Kennedy v. Electric Insurance Company, No. 4:2018cv00148 - Document 45 (S.D. Ga. 2020)

Court Description: ORDER granting in part and denying in part 38 Motion in Limine. Motions in Limine 41 and 42 are construed as Motions for Summary Judgment. The parties are required to file any supplement ten days from the date of this order. Signed by Magistrate Judge Christopher L. Ray on 3/24/20. (jrb)

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Kennedy v. Electric Insurance Company Doc. 45 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF GEORGIA SAVANNAH DIVISION ,1*0") "-'00'&; "+++ " " " " " " 2Ø ÆºßÆ " " ©" " " " " " " '.'%64+%"+0574#0%'"%1/2#0; "" " " " & º¸ ºß " " " " " " " " " " " " " %8 " ORDER $ æø " ß " %æ­øß" ø " ¸ º¸ ºß œ" (Æøœß" /æßÆæº" ƺ" .ƌƺ " ¸æ " " Ø ÆºßÆ œ"/æßÆæº"ƺ".ƌƺ "¸æ " " º¸"¸ º¸ ºß œ"œ 溸"/æßÆæº"ƺ".ƌƺ " ¸æ " ""(æø"ß " æØØæ¬Æº "ø œæºœ "¸ º¸ ºß œ"(Æøœß"/æßÆæº"ƺ".ƌƺ "¸æ " " Æœ"GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART ""2Ø ÆºßÆ œ"/æßÆæº"ƺ".ƌƺ "¸æ " " º¸" ¸ º¸ ºß œ" œ 溸" /æßÆæº" ƺ" .ƌƺ " ¸æ " " ø " CONSTRUED AS MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT " " 6 " øßÆ œ" ø " ¸Æø ß ¸" ßæ" ÆØ " º " º œœ ø "œ­ Ø Œ ºß ßÆæº"¬Æß Æº"ß º"¸ œ" øæŒ"ß "¸ ß "æ "ß Æœ"æø¸ ø "" BACKGROUND" " 6 Æœ" œ " ¬ œ" ø Œæ© ¸" ßæ" ( ¸ ø Ø" %æ­øß" æº" ,­º " " " " &æ " "" 2Ø ÆºßÆ " ,æ º" - ºº ¸ " 欺œ" øæ øß " æ© ø ¸" " " æŒ æ¬º ø œ" ƺœ­ø º " æØÆ " Æœœ­ ¸" " ¸ º¸ ºß" 'Ø ßøÆ " +ºœ­ø º " %æŒ º " " &æ " " ß" " " +º" ¸¸ÆßÆæº" ßæ" æ© øƺ " ß " æŒ " ß " æØÆ " Øœæ" æ© ø ¸" æß ø" œßø­ ß­ø œ " Dockets.Justia.com ƺ Ø­¸Æº " "¸æ "¸æ " æ­œ " º¸"¬ Ø ¬ "æº"ß " øæ øß ""Id.""2Ø ÆºßÆ " ØØ œ" ß ß"¸­øƺ "*­øøÆ º "/ ßß ¬"ƺ" " Æœ" øæ øß "œ­ ø ¸" "ßæß Ø"Ø朜"æ "ß " ¸æ "¸æ " æ­œ " º¸"¬ Ø ¬ " œ" "ø œ­Øß"æ " Æ "¬Æº¸œ ""Id. 2Ø ÆºßÆ "œ­ ŒÆßß ¸" " Ø ÆŒ"ßæ"¸ º¸ ºß "¬ Æ "¬ œ"¸ ºÆ ¸" ß ø" º" º ƺ ø"¸ ß øŒÆº ¸"ß ß"ß " ¸ Œ " ¸" º" ­œ ¸" "œßæøŒ"œ­ø ""&æ " " ß" ""& º¸ ºß" œœ øßœ"ß ß" ¸ Œ " ­œ ¸" " Øææ¸"æø"œßæøŒ"œ­ø "Æœ" ® Ø­¸ ¸" øæŒ" æ© ø "­º¸ ø"ß " ß øŒœ"æ "ß " æØÆ ""Id.""2Ø ÆºßÆ " œ"Ƹ ºßÆ Æ ¸" º" ® øß"¬ æ" ØØ œ"ƺœß ¸" ß ß"ß "¸æ " º¸"¬ Ø ¬ "¬ ø "¸ Œ ¸" " "ßæøº ¸æ ""Id." ß" " " # ß ø" ø Œæ© Ø " ß " øßÆ œ" 溸­ ß ¸" ¸Æœ æ© ø " º¸" ¸ º¸ ºß" ÆØ ¸" " /æßÆæº" æø"5­ŒŒ ø ",­¸ Œ ºß "¸æ " "ßæ"¬ Æ " Ø ÆºßÆ "ø œ 溸 ¸ ""&æ " "" & º¸ ºß œ"/æßÆæº" æø"5­ŒŒ ø ",­¸ Œ ºß"¬ œ"Œæø " ­ø ß Ø " ø ß øÆ ¸" œ" " ØØ º " ßæ" Ø ÆºßÆ œ" ® øß" ­øœ­ ºß" ßæ" Daubert v. 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" "( ¸" " " ß "%Æø " "" " ø " º "ßø "ø Œæ© Ø" ß "ß " æ© ø "œ æ­Ø¸" " ­øß ø"ø ¸­ ¸ ""&æ " " ß" """ 2Ø ÆºßÆ " æ¬ © ø "¸Æœ ø œ ""2Ø ÆºßÆ " æºß º¸œ"ß ß"æº "æ "ß " ¸¸ÆßÆæº Ø" º¸æøœ Œ ºßœ"ß ß" " ­ø œ ¸"ƺ ø œ œ"ß " æ© ø "ßæ" ø Ø Œ ºß" æœß "" Id.""2Ø ÆºßÆ " æƺߜ"ßæ" " æøßÆæº"æ "ß " æØÆ "¬ Æ "ø ¸œ" œ" æØØ欜 "" 4 Ø Œ ºß" %æœß" 2øæß ßÆæº &¬ ØØƺ %æ© ø ¸" Ø朜 œ" ßæ" ­Æظƺ œ" ­º¸ ø" %æ© ø " #" æø" $" ø " œ ßßØ ¸" ß" ø Ø Œ ºß" æœß" ¬Æß æ­ß"¸ ¸­ ßÆæº" æø"¸ ø Æ ßÆæº "œ­ ª ß"ßæ"ß " æØØæ¬Æº " 9 "¬ÆØØ" "ß " æœß"ßæ"ø Æø"æø"ø Ø "¬Æß æ­ß"¸ ¸­ ßÆæº" æø"¸ ø Æ ßÆæº " ­ß"ºæß" ® ¸Æº "ß "œŒ ØØ œß"æ "ß " æØØæ¬Æº " Œæ­ºßœ " " 9 " ø " ß ß" ß Æœ" Œæ­ºß" Œ " ® ¸" ß " ØÆŒÆß" æ " ØÆ ÆØÆß "¬ Æ " ØÆ œ"ßæ"%æ© ø "# " %æœß"ßæ"ø