Kyle v. Brennan, No. 1:2017cv07646 - Document 31 (N.D. Ill. 2018)

Court Description: MEMORANDUM Opinion and Order signed by the Honorable Virginia M. Kendall on 7/2/2018. The Court grants USPS's Motion to Dismiss 16 . The Court will enter final Judgment and close the case. Mailed notice(lk, )

Download PDF
Dockets.Justia.com $ 1 DGDYH1 NQD% &%6+ Y KWURZVJQLOOL. HH6 UL& KW G ) WQ LDO SP R F V¶I ILWQ LDO3 Q L KWURI WHV VQ R LWDJ H O OD G DH OS OO H Z OOD HXUW VD VH PXVVD WUXR & H KW VVL P VL G RW Q R L WR P V¶WQDG Q H IH ' IR VHVRSUXS UR) QHNDW HUHZ WDKW VQRLWFD HWDUDSHV WXRED VQLDOSPRF HO\. \ O ODFL ILFHS6 G, ´ VP LDOF QRLWDVQHSPRF ¶VUHNURZ @VLK> QL GHUHIUHWQL \ O OXI OO LZ \OWQHWVLVQRF VDK WQHPHJDQD0 HFUXRVH5 KWODH+ VLRQLOO, ODUWQH&³ HKW WDKW VPLDOF HO\. UHYHZR+ G, \ OX- HFQLV \UXMQL VLK URI QRLWDVQHSPRF ¶VUHNURZ IR WSLHFHU QL QHHE VDK HK GQD GHUXMQL VDZ HO\. \UDXUEH) Q2 WD WN' VLRQL OO, NUD3 WVHUR) QL UHWQH& QRLWXELUWVL' NURZWH1 RJDFLK& V¶6368 HKW WD GHNURZ HO \. GQXRUJNFD% ODXWFD) $ '1825*.&$% GHWQDUJ VL QRLWRP V¶6368 ZROHE GHWDWV VQRVDHU HKW UR) WN' VVL PVLG RW QRLWRP V¶6368 QR WUXR& HKW HURIHE \OWQHUUXF VL UHWWDP VLK7 THV WH & 6 8 IR WF$ QRLWDWL O LEDKH5 HKW GQD THV WH & 6 8 WF$ VHLWL OLEDVL' KWLZ VQDFLUHP$ HKW IR QRLWDORLY QL WQHPQRU LYQH NURZ HOLWVRK GQD QRLWDLODWHU QRLWDQL PLUFVLG \ WL O LEDVLG JQLJHOOD 6368 WVQLDJD WLXV QRLWDQL P LUFVLG WQHP\ROSPH HV RUS VLKW VJQLUE ´6368³ HFLYUH6 ODWVR3 VHWDW6 GHWLQ8 WQDGQHIH' URI UHOGQDK OLDP UHPURI D HO \. OHXQDPP, I ILWQLDO3 5('52 '1$ 12,1,32 08'1$520(0 O ODGQH. 0 DL QLJUL9 QR+ & R1 WQDGQHIH' HFLYUH6 ODWVR3 6 8 ODUHQH* UHWVDPWVR3 1$11(5% - 1$*(0 Y II LWQLDO3 (/<. - /(81$00, 12,6,9,' 15(76$( 6,21,//, )2 7&,576,' 15(+7521 (+7 52) 7582& 7&,576,' 6(7$76 '(7,18 (+7 1, Kyle v. Brennan Doc. 31 O OLZ HURIHUHKW WUXR& HK7 WN' ´ $ WL ELK[(³ VD HO \. \E GHWWL PEXV ODVVL PVL' 2(( 6368 HKW QL GHWDQL POXF WQLDOSPRF ODPURI 2(( 6368 HKW GQD VVL PVLG RW QRLWRP V¶6368 HKW RW HVQRSVHU VLK QL VJQL OLI GQD WFDWQRF 2(( 6368 ODLWLQL VLK VQRLWQHP HO \. \ OODFLILFHS6 WQLDOSPRF WQDWVQL VLK RW VXKW GQD WQLDOSPRF 2(( 6368 VLK IR ODVVLPVLG HKW RW VWQHPXFRG JQLGHHFRUS 2(( 6368 HKW IR \WLODUWQHF HKW HFQHGLYH O OD VVL PVLG RW QRLWRP HKW RW HVQRSVHU V¶HO \. GQD $ WLELK[( WQLDOSPRF HK7 QRLWDQL PLUFVLG IR WQLDOSPRF 2(( ODPURI D GHWWL PEXV HO \. \OX- Q2 - R1 HVD& JQL OHVQXR& WQLDOSPR& HU3 URI QRLWDPURIQ, WN' HH6 \D0 QR GHYLHFHU ´2((³ \WLQXWURSS2 WQHP\ROSP( ODXT( 6368 HKW KFLKZ \D0 QR PURI JQL OHVQXR& WQLDOSPR& HU3 URI QRLWDPURIQ, QD GHWWLPEXV HO\. VQRLWFD HKW RW GUDJHU KWL: GQXRU JNFD% O DU XGHFRU 3 % WD G, 6368 PRUI GHYRPHU VDZ HO \. \UXMQL VLK UHWID WQLRS HPRV W$ G, ´ VHJQHO ODKF GQD KWODHK ODWQHP V¶I ILWQLDO3 HKW IR HJGHOZRQN URLUS GDK VHLWUDS O OD KFLKZ RW VQRLWFD HVUHYGD HVHKW PRUI GHYLUHG WQHPURW O DFLJRORKF\VS GQD VQRLWFD HVUHYGD UHKWR VD O OHZ VD HFQHUHIUHWQL P LDOF QRLWDVQHSPRF ¶VUHNURZ WUHYR GQD WHHUFVLG \E @PLK> HKW PUDK RW VSHWV NRRW VODLFL II2 HO ELVQRSVH5 \FQHJ$ OODUHY@R>³ WDKW VHJHO OD HO\. WD G, VHUXVROFVLG UHSRUSP L GQD VQRLWDORLY \FLORS GHFQHUHIHU ´VODLFLII2 H O ELVQRSVH5 \FQHJ$³ KFLKZ QL HFQDWVQL HQR GQD VHLWL O LEDVLG ODWQHP VLK IR VLVDE HKW QR ´JQLGO LXE HKW QL UR NURZ RW NFDE³ HO \. ZROOD WRQ RW GHWD QL PHVVLG VDZ \FLORS D KFLKZ QL²ODYRPHU V¶HO \. RW URLUS²HFQDWVQL HQR ´VVHQO OL ODQRLWDSXFFR GHWSHFFD³ V¶HO\. HWDGRPPRFFD RW GHO LDI ´VODLFLII2 HO ELVQRSVH5 \FQHJ$³ KFLKZ QL VHFQDWVQL RZW ´ODQRLVVHIRU3 ODFLGH0 GHVQHFLO D GHWRXTVL P \ OODQRLWQHWQL³ ´VODLFL II2 HO ELVQRSVH5 \FQHJ$³ KFLKZ QL VHFQDWVQL RZW ´3&:2³ VPDUJRU3 QRLWDVQHSPR& ¶VUHNUR: IR HFL II2 HKW RW HFQHGLYH WLPEXV RW GHO LDI ´VODLFL II2 HO ELVQRSVH5 \FQHJ$³ K FLKZ QL VHFQDWVQL HHUKW JQLGHHFRUS QRLWDVQHSPRF ¶VUHNURZ V¶HO\. RW GUDJHU KWLZ HFQHGLYH HVODI GHWWLPEXV UR VWQHPHWDWV JQLGDHOVLP UR HVODI HGDP ´VODLFL I I2 HOELVQRSVH5 \FQHJ$³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± WD G, VJQLGHHFRUS QRLWDVQHSPRF ¶VUHNURZ JQL \ OUHGQX VLK QR VNFDWWD ODUHWDOORF UHSRUSPL GHWXWLWVQRF VHLWL OLEDVLG ODWQHP VLK IR WQXRFFD QR JQLGOLXE HKW RWQL GHWWLPUHS WRQ VDZ HO \. HUHKZ WQHGLFQL HKW IR QRLWSHF[H HORV HKW KWLZ GHQLDOSPRF HO \. KFLKZ WXRED VQRLWFD IR OOD WDKW GHGXOFQRF 2(( 6368 HKW GQRFH6 WD G, HWDWV ODWQHP VLK RW HXG JQLGOLXE HKW RWQL NFDE P LK ZROOD RW WRQ \FLORS D GHWXELUWVLG GDK GQD \UDXQD- RW UHERWF2 PRUI P LDOF 3&:2 VLK KWLZ GHUHIUHWQL GDK VODLFLIIR \FQHJD ´WDKW HUDZD HPDFHE @HK> - HVD& 2(( \FQHJ$ Q L WQLDOSPRF QRLWFDIVLWDVVLG @VLK> GHVVHUGGD WDKW KFUD0 QR UHWWHO D GHYLHFHU @HK> QHKZ WDKW Q L \WLYLWF$ 2(( URLU3 QRLWDLODWH5 GQD QRLVVHUSH' '673 \WL O LEDVL' QR GHVDE QRLWDQL PLUFVLG GHJHO OD³ GDK HO\. WDKW GHWRQ 2(( 6368 HKW GUDJHU VLKW Q, ± WD G, \UDXQDVDZ KFLKZ IR WVHWDO HKW VWQHYH GHWVL O HKW IR \QD IR HFQHUUXFFR HKW IR V\DG QLKWLZ JQL OHVQXRF WQLDOSPRF HUS URI WVHXTHU D HNDP RW GHOLDI HK HVXDFHE GHUUDE HPLW HUHZ VP LDOF V¶HO \. IR OOD WDKW GQXRI 2(( 6368 HKW WVUL) - R1 WQLDOSPR& 2(( ODPUR) IR ODVVLPVL' WN' HH6 VGQXRUJ RZW QR WQLDOSPRF ODPURI V¶HO \. GHVVL PVLG 2(( 6368 HKW \ OX- Q2 G, \UDXQD- GQD UHERWF2 QHHZWHE QHNDW HUHZ WDKW VQRLWFD HWDUDSHV HKW WVLO RW GHGHHFRUS HO\. WD G, ´ V ODLFL II2 \FQHJ$ HO ELVQRSVH5 HKW \E QHNDW VQRLWFD \URWDLODWHU GQD \URWDQLP LUFVLG ODUHYHV IR HUDZD HPDFHE , KFUD0 Q@R>³ WDKW GHJHOOD WQLDOSPRF 2(( ODPURI V¶HO\. WQDYHOHU V$ - R1 HVD& HFLYUH6 ODWVR3 HKW QL QRLWDQLP LUFVL' IR WQLDOSPR& 2(( WN' WVHXTHU D KFXV JQLWUHVVD \OUHSRUS VD WQHPHWDWV VLK UHGLVQRF WRQ VHRG WUXR& HKW GQD QRLWRP KFXV \QD HGDP WH\ WRQ VDK HK WD WN' ´HOXU ODFRO UHS GHWDOHU GHPHHG @VHVDF> HVHKW HYDK RW HYRP QRRV O O LZ³ HK WDKW IHLUE HVQRSVHU VLK QL VWL PEXV HO \. KJXRKWO$ EH) GHOL I OO, ' 1 & R1 QDQQHU% Y HO\. HH6 QRLWFD KWUXRI D GHO LI HO \. GHO L I VDZ QRLWFD VLKW UHWID GQ$ \ OX- GHO LI OO, ' 1 & R1 QDQQHU% Y HO\. \D0 GHOL I OO, ' 1 & R1 QDQQHU% Y HO\. HH6 VPLDOF KFXV UHKWR GQD QRLWDLODWHU QRLWDQL PLUFVLG JQLJHOOD 6368 HKW WVQLDJD VQRLWFD UHKWR RZW GHO LI HO \. QRLWFD VLKW GHWDLWLQL HK HURIHE \ OODXWF$ [HS$ QRLWFLGVLUXM IR HXVVL HKW QR HFQHGLYH ¶VHLWUDS HKW UHGLVQRF GQD VQRLWDJHOOD V¶WQLDOSPRF HKW IR HGLVWXR NRRO \DP WUXR& HKW QRLWRP E HOX5 D QR JQLOXU Q, UL& KW ± G ) JUHEQHVL( Y QDOQDF6 WHP QHHE HYDK QRLWFLGVLUXM URI \UDVVHFHQ VWQHPHOH HKW JQLKVL OEDWVH IR QHGUXE HKW VUDHE I ILWQLDOS HKW GQD QRLWF LGVLUXM ODUHGHI VHJQHO ODKF QRLWRP E HOX5 $ '5$'1$76 /$*(/ E GQD E HUXGHFRU3 O L YL& IR VHOX5 ODUHGH) RW WQDXVUXS VVL PVLG RW GHYRP VDK 6368 WD G, ´ UHWWDP QRLWDVQHSPR& ¶VUHNUR: \QD UR GHUHGLVQRFHU GHODHSSD HUXWXI JQLGQHS QHSR V LK JQLGUDJHU VUHQL PD[( VP LDO& V¶I ILWQLDO3 HKW UR II LWQLDO3 HKW KWLZ @FLV> \DZ\QD QL JQLWFDUHWQL UR JQL OGQDK PRUI VHH\ROSP( WQHPHJDQD0 HFUXRVH5 KWODH+ WFLUWVL' VLRQL OO, ODUWQH& OOD UD% II LWQLDO3 HKW VGUDZRW WFXGQRF GQD VQRLWDORLY \URWDLODWHU GQD \URWDQL PLUFVLG FLWDPHWV\V JQLXQLWQRF WVLVH' GQD HVDH& II LWQLDO3 HKW JQLGUDJHU QRLWDVQHSPR& ¶VUHNUR: IR HFLII2 HKW IR VQRLWFHULG HKW RW HUHKG$ HVLZUHKWR UR QRLWDVQHSPR& VUHNUR: JQLGUDJHU IILWQLDO3 HKW VGUDZRW \WLYLWFD ODQL PLUF WVLVH' GQD HVDH& II LWQLDO3 HKW GUDZRW WFXGQRF \URWDQL P LUFVLG GQD \URWDLODWHU OOD WVLVH' GQD HVDH& @FLV> HFQHUHIHUHWQ, P LDO& QRLWDVQHSPR& ¶VUHNUR: OOD WVLVH' GQD HVDH&³ RW 6368 JQLWFHULG UHGUR QD JQLZROORI HKW VNHHV HO \. IHLOHU V$ WD WN' ´ KFUD0³ QR ´ V ODLFL II2 \FQHJ$ 6368 \E QHNDW VQRLWFD \URWDLODWHU GQD \URWDQ L PLUFVLG³ OOD IR HUDZD HPDFHE HK WDKW JQLJHOOD QLDJD QRLWFD VLKW GHO L I HO\. GDHWVQ, VQRLWDUHS2 ODUHGH) IR HFL II2 HKW RW QRLVLFHG HKW ODHSSD WLXV JQLJQLUE HURIHE VHLGHPHU HYLWDUWVLQLPGD VLK WVXDK[H \ OHPLW RW GHOLDI HO\. 