Howard L. Howell, et al., v. JBI, Inc. et al, No. 3:2011cv00545 - Document 78 (D. Nev. 2014)
Court Description: ORDER denying 72 Motion for Preliminary Approval of the Proposed Settlement and Certification of the Class. Signed by Judge Robert C. Jones on 4/1/2014. (Copies have been distributed pursuant to the NEF - KR)
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Howard L. Howell, et al., v. JBI, Inc. et al Doc. 78 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT DISTRICT OF NEVADA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ) ) ) ) ) Plaintiffs, ) ) vs. ) ) ) JBI, INC., f/k/a 310 HOLDINGS, INC., JOHN ) BORDYNUIK, and RONAL BALDWIN, JR., ) ) Defendants. ) ) ) HOWARD L. HOWELL, Lead Plaintiff, ELLISA PANCOE, Individually and on Behalf of All Others Similarly Situated, 3:11-cv-00545-RCJ-WGC ORDER PROPOSED ORDER 12 This securities fraud case arises out of Defendant JBI, Inc.’s (“JBI”) alleged violations of 13 14 Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934. Lead Plaintiff Howard L. 15 Howell and Plaintiff Ellisa Pancoe (collectively “Plaintiffs”) brought suit on behalf of a putative 16 class consisting of all individuals damaged by these alleged violations, and the Parties have now 17 18 reached a settlement. Pending before the Court is Plaintiffs’ unopposed motion (the “Motion” or 19 “Unopposed Motion”) to enter a proposed order (1) granting preliminary approval of the 20 proposed settlement agreement; (2) provisionally certifying the proposed settlement class; (3) 21 approving the proposed method and form of notice; and (4) scheduling a final approval hearing. 22 (ECF No. 72). For the reasons stated herein, the Motion is denied. 23 24 25 26 I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY The relevant background information includes (1) a brief description of the litigation leading to the settlement; (2) a description of the settlement discussions; and (3) a description of 27 the settlement itself. 28 1 Dockets.Justia.com 1 2 a. Description of the Litigation On July 28, 2011, Plaintiffs filed the instant action, alleging violations of Sections 10(b) 3 and 20(a) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) and Securities and 4 Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) Rule 10b-5 on behalf of a putative class comprising all those 5 who purchased JBI’s securities between August 28, 2009 and July 20, 2011 ( the “Class Period’) 6 7 and were damaged thereby (the “Class” or “Class Members”). (Second Am. Compl., ECF No. 8 55, at 35–43 [hereinafter “SAC”]). According to Plaintiffs, “throughout the Class Period, 9 Defendants made false and/or misleading statements, as well as failed to disclose material 10 adverse facts about [JBI’s] business, operations, and prospects. Specifically, Defendants made 11 false and/or misleading statements and/or failed to disclose: (1) that [] media credits acquired by 12 13 [JBI] in connection with the acquisition of JavaCo were substantially overvalued; (2) that [JBI] 14 was improperly accounting for acquisitions; (3) that, as such, [JBI’s] financial results were not 15 prepared in accordance with [Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”)]; (4) that 16 [JBI] lacked adequate internal and financial controls; and (5) that, as a result of the above, 17 18 [JBI’s] financial statements were materially false and misleading at all relevant times. (Id. at 9). 19 Plaintiffs further allege that “as a result of Defendants’ wrongful acts and omissions, and the 20 precipitous decline in the market value of [JBI’s] securities, Plaintiffs and other Class members 21 have suffered significant losses and damages.” (Id.). Plaintiffs seek an unspecified amount of 22 damages. (Id. at 40). 23 24 25 b. Settlement Discussions In August 2012, the Parties agreed to mediate a possible resolution of the case. (Motion, 26 ECF No. 75, at 10). As part of the mediation, the Parties submitted confidential mediation 27 statements to mediator David Rotman, whom the Parties characterize as “a nationally recognized 28 2 1 mediator of complex class actions and commercial matters.” (Id. at n.6). However, after two 2 mediation sessions, the Parties failed to reach a settlement. (Id. at 10). 3 On March 20, 2013, the Parties attended a second mediation under the direction of 4 mediator Jed. D. Melnick, of JAMS, Inc. According to the Parties, Mr. Melnick “has been 5 involved in the mediation and successful resolution of hundreds of complex disputes.” (Id. at 6 7 11). During this mediation, the Parties reached “a basic framework for a potential settlement.” 8 (Id.). Relying on that framework, the Parties eventually agreed to the proposed settlement now 9 before the Court (the “Settlement” or “Proposed Settlement”). (Id.). 