseded by statute on 6 other grounds as stated in Ochei v. Coler/Goldwater Mem’l Hosp., 450 F. Supp. 2d 275, 282 (S.D.N.Y. 2006). “The same standard applies where, as here, the parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment . . . .” Morales v. Quintel Entm’t, Inc., 249 F.3d 115, 121 (2d Cir. 2001) (citing Terwilliger v. Terwilliger, 206 F.3d 240, 244 (2d Cir. 2000)). Thus, even if both parties move for summary judgment and assert the absence of any genuine issues of material fact, “a district court is not required to grant judgment as a matter of law for one side or the other.” Heublein, Inc. v. United States, 996 F.2d 1455, 1461 (2d Cir. 1993). must be examined on reasonable inferences motion under is its must own “Rather, each party’s motion merits, be drawn consideration.” and in against Morales, each the 249 case party F.3d all whose at 121 (citation omitted). II. Subject Matter Jurisdiction Initially, dismissal, the asserting jurisdiction over that this Court notes that the Court lacks action. Defendant seeks subject matter Specifically, Defendant maintains that Plaintiff, NY&A, and OHCR formed a joint venture, precluding relief to Plaintiff alone, that Plaintiff cannot maintain the action individually, and that, alternatively, the action must be dismissed based on misjoinder. 7 The Court will address each of these arguments in turn. (Defs.’ Br. for S.J., Docket Entry 59, at 7-19.) A. Joint Venture Defendant maintains that the rail transportation services at issue were undertaken by a joint venture and that this Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over the action “brought in its correct form.”5 (Def.’s Br. for S.J. at 7-8.) The Court disagrees. The citizenship of a joint venture depends upon the citizenship of each of its members. See Schiavone Constr. Co. v. City of N.Y., 99 F.3d 546, 548 (2d Cir. 1996) (“For diversity purposes, the citizenship of a joint venture is the citizenship of each of its members.”). Here, it is undisputed that NY&A and Defendant are both citizens of New York. 5 Accordingly, if there Defendant seeks dismissal for lack of jurisdiction pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1). “A case is properly dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(1) when the district court lacks the statutory or constitutional power to adjudicate it.” Makarova v. United States, 201 F.3d 110, 113 (2d Cir. 2000). In resolving a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, the Court may consider affidavits and other materials beyond the pleadings to resolve jurisdictional questions. See Morrison v. Nat’l Australia Bank, Ltd., 547 F.3d 167, 170 (2d Cir. 2008). The Court must accept as true the factual allegations contained in the complaint, but it will not draw argumentative inferences in favor of Plaintiffs because subject matter jurisdiction must be shown affirmatively. See id.; Atlanta Mut. Ins. Co. v. Balfour Maclaine Int’l Ltd., 968 F.2d 196, 198 (2d Cir. 1992); Shipping Fin. Servs. Corp. v. Drakos, 140 F.3d 129, 131 (2d Cir. 1998). “A plaintiff asserting subject matter jurisdiction has the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that it exists.” Makarova, 201 F.3d at 113. 8 is a joint venture, there would no longer be diversity of citizenship between the parties, thus divesting the Court of jurisdiction. In determining whether there was a joint venture, the Court will use Florida law. The three contracts that governed the terms and conditions of Defendant’s shipments--CSXT 85189, CSXT 18699, and CSXT 10812 (the “Rail Service Contracts”)--and which underlie the Promissory Note, contain a Florida choice of law provision. Merrick Decl.) (See generally Rail Service Contracts, Ex. 4 to Given that this Court allegedly sits in diversity jurisdiction and given New York law, the contractual choice of law provision governs. See New Falls Corp. v. Lall, No. 09-CV-4809, 2010 WL 2076937, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. May 18, 2010) (“A federal court exercising diversity jurisdiction applies the law of the forum state, including its choice of law rules, to determine the applicable substantive law.” (citing Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Elec. Mfg. Co., 313 U.S. 487, 497, 61 S. Ct. 1020, 85 L. Ed. 1477 (1941)); Hartford Fire Ins. Co. v. Orient Overseas Containers Lines (UK) Ltd., 230 F.3d 549, 556 (2d Cir. 2000) (“New York law is clear in cases involving a contract with an express choice-of-law provision: Absent fraud or violation of public policy, a court is to apply the law selected in the contract as long as the state has sufficient contacts with the transaction.”). 