Bandzius v. Sulcaite, No. 1:2018cv03811 - Document 40 (N.D. Ill. 2018)

Court Description: MEMORANDUM Opinion and Order Signed by the Honorable John J. Tharp, Jr on 10/15/2018: For the reasons set forth in the accompanying Memorandum Opinion and Order, petitioner Albertas Bandius's petition for return of his children to Lithuania 1 is denied. Enter Judgment Order. Civil case terminated. Mailed notice(air, )

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Bandzius v. Sulcaite Doc. 40 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS EASTERN DIVISION ALBERTAS DCPF™KWU, Plaintiff-Petitioner, v. CKUVG" WNECKV . Defendant-Respondent. ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) No. 18-EX-3811 Judge John J. Tharp, Jr. MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER Petitioner Albertas Dcpf kwu seeks the return to Lithuania of his two sons, who have lived kp" Ejkeciq" ukpeg" Lwn{" 4236" ykvj" vjgkt" oqvjgt." Respondent Aiste wneckv . Dcpf kwu" hkngf" a ÐXgtkhkgf"Eqornckpv"cpf"Rgvkvkqp"hqt"Tgvwtp"qh"vjg"EjknftgpÑ op"Oc{ 31, 423:, pursuant to the Jciwg"Eqpxgpvkqp"qp"Ekxkn"Curgevu"qh"Kpvgtpcvkqpcn"Ejknf"Cdfwevkqp"*the ÐJciwg"EqpxgpvkqpÑ"qt" the “EqpxgpvkqpÑ+."Qev0"47"3;:2."V0K0C.S. No 33892."3565"W0P0V0U0":;."gpcevgf"kpvq"law through the Kpvgtpcvkqpcn"Ejknf"Cdfwevkqp"Tgogfkgu"Cev"*ÐKECTCÑ+."44"W0U0E0"¸¸";223-;233 *4226). As relevant here, the Eqpxgpvkqp"rtqxkfgu"vjcv"c"rctgpv"yjqug"ejknf"jcu"dggp"ytqpihwnn{"tgoqxgf"qt" tgvckpgf"kp"vjg"Wpkvgf"Uvcvgu"oc{"rgvkvkqp"hqt"vjg"ejknfÓu"tgvwtp"vq"jku"qt"jgt"eqwpvt{"qh"jcdkvwcn" tgukfgpeg0"Mr. Dcpf kwu, a resident of Lithuania, alleges that Lithuania is the ejknftgpÓu"eqwpvt{"qh" jcdkvwcn"tgukfgpeg"cpf"vjcv"Ms. wneckv has wrongfwnn{"tgvckpgf"vjgo kp"vjg"Wpkvgf"Uvcvgu"ukpeg" gctn{"Lwn{"42390" Cu"tgswktgf"d{"vjg"Eqpxgpvkqp."vjg"Eqwtv"jgnf"gzrgfkvgf"rtqeggfkpiu"yjkej"ewnokpcvgf in cp"gxkfgpvkct{"jgctkpi"qp"Ugrvgodgt"46."423:0"Ot0"Dcpf kwu, Ms. wneckv ."cpf"Ot0"Xgnfg"*Ou0" wneckv Ós ewttgpv"husband) testified. Tjg"Eqwtv"vjgp"kpvgtxkgygf"vjg"ejknftgp"in camera, outside Dockets.Justia.com vjg"rtgugpeg"qh"vjgkt"rctgpvu."dwv"ykvj"eqwpugn"rtgugpv. 