10 c. The Proposed Settlement 11 The Parties state that the total value of the Proposed Settlement is $1,429,738 (the 12 13 “Settlement Amount” or “Settlement Fund”). (Proposed Allocation, ECF No. 74-7, at 3). JBI has 14 agreed to fund the Proposed Settlement by issuing shares of its authorized, but unissued, 15 common stock (“JBI Settlement Shares”). (Proposed Settlement ¶ 2.1, ECF No. 74-1, at 12). The 16 number of shares to be issued is dependent on the price of JBI shares on the date of entry of final 17 18 judgment in this case (the “Judgment Date”). The Parties have agreed to a complex formula for 19 determining the precise number of shares to be issued. (Id.). According to the Parties, “the 20 Proposed Settlement, which recovers more than 19% of the Class’s estimated maximum 21 damages, is excellent and is in the best interests [sic] of the Class.” (Motion, ECF No. 75, at 11). 22 The Parties propose allocating $478,921, or 33.49% of the $1,429,738 Settlement Fund, 23 24 to an award of attorney fees and expenses. (Proposed Allocation, ECF No. 74-7, at 3). However, 25 the Parties do not propose using any portion of the $1,429,738 Settlement Fund to pay for 26 administrative expenses. (See id.). Instead, JBI has separately offered to pay up to $200,000 to 27 reimburse Plaintiffs for their mediation expenses and cover the costs of claims administration. 28 3 1 (Proposed Settlement ¶ 2.2, ECF No. 74-1, at 12). Accordingly, JBI has offered to pay a 2 maximum total of $1,629,738 to settle the instant case. Under the terms of the Proposed 3 Settlement, Class Members are entitled to 58.3% of that total. See infra Part II.b.i. 4 II. LEGAL STANDARDS AND ANALYSIS 5 The Ninth Circuit has declared that a strong judicial policy favors settlement of class 6 7 actions. Class Plaintiffs v. City of Seattle, 955 F.2d 1268, 1276 (9th Cir. 1992). However, a class 8 action may not be settled without court approval. Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e). When the parties to a 9 putative class action reach a settlement agreement prior to class certification, “courts must peruse 10 the proposed compromise to ratify both the propriety of the certification and the fairness of the 11 12 settlement.” Staton v. Boeing Co., 327 F.3d 938, 952 (9th Cir. 2003). At the preliminary stage, 13 the court must first assess whether a class exists. Id. (citing Amchem Prods. Inc. v. Windsor, 521 14 U.S. 591, 620 (1997)). Second, the court must determine whether the proposed settlement “is 15 fundamentally fair, adequate, and reasonable.” Hanlon v. Chrysler Corp., 150 F.3d 1011, 1026 16 (9th Cir. 1998). If the court preliminarily certifies the class and finds the proposed settlement fair 17 18 to its members, the court schedules a fairness hearing where it will make a final determination as 19 to the fairness of the class settlement. Third, the court must “direct notice in a reasonable manner 20 to all class members who would be bound by the proposal.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(1). 21 22 In the instant case, Plaintiffs have satisfied all but one of Rule 23’s certification requirements. However, inconsistencies in Plaintiffs’ moving papers preclude, at this stage, a 23 24 finding that Class Counsel will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the Class, as is 25 required by Rule 23(a)(4). These same inconsistencies, and a related failure to demonstrate the 26 fairness and adequacy of the proposed allocation of the Settlement Fund, prevent the Court from 27 finding that the Proposed Settlement “is fundamentally fair, adequate, and reasonable.” 28 4 1 2 3 4 Likewise, misstatements in the Proposed Notice, coupled with other errors, render approval inappropriate. a. Conditional Class Certification Plaintiffs seek conditional certification of a settlement class under Rule 23(a) and (b)(3). 5 To obtain class certification, the plaintiff must satisfy the four prerequisites identified in Rule 6 7 23(a) as well as one of the three subdivisions of Rule 23(b). Amchem Prods., 521 U.S. at 614. 8 “The four requirements of Rule 23(a) are commonly referred to as ‘numerosity,’ ‘commonality,’ 9 ‘typicality,’ and ‘adequacy of representation’ (or just ‘adequacy’), respectively.” United Steel, 10 Paper & Forestry, Rubber, Mfg. Energy, Allied Indus. & Serv. Workers Int’l Union, AFL-CIO v. 11 ConocoPhillips Co., 593 F.3d 802, 806 (9th Cir. 2010). Certification under Rule 23(b)(3) is 12 13 appropriate where common questions of law or fact predominate and class resolution is superior 14 to other available methods. Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3). The party seeking class certification bears 15 the burden of affirmatively demonstrating that the class meets Rule 23’s requirements. Wal-Mart 16 Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, ––– U.S. ––––, 131 S.Ct. 2541, 2551 (2011). 17 18 In general, “[b]efore certifying a class, the trial court must conduct a ‘rigorous analysis’ 19 to determine whether the party seeking certification has met the prerequisites of Rule 23.” Mazza 20 v. Am. Honda Motor Co., Inc., 666 F.3d 581, 588 (9th Cir. 2012) (internal citations omitted). 