Ø "ß "¸ Œ ¸" øß"æ "ß " ­Æظƺ "¬Æß " ß "œ Œ "Œ ß øÆ Øœ" º¸" æø"ß "œ Œ "­œ " 6 " Œæ­ºß" æ­" ¸"ßæ"œ º¸"ßæ"ø Æø"æø"ø Ø "ß " ¸ Œ ¸" ­Æظƺ " " &æ " " ß" ""2Ø ÆºßÆ " ø ­ œ"ß ß"ß Æœ" øæ©ÆœÆæº" ØØ欜" ÆŒ"ßæ"œ "ø æ© ø "ƺ" ® œœ"æ "ß ß" øæ©Æ¸ ¸" "ß " æØÆ """ " & º¸ ºß œ" ø ­Œ ºß" ƺ" æ æœÆßÆæº" Æœ" ß ß " ¸ œ Æß " ß " ß øŒœ" æ " ß " æØÆ " Ø Æº "ßæ" ­Æظƺ œ"­º¸ ø"%æ© ø "#"æø"$ "Æß"Æœ"ƺ¸­œßø "œß º¸ ø¸"ßæ" Ø "æ­ß"ß "ØÆŒÆßœ"æ "ØÆ ÆØÆß "ƺ"ß "¸ Ø ø ßÆ溜" ""&æ " " ß" ""& º¸ ºß" Øœæ" ø ­ œ"ß ß"ß "ß øŒœ" Æß ¸" æ© " ØØæ¬"ß " Œæ­ºß"ßæ" ® ¸"ß "ØÆŒÆß"æ " ØÆ ÆØÆß " ØÆ ¸"ßæ"%æ© ø "# " ­ß"¸æ"ºæß"œÆŒÆØ øØ " ØØæ¬"ß " æØÆ "ßæ" ® ¸" ß "ØÆŒÆß"æ "ØÆ ÆØÆß "ß ß" ØÆ œ"ßæ"%æ© ø "$ ""Id. ß" "".Æ ¬Æœ "¸ º¸ ºß" ØØ œ" ß ß" ß " ß øŒœ" ø Ø Œ ºß" æœß " º¸" ØÆŒÆß" ßæ" æ© ø " ø " ºæß" " ƺ æŒ ßÆ Ø ""Id.""& º¸ ºß" ƺ ØØ " ø ­ œ"ß ß" Ø ÆºßÆ œ"Æºß ø ø ß ßÆæº"æ "ß " æØÆ " ¬æ­Ø¸" " ÆØØæ Æ Ø " œÆº " Æß" ¬æ­Ø¸" Œ " Ø ÆºßÆ œ" æß ø" œßø­ ß­ø œ " æ© ø "©Æøß­ ØØ " æ­º¸Ø œœ ""Id. " & œ Æß "ß " øßÆ œ"ßÆßØƺ "ß Æø"ŒæßÆ溜" œ" /æßÆ溜"ƺ".ƌƺ "¬ ß"ß " ø ­ œß" æ " ß " %æ­øß" Æœ" ºæß" ß " ß " æ " ø ØÆ " ºæøŒ ØØ " œ º" ƺ" ß œ " ƺ¸œ" æ " ŒæßÆ溜 ""% Æ ",­¸ "* ØØ" œ" æ ºßØ " ® Ø Æº ¸" æø "ß ß"" "ŒæßÆæº"ƺ"Øƌƺ "Æœ" º "ŒæßÆæº "¬ ß ø"Œ ¸ " æø "æø"¸­øƺ " ßøÆ Ø " ßæ" ® Ø­¸ " ºßÆ Æ ß ¸" ø ª­¸Æ Æ Ø" ©Æ¸ º " æø " ß " ©Æ¸ º "Æœ" ß­ ØØ "æ ø ¸ ""Luce v. United States " "7 5 " " " º " " ""$Ø œ". ¬"&Æ ßÆæº ø "¸ ƺ œ"ŒæßÆæº"ƺ"Øƌƺ " œ" " ø ßøÆ Ø"ø ­ œß"ß ß" øß Æº"ƺ ¸ŒÆœœÆ Ø " ©Æ¸ º "ºæß" "ø øø ¸" ßæ" æø" æ ø ¸" ß" ßøÆ Ø " " Motion in Limine, Black’s Law Dictionary" ß " " " (­øß ø " Ø ¸Æº " ßø ßÆœ œ" øÆßÆ Æ " ß " ø ßÆ " æ " ¸ÆœŒÆœœÆº " Ø ÆŒœ"in limine. E.g.,"% øØ œ"#ØØ º"9øÆ ß" "- ºº ß " 9 ")ø Œ ",ø " "Fed. Prac. & Proc. " " ¸" ¸ " 0æ¬" ß ß"4 ©Æœ ¸"æø"ŒæßÆ溜"ßæ"¸ÆœŒÆœœ ""#ß"Ø œß"߬æ" Æø ­Æß" æ­øßœ"æ " Ø" © " ø ¸ " º¸" © " ظ"ß ß"ß "¸ÆœŒÆœœ Ø"æ " Ø ÆŒœ" º¸" ¸ ºœ œ" "ŒæßÆæº"ƺ"Øƌƺ "Æœ"ÆŒ øæ ø "" See Meyer Intellectual Props. Ltd. v. Bodum, Inc.," " ( ¸" " " ( ¸ " %Æø " " $ ­œ "¬ " æº Ø­¸ "ß ß"Æß"¬ œ" øæ ¸­ø ØØ "ÆŒ øæ ø" æø"ß " æ­øß"ßæ"¸Æœ æœ "æ " ¸ º¸ ºß œ "ƺ ­Æß Ø " 溸­ ß"¸ ºœ "æº" " ŒæßÆæº"in limine "¬ "ø © øœ "ß " æ­øß œ"¸ ÆœÆæº" º¸"ø Œ º¸" æø" ­øß ø" øæ ¸Æº œ " Mid-America Tablewares, Inc. v. Mogi Trading Co., " ( ¸" " " ß " %Æø " " ƺ¸Æº " ß ß" ø ­Œ ºß"ø ø¸Æº "ß "œ­ Æ Æ º "æ " ©Æ¸ º " ŒÆ ß" " " øæ ø" ø ­Œ ºß" æø"œ­ŒŒ ø "ª­¸ Œ ºß"æø"ª­¸ Œ ºß" œ" "Œ ßß ø"æ "Ø ¬ "Æß" Æœ" ºæß" " øæ ø" œÆœ" æø" " ŒæßÆæº" ßæ" ® Ø­¸ " ©Æ¸ º " øÆæø" ßæ" ßøÆ Ø """ " Gold Cross Ems, Inc. v. Children’s Hospital of Ala. " "( 4 & " " " 5 & ") " ""% Æ ",­¸ "* ØØ"¬ ºß"æº"ßæ"ºæß "ß ß"¬ ÆØ "ß " ø ßÆ "æ "¸ÆœŒÆœœÆº " " Ø ÆŒœ" "ŒæßÆæº"ƺ"Øƌƺ " Æœ"ºæß"­º ø ¸ ºß ¸ "ƺ"ß Æœ"%Æø ­Æß" º¸" ß"Ø œß" ߬æ"æß øœ "¸ Øƺƺ "ßæ"¸æ"œæ"¬ œ"Œæø " øæ øÆ ß ""0æø"Æœ"Æß"­º ø ¸ ºß ¸" ƺ"ß Æœ"%Æø ­Æß"ßæ"¸ Øƺ "ßæ"ø­Ø "æº"Æœœ­ œ"æ " æºßø ß"Æºß ø ø ß ßÆæº"©Æ " "ŒæßÆæº" ƺ"Øƌƺ ""See, e.g.,"Plaza South Assoc., Inc. v. QBE Ins. Corp. " "9." " ß" " " 5 & "(Ø " " ¸ Øƺƺ "ßæ"ø " ­ œßÆæº"æ " æºßø ß"Æºß ø ø ß ßÆæº"©Æ " œ­ŒŒ ø " ª­¸ Œ ºß " Hatch v. GeoVera Specialty Ins. Co. " " 9." " / & "(Ø " " ¸ Øƺƺ "ßæ"æ© øß­øº"œ­ŒŒ ø "ª­¸ Œ ºß"¸ ß øŒÆº ßÆæº"©Æ " ŒæßÆæº"ƺ"Øƌƺ "see contra "Ins. House, Inc. v. Ins. Data Processing Inc. " " 9." " 