Sanford v. Detroit, City of et al, No. 2:2017cv13062 - Document 142 (E.D. Mich. 2018)
Court Description: OPINION AND ORDER granting in part and denying in part 36 Motion to dismiss. Signed by District Judge David M. Lawson. (DPer)
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Hamilton County." :92"H05f"693."6::"*8vj"Ekt0"4239+"*swqvkpi"64"W0U0E0"¸"34354+0""ÐPgkvjgt"vjg"Uwrtgog"Eqwtv"pqt" ]vjg"Ukzvj"Ektewkv_"jcu"uswctgn{"cfftguugf"yjgvjgt"Vkvng"KK"qh"vjg"CFC"crrnkgu"kp"vjg"eqpvgzv"qh"cp" cttguv0Ñ""Id."cv"6:;0""Jqygxgt."Ðugxgtcn"]qvjgt_"ektewkvu"]_"jcxg"hqwpf"Vkvng"KK"crrnkecdng"vq"ncy/ gphqtegogpv"cevkxkvkgu."kpenwfkpi"cttguvu0Ñ""Ibid. "" " Vyq"v{rgu"qh"enckou"ecp"dg"dtqwijv"wpfgt"Vkvng"KK<"Ðenckou"hqt"kpvgpvkqpcn"fkuetkokpcvkqp" cpf"enckou"hqt"c"tgcuqpcdng"ceeqooqfcvkqp0Ñ""Ibid."*ekvkpi"Ability Center of Greater Toledo v. City of Sandusky."5:7"H05f";23.";29"*8vj"Ekt0"4226++0""Vjg"Gkijvj"Ektewkv"jcu"jgnf"vjcv"dqvj"v{rgu" qh" CFC" enckou" oc{" ctkug" htqo" gzrnqkvcvkxg" rqnkeg" eqpfwev" kp" vjg" eqwtug" qh" c" ewuvqfkcn" kpvgttqicvkqp." qp" hcevu" vjcv" rcng" cickpuv" vjg" uvctm" cnngicvkqpu"kp"vjg"eqornckpv"kp"vjku"ecug0""See" Folkerts v. City of Waverly."929"H05f";97.";:5/:6"*:vj"Ekt0"4235+0""" " Vjg" fghgpfcpvu" eqpvgpf" vjcv" vjg" rnckpvkhh" ku" Ðlwfkekcnn{" guvqrrgfÑ" htqo" enckokpi" vjcv" jg" ecppqv"tgcf"qt"ytkvg"*qt"eqwnf"pqv"kp"4229+."dcugf"qp"jku"oqpqu{nncdke"tgurqpug"vq"vjg"vtkcn"lwfigÓu" " /43/" swguvkqp"qp"vjcv"rqkpv"fwtkpi"vjg"rngc"eqnnqsw{0""Fghu0Ó"Tgrn{."Gz0"9."Rngc"Vt0"cv"93"*ÐS0"[qw"ecp" tgcf"cpf"ytkvg"vjg"Gpinkuj"ncpiwcig"ykvjqwv"vtqwdngA"C0"[gu0Ñ+"*Ri"KF"39:2+0""" " ÐLwfkekcn" guvqrrgn" ku" cp" Ògswkvcdng" fqevtkpg" vjcv" rtgugtxgu" vjg" kpvgitkv{" qh" vjg" eqwtvu" d{" rtgxgpvkpi"c"rctv{"htqo" cdwukpi" vjg"lwfkekcn" rtqeguu" vjtqwij" e{pkecn"icoguocpujkr."cejkgxkpi" uweeguu"qp"qpg"rqukvkqp."vjgp"ctiwkpi"vjg"qrrqukvg"vq"uwkv"cp"gzkigpe{"qh"vjg"oqogpv0ÓÑ""United States v. Bates."952"H0"CrrÓu"4:3."4:5"*8vj"Ekt0"4239+"*swqvkpi"Mirando v. United States Dep’t of Treasury." 988" H05f" 762." 