21 However, when evaluating class certification in the context of a proposed settlement, courts 22 “must pay undiluted, even heightened, attention to class certification requirements” because “the 23 24 court will lack the opportunity, present when a case is litigated, to adjust the class, informed by 25 the proceedings as they unfold.” Amchem Prods., 521 U.S. at 620; accord Hanlon v. Chrysler 26 Corp., 150 F.3d 1011, 1019 (9th Cir. 1998). 27 28 5 1 2 3 4 i. Rule 23(a) 1. Numerosity Generally, courts have held that numerosity is satisfied when the class size exceeds forty members. See, e.g., Slaven v. BP Am., Inc., 190 F.R.D. 649, 654–56 (C.D. Cal. 2000); In re 5 Cooper Cos. Inc. Secs. Litig., 254 F.R.D. 628, 634 (C.D. Cal. 2009) (citing Consolidated Rail 6 7 Corp. v. Town of Hyde Park, 47 F.3d 473, 483 (2d Cir.1995)). Thus, in securities cases, when 8 millions of shares are traded during the proposed class period, a court may infer that the 9 numerosity requirement is satisfied. Cooper, 254 F.R.D. at 634; see also Blackie v. Barrack, 524 10 F.2d 891, 901 (9th Cir. 1975) (numerosity not an issue where the class period included 120,000 11 transactions involving 21,000,000 shares). 12 13 14 15 In this case, millions of JBI shares were publicly traded during the Class Period, (SAC, ECF No. 55, at 30–31), and the Class, which consists of the purchasers of JBI’s securities during the Class Period, numbers in the thousands, (Mot. ECF No. 75, at 25). Therefore, the Court can 16 safely conclude that the Class is sufficiently numerous such that the joinder of each member 17 18 19 20 21 would be impracticable. 2. Commonality To demonstrate commonality, a plaintiff must show that there are “questions of law or fact common to the class.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(2). “A class has sufficient commonality ‘if there 22 are questions of fact and law which are common to the class.’” Hanlon, 150 F.3d at 1019. As 23 24 clarified in Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, a plaintiff must demonstrate that the class members 25 “have suffered the same injury” and that their claims “depend upon a common contention . . . of 26 such a nature that it is capable of classwide resolution—which means that determination of its 27 28 6 1 2 3 4 truth or falsity will resolve an issue that is central to the validity of each one of the claims in one stroke.” 131 S.Ct. at 2551. Here, the complaint raises several common questions of law and fact, including (1) whether JBI violated federal securities laws by publically misrepresenting its business operations 5 and earnings, and (2) whether the public disclosure of these alleged misrepresentations resulted 6 7 in a decline in the price of JBI common stock. Were Plaintiffs to continue to press this action, the 8 answers to these questions would result in classwide resolution of the claims asserted. Therefore, 9 the Court finds that Plaintiffs have satisfied the commonality requirement. 10 3. Typicality 11 12 To demonstrate typicality, Plaintiffs must show that the named parties’ claims are typical 13 of the class. Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(3). “The test of typicality ‘is whether other members have the 14 same or similar injury, whether the action is based on conduct which is not unique to the named 15 plaintiffs, and whether other class members have been injured by the same course of conduct.’” 16 Hanon, 976 F.2d at 508. “Typicality refers to the nature of the claim or defense of the class 17 18 19 representative, and not to the specific facts from which it arose or the relief sought.” Id. In this case, Plaintiffs’ claims and the nature of their alleged losses are sufficiently 20 similar to other Class Members’ claims and alleged losses to be considered typical. Like the 21 other Class Members, Plaintiffs purchased JBI shares during the Class Period and allegedly 22 suffered significant losses as a result of Defendants’ alleged wrongdoing. Under the Proposed 23 24 Plan of Allocation of Settlement Funds (the “Proposed Allocation”), it appears that the named 25 Plaintiffs will receive the same pro rata share of the Settlement Fund as the rest of the Class. 26 (ECF No. 74-7, at 3). 27 28 7 1 2 3 4 4. Adequacy of Representation “To satisfy constitutional due process concerns, absent class members must be afforded adequate representation before entry of a judgment which binds them.” Hanlon, 150 F.3d at 1020 (citing Hansberry v. Lee, 311 U.S. 32, 42–43 (1940)). In Hanlon, the Ninth Circuit identified two 5 issues for determining the adequacy of representation: (1) whether the named plaintiffs and their 6 7 counsel have any conflicts of interest with other class members, and (2) whether the named 8 plaintiffs and their counsel will “prosecute the action vigorously on behalf of the class.” Id. 9 (citing Lerwill v. Inflight Motion Pictures, Inc., 582 F.2d 507, 512 (9th Cir. 1978)). 