Grube v. Ernst et al, No. 2:2009cv14375 - Document 7 (E.D. Mich. 2009)
Court Description: OPINION and ORDER Dismissing Plaintiff's State Law Claim Without Prejudice Signed by District Judge Robert H Cleland. (LWag)
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN SOUTHERN DIVISION JOHN GRUBE, Plaintiff, v. Case No. 09-14375 KEVIN ERNST AND DWIGHT MILLER, Defendants. ________________________________/ OPINION AND ORDER DISMISSING PLAINTIFF S STATE LAW CLAIM Pending before the court is Plaintiff s complaint which alleges the following counts: ¢ Count I, excessive force in violation of constitutional rights secured by the Fourth Amendment and actionable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 ¢ Count II, Unlawful seizure in violation of constitutional rights secured by the Fourth Amendment and actionable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 ¢ Count III, malicious prosecution it is unclear from the complaint whether this claim asserts a federal or state malicious prosecution claim. The court will treat the claim as one under federal law, because the language used by Plaintiff is similar to the Sixth Circuit s standard. ¢ Count IV, gross negligence The first three counts state claims under federal law; the fourth alleges a claim under state law. As a preliminary matter, the court has original jurisdiction over Plaintiff s § 1983 claims. 28 U.S.C. § 1331. Because Plaintiff s state law claim arises out of the same incident and shares a common nucleus of operative fact, the court could exercise its supplemental jurisdiction over the state law claim. 28 U.S.C. § 1367. However, the court now considers if granting supplemental jurisdiction is in the interest of judicial economy, convenience, fairness and comity. The court determines that it is not, and will dismiss Plaintiff s state law claim. I. BACKGROUND Plaintiff s complaint alleges that on March 20, 2008, Plaintiff, a seventyone year-old man, began crossing Schoenherr Road at a pedestrian crosswalk with the right of way. While crossing, he claims that a police car turned in front of him causing him to have to stop to avoid being hit. As this occurred he yelled hey at the police car. Plaintiff continued to cross the road and walked to a drugstore parking lot. Defendant Ernst, who was driving the police car, pulled into the same parking lot. Defendant Ernst asked Plaintiff what his problem was, to which Plaintiff responded that Defendant Ernst almost ran him over. Plaintiff asked for Defendant Ernst s badge number, and Defendant Ernst asked for Plaintiff s identification. Plaintiff continued walking, and Defendant Ernst got out of his car and asked Plaintiff to stop and produce identification. Plaintiff stopped and began reaching for his identification when Defendant Ernst grabbed Plaintiff and began searching Plaintiff. Defendant Ernst called for assistance, and Defendant Miller arrived within seconds. Defendant Miller grabbed and twisted Plaintiff s 2 arm and then, with Defendant Ernst s help, threw Plaintiff to the ground. Defendant Miller jumped onto Plaintiff s back and handcuffed him. One of the Defendant s called a paramedic. After Plaintiff received treatment from the paramedic, he was taken to the Sterling Heights police department where he was processed, issued a disorderly person ticket, and then released. Plaintiff and his wife then went to Henry Ford Macomb Hospital for medical treatment. II. DISCUSSION A district court has the power to dismiss or remand claims sua sponte for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. See, e.g., Douglas v. E.G. Baldwin & Assocs., 150 F.3d 604, 607 (6th Cir. 1998). Claims with original jurisdiction in a district court have either federal question jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331 or diversity jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332. In some circumstances, additional claims alleging violations of only state law may be heard under the supplemental jurisdiction granted pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367. In United Mine Workers of America v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715 (1966), the Supreme Court broadly authorized federal courts to assert jurisdiction over state law claims when there existed a common nucleus of operative fact compromising but one constitutional case, so long as the court had original jurisdiction over at least one claim. Gibbs, 383 U.S. at 725. While this decision granted district courts broad power over pendent state claims, it also recognized discretion in hearing such claims: [P]endent jurisdiction is a doctrine of discretion, not of plaintiff s right. Its justification lies in considerations of judicial economy, convenience and fairness to litigants; if these are not present a federal 3 court should hesitate to exercise jurisdiction over the state claims . . . . Id. at 726. The Court stated that pendent party jurisdiction may be denied if the federal claims are dismissed before trial, if it appears that the state issues substantially predominate, or if the likelihood of jury confusion would be strong without separation of the claims. Id. at 726-27. Congress later codified the power of a federal court to hear state claims. 