9 Under combination Florida “a two of law, more persons, or joint venture who, in is a some special specific venture, seek a profit jointly without the existence between them of any actual partnership, corporation, or other business entity.” Offices Togolais Des Phosphates v. Mulberry Phosphates, Inc., 62 F. Supp. 2d 1316, 1324 (M.D. Fla. 1999) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). It is “created when two or more entities combine their property or time or a combination of the two to carry out a single business enterprise for profit.” Id. Defendant begins by pointing the Court to Norfolk Southern Railway Co. v. Emjay Environmental Recycling, Ltd., in which Judge Thomas C. Platt found that the real party plaintiff was a joint venture between the plaintiff, Norfolk Southern, and NY&A. No. 09-CV-1322, 2012 WL 976056 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 19, 2012). There, Plaintiff, Defendant, and NY&A executed a transportation contract in “Railroad.” which the Id. at *1. parties were jointly referred to as Like here, the contract itself involved the transport of Defendant’s construction and demolition debris via railway. Id. In response to the counterclaim filed by Defendant, the plaintiff filed a third-party complaint against NY&A. Id. at *2. Defendant filed Although the plaintiff withdrew that claim, a cross-claim 10 against NY&A. Id. at *3. Ultimately, Judge Platt determined that Norfolk Southern and NY&A had engaged in a joint venture under Virginia law. Norfolk Southern is distinguishable from the case at bar. Although the factual background is similar, the elements of a joint venture under Virginia law are not synonymous with the elements under Florida law. venture “consist[s] of the Under Florida law, a joint following elements: (1) a common purpose; (2) a joint proprietary interest in the subject matter; (3) the right to share profits and duty to share losses; and (4) the right of joint control.” Pinnacle Port Cmty. Ass’n, Inc. v. Orenstein, 872 F.2d 1536, 1539 (11th Cir. 1989). Thus, the Court turns to the relevant considering first where there is a common purpose. common purpose, for example, “where each party elements, There is a need[s] the other, as in any partnership in which each partner brings to the enterprise capital, skills, labor, knowledge not possessed by the other.” 2d 1211, 1213 (Fla. Service Contracts provide rail Dist. provide contract Ct. App. that the carriage licensing, resources, or Arango v. Reyka, 507 So. 1987). Here, “Carrier(s) transportation the agree(s) Rail service to with reasonable dispatch for Industry at the rates and subject to the additional terms and conditions set forth in” the contract. (Gardner Decl., Docket Entry 60, Exs. D-E; Merrick Decl., Ex. 4.) 11 Defendant asserts that the use of the word “Carrier” shows that Plaintiff, NY&A, and OHCR were defined jointly, and thus were involved in a joint venture. 12.) While Plaintiff counters that (Def.’s Br. for S.J. at “Carrier” was merely a drafting convenience, it does not necessarily dispute that such contractual language can be sufficient to demonstrate a common purpose. (Pl.’s Opp. Br., Docket Entry 62, at 8); see, e.g., Progress Rail Servs. Corp. v. Hillsborough Reg’l Transit Auth., No. 04-CV-0200, 2005). 2005 WL 1051932, at *3 (M.D. Fla. Apr. 12, Nonetheless, “the relationship created by the contract must still establish the four required elements.” Progress Rail Servs. Corp., 2005 WL 1051932, at *3. As it pertains to a however, this element is lacking.6 joint proprietary interest, “A joint proprietary interest generally requires joint ownership of the subject matter of the contract.” Id. Although Defendant asserts that there was a joint proprietary interest because Plaintiff, NY&A, and OHCR had a joint interest in the financial benefits and profits, this is insufficient. (Def.’s Br. for S.J. at 14); cf. Hung Kang Huang v. Carnival Corp., 909 F. Supp. 2d 1356, 1362 (S.D. Fla. 2012) (dismissing joint venture theory where the plaintiff division of responsibility and sharing in losses). 6 pled The parties Notably, as outlined in Norfolk, Virginia law does not contain an explicit element of joint proprietary interest. Norfolk Southern R. Co., 2012 WL 976056, at *6 (defining Virginia law). 