3&:2 HKW IR VQRLVLFHG VWL IHQHE GQD VHUXGHFRUS HKW JQLZHLYHU PRUI GHUUDE VL WUXR& HKW HVXDFHE UHWWDP HULWQH HKW UHYR QRLWFLGVLUXM VNFDO WUXR& HKW WDKW JQLXJUD WQLDOSPRF V¶HO \. VVL PVLG RW VHYRP 6368 12,668&6,' UL& KW G ) VYUH6 WLGHU& &6& Y QRVQH+ WQHPJGXM \UDPPXV URI QRLWRP D RW WL JQLWUHYQRF WXRKWLZ VVL PVLG RW QRLWRP D JQLGLFHG QL VWQHPXFRG WUXRF JQLGXOFQL GURFHU FL OEXS QL VUHWWDP IR HFLWRQ ODLFLGXM HNDW \DP WUXR& HK7 WD G ) KWURZVJQLOOL. URYDI V¶II LWQLDO3 QL VHFQHUHI QL H OEDQRVDHU O OD VZDUG GQD VQRLWDJHO OD ODXWFDI GHGDHOS OOHZ V¶HO \. IR OOD HXUW VD VWSHFFD WL GQD UL& KW G ) RJDFLK& IR \WL& Y VQLNW$ HHV HORKZ D VD \WL O L ELVXDOS VWL VHVVHVVD GQD WQLDOSPRF HKW VGDHU WUXR& HKW E HOX5 RW WQDXVUXS VVL PVLG RW QRLWRP D JQLZHLYHU Q, WD 6 8 \OEPRZ 7 ´ IHLOHU RW WQH PHOWLWQH IR P LDOF D HVLDU WRQ GOXRF HXUW UHYHZRK WQLDOSPRF D QL VQRLWDJHOOD HKW QHKZ³ UHSRUS VL E HOX5 UHGQX P LDOF D HWDWV RW HUXO LDI URI O DVVL PVL' WD 6 8 \OEPRZ7 JQLWRXT 6 8 ODET, Y WIRUFKV$ ´¶ HFDI VWL QR HO ELVXDOS VL WDKW IHLOHU RW PLDOF D HWDWVµ RW HXUW VD GHWSHFFD UHWWDP ODXWFDI WQHLFL IIXV QLDWQRF WVXP WQLDOSPRF³ D \OWQHUHIILG WX3 6 8 \OEPRZ7 Y FLWQDOW$ OOH% ´ OHYHO HYLWDOXFHSV HKW HYRED IHLOHU RW WKJLU D HVLDU RW KJXRQH HE WVXP VQRLWDJHOOD ODXWFDI³ V¶I ILWQLDOS D VGUDGQDWV JQLGDHOS ODUHGHI HKW RW WQDXVUX3 UL& KW G ) QRLQ8 O¶WQ, SP( YUH6 Y OOL+ RVOD HHV UL& KW G ) FQ, VUHLKWRO& NQD% $ VR- Y DWVDPD& ´ GHWQDUJ HE \DP IHLOHU KFLKZ QRSX P LDOF D HWDWV RW VO LDI WL WDKW JQLXJUD \E WQLDOSPRF D IR \WL O LEDLY HKW VHJQHOODKF E HUXGHFRU3 O LYL& IR HOX5 ODUHGH) RW WQDXVUXS VVL PVLG RW QRLWRP $³ GHWWLPR VNUDP QRLWDWRXT ODQUHWQL UL& KW G ) R& NFXEHR5 VUDH6 Y FQ, ODWLJL' WQHGLFQL \URWDQL PLUFVLG GHJHOOD KFDH IR V\DG QLKWLZ JQL OHVQXRF 2(( HWDLWLQL RW \WL OL ELVQRSVHU D GDK HO\. WDKW VHXJUD 6368 \ OODF LILFHS6 HUHK WOXVHU HPDV HKW URI VHXJUD 6368 QL KWURI WHV VWL P L O H PLW HKW KWLZ \ OSPRF RW HUXOLDI URI \ OHPLWQX VD WQLDOSPRF V¶HO\. GHVVL PVLG \OHWDPLWOX 2(( 6368 HK7 HO\. RW UHWQH& WFDWQR& 2(( 6368 PRUI UHWWH/ WD WN' \URWDQL P LUFVLG GHELUFVHG WVHWDO RVOD HH6 WFD HKW QHYH UHWID V\DG UR WD WN' WVHLOUDH HKW WD OLUS$ OLWQX JQLOHVQXRF 2(( HWDLWLQL WRQ GLG HK WDKW IHLUE HVQRSVHU VLK QL VHXJUD HK UHWWDP HKW QR WQHOLV VL WQLDOSPRF VLK KJXRKWO$ \UDXQD- RW UHERWF2 IR GRLUHS HPLW HKW JQLUXG GHUUXFFR KFLKZ IR O OD GQD JQLGHHFRUS 3&:2 V¶HO \. KWLZ QRLWFHQQRF QL GHUUXFFR KFLKZ IR WVRP VQRLWFD \URWDLODWHU UR GQD \URWDQL PLUFVLG HWDUDSHV QR GHVDE VL WQLDOSPRF V¶HO\. HUH+ UL& KW ± G ) WWHUUD* Y HLQQH5 JQLWLF UL& KW G ) QR\QX5 Y QRVQKR- ´ HWLVLXTHUHUS O DQRLWFLGVLUXM D VD WRQ GQD VQRLWDWL P LO IR HWXWDWV D VD GHXUWVQRF VL HQL OGDHG VLK7³ D 5 ) & ´ QRLWFD HKW IR HWDG HYLWFHIIH HKW IR V\DG QLKWLZ QRLWFD OHQQRVUHS IR HVDF HKW QL UR \URWDQL PLUFVLG HE RW GHJHOOD UHWWDP HKW IR HWDG HKW IR V\DG QLKWLZ UROHVQXR& @2(( Q>D KWLZ WFDWQRF HWDLWLQL WVXP³ QRLWDQL PLUFVLG WQHP \ROSPH JQL PLDOF HH\ROSPH ODUHGHI GHYHLUJJD QD WDKW VJQLKW UHKWR JQRPD HULXTHU VQRLWDOXJHU &2(( VHLGHPHU HYLWDUWVL QLPGD HVRKW WVXDK[H R7 D D & 6 8 JQLWLF UL& KW G ) UHWWR3 Y ODH7 HH6 VHLGHPHU HYLWDUWVL QLPGD UHK WVXDK[H WVXP WVUL I HH\ROSPH HKW UH\ROSPH UHK WVQLDJD WF$ QRLWDWL OLEDKH5 HKW UHGQX QRLWDQL P LUFVLG URI QRLWFD O LYLF D JQLUE \DP HH\ROSPH ODUHGHI D HURIH% V VHQLO HPL7 $ HXVVL VVHQLOHPLW HKW KWLZ JQLQQLJHE QUXW QL WQHPXJUD KFDH VVHUGGD O OLZ WUXR& HK7 WN' P LDOF QRLWDQL PLUFVLG D HWDWV RW VO LDI WQLDOSPRF V¶HO \. GQD HK KJXRKWOD HUHKZ P LDOF QRLWDLODWHU GHYLDZ I ILWQLDOS UL& KW G ) \HOLU% Y VDNH/ RVOD HHV UL& KW G ) QREVL/ IR QZR7 Y RWRLO$ HH6 HXVVL HWHUFVLG D RW GHWDOHU VWQHPXJUD SROHYHG RW VO LDI \WUDS D HUHK VD HUHKZ VHLOSSD HOXU VLKW GQD WUXRF WFLUWVLG HKW HURIHE WL HVLDU RW JQLO LDI \E WQHPXJUD QD VHYLDZ QRVUHS $ UL& KW G ) QR\QX5 Y UHO\7 HH6 PHKW URI VWQHPXJUD ¶VHLWUDS HNDP RW WUXR& HKW IR \WXG HKW WRQ VL W, G, GHJHOOD VWFD \URWDQL P LUFVLG HKW IR KFDH RW WFHSVHU KWLZ WFDWQRF 2(( \ OHPLW HNDP RW GHOLDI HURIHUHKW HK WDKW GQD WQHLFL IIXV WRQ VL KFUD0 OLWQX VWQHYH \URWDQL PLUFVLG HKW IR HUDZD HPRFHE WRQ GLG HK WDKW QRLWDJHOOD VLK WDKW WQHPXJUD ODVVL PVLG V¶6368 RW²ZDO HVDF UR WQHPXJUD UHKWLH KWLZ²OOD WD GQRSVHU WRQ VHRG HO\. VGURZ UHKWR Q, ± ± WD WN' HH6 GHLILWFHU \ OHPLW VDZ GHXVUXS HK VHJHO OD HO \. KFLKZ QRLWDUHGLVQRFHU NHHV RW GRKWHP D GHGLYRUS WXE VPURI \UDVVHFHQ QUXWHU RW HUXO LDI URI JQL OHVQXRF URI WVHXTHU VLK GHVROF 2(( 6368 HKW ´VVHFRUS HKW IR QRLWDXQLWQRF HKW QL SHWVVLP³ GHWWLPGD