1 Based on vjg"gxkfgpeg cffwegf d{"vje parties, tjg"Eqwtv eqpenwfgu"vjcv"vjg"ejknftgpÓu"eqwpvt{"qh"jcdkvwcn"tgukfgpeg"cu"qh"Lwn{"4239"ycu vjg" Wpkvgf" Uvcvgu and that Ms. wneckv Óu" retention of the ejknftgp here ukpeg" vjcv" vkog" is not ytqpihwn0"Vjg"Eqwtv"vjgtghqtg"denies Mr. Dcpf kwuÓu petition cpf"fkuokuugu"vjg"eqornckpv"ykvj" rtglwfkeg. BACKGROUND I. Facts Petitioner Albertas Dcpf kwu and Respondent Aiste wneckv ygtg"octtkgf"kp"Nkvjwcpkc"kp" 42250"Fwtkpi"vjgkt"octtkcig."vjg{"jcf"vyq"ejknftgp<"F0D0."dqtp"kp"4226."cpf"I0D0."dqtp"kp"42290 Wphqtvwpcvgn{." vjg" octtkcig" dtqmg" fqyp" cpf" vjg" eqwrng" fkxqtegf" kp" 422;0" C" nqecn" eqwtv" kp" Nkvjwcpkc"uwdugswgpvn{"kuuwgf"c"fkxqteg"fgetgg"yjkej"rtqxkfgf vjcv"vjg"ejknftgp"ygtg"vq"nkxg"ykvj" Ms. wneckv cv" jgt" jqog" kp" Xknpkwu." Lithuania0" Vjg" fgetgg" cnuq" granted Mr. Dcpf kwu various visitation cpf"ewuvqf{ rights. Kp"Lithuania, Ou0" wneckv yqtmgf"kp"vjg"Rtgukfgpvkcn"Rtqvqeqn"Fkxkukqp"qh"vjg"Uvcvg"cpf" Fkrnqocvke"Rtqvqeqn"Fgrctvogpv"cpf"ycu"gnkikdng"vq"crrn{"hqt"rqukvkqpu"cdtqcf."yjkej"ujg"fkf0"Kp" Crtkn"4236."Ou0" wneckv ycu"pqvkhkgf"vjcv"ujg"ycu"dgkpi"vtcpuhgttgf"vq"vjg"Nkvjwcpkcp"Eqpuwncvg" kp" Ejkeciq." yjgtg" ujg" yqwnf" dgikp" yqtm" qp" Lwn{" 36." 42360" RgvkvkqpgtÓu" Gz0" DD0" Ms. wneckv kphqtogf"Ot0"Dcpf kwu qh"jgt"korgpfkpi"vtcpuhgt"cpf"uqwijv"jku"citggogpv"vq"jcxg vjg"ejknftgp" ceeqorcp{"jgt"vq"Ejkeciq0 4 Mr. Dcpf kwu testified that Ms. wneckv told jko that the job position would last for vjtgg"{gctu0"Kv"ycu"Ot0"Dcpf kwuÓu"wpfgtuvcpfkpi"vjcv"Ou0" wneckv "yqwnf"tgvwtp"vq" 1 Vjg" rctvkgu" citggf" vq" vjg" rtqegfwtg" hqt" kpvgtxkgykpi" vjg" ejknftgp" cv" vjg" qwvugv" qh" vjg" gxkfgpvkct{"jgctkpi0 4 The parties dispute the question of jqy"owej"pqvkeg"qh"jgt"korgpfkpi"vtcpuhgt"vq"Ejkeciq Ms. wneckv "gave to Ot0"Dcpf kwu."dwv"tguqnwvkqp"qh"vjcv"fkurwvg"ku"pqv"ocvgtkcn"vq"vjg"EqwtvÓu" fgekukqp0 4 Nkvjwcpkc"ykvj"vjg"ejknftgp"when the three-{gct"rgtkqf"gzrktgf"kp"gctn{"Lwn{"4239. Ms. wneckv denies rtqokukpi vq"tgvwtp"d{"c urgekhke"fcvg or