12 a do not dispute that each carrier used its own equipment, employees, rail, etcetera during each leg of the journey. (See, e.g., Def.’s 56.1 Stmt. ¶ 21; Pl.’s 56.1 Counterstmt. ¶ 21.) Each was responsible for its portion of the trip. Thus, there was no joint ownership of the subject matter of the contract. See Skeen v. Carnival Corp., No. 08-CV-22618, 2009 WL 1117432, at *4 (S.D. Fla. Apr. 24, 2009) (finding that the plaintiff did not adequately contributed its plead own a joint assets venture individually where that each were entity used to conduct the business). Although this alone ends the inquiry, the Court also notes that the element of joint control is lacking in this case.7 “For joint venture purposes, the parties must have mutual control over the subject matter of the venture and the authority to bind one another with respect to the subject matter of the venture.” Here, each Progress Rail Servs. Corp., 2005 WL 1051932, at *3. carrier had independent--and exclusive--authority over its portion of the transport, and there is no evidence to suggest that the actions of any carrier could bind the others. (See CSXT 85189, Merrick Decl. Ex. 4, at 3 (“Each of the participating Carriers is solely responsible for its portion of the subject transportation.”).) 7 Under Virginia law, joint control is not an element, though a “voice” in control and management is necessary. Norfolk Southern R. Co., 2012 WL 976056, at *6. 13 Accordingly, Defendant’s motion is DENIED insofar as it argues a lack of subject matter jurisdiction on the basis of a joint venture.8 B. Joinder Defendant additionally asserts that, even if there is no joint venture, the funds due for the rail transportation services belong to Plaintiff as well therefore they are necessary parties. 18.) as NY&A and OHCR, and (Def.’s Br. for S.J. at Again, the Court disagrees. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 19(a) provides: (1) Required Party. A person who is subject to service of process and whose joinder will not deprive the court of subject-matter jurisdiction must be joined as a party if: (A) in that person’s absence, the court cannot accord complete relief among existing parties; or (B) that person claims an interest relating to the subject of the action and is so situated that disposing of the action in the person’s absence may: (i) as a practical matter impair or impede the person’s ability to protect the interest; or (ii) leave an existing party subject to a substantial risk of incurring double, multiple, or otherwise inconsistent obligations because of the interest. 8 Similarly, to the extent that Defendant argues that Plaintiff cannot maintain the action individually because the Rail Service contracts were with a joint venture (Def.’s Br. for S.J. at 17), Defendant’s motion is DENIED. 14 FED. R. CIV. P. 19(a). “If a party is required to be joined under Rule 19(a) but cannot be joined without depriving the court of subject matter jurisdiction, the court must proceed second step of the analysis under Rule 19(b).” to the Mazzio v. Kane, No. 14-CV-0616, 2014 WL 2866040, at *3 (E.D.N.Y. June 24, 2014). Defendant maintains that NY&A and OHCR potentially have an interest relating to the subject of the action and that disposition inconsistent in their absence obligations. could (Def.’s subject Br. for Defendant’s very premise is flawed, however. Defendant S.J. at to 19.) Plaintiff is not suing for any amounts that would include portions belonging to NY&A and OHCR. Rather, the Rail Service Contracts specifically provide that Defendant’s obligations run directly to Plaintiff, without regard to NY&A and OHCR. Merrick Decl. Ex. 4, at 5.) OHCR separately, regardless (See, e.g., CSXT 18699, In fact, Plaintiff pays NY&A and of whether the client has paid (Fearington Dep., Ex. I to Gardner Decl., Docket Entry 60, at 64), and NY&A and OHCR are not privy to even knowing the rates that Plaintiff Accordingly, charges adjudication Defendant. of this (CSXT matter 18699 would Defendant up to potential inconsistent obligations. at not 4.) open As this is the only basis for Defendant’s assertion that NY&A and OHCR are necessary parties, Defendant’s motion in this regard is DENIED. 