10 In the instant case, the Court is entirely satisfied that the named Plaintiffs will adequately 11 represent the putative Class. However, and as explained more fully below, the Court has 12 13 concerns about the fairness, adequacy, and honesty of the Proposed Settlement, which, until 14 resolved, prohibit the Court from finding that putative Class Counsel will adequately protect the 15 interests of the Class. Specifically, the Court is concerned about misrepresentations in the 16 Proposed Notice and Proposed Allocation regarding attorney fees and administrative fees. The 17 18 Court is particularly troubled by the Proposed Allocation, which not only fails to list the 19 $200,000 that the Parties have set aside for administrative fees, (compare Proposed Allocation, 20 74-7, at 3 (omitting any reference to administrative fees), with Proposed Settlement ¶ 2.4, ECF 21 No. 74-1 (providing $200,000, paid by JBI, for “Administrator Expenses and to reimburse Lead 22 Counsel for Mediation Expenses”)), but also proposes an award of attorney fees significantly 23 24 greater than the amount described in the Proposed Notice, (compare Proposed Notice, ECF No. 25 74-3, at 6 (providing that “Lead Counsel will ask the Court for attorneys’ fees not to exceed one- 26 fourth (1/4 or 25%) of the Settlement Fund.”), with Proposed Allocation, 74-7, at 3 (proposing an 27 award of attorney fees equaling 33.49% of the stated total Settlement Fund)). Whether these 28 8 1 defects were intentional or not, they are cause for hesitation, and until they are cured, the Court is 2 unable to conclude that Plaintiffs’ Counsel will adequately represent the interests of the Class. 3 Accordingly, the Court cannot find, at this time, that Rule 23(a) is satisfied. 4 5 ii. Rule 23(b) Rule 23(b)(3) permits certification where “the court finds that questions of law or fact 6 7 common to the members of the class predominate over any questions affecting only individual 8 members, and that a class action is superior to other available methods for the fair and efficient 9 adjudication of the controversy” in light of, among other things, “the difficulties likely to be 10 encountered in the management of a class action.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3). 11 12 This case satisfies Rule 23(b)(3)’s requirements. The common questions of whether 13 misrepresentations were made and whether Defendants had the requisite scienter predominate 14 over any individual questions of reliance and damages. Moreover, adjudicating this matter as a 15 class action is a superior approach to resolving the instant controversy because it avoids the 16 dangers of duplicative litigation and the unfairness of inconsistent judgments. As the Ninth 17 18 Circuit has aptly stated, securities fraud cases fit Rule 23 “like a glove.” Epstein v. MCA, Inc., 50 19 F.3d 644, 668 (9th Cir. 1995), rev’d on other grounds Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. 20 Epstein, 516 U.S. 367 (1996). 21 22 b. Preliminary Approval of the Proposed Settlement Agreement Courts have long recognized that “settlement class actions present unique due process 23 24 concerns for absent class members.” Hanlon, 150 F.3d at 1026. One inherent risk is that class 25 counsel may collude with the defendants, “tacitly reducing the overall settlement in return for a 26 higher attorney’s fee.” Knisley, 312 F.3d at 1125; see Evans v. Jeff D., 475 U.S. 717, 733 (1986) 27 28 9 1 (recognizing that “the possibility of a tradeoff between merits relief and attorneys’ fees” is often 2 implicit in class action settlement negotiations). 3 4 To guard against this potential for class action abuse, Federal Rule 23(e) requires court approval of all class action settlements, which may be granted only after a fairness hearing and a 5 determination that the settlement taken as a whole is fair, reasonable, and adequate. Fed. R. Civ. 6 7 P. 23(e)(2); see Staton, 327 F.3d at 972 n.22 (The court’s role is to police the “inherent tensions 8 among class representation, defendant’s interests in minimizing the cost of the total settlement 9 package, and class counsel’s interest in fees.”); Hanlon, 150 F.3d at 1026.(“[T]he settlement 10 taken as a whole, rather than the individual component parts, that must be examined for overall 11 fairness.”). 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 The factors in a court’s fairness assessment will naturally vary from case to case, but courts in the Ninth Circuit generally must weigh the Churchill factors: (1) the strength of the plaintiff’s case; (2) the risk, expense, complexity, and likely duration of further litigation; (3) the risk of maintaining class action status throughout the trial; (4) the amount offered in settlement; (5) the extent of discovery completed and the stage of the proceedings; (6) the experience and views of counsel; (7) the presence of a governmental participant; and (8) the reaction of the class members of the proposed settlement. 19 In re Bluetooth Headset Products Liab. Litig., 654 F.3d 935, 946 (9th Cir. 2011) [hereinafter 20 21 Bluetooth] (quoting Churchill Vill., L.L.C. v. Gen. Elec., 361 F.3d 566, 575 (9th Cir. 2004)). 