VLK WDKW GQD KFUD0 IR V\DG QLKWLZ VL KFLKZ OLUS$ QR HGDP VDZ WL HVXDFHE \ OHPLW VDZ WFDWQRF O DXWQHYH VLK WDKW VHXJUD HO\. GDHWVQ, WFD HKW QR JQLGQHSHG \UDXUEH) RW UHEPHYR1 PRUI UR WFD \URWDQLP LUFVLG KFDH IR V\DG QLKWLZ GHWDLWL QL \OUHSRUS VL WDKW GHWDLWL QL \ OHPLW WRQ VDZ WFDWQRF 2(( 6368 V¶HO\. WDKW HWDUWVQRPHG $ WL ELK[( GQD WQLDOSPRF HK7 WD G, UHQQDP \ OHPLW D QL PURI JQLOHVQXRF WQLDOSPRF HUS VLK HO LI RW GHOLDI HK HVXDFHE HYLWFHIHG VDZ O OLWV UROHVQXRF 2(( HKW KWLZ WFDWQRF VLK KFUD0 QR VWQHYH HKW IR OOD IR GHQUDHO HO \. IL QHYH WDKW VHXJUD UHKWUXI 6368 ± WD G, HPLW QL WXR GDHUSV HUD WDKW VWQHGLFQL WQHUHI ILG VHVVDSPRFQH WQLDOSPRF V¶HO\. WDKW WFDI HKW IR WKJL O QL \OUDOXFLWUDS GUDRE HKW VVRUFD HQLOGDHG WFDWQRF JQL OHVQXRF HKW GQHW[H RW WQHLFL IIXVQL VL QRLWDJHO OD VLKW WDKW VHXJUD 6368 KFUD0 QR VQRLWFD \URWDQL PLUFVLG HKW IR OOD IR HUDZD HPDFHE HK WDKW GHJHOOD VDK HO \. WDKW VHJGHOZRQNFD 6368 KJXRKWOD QRLWLGGD Q, WD WN' RG RW GHO LDI \OGHWWLPGD HK KFLKZ UHYLDZ IR VHQLUWFRG HKW RW WFHMEXV VL GRLUHS \DG HKW VQRLWDWL P LO IR HWXWDWV D V$ \ OHPLWQX VD ODVVL PVLG RW WFHMEXV HE GOXRZ O OLWV²WUXR& VLKW HURIHE WQLDOSPRF VLK URI VLVDE HKW² - HVD& 2(( 6368 QR GHVDE VPLDOF VLK WQHPXJUD VLKW GHQRGQDED WRQ GDK HK IL QHY( \ OHPLWQX VD 6368 WVQLDJD WQLDOSPRF IR ODVVL PVLG E JQL PULIID UL& KW [¶SS$ ) UHWWR3 Y \DU* HH6 UROHVQXRF 2(( QD JQLWFDWQRF \ OHPLW WRQ \E VHLGHPHU HYLWDUWVL QLPGD VLK WVXDK[H RW GHO LDI VDK HO \. HURIHUHK7 HWDG WDKW PRUI GHWDOXFODF HE GOXRKV ZRGQLZ \DG HKW WDKW P LDOF VLK HXVUXS RW GHO LDI VDK HK VD WQDYHOHUUL VL KFUD0 WVRS QRLKVDI \OHPLW D QL GHWDLWL QL VDZ WFDWQRF V¶HO \. UHKWHKZ \ OJQLGURFF$ VP LDOF VLK IR QRLWDJLWLO JQLQRGQDED \ OHYLWFHIIH VVLPVLG RW QRLWRP RW GQRSVHU RW VO LDI II LWQLDOS D HUHKZ HWDLUSRUSSD VL ODVVL PVLG JX$ OO, ' 1 WD /: %6) NQD% UDWVJDO) Y QRWQURK7 IF GHWWLPR VQRLWDWRXT ODQUHWQL ´ QRLWFD IR HVXDF VLK WURSSXV RW VLVDE ODJHO HPRV UHIIRUS WVXP \WUDS JQLYRP QRQ HKW VVL PVLG RW QRLWRP D KWLZ GHWQHVHUS QHK:³ UL& KW G ) WVH: HKW IR R& VQ, Y \UQH+F0 IR \WQXR& RVOD HHV ´ JQLQRVDHU ¶VWQDGQHIHG HKW WVQLDJD \DV RW JQLKWHPRV HE WKJLP HUHKW UHKWHKZ UHYRFVLG RW \UW GQD KFUDHVHU V¶I ILWQLDOS HKW RG RW JQLRJ WRQ HUD \HKW WQLDOSPRF D JQLVVL PVLG URI VQRVDHU HO ELVXDOS QHYLJ HUD @VHJGXM> I,³ UL& KW G ) R& RFFDER7 VGORQ\H5 - 5 Y \HVNUL. ´UHYLDZ D VD VHWDUHSR HFQHFVHLXTFD³ GQD HFQHFVHLXTFD IR HFQHUHI QL QD VWLPUHS WQHPXJUD QD HVRSSR RW HUXO LDI D UL& KW G ) R& Y VHWDW6 GHWLQ8 VQ, OW$ ( Y R& VQ, LWDQQLFQL& UL& KW G ) VLUUD) JQLWLF UL& KW G ) $ 1 NQD% 6 8 Y HWQR% HH6 HQLOGDHG \DG HKW HUXVDHP RW KFLKZ PRUI HWDG HKW VD KFUD0 JQLVX RW HJQHOODKF V¶6368 RW VQRLWFHMER VLK GHYLDZ VDK HO\. WQHPXJUD VVHQL OHPLW O OXI V¶6368 RW HFQDWVEXV QL GQRSVHU RW JQL O LDI \E R6 QRLWDUHGLVQRFHU URI QRLWRP QZR VLK QL UR VVL PVLG RW QRLWRP ¶VWQDGQHIHG RW JQLGQRSVHU QL \WLURKWXD WQDYHOHU RW HWLF UR VWQHPXJUD ODJHO WQHVHUS RW GHO LDI HK WQLDOSPRF VLK QL QRLWDLODWHU GHJHOOD ´ P LDOF VL K I R H F Q H WVL[H H KW Q R J QLUDH E Q RLWDP UR IQ L ODWL Y Q LDWER RW H OEDQX VL H K H F Q H J LO L G H XG OOD H WL SVH G IL VQ RLWDWL P L O IR HWXWDWV H KW IR UDE H KW G L R YD RW I ILWQ LDOS SUR& HUDFKWODH+ UHW[D% Y DGD& HHV D VWL PUH S³ J Q LO O RW H OEDWL XTH UL& KW G ) DGLURO) Y GQDOOR+ 6 8 ´ J Q L O LI \ O H P LW G H WQ H Y HUS G QD ¶ \DZ VL K Q L G R R WV H FQDWVP XFULF \UDQ LGURDUW[ H H P RV WDKW GQD \ O WQ H J L OL G VWK JLU V L K J QLXVUXS Q H HE VDK H K WDKW µ³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¶HO \. JQLND7 D 5 ) & JQL OORW HOEDWLXTH RW P LK HOWLWQH QRLVVLPPR& HKW UR \FQHJD HKW \E WQHLFL IIXV GHUHGLVQRF VQRVDHU UHKWR UR GRLUHS HPLW \DG±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¶HO \. GQD OO, ' 1 WN' & R1 QDQQHU% Y HO\. - HVD& 2(( 6368 QL GHO LI WQLDOSPRF 2(( ODPURI VLK QL GHQLDWQRF VQRLWDJHO OD V¶HO\. WN' - HVD& QL ODVVL PVLG 2(( 6368 HKW VXK7 - R1 QRLWDQL PLUFVL' IR WQLDOSPR& 2(( OO, ' 1 WN' & R1 QDQQHU% Y HO\. HH6 UHEPHYR1 RW \D0 PRUI QHNDW QRLWFD VLKW QL GHJHOOD