15 III. Plaintiff’s Claims and Defendant’s Counterclaim The Court thus turns to the substantive merits of Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment and Defendant’s crossmotion, beginning first with Plaintiff’s motion regarding its first claim for breach of the Promissory Note. A. Plaintiff’s Claim for Breach of the Promissory Note Plaintiff asserts that summary judgment is appropriate on this claim because it has established the necessary elements and Defendant has not proffered a meritorious defense. Br. for S.J., Docket Entry 56-1, at 6.) The Contracts, Promissory contains a Note, The Court agrees. unlike Pennsylvania (Pl.’s the choice of Rail law (Promissory Note, Ex. 5 to Merrick Decl., at 3.) Service provision. To establish a claim for breach of contract under Pennsylvania law, a plaintiff must establish: “(1) the existence of a contract, including its essential terms, (2) a breach of a duty contract[,] and (3) resultant damages.” imposed by the Ware v. Rodale Press, Inc., 322 F.3d 218, 225 (3d Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted) (alteration in original). Here, Cholowsky, Defendant signed Counterstmt. ¶ the 27 agrees that Promissory (admitting its Note. that “a president, (See Def.’s document Mr. 56.1 entitled Promissory Note was executed by [Defendant’s] president, Michael Cholowsky”).) Defendant further admits that it made the $50,000 16 down payment. (Def.’s 56.1 Counterstmt. ¶ 31.) Moreover, Plaintiff presents evidence to demonstrate that Defendant did not make any further payments under the Promissory Note. Fearington Decl.9, Ex. 8 to Merrick Decl., ¶¶ 7-8.) (See Defendant’s witnesses do not dispute that payments were not made. (Pannulla Dep., Ex. 7 to Merrick Decl., at 77-78; Cholowsky Dep., Ex. 3 to Merrick Decl., at 88.) Rather than dispute Plaintiff’s ability to meet the elements of a breach of contract claim, Defendant’s primary opposition is that the court lacks subject matter jurisdiction and/or that Plaintiff failed to join arguments that the Court has rejected. Entry 63, at counterclaim, precludes 9-11.) asserting summary Plaintiff’s Defendant judgment alleged in maintains failure Plaintiff’s claims. parties-- (Def.’s Opp. Br., Docket further Plaintiff’s necessary (Def.’s to favor Opp. on Br. that its perform, both at of 18.) Specifically, Defendant argues that “the allegations of [its] Counterclaim that the rail services provided in 2011 and 2012 were poor and inadequate raise significant issues as to whether 9 Contrary to Defendant’s assertion in its 56.1 Counterstatement, this declaration is admissible because Ms. Fearington is an employee of Plaintiff with personal knowledge competent to testify as to whether Plaintiff in fact received any payments pursuant to the Promissory Note. See FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c)(4) (“An affidavit or declaration used to support or oppose a motion must be made on personal knowledge, set out facts that would be admissible in evidence, and show that the affiant or declarant is competent to testify on the matters stated.”). 17 the promissory note was breached, and additionally as to whether [Defendant] is entitled to a set-off from any funds determined to be due on the promissory note.” (Def.’s Opp. Br. at 18.) However, the terms of the Promissory Note are clear and unambiguous. See Del. Valley Wholesale Florist, Inc. v. Ten Pennies Florist, Inc., No. 05-CV-0309, 2005 WL 3307085, at *3 (E.D. Pa. Dec. 1, 2005) (holding that the court must determine the intention of the parties through, if possible, the clear and unambiguous terms of the contract (citing Bohler-Uddenhold Am., Inc. v. Ellenwood 2001)). The Grp., Inc., Promissory 247 Note F.3d 79, specifically 92-93 (3d provides Cir. that Defendant “has no defenses, objections, set offs, credits, or other claims (Promissory against Note at [Plaintiff] 2.) with Defendant’s regard waiver to of this any debt.” and all defenses and set offs is not subject to any other reasonable interpretation--nor does Defendant argue as much--and the Court must enforce the clear terms of the contract. Cf. Allegheny Int’l, Inc. v. Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp., 40 F.3d 1416, 142425 (3d Cir. 1994) (explaining that “[a] contract is ambiguous if it is reasonably susceptible of different constructions and capable of being understood in more than one sense” and finding that a release of claims would be enforceable if unambiguous); G.R. Sponaugle & Sons, Inc. v. Hunt Constr. Grp., Inc., 366 F. 18 Supp. 2d 236, 243 (M.D. Pa. 2004) (enforcing an unambiguous release of claims). Accordingly, Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment on its first claim for breach of the Promissory Note is GRANTED. B. Plaintiff’s Claim for Breach of the Rail Service Contracts Plaintiff also seeks summary judgment on its second cause of action Plaintiff asserts for breach that of the Defendant’s Rail Service defenses are Contracts. meritless. Defendant cross-moves for summary judgment on Plaintiff’s second claim, asserting evidence.10 that Plaintiff relies on inadmissible The Court agrees with Plaintiff. The elements of a breach of contract action, as established under Florida law,11 are: “(1) a valid contract, (2) a material breach, and (3) damages.” Bookworld Trade, Inc. v. Daughters of St. Paul, Inc., 532 F. Supp. 2d 1350, 1357 (M.D. Fla. 2007). “In addition, in order to maintain an action for breach of contract, a claimant must also prove performance of its obligations under the contract or a legal excuse for its nonperformance.