22 However, where, as here, “a settlement agreement is negotiated prior to formal class 23 certification, consideration of these eight Churchill factors alone is not enough.” Id. 24 Prior to formal class certification, there is an even greater potential for a breach of 25 fiduciary duty owed the class during settlement. Accordingly, “such agreements must withstand 26 27 an even higher level of scrutiny for evidence of collusion or other conflicts of interest than is 28 ordinarily required under Rule 23(e) before securing the court’s approval as fair.” Id. (citing 10 1 Hanlon, 150 F.3d at 1026); accord In re Gen. Motors Corp. Pick-Up Truck Fuel Tank Products 2 Liab. Litig., 55 F.3d 768, 805 (3d Cir. 1995) (courts must be “even more scrupulous than usual in 3 approving settlements where no class has yet been formally certified”); Mars Steel Corp. v. 4 Continental Ill. Nat’l Bank & Trust Co. of Chicago, 834 F.2d 677, 681 (7th Cir. 1987) (Posner, 5 J.) (“[W]hen class certification is deferred, a more careful scrutiny of the fairness of the 6 7 settlement is required.”); Weinberger v. Kendrick, 698 F.2d 61, 73 (2d Cir.1982) (Friendly, J.) 8 (Reviewing courts must employ “even more than the usual care”); see also Manual for Complex 9 Litig. § 21.612 (4th ed. 2004). Therefore, before approving a precertification settlement, this 10 Court must not only show that it “has explored [the Churchill] factors comprehensively, but also 11 12 13 that the settlement is not the product of collusion among the negotiating parties.” Id. (citing In re Mego Fin. Corp. Sec. Litig., 213 F.3d 454, 458 (9th Cir. 2000)). Because collusion is unlikely to be evident from the face of the settlement itself, “courts 14 15 must be particularly vigilant not only for explicit collusion, but also for more subtle signs that 16 class counsel have allowed pursuit of their own self-interests and that of certain class members to 17 18 19 infect the negotiations.” Id. (citing Staton, 327 F.3d at 960); see also Court Awarded Attorney Fees, Third Circuit Task Force, 108 F.R.D. 237, 266 (1985).1 A few such signs are: (1) “when 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 As the Third Circuit Task Force explained, “[a] special risk of abuse arises in the context of settlements when the defendant is paying the plaintiff’s attorneys’ fees. Naturally, a defendant usually will want to know the exact extent of its total liability before agreeing to settle. As a result, it may seek an agreement that provides for a specific attorneys’ fee, a separate fund to be established for fees, or a ceiling on the allowable fee award. These types of agreements raise a serious problem because a plaintiff’s attorney may be tempted to accept a smaller recovery for the client in return for an agreement that he or she be paid a handsome attorney’s fee. Since the defendant is interested only in the total size of its liability, so long as the settlement is accepted, it often will be indifferent as to the division of the fund between the plaintiffs’ recovery and the attorneys’ fees. Third Circuit Task Force, 108 F.R.D. at 266 (emphasis added). 1 27 28 11 1 counsel receive a disproportionate distribution of the settlement”; (2) “when the parties negotiate 2 a ‘clear sailing’ arrangement providing for the payment of attorneys’ fees separate and apart 3 from class funds”; and (3) “when the parties arrange for fees not awarded to revert to defendants 4 rather than be added to the class fund.” Bluetooth, 654 F.3d at 947. 5 In the instant case, Plaintiffs allege that they agreed to the Proposed Settlement only after 6 7 developing a thorough understanding of the merits of the case through, among other things, 8 reviewing publically available materials related to JBI’s sale of securities, interviewing former 9 JBI employees, drafting an initial and amended complaint, preparing multiple mediation 10 statements, and attending two separate mediations with reputable mediators. Plaintiffs also assert 11 12 that the Proposed Settlement is the result of arm’s-length negotiations conducted by experienced 13 counsel, and that it represents a “substantial recovery” of the Class’s estimated damages. 14 According to Plaintiffs, the fairness and adequacy of the total settlement amount is only 15 underscored by the foreseeable challenges that the Class would face in its efforts to succeed on 16 the merits, the foreseeable cost and duration of litigation, and the possibility that JBI would be 17 18 19 unable to satisfy a future judgment. (Mot. ECF No. 75, at 15). Plaintiffs, however, have not applied these facts to the relevant Churchill factors, and 20 they have failed to analyze the Proposed Settlement in light of the controlling, and more 21 demanding, standard for reviewing precertification settlement proposals. See Bluetooth, 654 F.3d 22 at 947. Additionally, Plaintiffs have failed to acknowledge that the Court must examine the 23 24 settlement agreement taken as a whole, and not just the fairness or adequacy of the total amount 25 offered. Indeed, the unopposed motion addresses only the fairness of the offered $1,429,738; it 26 includes no argument concerning the fairness or reasonableness of the proposed allocation of the 27 Settlement Funds. Thus, even assuming that total amount of $1,429,738 is a fundamentally fair, 28 12 1 adequate, and reasonable result, the Court has no basis for concluding that the proposed 2 allocation is fundamentally fair. Furthermore, an examination of the Proposed Plan of Allocation 3 reveals serious concerns with respect to holistic fairness. (See ECF No. 74-7, at 3). 