28 U.S.C. § 1367 (2006). Similar to the standards articulated in Gibbs, the statute recognizes a court s discretion to decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction if: (1) the claim raises a novel or complex issue of State law, (2) the claim substantially predominates over the claim or claims over which the district court has original jurisdiction, (3) the district court has dismissed all claims over which it has original jurisdiction, or (4) in exceptional circumstances, there are other compelling reasons for declining jurisdiction. Id. Subsections two and four are applicable to the case at bar. Though § 1367 technically superseded Gibbs, courts agree that the exercise of discretion . . . is still informed by whether remanding the pendent state claims comports with the underlying objective of most sensibly accommodating the values of economy, convenience, fairness and comity. Executive Software N. Am., Inc. v. U.S. Dist. Court, 24 F.3d 1545, 1557 (9th Cir. 1994) (citing Carnegie-Mellon Univ. v. Cohill, 484 U.S. 343, 350 (1988)); see also H.R. REP. NO. 101-734, at 29 (1990), reprinted in 1990 U.S.C.C.A.N. 6860, 6875 4 (indicating that, under Gibbs and current law, subsection (c) requires the district court, in exercising its discretion, to undertake a case-specific analysis ). A. Dismissal Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(4) A district court may deny supplemental jurisdiction pursuant to § 1367(c)(4) if, in exceptional circumstances, there are other compelling reasons for declining jurisdiction. 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(4) (2006). Congress s use of the word other to modify compelling reasons indicates that what ought to qualify as compelling reasons for declining jurisdiction under subsection (c)(4) should be of the same nature as the reasons that gave rise to the categories listed in subsections (c)(1)-(3). Executive Software, 24 F.3d at 1557. Once the court decides that there are compelling reasons to decline jurisdiction, the factors that inform this decision usually will demonstrate how the circumstances confronted are exceptional. Id. at 1558. 1. Compelling Reasons for Dismissing Plaintiff s State Law Claim Courts generally accept that compelling reasons for the purposes of [§ 1367] (c)(4) . . . should be those that lead a court to conclude that declining jurisdiction best accommodates the values of economy, convenience, fairness and comity. Id. at 1557 (internal citations omitted); see also Palmer v. Hosp. Auth. of Randolph County, 22 F.3d 1559, 1569 (11th Cir. 1994). When deciding whether to agree or decline to exercise jurisdiction over supplemental state claims, the court considers the circumstances of the particular case, the nature of the state law claims, the character of the governing state law, and the 5 relationship between the state and federal claims (including the possibility of jury confusion). Litigation in federal court that mixes federal law claims with supplemental state law claims can cause procedural and substantive problems; in the interests of judicial economy and convenience, these problems should be avoided. Id. Even where, as in the present case, the federal and state claims arise out of the same factual background, the simultaneous litigation of such claims may prolong pre-trial practice, complicate the trial, lengthen and make more complex the jury instructions leading to potential confusion of the jury, result in inconsistent verdicts and cause post-trial problems with respect to judgment interest and the availability of prevailing party attorney fees. Consequently, the apparent judicial economy and convenience to the parties of a court exercising supplemental jurisdiction over state claims may be substantially offset by problems simultaneously created. The court will review the federal and state claims in some detail to determine if supplemental jurisdiction should be exercised over the state claim. a. Applicable Legal Standards The federal standard for evaluating whether excessive force was used by police officers is an objective one: the question is whether the officers actions are objectively reasonable in light of the facts and circumstances confronting them, without regard to their underlying intent or motivation. Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 397 (1989) (internal citations omitted); see also Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 210 (2001). 