vjcv"jgt"gornq{ogpv"ycu"hqt"c hkzgf"rgtkqf, though ujg" eqpegfgf" vjcv" c" vjtgg-{gct"vgto"ycu"v{rkecn cpf"vjcv."yjgp"ujg"nghv" Nkvjwcpkc"kp"4236."ujg" gzrgevgf"vq"tgvwtp"cv"uqog"rqkpv. Kp"cp{"ecug."Mr. Dcpf kwu did not chhktocvkxgn{"eqpugpv"to the oqxg0 Ms. wneckv ."eqpegtpgf"vjcv"ykvjqwv"c"hqtocn"citggogpv"Ot0"Dcpf kwu okijv"dg"cdng"vq" rtgxgpv"jgt"htqo"vcmkpi"vjg"ejknftgp"vq"Ejkeciq"ykvj"jgt. applied vq"vjg"Fkuvtkev"Eqwtv"qh"Xknpkwu" Ekv{" kp" Nkvjwcpkc" uggmkpi" vq" cogpf" vjg" rctvkguÓ" fkxqteg" fgetgg" vq" cnnqy" jgt" vq" oqxg with the ejknftgp"vq"vjg"Wpkvgf"Uvcvgu0"RgvkvkqpgtÓu"Gzjkdkv"D0" Qp"Lwpg"49."4236."vjg"Fkuvtkev"Eqwtv"qh"Xknpkwu"Ekv{"kuuwgf"cp"qtfgt *the “June 4236"qtfgtÑ) korqukpi"“rtqxkukqpcn"ogcuwtgu"qh"rtqvgevkqpÑ in response to Ms. wneckv Óu"tgswguv0 Urgekhkecnn{." vjg"eqwtv"cempqyngfigf"vjcv"Ou0" wneckv ycu"iqkpi"vq"vjg"Wpkvgf"Uvcvgu"hqt"c"lqd"cpf"guvcdnkujgf" vjg"rnceg"qh"tgukfgpeg"qh"vjg"ejknftgp"Ðvgorqtctkn{."wpvkn"vjg"]hkpcn_"fgekukqp"qh"vjg"eqwtv"kp"vjgug" rtqeggfkpiu." ykvj" ]Ou0" wneckv _." ykvjqwv" knfkecvkpi" c" rctvkewnct" cfftguu0Ñ" RgvkvkqpgtÓu" Gz0" F." Xknpkcwu"Okguvq"Cr{nkpmgu"Vgkuocu"4902804236 ]Fgekukqp"qh"vjg"Fkuvtkev"Eqwtv"qh"Xknpkwu"Ekv{"qh" Lwp0" 49." 4236_."Pq0 P4-49384-:7;14236. Cnvjqwij"vjku"qtfgt"tghngevgf"vjg"gzrgevcvkqp"vjcv"vjg" vgto"qh"Ou0" wneckv Óu"gornq{ogpv"kp"vjg"Wpkvgf"Uvcvgu"yqwnf"dg"vjtgg"{gctu."kv"fkf"pqv"korqug"c" vkog-nkokv"qp"Ou0" wneckv Óu"tkijv"vq"tgvckp"vjg"ejknftgp"ykvj"jgt"kp"vjg"Wpkvgf"Uvcvgu"qt"kpenwfg"cp{" gzrktcvkqp"fcvg0 Ms. wneckv cpf"vjg"ejknftgp"nghv hqt"vjg"Wpkvgf"Uvcvgu"kp"gctn{"Lwn{ 42360 Vjg{"oqxgf"kpvq" cp"crctvogpv"kp"Ejkeciq cpf"vjg"dq{u"gptqnngf"kp"Qifgp"Kpvgtpcvkqpcn"Uejqqn0 Ms. wneckv soon dgecog"kpxqnxgf"kp"c"tgncvkqpujkr"ykvj"Fcxkf"Xgnfg."cp"Cogtkecp"ekvk|gp ujg"ogv"vjtqwij"yqtm. Ujg" vguvkhkgf" vjcv" d{" Cwiwuv" 4236." ujg" ycu" eqpvgornating tgockpkpi" kp" vjg" Wpkvgf" Uvcvgu" rgtocpgpvn{. Ctqwpf"Crtkn"4237."Ou0" wneckv "cpf"vjg"ejknftgp"oqxgf"kpvq"Ot0"XgnfgÓu"tgukfgpeg" 3 cpf"vjg"dq{u"uvctvgf"cvvgpfkpi"c"pgy"uejqqn0"Ou0" wneckv "octtkgf"Ot0"Xgnfg"kp"Oc{"42370"Vjgkt" gpicigogpv" cpf" octtkcig" egogpvgf" jgt" kpvgpv" vq" tgockp" ykvj" vjg" ejknftgp" rgtocpgpvn{" kp" vjg" Wpkvgf"Uvcvgu0 Qp Lcpwct{" 48." 