4 i. Proposed Class Members’ Share of the Settlement 5 Under the Proposed Settlement, the amount to be paid to the entire Class will not exceed 6 7 58.3% of the total Settlement Amount, which itself represents roughly 19% of the Class 8 Members’ maximum estimated damages, (ECF No. 75, at 14). Indeed, and without expressly 9 saying so, the Parties propose allocating approximately 41.7% of the funds offered by JBI to 10 administrative and legal fees. The Parties have failed to demonstrate that this allocation reflects a 11 fair result for the Class. 12 13 14 15 As an initial matter, JBI has actually offered to pay $1,629,738 for the dismissal of Class Members’ claims because, in addition to the $1,429,738 Settlement Fund, JBI has separately offered $200,000, which the Parties do not list as part of the Settlement Fund, for the payment of 16 administrative fees, (see Proposed Settlement ¶ 2.2, ECF No. 74-1). However, the Parties cannot 17 18 seriously contend that this additional money is not part of the settlement fund simply because 19 they choose to characterize it as something else. Indeed, the additional $200,000 represents 20 additional consideration offered in exchange for settling this lawsuit. Therefore, under the 21 Proposed Settlement, the Parties have agreed to settle this case for a total of $1,629,738. 22 From those funds, the Parties propose using $478,921, or 29.4%, for an award of attorney 23 24 fees and expenses. (Proposed Allocation, ECF No. 74-7, at 3). As plainly stated in the Proposed 25 Allocation, this figure represents a fee award of 30% of the $1,429,738 “Settlement Amount” 26 plus an additional $50,000, for which there is no apparent justification. (Id.). The proposed 27 distribution of $200,000 for administrative fees represents 12.3%. From here, simple arithmetic 28 13 1 reveals that the Parties have proposed an agreement under which the Class Members will receive 2 no more than 58.3% of the funds offered in exchange for their claims. This alone is cause for 3 hesitation, and the Parties have made no effort to persuade this Court that it is a fair or 4 reasonable result. 5 The greater cause for concern, however, is that the Parties, whether intentionally or 6 7 otherwise, misrepresent this result in both the Proposed Allocation, (ECF No. 74-7, at 3), and the 8 Proposed Notice, (ECF No. 74-3, at 6). Specifically, the Proposed Notice promises that “Lead 9 Counsel will ask the Court for attorneys’ fees not to exceed one-fourth (1/4 or 25%) of the 10 Settlement Fund.” (Id.). Another portion of the Proposed Notice similarly provides that “Lead 11 Counsel will ask the Court for attorneys’ fees of one-fourth (1/4) of the Settlement Fund.” (Id. at 12 13 19). These promises cannot be reconciled with the Proposed Allocation, which proposes a fee 14 award of 33.49% of the $1,429,738 stated total Settlement Fund. (See ECF No. 74-7, at 3). Of 15 course, the Proposed Notice does not expressly state whether the “one-fourth” award of attorney 16 fees would come from the $1,629,738 actual total or the $1,429,738 stated total. However, read 17 18 in conjunction with Plaintiffs’ other filings, it strongly implies that the attorneys will seek only 19 an award of one-fourth of the $1,429,738, and this is flatly inconsistent with the Proposed 20 Allocation, which, on its face, allocates 30% of the Settlement Fund plus and additional, albeit 21 unjustified, $50,000, for an award of attorney fees and expenses. Together, these numbers equal 22 33.49% of the stated Settlement Fund. Even assuming that the additional $50,000 represents a 23 24 proposed award of costs, which is not stated in the Proposed Allocation, the proposed fee award 25 would equal 30% of the stated Settlement Amount—a full 5% more than what is expressly stated 26 in the Proposed Notice. Furthermore, even assuming that the Proposed Notice contemplates a fee 27 award of “one-fourth” of the $1,629,738 actual total, which is obviously not the case, the 28 14 1 2 3 4 proposed fee award would still equal 26.3%, which is still more than what is stated in the Proposed Notice. Turning next to the Proposed Allocation itself, the Parties have failed to mention, in their Proposed Notice or the instant motion, that any sum, let alone 12.3% of the total