McNichols et al v. Weiss et al, No. 1:2018cv02125 - Document 59 (N.D. Ill. 2018)

Court Description: MEMORANDUM Opinion and Order signed by the Honorable Virginia M. Kendall on 11/2/2018. The Court grants the Defendants' Motion to Dismiss 49 in part and denies it in part. The Court denies Defendants' Rule 12(b)(7) Motion to Dismiss, gran ts Defendants' Rule 12(b)(6) Motion to Dismiss Counts II and III, but denies it as to Counts I and IV, and grants Defendants' Rule 12(f) Motion to Strike Plaintiffs' request for attorney's fees, but denies it in all other respects. See Order for further details. Mailed notice(lk, )

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McNichols et al v. 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