HVRKW RW UHWFDUDKF UDO L P LV D IR OOD WRQ IL WVRP VQRLWFD \URWDQL PLUFVLG HPRV GHXJRODWDF HO\. QD- GH O LI WQLDOSPRF ODPURI - HVD& 2(( 6368 QL OO, ' 1 & R1 QDQQHU% Y HO\. QL VJQLO LI HKW QL GHWFHOIHU V$ WN' ´ - HVD& 2(( \FQHJ$ QL WQLDOSPRF QRLWFDIVLWDVVLG @VLK> GHVVHUGGD WDKW UHWWHO D³ QR GHVDE QR VDZ HWDG \UHYRFVLG KFUD0 HKW WDKW \FQHJD HKW HURIHE GHJHOOD GDK HO\. WDKW VHWDFLGQL JQLGHHFRUS VLKW QL HO \. \E GHO LI - HVD& QL ODVVLPVLG 2(( 6368 HKW $ WLELK[( GQ$ VJQLGDHOS WQHXTHVEXV QL VQRLVVL PGD QL UR ´ WQLDOSPRF @VLK> QL IHLOHU URI VHVDE HOELVVRS JQLVROFHURI GLRYD³ WVXP I ILWQLDOS D UL& KW G ) KFLYHMRJDO% Y R\DPD7 HH6 KFUD0 HURIHE JQRO² \UDXQD- QL - HVD& UHWWDP 2(( 6368 HWDUDSHV D QL \UXM QL ODQRLWDSXFFR VLK HWDGRPPRFFD RW HUXO LDI GHWDHSHU D UR JQLGHHFRUS 3&:2 VLK VWQHYH HPDV HKW RW GUDJHU KWLZ VODLFL II2 HO ELVQRSVH5 \FQHJ$ HPDV HKW \E QHNDW JQLHE VQRLWFD UDO L PLV UR HPDV HKW IR WQXRFFD QR WQLDOSPRF 2(( ODPURI D GHO LI HO \. \ O ODFL ILFHS6 KFUD0 HURIHE JQLGHHFRUS VLKW QL GHJHOOD VWQHYH \URWDLODWHU GQD \URWDQLP LUFVLG HKW IR HFLWRQ QR VDZ HK HVXDFHE GHO LI \ OHPLW WRQ VDZ - HVD& 2(( 6368 WDKW HWDFLGQL VJQL O LI V¶HO\. HUH+ GRLUHS \URWXWDWV HOEDFL OSSD HKW QLKWLZ GHO LI WRQ VDZ HJUDKF &2(( V¶I ILWQLDOS WDKW ´GHODHYHU \ O QLDOS³ VWQHPKFDWWD GQD WQLDOSPRF HUHKZ WDKW JQLGORK WD [¶SS$ ) \DU* HH6 WFDI HKW UHWID VKWQRP UXRI QDKW HURP OLWQX VVHQO O L O DQRLWDSXFFR VLK HWDGRPPRFFD RW HUXOLDI V¶\FQHJD HKW WXRED QZRQN HYDK WRQ GOXRZ UR WRQ GOXRF HO\. WDKW UHIQL RW HOEDQRVDHU WRQ VL WL WXR VWQLRS 6368 VD UHYRHUR0 ´ ODVLUSHU WQDQLDOSPR& HKW PUDK RW QRLWQHWQL KWLZ WQDQLDOSPR& HKW RW VWQHPHWDWV JQLGDHO VLP HVODI HGDP \ O ODQRLWQHWQL V ODLFL II2 HO ELVQRSVH5 \FQHJ$ HK7 UHERWF2³ WD OO, ' 1 WN' & R1 QDQQHU% Y HO\. KWLZ ´ ODVLUSHU WQDQLDOSPR& HKW PUDK RW QRLWQHWQL KWLZ WQDQLDOSPR& HKW WXRED VNUDPHU JQLJDUDSVLG GQD VWQHPHWDWV JQLGDHOVL P HVODI HGDP \ O ODQRLWQHWQL VODLFLII2 HO ELVQRSVH5 \FQHJ$ HK7 UHERWF2 Q2³ WD WN' HUDSPR& - HVD& 2(( 6368 QL GHWUHVVD HVRKW RW ODFLWQHGL \ OUDHQ HUD - HVD& 2(( 6368 QL VQRLWDJHOOD HKW IR HPRV WFDI Q, VQRLVDFFR WQHUHIILG ODUHYHV QR VVHQO OL ODQRLWDSXFFR V¶HO\. HWDGRPPRFFD RW HUXO LDI HKW GQD 3&:2 HKW RW QRLWDWQHPXFRG WL PEXV \ OHPLW RW HUXOLDI HKW JQLGHHFRUS 3&:2 HKW KWLZ QRLWFHQQRF QL VNUDPHU JQLJDUDSVLG IR JQLNDP HKW 3&:2 HKW RW VWQHPHWDWV GQD VWURSHU HVODI IR QRLVVL PEXV HKW²JQLGHHFRUS 3&:2 V¶HO\. RW GUDJHU QL QHNDW VQRLWFD IR HS\W HPDV HKW WXRED VQLDOSPRF GQD HVDF VLKW QL HXVVL WD GRLUHS HPLW HKW IR WUDS WVDHO WD VUHYRF WQLDOSPRF 2(( 6368 UHLOUDH HKW HUHKZ HXUW \ OUDOXFLWUDS VL VLK7 UHWWHO WDKW IR WSLHFHU HURIHE PHKW WXRED QZRQN HYDK GOXRKV UR ZHQN HK WDKW KFXV HUHZ VHFQDWVPXFULF HKW JQLGHHFRUS 2(( 6368 GHO LI UHL OUDH V¶HO \. JQLGUDJHU UHWWHO D QL GHFQHUHIHU HUHZ VWQHYH HKW IL QHYH VL WDK7 ´ HQRQ HUD HUHKW HUHKZ VWFDI HWDHUF RW UR HOEDQRVDHU WRQ HUD WDKW VHFQHUHIQL HNDP RW WRQ VL WUXR& HKW II LWQLDOS HKW RW HOEDURYDI WVRP WKJL O HKW QL WQLD OSPRF HKW GDHU WVXP WUXR& HKW HO LK:³ UD0 OO, ' 1 WD /: DLUR' Y \HYLS6 J H HH6 VWQHYH \URWDQL P LUFVLG GHJHOOD OOD RW GUDJHU KWLZ GHGQHW[H HE GOXRKV HQLOGDHG \DG HKW WDKW KFXV VWURIIH WQHJL O LG VLK HWLSVHG UHQQDP \ OHPLW D QL UROHVQXRF D JQLWFDWQRF PRUI GHWQHYHUS VDZ HK WDKW UR HWDG WDKW HURIHE VQRLWFD HKW WXRED QZRQN HYDK WRQ GOXRKV \ OEDQRVDHU H O\. WDKW UHIQL RW HOEDQRVDHU WRQ VL WL VJQLO LI HVHKW VDK WQHPHJDQD0 HFUXRVH5 KWODH+ VLRQL O O, ODUWQH& HKW ODUHQHJ Q,³ WD GL RVOD HHV ± ± VR1 WD WN' HH6 JQLGHHFRUS QRLWDVQHSPRF ¶VUHNURZ VLK KWLZ QRLWFHQQRF Q L VODLUHWDP WLPEXV RW JQLVXIHU GQD VODQRLVVHIRUS ODFLGHP JQLWRXTVLP PLK WXRED VWQHPHWDWV JQLGDHOVLP UR HVODI JQLNDP ODLUHWDP WQHOXGXDUI UR HVODI JQLWWL PEXV UHKWLH \E P LDOF 3&:2 VLK KWLZ GHUHIUHWQL HYDK VODLFL II2 HOELVQRSVH5 \FQHJ$ WDKW VL WQLDOSPRF V¶HO\. IR WVXUKW HK7 VJQLGHH FRU3 3&:2 V¶HO\. JQLGU DJH5 VP LDO& VQRVDHU JQLZROORI HKW URI PHKW VVLP VLG GOXRZ OOLWV WUXR& HKW \OHPLWQX WRQ HUHZ VPLDOF V¶HO \. IL QHY( O DVV LPVL' U RI VHVD% UHKW2 V¶6368 % HOXU \DG HKW KWLZ HFQDL OSPRF QL GHWDLWLQL WRQ VDZ - HVD& 2(( 6368 QL WFDWQRF 2(( VLK WDKW HWDFLGQL VJQL OL I V¶HO \. GQD WQLDOSPRF HKW HVXDFHE P LDOF WDKW GHYLDZ WRQ GDK HK IL QHYH GQD WQLDOSPRF HKW QL GHJHOOD VQRLWFD \URWDLODWHU GQD \URWDQLP LUFVLG HKW IR O OD RW \OSSD GOXRKV KFUD0 IR HWDG \UHYRFVLG D WDKW P LDOF VLK GHYLDZ HK HVXDFHE \ OHPLWQX VD GHVVL P VLG VL WQLDOSPRF V¶HO \. PXV Q, ´G R LUH S H P LW H KW Q L KWL Z VOODI WFD H QR WVDHO WD G QD H FLWFDUS WQ H P \ R O SP H O XIZDO Q X H PDV H KW IR WUDS HUD P LDO F H K W HWXWL WVQ RF K F LKZ VWFD OOD VD J Q R O RV G HUUDE H P LW H E WRQ O OL Z³ Q RLWDO R L Y J Q L XQ LWQ R F IR H S\W D VL K FL K Z P LDO F W Q H P Q RULY Q H N UR Z H OL WVRK D WD 6 8 R VOD H H V G R LUH S VQ R LWDWL P L O H K W Q L KWL Z J QLUUXF FR UH KWR QD \E G H N QLO VL WFD HKW IL WFD G HUUDE H PLW D UR I IH L O HU QLDWER \DP IILWQLDOS D H Q LUWFR G Q R LWDOR L Y FQ, VODQLPUH7 ODGRPUHWQ, J Q LXQ L WQ RF H KW UH GQX J X$ OO, ' 1 WD /: ;6& Y \HQR& HH6 OLUS$ RW \UDXUEH) WFDWQ RF 2(( V¶H O \. H UR IH E V\DG H KW Q L KWL Z G HUUXFF R VWFD \URWDQ L P LUFVL G G H J H O OD H K W IR H Q R Q HVXDF H E H UH K \ O H P LW WQ LDO SP R F 2(( V¶ H O \ . H N DP RW \OSSD WR Q V H RG H Q LUWFR G Q RLWDO R L Y J Q L XQ LWQ R F HK7 P LDOF VL K H YDV WR Q RG WD WN ' ´VQ R LWDO RL Y J QL XQ LWQ RF³ R W VH FQ H UH IH U J QLVVDS V¶ H O\. WQ L R S ODQLI D V$ WQLDOSPRF HKW IR ODVVLPVLG JQL PULIID HURIHUHKW GQD UROHVQXRF 2(( QD JQLWFDWQRF QL VVHQL OHPLWQX V¶I ILWQLDOS HKW HVXF[H WRQ GLG D VLK IR OHFUDS GQD WUDS HUD HUHK GHJHO OD VP LDOF QRLWDLODWHU GQD QRLWDQL PLUFVLG HKW IR QLDWUHF ± WD WN' HHV HWDUDSHV HE QDF VP LDOF QRLWDVQHSPRF ¶VUHNURZ GQD QRLWDQL PLUFVLG WDKW VHXJUD \ OWFHUURF HO \. KJXRKWO$ GHOWLWQH VL HK VHYHL OHE HK KFLKZ RW WDKW WDKW VWL IHQHE IR WQXRPD UHVVHO D GHGUDZD HE RW P LK GHVXDF \ OEDPXVHUS KFLKZ VJQLGHHFRUS 3&:2 VLK KWLZ JQLUHIUHWQL \E P LK WVQLDJD GHWDQL PLUFVLG GQD GHWDLODWHU VODLFLIIR 6368 WDKW VHJHOOD HK GDHWVQL VJQLGHHFRUS 3&:2 VLK RW GUDJHU KWLZ VP LDOF ODQRLWXWLWVQRF \QD WUHVVD WRQ VHRG HO\. HUH+ VP LDOF ODQRLWXWLWVQRF URI QRLWSHF[H QD QLDWQRF RW HWXWDWV HKW JQLXUWVQRF UL& KW ± G ) URED/ IR W¶SH' 6 8 Y VHLNUH]& HH6 VQRLWDQLPUHWHG HYLWDUWVLQLPGD RW VHJQHOODKF ODQRLWXWLWVQRF QRQ IR ZHLYHU VHGXOFHUS $&() HKW IR QRLVLYRUS ´JQLVROFURRG³ HKW VGURZ UHKWR Q, 5)& HH6 VPLDOF $&() JQLGUDJHU VQRLVLFHG VUHGQHU 3&:2 ´UHKWHJRWOD ZHLYHU ODLFLGXM UDE³ RW GHGQHWQL VVHUJQR& HJDXJQDO ´HYLVQHKHUSPRF GQD VXRXJL EPDQX³ KFXV JQL \ROSPH QL Q 6 8 WPJ0 OHQQRVUH3 IR HFLII2 Y OKDGQL/ HHV E & 6 8 ´ HVLZUHKWR UR VXPDGQDP \E WUXR& D \E UR VHWDW6 GHWLQ8 HKW IR ODLFLIIR UHKWRQD \E ZHLYHU RW WFHMEXV WRQ GQD WFDI GQD ZDO IR VQRLWVHXT OOD RW WFHSVHU KWLZ GQD VHVRSUXS OOD URI HYLVXOFQRF GQD ODQLI ²VL UHWSDKFEXV VLKW UHGQX WQHP\DS D JQL\QHG UR J QLZROOD QL HHQJLVHG UHK UR \UDWHUFH6 HKW IR QRLWFD HK7³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´$&()³ WF$ QRLWDVQHSPR& ¶VHH\ROSP( ODUHGH) HKW VHWRQ 6368 V$ ´VPLDOF QRLWDVQHSPRF ¶VUHNURZ V¶I ILWQLDO3 HKW QL GHUHIUHWQL \ O OXI O O LZ \OWQHWVLVQRF WXE WD WN ' HHV V P LDO F VLK UR I VLVDE HKW VD WF $ H Y DH / ODFL G H 0 \ OL P D) H KW ´ QR LWDL ODWH5 W Q H P G Q H P $ THV WH H & 6 8 IR WF$ VWKJL5 OLYL& HKW IR ,,9 HOWL7 RW VHWLF RVOD WQLDOSPRF V¶HO\. WVUL)³ HGD: HH6 ± WD /: \ WL OLEDVL G \QD UR \ WL YLWFD 2(( URLUS VL K RW J Q L G H H FRUS 3&:2 V¶ H O \. RW GUDJ HU KWL Z VQ RLWFD G QD WQ H PVVDUDK V¶6368 H K W J QL WF H QQ RF VWFDI H J H OOD RW G H OLDI VDK HGD: QL WUXR& HKW GLG VD GQLI GOXRZ WUXR& HKW V JQLGHHFRUS 3&:2 V¶HO\. QL VQRLWDQLPUHWHG H O\. WDKW R Q H UH Z H UH K W IL Q H Y( VK WQ R P WVDS H KW Q L H O \ . \E G H Y L H FHU Q R LWDVQ H S P RF ¶VUH N UR Z QL VLUHSXDS DPURI QL WN' RVOD HHV ´VWLIHQHE QRLWDVQHSPRF JQLQLOWXR³ UHWWH/ HH6 VQRLWDQLPUHWHG VWLIHQHE WFHOIHU RW UDHSSD VVLPVLG RW QRLWRP V¶6368 HKW RW VWLELK[H J Q LWVL O QR LWDFLOSSD WF2 WN' QLDWUH F WDKW VH WR Q WUXR& H KW G QD \ OX- H FQLV VW L I H Q H E JQ L Y L H FH U Q H H E VDK H O\. WDK W VH