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Whitney Nat’l Bank v. SDC Cmtys., Inc., No. 10 In raising this argument, it appears that Defendant mistakenly refers to Plaintiff’s “third” claim. 11 As stated previously, the Rail Service Contracts provide that Florida law governs. 19 09-CV-1788, 2010 WL 1270264, at *3 (M.D. Fla. Apr. 1, 2010) (listing performance as an element in addition to a contract, breach, and damages). The parties do not dispute that a contract existed. Rather, Defendant argues, in part, that Plaintiff cannot establish a material breach because the invoices Plaintiff uses to support its claim are inadmissible. argues that the invoices “were not Specifically, Defendant generated, or created, contemporaneously with any of the shipments, or requests for shipment, at issue in this matter. Rather, the Invoices . . . were printed out after the matter had been assigned to counsel to institute a lawsuit.” Defendant’s First, the evidence (Def.’s Br. for S.J. at 20.) argument fails demonstrates that for several reasons. Defendant’s employees themselves entered the information--from which the invoices were created--into the ShipCSX system. 25-27; Fearington Decl. ¶ 10.) invoices exception. are hearsay, they (See, e.g., Pannulla Dep. at Second, even assuming that the fall into the business records Federal Rule of Evidence 803, which sets forth the business records exception, provides: (6) Records of a Regularly Conducted Activity. A record of an act, event, condition, opinion, or diagnosis if: (A) the record was made at or near the time by--or from information transmitted by-someone with knowledge; 20 (B) the record was kept in the course of a regularly conducted activity of a business . . . (C) making the record practice of that activity; was a regular (D) all these conditions are shown by the testimony of the custodian or another qualified witness . . .; and (E) neither the source of information nor the method or circumstances of preparation indicate a lack of trustworthiness. FED. R. EVID. 803(6). The Fearington Declaration clearly establishes that the invoices were kept in the regular course of business and that it was Plaintiff’s maintain such records. despite Defendant’s inherently regular practice (Fearington arguments, troublesome or Decl. the to ¶ 5.) Court inadmissible generate Moreover, finds about and nothing the invoices because they were not printed out until litigation. Potamkin Cadillac Corp. v. B.R.I. Coverage Corp., 38 F.3d 627, 632 (2d Cir. 1994) (“A electronically business on record computers may and include later data printed stored out for presentation in court, so long as the ‘original computer data compilation accordance was with prepared regular pursuant business to a business practice.’” duty (quoting United States v. Hernandez, 913 F.2d 1506, 1512-13 (10th Cir. 1990)). 21 in Additionally, Defendant questions the trustworthiness of the invoices because Plaintiff maintained the ability modify them and, in fact, the invoices were modified. Br. for S.J. at 20-21.) However, Ms. Fearington to (Def.’s made only limited changes, such as to change the “Direct Questions To” section to list counsel. at 54.) (Fearing Dep., Ex. I to Gardner Decl., Given the circumstances surrounding the creation of the invoices, inputting particularly the that information, Defendant the Court was finds responsible that these for minor modifications do not render the invoices inadmissible. See, e.g., In re Teligent, Inc., No. 01-12974, 2006 WL 1030417, at *9 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. Apr. 13, 2006) (noting that the marked up bill was “obviously generated by . . . [the] computerized record system”); F.D.I.C. v. Kisosh Realty Corp., No. 90-CV-7900, 1992 WL 230156, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 1, 1992) (finding that the explanation regarding indicia