767" *8vj" Ekt0" 4236++0" " ÐYjkng" fgenkpkpi" vq" guvcdnkuj" Òkphngzkdng" rtgtgswkukvgu"qt"cp"gzjcwuvkxg"hqtownc"hqt"fgvgtokpkpi"vjg"crrnkecdknkv{"qh"lwfkekcn"guvqrrgn.Ó"vjg" Uwrtgog"Eqwtv"kfgpvkhkgf"vjtgg"hcevqtu"vjcv"qhvgp"iwkfg"c"eqwtv"kp"fgekfkpi"yjgvjgt"vq"crrn{"vjg" fqevtkpg<" ÒHktuv." c" rctv{Óu" ncvgt" rqukvkqp" owuv" dg" engctn{" kpeqpukuvgpv" ykvj" kvu" gctnkgt" rqukvkqp0" Ugeqpf."eqwtvu"tgiwnctn{"kpswktg"yjgvjgt"vjg"rctv{"jcu"uweeggfgf"kp"rgtuwcfkpi"c"eqwtv"vq"ceegrv" vjcv" rctv{Óu" gctnkgt" rqukvkqp." uq" vjcv" lwfkekcn" ceegrvcpeg" qh" cp" kpeqpukuvgpv" rqukvkqp" kp" c" ncvgt" rtqeggfkpi"yqwnf"etgcvg"vjg"rgtegrvkqp"vjcv"gkvjgt"vjg"hktuv"qt"vjg"ugeqpf"eqwtv"ycu"okungf0"0"0"0"C" vjktf"eqpukfgtcvkqp"ku"yjgvjgt"vjg"rctv{"uggmkpi"vq"cuugtv"cp"kpeqpukuvgpv"rqukvkqp"yqwnf"fgtkxg"cp" wphckt" cfxcpvcig" qt" korqug" cp" wphckt" fgvtkogpv" qp" vjg" qrrqukpi" rctv{" kh" pqv" guvqrrgf0Ñ" Ibid. *swqvkpi"New Hampshire v. Maine."754"W0U0"964."972/73"*4223++0""Jqygxgt."Ðkv"ku"Òygnn/ugvvngf" vjcv" lwfkekcn" guvqrrgn" fqgu" pqv" crrn{" yjgtg" vjg" rtkqt" kpeqpukuvgpv" rqukvkqp" qeewttgf" dgecwug" qh" okuvcmg"qt"kpcfxgtvgpeg0ÓÑ""Ibid. *swqvkpi"Lewis v. Weyerhaeuser Co.."363"H0"CrrÓz"642."647"*8vj" Ekt0"4227++="see also New Hampshire v. Maine."754"W0U0"cv"975"*ÐYg"fq"pqv"swguvkqp"vjcv"kv"oc{" dg"crrtqrtkcvg"vq"tgukuv"crrnkecvkqp"qh"lwfkekcn"guvqrrgn"yjgp"c"rctv{Óu"rtkqt"rqukvkqp"ycu"dcugf"qp" kpcfxgtvgpeg"qt"okuvcmg0Ñ"*swqvcvkqpu"qokvvgf++0" " Vjg"dcncpeg"qh"gswkvkgu"fqgu"pqv"hcxqt"vjg"crrnkecvkqp"qh"lwfkekcn"guvqrrgn"jgtg."dgecwug"*3+" vjg" rnckpvkhh" fqgu" pqv" uvcpf" vq" rtqewtg" cp{" Ðwphckt" cfxcpvcigÑ" d{" jku" uwrrqugf" eqpvtcfkevqt{" " /44/" rqukvkqpu="cpf"*4+"kp"cp{"gxgpv."jg"rncwukdn{"jcu"cnngigf"vjcv"jku"ogpvcn"eqpfkvkqp"ycu"uwej"vjcv"jg" tgcuqpcdn{"eqwnf"jcxg"ikxgp"jku"cpuygt"kp"vjg"etkokpcn"rtqeggfkpi"kpcfxgtvgpvn{"qt"d{"okuvcmg"Ï" k0g0."dgecwug"jg"fkf"pqv"hwnn{"wpfgtuvcpf"vjg"pcvwtg"qt"eqpugswgpegu"qh"vjg"swguvkqp"rqugf"vq"jko0" " Vjg" eqornckpv" uvcvgu" eqipk|cdng" enckou" hqt" kpvgpvkqpcn" fkuetkokpcvkqp" cpf" fgpkcn" " qh" tgcuqpcdng"ceeqooqfcvkqpu"wpfgt"Vkvng"KK"qh"vjg"CFC0" G0""Uvcvwvg"qh"Nkokvcvkqpu" " Hkpcnn{."vjg"fghgpfcpvu"eqpvgpf"vjcv"vjg"rnckpvkhhÓu"enckou"ctg"vkog/dcttgf0""ÐCnvjqwij"vjg" uvcvwvg"qh"nkokvcvkqpu"ku"cp"chhktocvkxg"fghgpug."c"encko"oc{"dg"fkuokuugf"wpfgt"Twng"34*d+*8+"kh" vjg"eqornckpv"chhktocvkxgn{"ujqyu"vjcv"vjg"encko"ku"vkog/dcttgf0Ñ""Lambert v. Sessions."Pq0"39/ 7546."4239"YN":4398;;."cv",4"*8vj"Ekt0"Qev0"6."4239+"*ekvkpi"Cataldo v. U.S. Steel Corp.."898" H05f"764."769"*8vj"Ekt0"4234+"*ÐVjg"uvcvwvg"qh"nkokvcvkqpu"ku"cp"chhktocvkxg"fghgpug."cpf"c"rnckpvkhh" igpgtcnn{"pggf"pqv"rngcf"vjg"ncem"qh"chhktocvkxg"fghgpugu"vq"uvcvg"c"xcnkf"encko0Ñ+"*ekvkpi"Hgf0"T0" Ekx0"R0":*c+."*e+++0""Vjg"fghgpfcpvu"ctiwg"vjcv"Ucphqtf"fkf"pqv"hkng"jku"eqornckpv"ykvjkp"vjtgg"{gctu" qh"yjgp"jku"enckou"ceetwgf0""Vjg{"eqpvgpf"vjcv"vjg"rnckpvkhhÓu"enckou"ceetwgf"gkvjgt"yjgp"jg"ycu" kpvgttqicvgf"qt"eqphguugf."qt"yjgp"jg"ycu"eqpxkevgf0""" " Kp"Okejkicp."c"vjtgg/{gct"uvcvwvg"qh"nkokvcvkqpu"crrnkgu"vq"hgfgtcn"enckou"dtqwijv"wpfgt"64" W0U0E0"¸"3;:50""Scott v. Ambani."799"H05f"864."868"*8vj"Ekt0"422;+0""Vjg"fcvg"qp"yjkej"c"ugevkqp" 3;:5"encko"ceetwgu"ku"fgvgtokpgf"d{"tghgtgpeg"vq"hgfgtcn"ncy"cpf"kp"ceeqtfcpeg"ykvj"eqooqp/ncy" vqtv" rtkpekrngu0" Wallace v. Kato," 76;" W0U0" 5:6." 5::" *4229+0" " ÐWpfgt" vjqug" rtkpekrngu." kv" ku" vjg" uvcpfctf"twng"vjcv"ceetwcn"qeewtu"yjgp"vjg"rnckpvkhh"jcu"c"eqorngvg"cpf"rtgugpv"ecwug"qh"cevkqp."vjcv" ku."yjgp"vjg"rnckpvkhh"ecp"hkng"uwkv"cpf"qdvckp"tgnkgh0Ñ""Ibid."*kpvgtpcn"ekvcvkqpu."swqvcvkqpu"octmu." cpf" dtcemgvu"qokvvgf+0""Vjcv" twng" ycu" eqornkecvgf." jqygxgt." d{"vjg"EqwtvÓu"gctnkgt"fgekukqp"kp" Heck v. Humphrey,"734"W0U0"699"*3;;6+."yjkej"jgnf"vjcv"Ðc"¸"3;:5"ecwug"qh"cevkqp"hqt"fcocigu" " /45/" cvvtkdwvcdng"vq"cp"wpeqpuvkvwvkqpcn"eqpxkevkqp"qt"ugpvgpeg"fqgu"pqv"ceetwg"wpvkn"vjg"eqpxkevkqp"qt" ugpvgpeg"jcu"dggp"kpxcnkfcvgf0Ñ""Id."cv"6:;Î;20""Vjg"eqpxkevkqp"ku"kpxcnkfcvgf"yjgp"kv"Ðjcu"dggp" tgxgtugf" qp" fktgev" crrgcn." gzrwpigf" d{" gzgewvkxg" qtfgt." fgenctgf" kpxcnkf" d{" c" uvcvg" vtkdwpcn" cwvjqtk|gf"vq"ocmg"uwej"fgvgtokpcvkqp."qt"ecnngf"kpvq"swguvkqp"d{"c"hgfgtcn"eqwtvÓu"kuuwcpeg"qh"c" ytkv"qh"jcdgcu"eqtrwu0Ñ""Id."cv"6:90" " UcphqtfÓu"enckou"ctg"vkogn{"dgecwug"kv"ku"wpfkurwvgf"vjcv"vjg{"ygtg"hkngf"ykvjkp"vjtgg"{gctu" chvgt"vjg"etkokpcn"rtqeggfkpiu"cickpuv"vjg"rnckpvkhh"vgtokpcvgf"kp"jku"hcxqt."d{"vjg"vtkcn"eqwtvÓu"qtfgt" qh"fkuokuucn0""See"King v. Harwood.":74"H05f"78:."79;"*8vj"Ekt0"4239+0""ÐDgecwug"cp"Ògngogpv"vjcv" owuv"dg"cnngigf"cpf"rtqxgf"kp"c"ocnkekqwu"rtqugewvkqp"cevkqp"ku"vgtokpcvkqp"qh"vjg"rtkqt"etkokpcn" rtqeggfkpi"kp"hcxqt"qh"vjg"ceewugf.Ó"vjg"uvcvwvg"qh"nkokvcvkqpu"kp"uwej"cp"cevkqp"fqgu"pqv"dgikp"vq" twp"wpvkn"Òvjg"rnckpvkhh"mpqyu"qt"jcu"tgcuqp"vq"mpqy"qhÓ"uwej"hcxqtcdng"vgtokpcvkqp0Ñ""Ibid."*swqvkpi" Heck v. Humphrey."734"W0U0"699."6:6"*3;;6+="Eidson v. State of Tenn. Dept. of Children’s Servs.." 732"H05f"853."857"*8vj"Ekt0"4229++0""Vjg"ucog"ecp"dg"uckf"qh"UcphqtfÓu"qvjgt"enckou."ukpeg"jg"ycu" eqpxkevgf"cpf"uweeguu"qp"jku"enckou"yqwnf"korn{"vjg"kpxcnkfkv{"qh"vjg"eqpxkevkqpu0""See Kucharski v. Leveille."748"H0"Uwrr0"4f"98:."996"*G0F0"Okej0"4229+0""" " Ewtkqwun{."vjg"fghgpfcpvu"ctiwg"vjcv"Heck fqgu"pqv"crrn{"vq"rtqnqpi"vjg"ceetwcn"fcvg"qh" UcphqtfÓu"enckou"dgecwug"vjg"etkokpcn"rtqeggfkpiu"jcxg"pqv"vgtokpcvgf"kp"vjg"rnckpvkhhÓu"hcxqt." ukpeg"vjg"fkuokuucn"ycu"Ðykvjqwv"rtglwfkeg0Ñ""Dwv"vjg"tgeqtf"ku"wpengct"qp"vjg"rtgekug"pcvwtg"qh"vjg" vtkcn"eqwtvÓu"qtfgt."ukpeg"pq"eqr{"qh"vjcv"qtfgt"ycu"cvvcejgf"vq"vjg"rngcfkpiu."cpf"pqpg"ku"gxkfgpv" htqo"vjg"rqtvkqpu"qh"vjg"vtkcn"eqwtv"tgeqtf"uq"hct"uwdokvvgf"vq"vjg"Eqwtv0""Kp"cp{"gxgpv."vjg"Ukzvj" Ektewkv"tgcfkn{"jcu"hqwpf"vjcv"vjg"vjktf"gngogpv"wpfgt"Heck ku"ucvkuhkgf"yjgtg"vjg"rtqugewvkqp"jcu" dggp"ÐcdcpfqpgfÑ"d{"vjg"Uvcvg."ykvjqwv"tgictf"vq"yjgvjgt"vjg"fkuokuucn"ycu"ÐykvjÑ"qt"ÐykvjqwvÑ" rtglwfkeg0" " E.g.." Mills." :8;" H05f" cv" 69;/6:2" *ÐKp" 4236." Oknnu" hkngf" c" oqvkqp" vq" fkuokuu" vjg" " /46/" kpfkevogpv."cpf"vjg"Uvcvg"tgurqpfgf"ykvj"c"nolle prosequi"oqvkqp0"Vjg"Octujcnn"Eqwpv{"Ektewkv" Eqwtv"gpvgtgf"c"nolle