J H O OD WL K JXR KWOD WQ LRS WFD[H VL KW QR UDH OF WRQ VL WQ LDO S P RF H K7 H J Q H O ODKF RW VQ R LWDQ L P UH WH G \QD VN FDO J Q L G H HFRUS 3&:2 V¶ H O\. IL H UH K G H LOSSD HE G O XRF \ O ODLWQ H WRS H ODQ RLWDU H PDV H K7 NFDWWD RW VQ R LVL F H G RQ H UH Z H UH KW HVXDF HE J Q LG H H FRUS 3&:2 Q H SR Q H KW D K WLZ Q R LWF H Q QRF QL VQ RLWFD V¶6368 RW G H WDOHU Q R LWDQ L P LUFVL G IR V P LDOF H GXO FHUS WR Q GLG $&() WDKW G O H K DLQ DY O\ VQ QH3 IR WFLUWVL' QUHWVD( H KW HUHK7 WD WN' HRKDQR' Y HGD: \ E G HWLF WSH6 D3 ' ( WD /: HH6 H O \. IR H WR Q VHNDW WUXR& H K7 \ UXMQ L H FDO SNUR Z VLK UR I \UH Y R FHU VL K G H VDHUF HG WDKW J Q L K WH P RV G DHWVQL WXE \UXM Q L H OEDVQ H SP R F \ OHWDUDSHV D VD Q RL WDQ L P LUFVLG H J H OOD RW UDHSSD WR Q VH R G H O \. H VXDFHE \UXM Q L H FDO SNUR Z H KW GQD Q R LWDQ L P LUFVLG H K W Q H H ZWH E Q R LWF QL WVLG R Q VL H UH KW HUH+ VJ Q L G H H FRUS 3&:2 VLK P RUI J Q L P P HWV WDKW²PUDK I R H S\W H Q R \ O Q R G H J H OOD VDK H K WQ LDO SP R F V¶H O \. P RUI UDH OF VL VD WX% ´ VP UDK I R VH S\W WQ H UH I IL G J Q LVVH UGHU WD G H P LD Q R LWFD IR VH VXDF WQ HUH I IL G HUD K FL K Z Q R LWDQ L P LUFVL G I R V P LDOF WR Q VH LUXM Q L G H WDOH U NUR Z RW V H LOSSD $&()³ VQ LDOS[H ± WD WN ' Q L G H WLF JQLQQD) Y VLUUD+ WWRFVHU3 FH' & ' ' WD /: VD HWDUWVXO OL R7 \UXM Q L ER M H KW Q R QD H WDG R P P RFFD R W HUXO LDI UR I P LDO F WQ H XT HVEXV D UDE WR Q GL G $&() & ' ' G SSX6 DOOHSD7 Y VPDLOOL: J H HH6 ) G H J H O OD H KW H UH K Z ²H UH K VWQ H VH US IO H VWL J Q L G H HFRUS 3&:2 H KW IR WUDS VD WXR G HLUUDF VL Q R LWDQ L P LUFVL G HK Q RLWDXWLV H KW RW H OEDFL OSSDQ L HUD H O \. \E G H WL F VHVDF HK7 GHO LDI 6368 HKW WDKW VHJHOOD HK VQRLWDJHOOD KFXV JQLXUWVQRF \ O ODUHEL/ JQLGHHFRUS 3&:2 VLK IR WQHGQHSHGQL HUD WDKW VQRLWFD \URWDLODWHU UR \URWDQL P LUFVLG IR OXIGQDK D VHJHOOD HO \. \ O ODQL) VPLDO& WF$ QRLWDWLOLEDKH5 $'$ UL& KW [¶SS$ ) UHWWR3 Y QZRU% HH6 HUHK HOEDOLDYD WRQ HUD VPHWL KFXV 3&:2 HKW HURIHE VJQLGHHFRUS HKW IR HVUXRF HKW IR QRL VLYUHSXV V¶WUXR& VLKW UR VWLIHQHE QRLWDVQHSPRF ¶VUHNURZ VLK JQLGUDJHU URED/ IR WQHPWUDSH' HKW IR QRLVLFHG \QD IR ZHLYHU D VWVHXTHU WQLDOSPRF V¶HO\. WDKW WQHW[H HKW RW \ OJQLGURFF$ VWLELKRUS HWXWDWV HKW WDKZ VL VLK7 VJQLGHHFRUS VWL GHWFXGQRF \OUHSRUSPL UR VWL IHQHE IR WQXRPD UDOXFLWUDS D HO \. GHGUDZD \OJQRUZ URED/ IR \UDWHUFH6 HKW UHKWHKZ RWQL HULXTQL RW WUXR& HKW HULXTHU GOXRZ \OHWDPLWOX WUDS HJUDO QL UHWWDP VLKW QL VHJHOOD HK WDKZ QR GDHK 3&:2 HKW IR VQRLWDQLPUHWHG VWL IHQHE \QD HJQHO ODKF \ OWLFLOS[H WRQ VHRG HO\. KJXRKW QHYH \OWQHUHIILG WX3 VP LDOF QRLWDVQHSPRF ¶VUHNURZ RJDFLK& IR \WL& Y GOHLIPXU% UL& KW G ) ´ WQ H P \ R O SP H Q L Q RL WDQ L P LUFVLG \ WL OLEDVL G VH VVH UGGD \ O H Y L VXOF [H GQD \ O H Y LV Q H KH US P RF \ OODF L IL FH SV , H OWL7 HVXDF HE Q R LWDQ L P LUFVL G WQ H P \ R O SP H RW H OEDF LOSSDQ L \ OUDH OF VL ,, H OWL7³ HVXDF HE V P LDO F VLK R W \OSSD G O XR F , H OWL7 \O Q R , , H OWL7 Q L KWL Z VQ R LWF H V RW VH WLF \ OQ R WQ LDO SP R F V¶H O \. K J XR KWO$ & 6 8 ´ \WL WQ H KFXV \ QD \E Q R LWDQ L P LUFVLG RW G H WF H MEXV HE UR \ WLWQ H FLOEXS D IR VH L WLYLWFD UR VPDUJRUS VH FLYU H V H KW IR VWL IH Q H E H KW G H L Q H G HE UR Q L Q RLWDSLFLWUDS P RUI G H G XO F[H HE \ WL OLEDVL G KFXV IR Q RVDHU \E OODKV \ WL OLEDVLG D KWL Z ODXG L Y L G QL G H LI LODXT RQ³ $ '$ H KW IR ,, H OWL7 RW WQDXVUX3 D & 6 8 VH L WL OLEDVLG UL H KW IR HVXDF HE WQ H P \ R O S P H GQD J Q LULK Q L VH L WLO LEDVL G KWL Z VODXG L Y LG Q L G H L IL ODXT WVQLDJD J Q LWDQ L P LUFVL G PRUI G H WLEL KRUS HUD VUH \ RO S P H G H UH Y RF $ '$ H KW IR , H OWL7 VVL P VL G R W QR L WRP V¶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¶II LWQLDOS HKW IR HUDZD HE WVXP UH\ROSPH HKW \WL O LEDVLG D KWLZ ODXGL YLGQL GHL IL ODXT D HE WVXP I ILWQLDOS HKW HUD P LDOF HWDGRPPRFFD RW HUXO LDI D IR VWQHPHOH HK7 VQRVDHU HOSLWOXP URI O LDI OOLWV \HKW WF$ QRLWDWL O LEDKH5 HKW UHGQX WKJXRUE VD VPLDOF VLK JQLZHL9 RW \OSSD