trustworthiness). of documents of this notations kind, on bills Rather, including provided courts sufficient regularly admit computer-generated and maintained documents that presumably could be modified at any time. See, e.g., Stein Hall & Co. v. S.S. Concordia Viking, 494 F.2d 287, 291 (2d Cir. 1974); see also U.S. v. Bonomolo, --- F. App’x ----, (affirming 2014 WL admission 2016573, of at *2 (2d Cir. computer-generated May 19, 2014) spreadsheets at trial); Mazzini v. Republic of Argentina, 282 F. App’x 907, 909 22 (2d Cir. 2008) (“We reject the argument that the account statements, computer printouts of the account statements, and custodial letters were inadmissible hearsay.”). In fact, at least some courts have accepted Plaintiff’s invoices as reliable evidence without question. CSX Transp., Inc. v. Blakeslee, No. 11-CV-0533, 2012 WL 3985169, at *2, 6 (D. Conn. Sept. 11, 2012); CSX Transp., Inc. v. Am. Rigging & Crane Serv., Inc., No. 09-CV0043, 2009 WL 2781025, at *1 (S.D. Ohio Aug. 28, 2009). Accordingly, Defendant’s motion for summary judgment on Plaintiff’s second claim because Plaintiff has failed to adduce admissible evidence in support is DENIED. Thus, having determined that there was a contract and a material breach, the Court turns to the remaining elements. Clearly, Plaintiff has established damages. Other than challenging the admissibility of the invoices, Defendant has not come forward with any evidence to demonstrate that the shipments were not made. Rather, Defendant makes vague assertions that it does not know whether each of the invoices reflects a legitimate shipment and that there is no way of knowing such definitively. Such arguments, judgment stage. however, are not sufficient at the summary See Tucker v. Banknorth, NA, 333 F. Supp. 2d 50, 55-56 (E.D.N.Y. 2004) (“‘The nonmovant cannot escape summary judgment merely unspecified by disputed vaguely asserting material facts, 23 the or existence defeat the of some motion through mere speculation or conjecture.’” (quoting W. World Ins. Co. v. Stack Oil, Inc., 922 F.2d 118, 121 (2d Cir. 1990)). Finally, the Court considers whether Defendant’s counterclaim at all impacts Plaintiff’s ability to prove its claim for unpaid Contracts. freight Specifically, charges under Defendant the asserts Rail that Service Plaintiff failed to perform because the parties had an agreement (the “Dispatch Commitment”) that Plaintiff would provide with nine railcars per day. (See Def.’s Am. Ans. & Counterclaim (“Def.’s Ans.”), Docket Entry 38.) Contract CSXT 85189 and Defendant Contract The counterclaim references CSXT 18699, both of which provided for “rail contract carriage transportation service to [Defendant] with reasonable dispatch . . . .” (See Merrick Decl. Ex. 4, CSXT 85189 at 1; CSXT 18699 at 3.) Defendant is correct that, if Plaintiff indeed failed to perform as required, Plaintiff would not be able to maintain its breach of contract action against Defendant. See Hamilton v. Suntrust Mortg. Inc., --- F. Supp. 2d ----, 2014 WL 1285859, at *7 (S.D. Fla. Mar. 25, 2014) (“It is a fundamental principle of Florida contract law that a material breach by one party excuses the performance by the other.”). Here, however, both contracts referenced in the counterclaim unequivocally provide, in writing, that “[i]f [CSX] is to furnish cars, [CSX] will do so on a non-guaranteed basis 24 subject to availability and distribution considerations . . . .” (See Merrick Decl. Ex. 4, CSXT 85189 at 2; CSXT 18699 at 4.) assertion, this provision is not Contrary to Defendant’s ambiguous. See 49 C.F.R. 375.601 (defining “reasonable dispatch” as meaning in a timely manner). Thus, the written contracts between the parties flatly contradict any assertion that Plaintiff agreed to provide at least nine railcars per day to Defendant. Moreover, one of Defendant’s 30(b)(6) witnesses, Scott Pannulla, made clear during his deposition that any “Dispatch Commitment” contracts. was an oral agreement (Pannulla Dep. at 98.) contemporaneous with the In fact, Defendant’s briefs elucidate that it was their “understanding” that Plaintiff would provide nine railcars a day based upon the general timelines for the railcars to make a full roundtrip. n.5.) “Under contemporaneous Florida oral law, agreement (Def.’s Opp. Br. at 6 & evidence is of inadmissible a prior to vary contradict the unambiguous language of a valid contract.” or or Chase Manhattan Bank v. Rood, 698 F.2d 435, 436 (11th Cir. 1983); accord Ungerleider v. Gordon, 214 F.3d 1279, 1282 (11th Cir. 2000)12. Nonetheless, this is the very type of evidence upon which Defendant relies. See, e.g., Sewell v. D’Allessandro & 12 This rule, known as the parol evidence rule, reflects substantive law, and therefore must be applied by a court sitting in diversity. See Ungerleider, 214 F.3d at 1282; Madsen, Sapp, Mena, Rodriguez & Co., P.A. v. Palm Beach Holdings, Inc., 899 So. 2d 435, 436 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2005). 