Crosby v. Chicago et al, No. 1:2018cv04094 - Document 29 (N.D. Ill. 2018)

Court Description: MEMORANDUM Opinion and Order signed by the Honorable Virginia M. Kendall on 11/28/2018. Defendants' Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim 13 is granted. The Complaint is dismissed with prejudice. Mailed notice(lk, )

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Crosby v. 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