WRQ VHRG $'$³ UL& KW Q G ) \HYUD* Y ´VHLFQHJD ODUHGHI NHU\' ´ VHWDW6 GHWLQ8 HKW IR WQHPQUHYRJ HKW \E GHQZR \ OORKZ QRLWDURSURF D @UR> VHWDW6 GHWLQ8 HKW HGXOFQL WRQ VHRG ¶UH\ROSPHµ PUHW HK7³ % & 6 8 HH6 $'$ HKW RW WFHMEXV ´UH\ROSPH³ QD WRQ VL VHWDW6 GHWLQ8 HKW HVXDFHE 6368 WVQLDJD P LDOF $'$ , HOWL7 D JQLUE WRQQDF HO\. WUDWV R7 VR1 WD WN' ´ WUDS VHLFQHJ$ ULHKW QR HUXVROFVLG UHSRUSP L GQD VQRLWDORLY \ FLORS \FDYLUS ODUHYHV GHFQHUHIHU³ VODLFLIIR GQD ´VHLWL O LEDVLG ODWQHP³ VLK RW HXG ´JQLGO LXE HKW QL UR NURZ RW NFDE³ GHZROOD HE WRQ HK WDKW ODYRPHU VLK RW URLUS HFDOS QL \FLORS D VDZ HUHKW WDKW WF$ QRLWDWL OLEDKH5 GQD $'$ HKW IR QRLWDORLY QL ´VVHQO O L ODQRLWDSXFFR GHWSHFFD³ VLK HWDGRPPRFFD RW K FLKZ WQHPULDSPL ODWQHP UR ODFLV\KS D $ ³ VQDHP ´\WL O LEDVLG³ & 6 8 HH6 HWXWDWV \ E GHQL IHG VD VHLWL O LEDVLG HUD VHXVVL KWODHK ODWQHP VLK WDKW GHJHO OD \OWQHLFLIIXV WRQ VDK HK VHLUXM QL FL ILFHSV HVHKW VGUDJHU \OEDPXVHUS KFLKZ \URWVLK QRLWDVQHSPRF ¶VUHNURZ GHJHOOD V¶HO\. QR GHVDE \WLO LEDVLG D URI GUDGQDWV JQLGDHOS HKW \IVLWDV \DP VHXVVL HONQD GQD WRRI V¶HO\. WDKW HOELVVRS VL WL HOLK: WD WN' ´ '673 UHGURVL' \WHL[Q$ QRLVVHUSH' URMD0³ GQD ´HONQD GQD WRRI WIHO HKW JQLGUDJHU VHVVHQO O L ODQRLWDSXFFR @FLV> WQDQHPUHS³ GHJHO OD \ OHXJDY O OLWV D PRUI VUHI IXV HK OOHW QDF WUXR& HKW WVHE VD JQLGHHFRUS VLKW QL HO \. \E GHWWLPEXV VJQL OLI 2(( 6368 HKW RW JQLNRRO QHY( VWQHPHWDWV ODJHO \URVXOFQRF UR QRLWFD IR HVXDF D IR VWQHPHOH HKW IR VQRLWDWLFHU WFDUWVED HWDXTHGD VD WSHFFD WRQ GOXRKV VWUXRF VQRLWDJHOOD ODXWFDI V¶II LWQLDOS HKW JQLUHGLVQRF QL UL& KW G ) VVR5 Y VNRRU% H H6 VPLDOF HVHKW IR ODVVLPVLG WLUHP RW KJXRQH HUD VQRLWDJHOOD \URVXOFQRF V¶HO\. JQLUUHIHU VL HK VHLWL OLEDVLG UR VHVVHQO OL KFLKZ RW VVHXJ RW WUXR& HKW VHYDHO KFLKZ VHXVVL KFXV JQLGUDJHU VWFDI ODQR LWLGGD \QD HJHOOD WRQ VHRG HK ´ VHLWL O LEDVLG ODWQHP³ GQD ´VVHQOO L ODQRLWDSXFFR GHWSHFFD³ QD VHFQHUHIHU HK KJXRKWOD HVXDFHE GHULVHG HE RW KFXP VHYDHO WQLDOSPRF V¶HO\. G & 6 8 JQLWLF ´ @$'$> HKW IR WQHP \ROSPH RW JQLWDOHU VQRLVLYRUS GQD VGUDGQDWV HKW HVX VWUXRF WDKW VHULXTHU WF$ QRLWDWL O LEDKH5 HKW W[HWQRF WQHP \ROSPH HKW Q,³ OO, ' 1 G SSX6 ) LSLFQLU3 Y NDYR1 P LDOF WF$ QRLWDWL O LEDKH5 D JQL]\ ODQD Q L ´GHOEDVLG³ IR QRLWL QLIHG \URWXWDWV V¶$'$ HKW JQLVX UL& KW G ) UHWWR3 Y JUD* & 6 8 HH6 ´ WQHPULDSPL KFXV JQLYDK VD GHGUDJHU @VL> UR WQHPULDSP L K FXV IR GURFHU D \WLYLWFD HI LO URMDP D VWL P LO \ OODLWQDWVEXV WDKW WQHPULDSP L ODWQHP UR ODFL V\KS³ D VDK HK WDKW QRLWL QLIHG V¶HWXWDWV HKW UHGQX GH OEDVLG VL HO\. WDKW VQRLWDJHOOD HULXTHU VPLDOF KWR% UL& KW G ) RJDFLK& IR \WL& Y QRVNFD \WL OLEDVLG VLK IR WOXVHU D VD QRLWFD WQHP \ROSPH HVUHYGD QD GHUHI IXV VDK HK GQD QRLWDGRPPRFFD P LDOF D HWDWV RW GH O LDI VDK HO \. VQRVDHU HVHKW IR OOD UR) VJQLGHHFRUS 3&:2 VLK KWLZ QRLWFHQQRF QL QHNDW VQRLWFD HUHZ GDHWVQL WXE HO\. WD GHWFHULG HUHZ \HKW WDKW HWDFLGQL VWQHGLFQL GHJHOOD HKW IR HQRQ JQLKW HQR UR) UL& KW G ) UHWWR3 Y HLQQD0 JQLWRXT UL& KW [¶SS$ ) UHWWR3 Y WUHSSX+ ´¶ WQHPQRULYQH JQLNURZ HYLVXED QD HWDHUF GQD WQHP\ROSPH IR VQRLWLGQRF HKW UHWOD RW VD HYLVDYUHS UR HUHYHV RVµ VL WDKW \DZ D QL \WL O LEDVLG VLK IR WQXRFFD QR GHVVDUDK³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´ VHULVHG UR VGORK ODXGL YLGQL KFXV WDKW QRLWLVRS WQHP \ROSPH HKW IR VQRLWFQXI ODLWQHVVH HKW PURIUHS QDF QRLWDGRP PRFFD HOEDQRVDHU WXRKWLZ UR KWLZ RKZ ODXGL YLGQL³ QD JQLQDHP \WLO LEDVLG D KWLZ ODXGL YLGQL GHLILODXT D VL HK WDKW HJHOOD RW VO LDI HO\. UHKWUX) ´ WQHPULDSPL QD KFXV JQLYDK VD GHGUDJHU JQLHE & UR ´WQHPULDSP L QD KFXV IR GURFHU D % ³ ´VHLWLYLWFD HILO URMDP HURP UR HQR VWL P L O \ O ODLWQDWVEXV HJGX- WFLUWVL' VHWDW6 GHWLQ8 O ODGQH. 0 DL QLJUL9 QR+ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB \OX- HWD' HVDF HKW HVROF GQD WQHPJGXM ODQLI UHWQH O OLZ WUXR& HK7 WN' VVLPVLG RW QRLWRP V¶6368 VWQDUJ WUXR& HKW HYRED GHWDWV VQRVDHU HKW UR) 12,68/&12&

Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.

This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.