4237." vjg" Xknpkwu" fkuvtkev" eourt issued its non-rtqxkukqpcn" fgekukqp" *vjg" ÐLcpwct{"4237"qtfgtÑ) regarding the cogpfogpv"qh"vjg"fkxqteg"fgetgg0"Vjg"eqwtv fgekfgf"vq"cogpf" the fgetgg"cpf establish the ejknftgpÓu"rnceg"qh"tgukfgpeg"cu"with Ms. wneckv Ðcv"vjg"rnceg"qh"jgt" tgukfgpeg0Ñ"RgvkvkqpgtÓu"Gz0"G."Xknpkcwu"Okguvq"Cr{nkpmgu"Vgkuocu"4802304237"]Fgekukqp"qh"vjg" Fkuvtkev"Eqwtv"qh"Xknpkwu"Ekv{"qh"Lcp0"48."4237_."Pq0"P4-453-:7;142370 The order also laid out a rtqegfwtg"hqt Mr. Dcpf kwu vq"kpvgtcev"ykth the ejknftgp"yjkng"vjg{"nkxgd abroad. Tgeqipk|kpi that kv"ycu"wpengct"yjgp"qt"gxgp"yjgvjgt"Ou0" wneckv planned vq"tgvwtp."vjg"eqwtv"fgenkpgf"vq"ugv"hqtvj" regwncvkqpu"eqpegtpkpi"xkukvcvkqp"tkijvu"hqt"yjgp"qt"kh"vjg"ejknftgp"oqxgf"dcem"vq"Nkvjwcpkc0"Id. Vjg" fkuvtkev" eqwtv" eqpenwfgf" d{" pqvkpi" vjcv" yjgp" kvu" fgekukqp" dgecog" ghhgevkxg." vjg" kpvgtko" ogcuwtgu"qh"rtqvgevkqp"korqugf"d{"vjg"Lwpg"49."4236"qtfgt"yqwnf"dg"nkhvgf0"Mr. Dcpf kwu rtqorvn{" appealed the fgekukqp. Qp"Crtkn":."4237"yjkng"vjg"crrgcn"ycu"rgpfkng, Mr. Dcpf kwu hkngf"cpqvjgt"eqornckpv"kp" Xknpkwu"Fkuvtkev"Eqwtv uggmkpi"vq"nkokv"Ou0" wneckv Óu"rctgpvcn"tkijvu"cpf"guvcdnkuj"vjg"ejknftgpÓu" rnceg" qh" tesideneg" ykvj" jko" kp" Nkvjwcpkc0 RgvkvkqpgtÓu" Gz0" J0" Jg" cnngigf" vjcv"Ou0" wneckv was kortqrgtn{"nkokvkpi"jku"cdknkv{"vq"eqoowpkecvg"ykvj vjg"dq{u."kp"xkqncvkqp"qh"vjg fkxqteg"fgetgg0" Kp"vjku eqornckpv."Ot0"Dcpf kwu auugtvgf."coqpi"qvjgt"vjkpiu."that Ms. wneckv jcf"vqnf"jko"vjcv" she did not intend vq"tgvwtp"ykvj"vjg"ejknfren to Lithuania. C"{gct"ncvgt"kp"Crtkn"4238."vjg"crrgnncvg"eqwtv"kp"Xknpkwu"hqwpf"vjcv"vjg"Lcpwct{ 4237"qtfgt ycu"rtqegfwtcnn{"hncygf"hqt"c"xctkgv{"qh"tgcuqpu0"RgvkvkqpgtÓu"Gz0"Q0 Eqpugswgpvn{."kt revoked the Lcpwct{"4237"order and tgocpfgf"vjg"ecse vq"vjg"fkuvtkev"eqwtv"for rehearing. Tjg"crrgnncvg"eqwtv" 6 ocfg"pq"fgvgtokpcvkqp"vjcv"Ou0" wneckv Óu"tgoqxcn"qt"tgvgpvkqp"qh"vjg"ejknftgp"ycu"ytqpihwn and did not address vjg"rtgnkokpct{"Lwpg"4236"qtfgt."yjkej"tgockpu kp"ghhgev"dgecwug"vjg"Lcpwct{"4237" fgekukqp"ycu"xcecvgf. 