Ericson v. Stolfe et al, No. 1:2017cv01434 - Document 32 (N.D. Ill. 2018)

Court Description: MEMORANDUM Opinion and Order signed by the Honorable Virginia M. Kendall on 9/12/2018. Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment 21 is granted. Final Judgment will be entered in favor of Defendants and against Ericson. Mailed notice(lk, )

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Ericson v. 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