25 Woodyard, Inc., 709 F. Supp. 2d 1251, 1252 (M.D. Fla. 2010); Madsen, Sapp, Mena, Rodriguez & Co., P.A., 899 So. 2d at 436 (holding that the parol evidence rule precluded evidence that an accounting consultant orally advised the client that the fee would be between $10,000 and $12,000). There is an exception to the parol evidence rule when the oral agreement induced the execution of a written contract. See Ungerleider, 214 F.3d at 1282. However, and although Defendant does contend that the oral agreement induced it to enter into business with Plaintiff (See Def.’s Ans. ¶¶ 76-83), “the inducement exception does not apply where ‘the alleged oral agreement relate[s] to the identical subject matter embodied in the written express agreement provision of and the . . written . directly contradict[s] agreement.’” Id. an (quoting Linear Corp. v. Standard Hardware Co., 423 So. 2d 966, 968 (Fla. App. 1 Dist. 1982) (alterations in original)). Here, any agreement to provide nine railcars a day directly contradicts the written contracts which provide for no guarantee of the amount of railcars. See Regions Bank v. Old Jupiter, LLC, 449 F. App’x 818, 819-20 (11th Cir. 2011) (finding a contradiction such that the exception does not apply); Sewell, 709 F. Supp. 2d at 1252-53 (same). Thus, the inducement exception apply. 26 does not Accordingly, the Court finds that Plaintiff has met all of the necessary elements sufficient to grant summary judgment in its favor on its second counterclaim--there was a valid contract, obligations, damages. pursuant which to which Defendant Plaintiff materially performed breached, its causing Accordingly, Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment on its second claim for breach of the Rail Service Contracts is GRANTED. C. Defendant’s Counterclaims Plaintiff also seeks summary judgment on Defendant’s counterclaims. The Court will address each of the counterclaims in turn. 1. Defendant’s First Counterclaim for Breach of Contract As previously stated, Defendant asserts a counterclaim for breach Service of contract, Contracts--and Contract CSXT alleging that specifically, 18699--Plaintiff pursuant Contract agreed to to CSXT the the 85189 Rail and Dispatch Commitment, but breached that agreement by failing to provide nine railcars per day. (Def.’s Ans. ¶¶ 65-75.) Plaintiff seeks summary judgment on Defendant’s first counterclaim as it fails due to the express terms of the contracts and due to Defendant’s witnesses. (Pl.’s Br. for S.J. at 14.) 27 In rendering a decision on Plaintiff’s second claim, the Court has also determined that Defendant cannot sustain its counterclaim under the parol evidence rule. the reasons already stated, Plaintiff’s Accordingly, for motion for summary judgment on Defendant’s first counterclaim (breach of contract) is GRANTED. 2. Defendant’s Second Counterclaim for Breach of Quasi-Contract Defendant also asserts a counterclaim for breach of “quasi-contract,” alleging, in the alternative, that Plaintiff represented service that needs, it could including and by would providing railcars per day, which it did not do. Plaintiff seeks summary judgment meet not Defendant’s less than rail nine (Def.’s Ans. ¶ 77.) because, inter alia, the existence of the written car supply terms defeats the claim and because Defendant lacks any affirmative evidence. Again, the Court agrees with Plaintiff. Plaintiff assumes that New York law would apply to any additional contracts or oral agreements. 16 n.6.) (Pl.’s Br. for S.J. at While Defendant does not directly contradict this assumption, the Court finds that the outcome would be the same under either New York or Florida law. Both states’ laws provide that, where there is a valid, written contract covering the same subject matter, there can be no recovery in quasi-contract. 