6 Plaintiff s equivalent state law claim, on the other hand, focuses on a different objective standard: whether an objective observer watched the actor, he could conclude, reasonably, that the actor simply did not care about the safety or welfare of those in his charge. Tarlea v. Crabtree, 687 N.W.2d 333 (Mich. Ct. App. 2004). As such, the question of willfulness is the central element of the claim, and the focus turns toward the mental state of the alleged wrongdoer to determine if he acted arbitrarily or maliciously. Exercising supplemental jurisdiction over the state law claim would require a jury to understand, distinguish and apply two distinct standards of reasonableness in the same case. This would certainly result in more lengthy jury instructions, jury confusion and inconvenience to the parties that would not be present if the claims were tried separately. b. Immunity Plaintiff s state and federal law claims also apply different versions of immunity, a further complication in their being tried together. Under federal law, government officials performing discretionary functions generally are granted a qualified immunity and are shielded from liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known. Wilson v. Layne, 526 U.S. 603, 609 (1999) (quoting Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982)). In determining if a government official is entitled to such qualified immunity, a court must first determine if a federal right was violated and, if so, whether that right was so clearly established that a reasonable official would understand that his 7 particular conduct would violate that right. Wilkins v. City of Royal Oak, No. 0473276, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 42474, at * 26 (E.D. Mich. 2005). A court must also determine if the officer was performing a discretionary function at the time. Id. This immunity is relatively straightforward and turns on the objective reasonableness of the official s actions. See generally Harlow, 457 U.S. 800. Immunity under state law is remarkably different, as it applies a subjective standard of review to the official s actions. Unlike federal qualified immunity, officers facing claims of gross negligence are not shielded by Michigan s governmental immunity statute. Mich. Compl. Laws § 691.1407(3). Unlike the immunity afforded from § 1983 claims, immunity from state torts under Michigan law depends upon an officer s subjective intent at the time of the alleged assault. And, to further complicate the matter, application of this immunity is not a straightforward process: Governmental immunity [under Michigan law] has been, at best, a confusing area of the law for the bench and bar of our state for many years and, unfortunately, attempts to explain it have often resulted in increasing the quagmire in which we collectively have found ourselves on this subject. Sudul v. City of Hamtramck, 562 N.W.2d 478, 490 (Mich. Ct. App. 1997) (Murphy, J., dissenting). The differences in the applicability of governmental immunity between Plaintiff s federal and state claims, as well as the quagmire that has evolved regarding the application of such immunity to state claims under Michigan law, are additional factors that would complicate the simultaneous trial of federal claims, confuse the jury and inconvenience the parties. 8 c. Recoverable Damages Recoverable damages are drastically different as to Plaintiff s federal and state claims. Under federal law, a successful § 1983 Plaintiff may recover punitive damages against individual defendants. See City of Newport v. Fact Concerts, Inc., 453 U.S. 247 (1981). In direct contrast, [i]n Michigan, the courts . . . refuse to allow the recovery of punitive damages. Fellows v. Superior Prods. Co., 506 N.W.2d 534, 536 (Mich. Ct. App. 1993) (quoting In re Disaster at Detroit Metro. Airport, 750 F. Supp. 793, 805 (E.D. Mich. 1989)). As a result, Plaintiff would be entitled to seek punitive damages against the officers for his § 1983 claims but not for the remainder of his claims. Punitive damages, by definition, are not intended to compensate the injured party, but rather to punish the tortfeasor. City of Newport, 453 U.S. at 266. The jury would be instructed that they are permitted to punish for an egregious 4th Amendment excessive force violation but that they are not so permitted for even an obvious violation of state assault and battery law, gross negligence, or intentional infliction of emotional distress. This difference could easily lead to an artificially and unfairly high award for a proven § 1983 claim in order to compensate for the jury s inability to award punitive damages for the state law claim. It could also result in an unfairly low award if the jury were to incorrectly conclude that, since Michigan law does not permit punitive damages, the proven federal claim is not deserving of such an award either. In either scenario, the different treatment of punitive damages under state and federal law could result in jury confusion, lengthy jury instructions, and an unfair verdict. 9 d. Compelling Reasons Exist to Dismiss Plaintiff s State Claim The potential for jury confusion has been identified as a compelling reason for a district court to decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction. Gibbs, 383 U.S. at 727; Barbetta v. Chemlawn Services Corp., 669 F. Supp. 569, 571 (W.D.N.Y. 1987); Gasque v. King, No. 90-00470, 1991 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 19260, at *5-6 (M.D.N.C. 1991); Padilla v. City of Saginaw, 867 F. Supp. 1309, 1315 (E.D. Mich. 1994); Blue Dane Simmental Corp. v. American Simmental Ass n, 952 F. Supp. 1399, 1404 (D. Neb. 1997); see also Charles A. Wright & Arthur R. Miller, FEDERAL PRACTICE & PROCEDURE § 3567.1, n. 46. (2d ed. 1984). In considering this potential, as well as the interests of economy, convenience, fairness and comity, the court finds that the state claim should be dismissed. To exercise supplemental jurisdiction over this claim would result in confusion, inconvenience and potentially unfair results given the systematic disparity between these claims, including their various legal standards, available defenses, potential immunity from suit, potential vicarious liability and potentially recoverable damages. Therefore, the court will dismiss without prejudice the state law claim of gross negligence. 