United States of America v. Miller, No. 1:2016cv04387 - Document 31 (N.D. Ill. 2018)

Court Description: MEMORANDUM Opinion and Order signed by the Honorable Virginia M. Kendall on 8/19/2018. Petitioner's Motion to Vacate, Set Aside or Correct Sentence (2255) 1 is denied. The Court further declines to certify any issue any for appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 2253(c)(2). Mailed notice(lk, )

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