settlement, is 5 earmarked for administrative fees. Instead, the Parties, through their silence, appear to imply that 6 7 this money is simply not part of the settlement; it is simply a sum paid by JBI to which the Class 8 has no claim. The Court disagrees. Any money paid by a defendant in exchange for the dismissal 9 of Class Members’ claims is part of the total settlement fund. The Parties cannot shield certain 10 allocations from the required precertification fairness inquiry by defining them as something 11 other than a portion of the settlement fund. Indeed, this is the exact sort of behavior that 12 13 14 Bluetooth requires this Court to vigilantly guard against. See, 654 F.3d 935. The Court will not approve a precertification settlement without full disclosure and 15 justification of the proposed allocation of settlement funds. Therefore, in order to obtain this 16 Court’s approval, the Parties must correct their proposals to accurately reflect the intended 17 18 allocation of the entire settlement fund. Moreover, the Parties must justify these allocations and 19 thereby show that the proposed 58.3% left for the Class represents a fundamentally fair, 20 adequate, and reasonable result. 21 ii. Proposed Award of Attorney Fees and Allocation of Administrative Fees 22 The Court recognizes that it need not directly address a proposed allocation of attorney 23 24 fees until the settlement becomes final. However, the Parties must, to some degree, justify the 25 proposed award at this stage because any award of fees will directly reduce the amount payable 26 to the Class, and thus bears on the present fairness inquiry. Martinez v. Realogy Corp., No. 3:10- 27 CV-00755-RCJ-VPC, 2013 WL 5883618, at *6 (D. Nev. Oct. 30, 2013). 28 15 1 This is a common fund case. Under regular common fund procedure, the parties settle for 2 the total amount of the common fund and shift the fund to the court’s supervision. The plaintiffs’ 3 lawyers then apply to the court for a fee award from the fund. See Paul, Johnson, Alston & Hunt 4 v. Graulty, 886 F.2d 268, 271 (9th Cir. 1989) (in a common fund case, “a court has control over 5 the fund—even one created pursuant to a settlement, as here . . . and assesses the litigation 6 7 expenses against the entire fund so that the burden is spread proportionally among those who 8 have benefited.”) (citing Boeing Co. v. Van Gemert, 444 U.S. 472 (1980)). In setting the amount 9 of common fund fees, the district court has a special duty to protect the interests of the class. On 10 this issue, the class’s lawyers occupy a position adversarial to the interests of their clients. 11 Staton, 327 F.3d 938 at 970. As the Ninth Circuit has explained, 12 13 14 15 16 [b]ecause in common fund cases the relationship between plaintiffs and their attorneys turns adversarial at the fee-setting stage, courts have stressed that when awarding attorneys’ fees from a common fund, the district court must assume the role of fiduciary for the class plaintiffs. Accordingly, fee applications must be closely scrutinized. Rubber-stamp approval, even in the absence of objections, is improper. 17 Id. (emphasis added) (citing Vizcaino v. Microsoft Corp., 290 F.3d 1043, 1052 (9th Cir. 18 2002)) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also In re Coordinated Pre-trial Proceedings 19 in Petroleum Prods. Antitrust Litig., 109 F.3d 602, 608 (9th Cir. 1997) (“In a common fund 20 case, the judge must look out for the interests of the beneficiaries, to make sure that they 21 obtain sufficient financial benefit after the lawyers are paid. Their interests are not represented 22 in the fee award proceedings by the lawyers seeking fees from the common fund.”). 23 An award of attorney fees for creating a common fund may be calculated in one of 24 two ways: (1) a percentage of the funds created; or (2) “the lodestar method, which calculates 25 the fee award by multiplying the number of hours reasonably spent by a reasonable hourly 26 27 rate and then enhancing that figure, if necessary, to account for the risks associated with the representation.” Graulty, 886 F.2d at 272. The Ninth Circuit has approved either method for 28 16 1 determining a reasonable award of fees. Id. However, the fee award must always be 2 reasonable under the circumstances. In re Washington Pub. Power Supply Sys. Sec. Litig., 19 3 F.3d 1291, 1296 (9th Cir. 1994). 4 5 6 The typical range of acceptable attorney fees in the Ninth Circuit is 20% to 33% of the total settlement value, with 25% considered a benchmark percentage. Powers v. Eichen, 229 F.3d 1249, 1256 (9th Cir. 2000). In assessing whether the percentage requested is fair and 7 reasonable, courts generally consider the following factors: (1) the results achieved; (2) the 8 risk of litigation; (3) the skill required; (4) the quality of work performed; (5) the contingent 9 nature of the fee and the financial burden; and (6) the awards made in similar cases. Vizcaino, 10 290 F.3d at 1047; Six Mexican Workers v. Az. Citrus Growers, 904 F.2d 1301 (9th Cir. 1990). 