prosequi"qtfgt"qp"Crtkn"6."42360"0"0"0"Vjgtg"crrgctu"vq"dg"pq"fkurwvg"vjcv"Oknnu" uwhhgtgf" c" fgrtkxcvkqp" qh" nkdgtv{" cpf" vjcv" vjg" rtqeggfkpi" ycu" gxgpvwcnn{" tguqnxgf" kp" jku" hcxqt"0"0"0"0Ñ+="DncemÓu"Ncy"Fkevkqpct{"*32vj"gf0"4236+"*ÐPqnng"Rtqugswk<"30"C"ngicn"pqvkeg"vjcv"c" ncyuwkv"qt"rtqugewvkqp"has been abandoned0"40"C"fqemgv"gpvt{"ujqykpi"vjcv"vjg"rnckpvkhh"qt"vjg" rtqugewvkqp"has abandoned the action0Ñ+="King.":74"H05f"cv"798"*ÐQp"Qevqdgt";."4236."vjg"Urgpegt" Ektewkv" Eqwtv" gpvgtgf" cp" qtfgt" fkuokuukpi" vjg" ejctigu" cickpuv" Mkpi." thereby terminating the criminal prosecution against her0"Mkpi"pqy"uggmu"vq"dtkpi"enckou"wpfgt"dqvj"64"W0U0E0"¸"3;:5" cpf"Mgpvwem{"vqtv"ncy"cickpuv"Fghgpfcpvu."ejkghn{"ctkukpi"htqo"jgt"rtqugewvkqp"cpf"eqphkpgogpv0Ñ+" *gorjcugu"cffgf+0" " UcphqtfÓu"enckou"ctg"pqv"vkog/dcttgf0" KX0""Eqpenwukqp" " Rnckpvkhh" Fcxqpvcg" UcphqtfÓu" enckou" cickpuv" vjg" Ekv{" qh" Fgvtqkv" owuv" dg" eqpukfgtgf" rtgrgvkvkqp"enckou"vjcv"ctg"dcttgf"d{"vjg"crrtqxcn"qh"vjg"Ekv{Óu"hkpcn"rncp"qh"cflwuvogpv."yjkej"ycu" crrtqxgf"d{"vjg"dcpmtwrve{"eqwtv"qp"Pqxgodgt"34."42360""Jqygxgt."jg"jcu"uvcvgf"xkcdng"enckou" cickpuv"fghgpfcpvu"Okejcgn"Twuugnn"cpf"Lcogu"Vqndgtv0""Vjgkt"ejcnngpigu"vq"vjqug"enckou"kp"vjgkt" oqvkqp"vq"fkuokuu"jcxg"pq"ogtkv0" " Ceeqtfkpin{." kv" ku" QTFGTGF" vjcv" vjg" fghgpfcpvuÓ" oqvkqp" vq" fkuokuu" *GEH" Pq0" 58+" ku" ITCPVGF"KP"RCTV"CPF"FGPKGF"KP"RCTV0""" " Kv"ku"hwtvjgt"QTFGTGF"vjcv"vjg"eqornckpv"ku"FKUOKUUGF"YKVJQWV"RTGLWFKEG" cickpuv"fghgpfcpv"Ekv{"qh"Fgvtqkv"qpn{0""Vjg"oqvkqp"ku"FGPKGF"kp"cnn"qvjgt"tgurgevu0""" " " " " " " Fcvg<"""Fgegodgt"6."423:" " u1Fcxkf"O0"Ncyuqp" " FCXKF"O0"NCYUQP" Wpkvgf"Uvcvgu"Fkuvtkev"Lwfig" /47/" " RTQQH"QH"UGTXKEG" " Vjg"wpfgtukipgf"egtvkhkgu"vjcv"c"eqr{"qh"vjg"hqtgiqkpi"qtfgt"ycu" ugtxgf" wrqp" gcej" cvvqtpg{" qt" rctv{" qh" tgeqtf" jgtgkp" d{" gngevtqpke"ogcpu"qt"hktuv/encuu"W0U0"ockn"qp"Fgegodgt"6."423:0" " " u1Uwucp"M0"Rkpmqyumk" " " UWUCP"M0"RKPMQYUMK" " /48/"
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