2. This Case Presents Exceptional Circumstances Courts must ensure that the reasons for declining to exercise supplemental jurisdiction identified as compelling are not deployed in circumstances that are not exceptional. Executive Software, 24 F.3d at 1558. Courts agree that the inclusion of the phrase exceptional circumstances limits 10 the broad discretion that district courts once entertained under Gibbs to deny supplemental jurisdiction in any case. See, e.g., Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc., 140 F.3d 442, 448 (2d Cir. 1998); Executive Software, 24 F.3d at 1558. However, Congress only sounded a note of caution and did not restrict a district court s ability to dismiss claims only in cases that were ridiculous or impractical. Executive Software, 24 F.3d at 1558, 1560 (citing Hays County Guardian v. Supple, 969 F.2d 111 (5th Cir. 1992) (holding that exceptional circumstances were present when parallel state proceedings were underway and therefore the adjudication of state claims would be a waste of judicial resources. )). The court finds that exceptional circumstances are present in this case in weighing the likelihood of jury confusion, judicial inefficiency, substantial inconvenience to the parties, and potential unfairness in outcome which could readily result by attempting to resolve all claims in a single trial. Though there would be some duplication of effort required by Plaintiff and the defense in this case if Plaintiff decides to pursue both claims, the court finds that any advantages to be gained by trying all claims together are outweighed by the potential for confusion of the issues, legal theories, defenses and possible relief. Thus, the court will not exercise supplemental jurisdiction and will dismiss without prejudice the state law claim. B. Dismissal Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(2) Separately, a district court may decline the exercise of supplemental 11 jurisdiction pursuant to section 1367(c)(2) if the [state] claim substantially predominates over the claim or claims over which the district court has original jurisdiction. 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(4). As already discussed in detail, the state claim presented here implicates myriad problems including the need to introduce evidence inapplicable to indeed inconsistent with the evidence relevant to the federal claims, additional witnesses, disparate legal theories and defenses and significantly expanded and contradictory jury instructions. The court finds that the state claim presented in this case would, for these reasons, predominate over the § 1983 federal claims over which the court has original jurisdiction. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(2), the court will not exercise supplemental jurisdiction and will dismiss without prejudice the state law claim. III. CONCLUSION Plaintiff s state law claim for gross negligence does not have original jurisdiction in federal court. The inclusion of Plaintiff s state claim with Plaintiff s claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 could lead to jury confusion, judicial inefficiency, inconvenience to the parties and an unfair outcome. Additionally, the state law would predominate over Plaintiff s § 1983 federal claims. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1367(c)(2) and (4), the court exercises its discretion to decline supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff s state law claim. Accordingly, IT IS ORDERED that Plaintiff s state law claim for gross negligence (Count IV), is hereby DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE. 12 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that only Plaintiff s claims arising under federal law, 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Counts I, II, and III1) now remain before this court. s/Robert H. Cleland ROBERT H. CLELAND UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE Dated: December 17, 2009 I hereby certify that a copy of the foregoing document was mailed to counsel of record on this date, December 17, 2009, by electronic and/or ordinary mail. s/Lisa G. Wagner Case Manager and Deputy Clerk (313) 234-5522 As noted above, the court interprets Plaintiff s malicious prosecution claim as one under federal law. To the extent that Plaintiff asserts a malicious prosecution claim under state law, the court also dismisses that claim. 1 S:\Cleland\JUDGE'S DESK\C2 ORDERS\09-14375.Grube.Rem.State.Claims.wpd 13
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