11 In circumstances where a percentage recovery would be too small or too large in light of the 12 13 hours worked or other relevant factors, the “benchmark percentage should be adjusted, or 14 replaced by a lodestar calculation.” Torrisi, 8 F.3d at 1376 (citations omitted). 15 Here, Counsel has not provided a basis for concluding that the proposed fee award is 16 reasonable. However, the Court assumes from the requested award of 30% to 33.49% that 17 Counsel will rely on the percentage-of-the-fund approach to support the proposed allocation. 18 If this is the case, Counsel must make a strong showing under the Vizcaino factors, because an 19 award of 33.3% is at the highest end of the acceptable range and a full 8.3% higher than the 20 Ninth Circuit’s “bench mark.” Alternatively, Counsel could rely on the lodestar method as a 21 basis for the proposed fee. Again, though, Counsel would be required to show that the 22 Proposed Settlement can support the multiplier necessary to yield a fee of $478,921. In either 23 case, prior to a grant of precertification approval, Counsel must clearly articulate and justify 24 its proposed award. 25 26 Furthermore, the Parties must justify the proposed allocation of $200,000 (or 12.3% of the total Settlement Fund) for claims administration. An allocation for claims administration 27 is, of course, appropriate in this case. However, the amount allocated must be reasonable 28 17 1 under the circumstances. Here, $200,000 appears unreasonably high. Moreover, even if this is 2 an appropriate amount, the Court has no way of knowing it, because the Parties have failed to 3 even acknowledge, let alone justify, the allocation in any of their moving papers. 4 Accordingly, to the extent that the Parties intend to amend their filings to properly list the 5 proposed allocation of administrative expenses, they must also justify the amount sought. 6 c. The Proposed Notice 7 Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(e)(1), a district court, when approving 8 9 a class action settlement, “must direct notice in a reasonable manner to all class members who would be bound by the proposal.” Additionally, “[f]or any class certified under Rule 23(b)(3), 10 the court must direct to class members the best notice that is practicable under the 11 circumstances, including individual notice to all members who can be identified through 12 13 reasonable effort.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(c)(2)(B). The Due Process Clause, moreover, gives 14 unnamed class members the right to notice of the settlement of a class action. Mullane v. 15 Cent. Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306 (1950); Eisen v. Carlisle & Jacquelin, 417 16 U.S. 156 (1974). To comport with the requirements of due process, notice must be 17 “reasonably calculated to reach interested parties.” Mullane, 339 U.S. at 318–20 (emphasis 18 added). The substance of the notice must describe, in plain language, the nature of the action, the 19 20 definition of the certified class, and the class claims and defenses at issue. Fed. R. Civ. P. 21 23(c)(2)(B). The notice must also explain that class members may enter appearance through 22 counsel if desired, may request to be excluded from the class, and that a class judgment shall 23 have a binding effect on all class members. Id. 24 25 26 Finally, Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1715(b), “not later than 10 days after a proposed settlement of a class action is filed in court, each defendant that is participating in the proposed 27 28 18 1 2 3 4 settlement shall serve upon the appropriate State official of each State in which a class member resides and the appropriate Federal official, a notice of the proposed settlement.” Here, the Proposed Notice is defective for at least three reasons: (1) as explained above, it inaccurately promises that Counsel will seek an award of attorney fees not to exceed one-fourth 5 of the Settlement Fund, (ECF No. 74-3, at 19); (2) it fails to notify the Class that any amount, let 6 7 alone 12.3% of the total amount offered to settle this case, will be used to pay administrative 8 fees; and (3) the Parties have failed to acknowledge the notice requirements outlined in 28 9 U.S.C. § 1715(b), and thus the Court cannot conclude that they are prepared to comply with 10 them. Therefore, the Court cannot find, at this point, that the Proposed Notice merits approval. 11 12 CONCLUSION 13 14 15 IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Plaintiff’s unopposed Motion for Preliminary Approval of the Proposed Settlement and Certification of the Class (ECF No. 72) is DENIED. 16 IT IS SO ORDERED 17 18 April 1, 2014 Dated: _______________________ 19 20 21 _____________________________________ ROBERT C. JONES United States District Judge 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 19
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