Bandas v. United Recovery Service, LLC, No. 1:2017cv01323 - Document 63 (N.D. Ill. 2018)

Court Description: MEMORANDUM Opinion and Order signed by the Honorable Virginia M. Kendall on 9/7/2018. The Court denies Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment 47 and grants Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment 50 . Mailed notice(lk, )

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Bandas v. 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