3 Vjg"ecug"ku"ewttgpvn{"rgpfkpi"kp"vjg"Xknpkwu"fkuvtkev"eqwtv0 6 Tjg"ejknftgp"jcxg"tgsided kp"Ejkeciq vjtqwijqwv"vjg"eqwtug"qh"vjgug"rtqeggfkpiu. As of Crtkn"4237, vjg{"nkxgf"ykvj"vjgkt"oqvjgt"cpf"Ot0"Xgnfg kp"c"eqpfqokpkwo"kp"Pkngu."cpf"cu"qh"Lwpg" 4239."ykvj"vjgkt"dcd{"dtqvjgt"F0X0 *vjg"ejknf"qh"Ou0" wneckv "cpf"Ot0"Xgnfg)0"Vjg"dq{u"ctg"xgt{" cvvcejgf"vq"F0X0 cpf"jgnr"ectg"hqt"jko. Ukpeg"cttkxkpi."vjg{"jcxg"cvvgpfgf"rwdnke"uejqqnu"vcwijv"kp" English, and have rctvkekrcvgf"kp"c"xctkgv{"qh"gzvtcewttkewnct"cevkxkvkgu"kpenwfkpi"mctcvg."uqeegt." banf." Nkvjwcpkcp" ewnvwtcn" uejqqn." cpf" Nkvjwcpkcp" dq{" ueqwvu0" Ceeqtfkpi" vq" Ou0" wneckv , Mr. Xgnfg."cpf"vjg"dq{u vjgougnxgu."vjg"dq{u"ctg"rqrwnct"ejknftgp yjq"ngcf"cevkxg"uqekcn"nkxgu0"Dqvj" ejknftgp"ctg"hnwgpv"kp"Gpinkuj *cpf"urgcm"kv"rtgfqokpcpvn{+ and doing ygnn"kp"uejqqn. D.B. is also hnwgpv"kp"Nkvjwcpkcp."cpf"yjkng"I0D0"ecp"wpfgtuvcpf"kv."jg"ecppqv"urgcm"kv"xgt{"ygnn0 Vjg{"ockpvckp" vkgu"vq"c"pwodgt"qh"tgncvkxgu"qh"vjgkt"oqvjgt"yjq"cnuq"tgukfg"kp"vjg"Ejkeciq"ctgc."uggkpi"vjgo"qp" jqnkfc{u." dktvjfc{u." cpf" qvjgt" qeecukqpu0" Uq" hct" cu" vjg" tgeqtf" tghngevu." peither ejknf ockpvckpu" ukipkhkecpv" eqoowpkecvkqpu" ykvj" hcokn{" *qvjgt" vjcp" with their father and their paternal itcpfoqvjgt) or friends in Lithuania; Ou0" wneckv and F0D0"uvcvgf"vjcv"jg"jcu"uvc{gf"kp"vqwej"ykvj" qpn{"qpg"qh"jku"htkgpfu"vjgtg"cpf"I0D0"jcu"ockpvckpgf"vkgu"ykvj"pq"qpg"vjgtg0"Kpfggf. I0D0"jcu"xgt{" nkvvng"ogoqt{"qh"jku"nkhg"kp"Nkvjwcpkc"ikxgp"vjcv"jg"ycu"qpn{"ugxgp"{gctu"qnf"yjgp"jg"ecog"vq"vjg" 3 Cu" vjg" Lcpwct{" 4237" qtfgt" nkhvgf" vjg" rtqxkukqpcn" ogcuwtgu" rtqxkfgf" kp" vjg" Lwpg" 4236" qtfgt." vjg" tgxqecvkqp"qh" vjg" Lcpwct{" 4237"qtfgt" rtguwocdn{"tguvqtgf"vjg" ecug"vq"vjg"uvcvwu"swq" dghqtg"vjg"Lcpwct{"4237"order was entered—ogcpkpi"vjcv"vjg"rtqxkukqpcn"ogcuwtgu"eqpvkpwgf"vq" iqxgtp"vjg"tkijvu"qh"vjg"rctvkgu"wpfgt"Nkvjwcpkcp"ncy0"Vjg"rgvkvkqpgt"jcu"ocfg"pq"ctiwogpv"vq"vjg" eqpvtct{="jku"ctiwogpv"ku"pqv"vjcv"vjg"Lwpg"4236"qtfgt"ku"kpcrrnkecdng"dwv"vjcv"kv"cwvjqtk|gf"Ms. wneckv