28 See Landmark Equity Fund II, LLC v. Residential Fund 76, LLC, No. 13-CV-20122, 2014 WL 552974, at *7 n.7 (S.D. Fla. Feb. 12, 2014) (noting that there was no difference between Florida and New York law as to quasi-contract claims); U.S. E. Telecomms, Inc. v. U.S. W. Commcn’s Servs., Inc., 38 F.3d 1289, 1296 (2d Cir. 1994) (“The contract existence governing a of a valid particular and enforceable subject matter written ordinarily precludes recovery in quasi-contract for events arising out of the same subject matter.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)); Karp v. Bank of Am., N.A., No. 12-CV-1700, 2013 WL 1121256, at *5 (M.D. Fla. Mar. 18, 2013) (“Under Florida law, a plaintiff cannot pursue a quasi-contract claim for unjust enrichment when an express contract exists that concerns the same subject matter.” (collecting cases)). Service Contracts--which specifically Here, given the Rail contain a provision regarding a non-guarantee on the amount of railcars--Defendant cannot also recover in quasi-contract on this very same subject matter.13 Accordingly, Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment 13 The Court, therefore, will not consider any additional arguments for summary judgment on this counterclaim. To the extent that Plaintiff argues for dismissal of the quasi-contract counterclaim because an agreement regarding railcar service would fail on jurisdictional and preemption grounds, the Court does not read the counterclaim to assert such a claim. Although the counterclaim references service obligations, including the Dispatch Commitment, the only service needs addressed in the counterclaim itself is the Dispatch Commitment and the alleged guarantee of nine railcars a day. Where, as here, Defendant has 29 on Defendant’s second counterclaim for breach of quasi-contract is GRANTED. 3. Defendant’s Third Counterclaim for Breach of the Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing Finally, Defendant’s third Plaintiff also counterclaim seeks for summary breach of judgment the on implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing arguing, in part, that the written contracts require dismissal. 16.) (Pl.’s Br. for S.J. at Again, the Court agrees. Similar to the counterclaim under a quasi-contract theory, New York and Florida law are also similar in that a claim for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing may be duplicative of a breach of contract claim. “Under New York law, parties to an express contract are bound by an implied duty of good faith, but breach of that duty is merely a breach of the underlying contract.” Harris v. Provident Life & Accident Ins. Co., 310 F.3d 73, 80 (2d Cir. 2002) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Thus, “New York law . . . does not recognize a separate cause of action for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing when a counsel, the Court will not liberally construe the claim. See Nat’l Gear & Piston, Inc. v. Cummins Power Sys., LLC, 861 F. Supp. 2d 344, 370 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) (“[G]iven that Plaintiff is represented by counsel, the Court has no obligation to construe its Complaint liberally . . . .” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted) (alteration in original)). 30 breach of contract claim, based upon the same facts, is also pled.” Id. at 81. Likewise, under Florida law, “a breach of the implied duty may be dismissed as redundant where the conduct allegedly violating the implied covenant is duplicative of the companion cause of action alleging breach of contract.” 133 F. Supp. 2d 1311, 1319 (M.D. Fla. 2000). Shibata v. Lim, As such, “a party can maintain a claim for breach of the implied duty only if it is based on allegations different from accompanying breach of contract claim.” Here, implied the covenant Commitment. Defendant infuses it identifiable counterclaim (See, allegations, only is e.g., its Def.’s of its Accordingly, Plaintiff’s Ans. that breach motion the of for underlying the Id. basis breach counterclaim apparent duplicative is those ¶¶ for of 86, with Defendant’s the Dispatch 88.) Although some amorphous counterclaim contract summary is wholly counterclaim. judgment on Defendant’s third counterclaim is GRANTED, and the Court need not consider any additional arguments in this regard. CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment is GRANTED, and Defendant’s motion for summary judgment is DENIED. 31 The Clerk of the Court is directed to enter judgment in accordance with this Memorandum and Order and to mark this matter CLOSED. SO ORDERED. /s/ JOANNA SEYBERT______ Joanna Seybert, U.S.D.J. Dated: August 20 , 2014 Central Islip, NY 32

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