Óu"tgvgpvkqp"qh"vjg"ejknftgp"kp"vjg"Wpkvgf"Uvcvgu"qpn{"hqt"c"vgto"qh"vjtgg"{gctu0" 6 Ceeqtfkpi"vq"cp"Cwiwuv"423:"qtfgt"htqo"the Xknpkwu"fkuvtkev"eqwtv."vjg"wpfgtn{kpi"ewuvqf{" ecug"jcu"dggp"uvc{gf"at Ot0"Dcpf kwu s request wpvkn"vjku"Equrt kuuwgu"kvu"fgekukqp"kp"vjku"ocvvgt. RgvkvkqpgtÓu"Gz0"S0"Mr. Dcpf kwuÓu"Crtkn"4237"eqornckpv"jcu"dggp"uwduwogf"d{"vjcv"ecug0 7 Wpkvgf"Uvcvgu. 7 Dqvj"ejknftgp"vguvkhkgf wpgswkxqecnn{ vjcv"vjg{"did not want to return to Lithuania and preferred to tgockp in vjg"Wpkvgf"Uvcvgu. Vjg{"jcxg"vtcxgngf" gzvgpukxgn{"ykvjkp"vjg"Wpkvgf" Uvcvgu" ykvj" vjgkt" oqvjgt" cpf" Ot0" Xgnfg." kpenwfkpi" vtkru" vq" Ycujkpivqp" F0E0, vq" c" pwodgt" qh" national parks."cpf"ugxgtcn"vtkru"vq"Fqqt"Eqwpv{"yjgtg"vjg"dq{u gplq{"vjg"ycvgt"rctm."nkijvjqwug" vqwtu."cpf"gcvkpi"ejgtt{"rkg. II. Procedural History: Hague Petitions Yjkng"vjg"wpfgtn{kpi"ewuvqf{"fkurwvg"wound kvu"yc{"vjtqwij"vjg"Lithuanicp"eqwtv"u{uvgo." Ot0"Dcpf kwu"initiated c"ugrctcvg"ugv"qh"rtqeggfkpiu"wpfgt"vjg"Jciwg"Eqpxgpvkqp0"Kp"Pqxgodgt" 4236."Mr. Dcpf kwu filed his first Hague petition with NkvjwcpkcÓu"Uvcvg"Ejknf"Tkijvu"Rtqvgevkqp" cpf" Cfqrvkqp" Ugtxkeg" wpfgt" vjg" Okpkuvt{" qh" Uqekcn" Ugewtkv{" cpf" Ncdqt" *NkvjwcpkcÓu" ÐEgpvtcn" Cwvjqtkv{Ñ) 6 alleging that Ms. wneckv ytqpihwnn{" tgoqxgf" vjg" ejknftgp" htqo" Nkvjwcpkc. TgurqpfgpvÓu" Gz0" 50" Qp Fgegodgt" 37." 4236." 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These were nov"kpfkecvqtu"qh"c"ecuwcnn{- 3; jgnf"rtghgtgpeg"hqt"qpg"nqecvkqp"qt"cpqvjgt"dwv"qh"tgeqipkvkqp"vjcv"vjgkt"nkxgu"yqwnf"dg"wrgpfgf"d{" cp"qtfgt"tgvwtpkpi"vjgo"vq"Nkvjwcpkc0 Hkpcnn{."yjkng"nkxkpi"ykvj"vjgkt"oqvjgt"jcu"pq"fqwdv"chhgevgf"vjgkt"qrkpkqpu"vq"uqog"gzvgnt, vjg"Eqwtv"hkpfu"no dcuku"vq"eqpenwfg"vjcv"Ms. wneckv jcu"gzgtekugf"cp{"wpfwg"kphnwgpeg"qp"vjg" ejknftgp0"Dqvj"ejknftgp"vqnf"vjg"Eqwtv"that vjgkt"oqvjgt"kpuvtwevgf"vjgo"qpn{"vq"Ðdg"eqphkfgpvÑ"cpf" Ðvgnn"vjg"vtwvj0Ñ Cdugpv"cp{"gxkfgpeg"vq"vjg"eqpvtct{."vjg"Eqwtv"etgfkvu vjgkt"vguvkoqp{. 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