0 & ") " " " 6 Æœ"Æœ" øß ÆºØ " " Øæœ ø" œ "ß º"ß ß" ¸¸ø œœ ¸"ƺ"Gold Cross " ­ß"ß " %æ­øß" æº Ø­¸ œ" ß ß" ¬ ß" ß " øßÆ œ" ø " œ ƺ " Æœ" ºæß" ß " ® Ø­œÆæº" æ " ©Æ¸ º " ©Æ " " ŒæßÆæº" ƺ" Øƌƺ " ­ß" ø ß ø " ø ØÆ " ¬ Æ " should" © " º" øæ­ ß" ©Æ " " ŒæßÆæº" æø" œ­ŒŒ ø " ª­¸ Œ ºß " " 6 " øßÆ œ" ø " œœ ºßÆ ØØ " œ ƺ "ßæ" œßæ "ß "æß ø" øæŒ" ø ­Æº "ß "ØÆŒÆßœ"æ "ØÆ ÆØÆß "æº"ß " æØÆ ""6 " Œ "ß Æœ"ø ­ œß" " œ ƺ "ß "%æ­øß"ßæ"Æºß ø ø ß"ß "ß øŒœ"æ "ß " æºßø ß " ø ß ø" ß º" ßæ" æøŒ ØØ " ® Ø­¸ " ©Æ¸ º " " 9 ÆØ " ºæß" œ " ¸Æœ æœÆßÆ© " " ¸ ß øŒÆº ßÆæº"¬ÆØØ" ßÆ© Ø "ØÆŒÆß"ß "ø æ© ø " © ÆØ Ø "ßæ" Ø ÆºßÆ " º¸"¬æ­Ø¸" ø © ºß" ¸ º¸ ºß" øæŒ" ø ­Æº " ß ß" ß " ß øŒœ" æ " ß " æØÆ " ® Ø­¸ " ® œœ" ø æ© ø ""6 ­œ "Æß"Æœ"º œœ ø "ßæ" 溩 øß"ß "ŒæßÆ溜"ƺßæ" ø朜 ŒæßÆ溜" æø" œ­ŒŒ ø "ª­¸ Œ ºß" º¸" Æ© "ß " øßÆ œ"ß º"¸ œ"ßæ"œ­ Ø Œ ºß"ß "ø æø¸ "" " " +º"¸æƺ "œæ " æ¬ © ø "Æß"Æœ"º œœ ø "ßæ" ¸¸ø œœ" øß Æº"Æœœ­ œ ""(Æøœß "ß " øßÆ œ" œ æ­Ø¸" " ø ø ¸" ßæ" øÆ " ßæ" ß " %æ­øß" ¬ " ß " ŒæßÆ溜 " øæ øØ " 溜ßø­ ¸ " ø "ºæß"­ºßÆŒ Ø ""5 溸 "ß " øßÆ œ"œ æ­Ø¸" " ø ø ¸"ßæ" ¸¸ø œœ " œ Æ Æ ØØ " æ¬") æø Æ "ø­Ø œ"æ " æºßø ß"Æºß ø ø ß ßÆæº" Ø ""6 " øßÆ œ" ø " ø ŒÆº¸ ¸"ß ß "ƺ") æø Æ " æºßø ß"Æºß ø ø ß ßÆæº"Æœ" "ß ø œß " øæ œœ " + ºÆßÆ ØØ " 溜ßø­ ßÆæº"Æœ" " Œ ßß ø"æ "Ø ¬" æø"ß " æ­øß "(Æøœß "ß " ßøÆ Ø" æ­øß" Œ­œß" ¸ Ƹ " ¬ ß ø" ß " Ø º ­ " Æœ" Ø ø" º¸" ­º Œ Æ ­æ­œ " + " Æß" Æœ " ß " æ­øß" œÆŒ Ø " º æø œ" ß " æºßø ß" æø¸Æº "ßæ"Æßœ" Ø ø"ß øŒœ "ß " æºßø ß" Øæº "Æœ"Øææ ¸"ßæ" æø"Æßœ" Œ ºÆº " 0 ®ß " Æ " ß " æºßø ß" Æœ" Œ Æ ­æ­œ" ƺ" œæŒ " ø œ ß " ß " æ­øß"Œ­œß" Ø "ß "ø­Ø œ"æ " æºßø ß" 溜ßø­ ßÆæº"ßæ"ø œæØ© "ß " Œ Æ ­Æß "(ƺ ØØ "Æ "ß " Œ Æ ­Æß "ø Œ ƺœ" ß ø" Ø Æº "ß "ø­Ø œ" æ " 溜ßø­ ßÆæº "ß "Æœœ­ "æ "¬ ß"ß " Œ Æ ­æ­œ"Ø º ­ "Œ ºœ" º¸"¬ ß"ß " øßÆ œ"Æºß º¸ ¸"Œ­œß" "ø œæØ© ¸" " "ª­ø " æø"æß ø" ß Æº¸ ø " 6 " ®Æœß º " æø" ºæº ®Æœß º " æ " º" Œ Æ ­Æß " Æœ" " ­ œßÆæº" æ " Ø ¬" æø" ß " æ­øß " + " ß " æ­øß" ¸ ß øŒÆº œ" ß ß" º" Œ Æ ­Æß " ®Æœßœ " æ¬ © ø " "ª­ø " ­ œßÆæº"¸æ œ"ºæß" ­ßæŒ ßÆ ØØ " øÆœ " ­ß" ø ß ø" ß " æ­øß" Œ­œß" Æøœß" ßß Œ ß" ßæ" ø œæØ© " ß " Œ Æ ­Æß " " Ø Æº "ß "ø­Ø œ"æ " 溜ßø­ ßÆæº"ƺ"1%)#" " " White v. Kaminsky " ") "# " " " "5 ' ¸" " ""+ß"Æœ" Ø ø"æ " æ­øœ "ß ß"ß "%æ­øß"Œ­œß" 溜ßø­ " º " Œ Æ ­ÆßÆ œ"Œæœß"œßøæº Ø " ƺœß"ß " øß "¬ æ"¸ø ß ¸"ß " ø Œ ºß ""Hertz Equip. Rental. Corp v. Evans " ") " " "5 ' ¸" " ""6 Æø¸ "ß "%æ­øß"ºæß œ"ß ß"both" øßÆ œ"ø ø º " øß Æº"ƺ¸­œßø "œß º¸ ø¸œ"¬Æß "ºæ"œ­ æøßƺ " Ƹ ©Æßœ ""See, e.g. "¸æ " " ß" " 4 Ø Œ ºß" æœß" øß ÆºØ "Æœ" "ß øŒ"æ " øß"ƺ"ß "ƺœ­ø º "ƺ¸­œßø "¸æ " " ß" " +º"ß "ƺœ­ø º "ƺ¸­œßø "Æß"Æœ"œß º¸ ø¸"ßæ"œß ß "ß œ " æ© ø œ" º¸" " ØÆŒÆßœ"æ " æ© ø œ"æº"ß "¸ Ø ø ßÆ溜" ""+ "ß "%æ­øß"¸ ß øŒÆº œ"ß ß" º" Œ Æ ­Æß " ®Æœßœ "" øßÆ ­Ø øØ "¬Æß "ø ø¸œ"ßæ"ß "ß øŒ" ø Ø Œ ºß" æœß " º¸" Æßœ" 挌æº"æø"­º¸ øœßææ¸"Œ ºÆº "Æß"Æœ" º ø ØØ " ­œßæŒ ø "ßæ" øæ©Æ¸ "œæŒ " ©Æ¸ º " ƺ" œ­ æøß" æ " ß " ¸ ƺÆßÆæº" º æ­ø ¸" " ß " øßÆ œ " " See, e.g., 1 % ) # " " " 9æø¸œ" º ø ØØ " ø"ß Æø"­œ­ Ø" º¸" 挌æº"œÆ ºÆ Æ ßÆæº " ­ß" ß ºÆ Ø" ¬æø¸œ " ¬æø¸œ" æ " øß " æø" ¬æø¸œ" ­œ ¸" ƺ" " øßÆ ­Ø ø" ßø ¸ " æø" ­œÆº œœ"¬ÆØØ" " 溜ßø­ ¸ " º ø ØØ "ßæ" "­œ ¸"ƺ"ø ø º "ßæ"ß Æœ" øßÆ ­Ø ø" Œ ºÆº ""6 "Øæ Ø"­œ "æø"­º¸ øœß º¸Æº "æ " "¬æø¸"Œ " " øæ© ¸"ƺ"æø¸ ø" ßæ" øøÆ© " ß"ß "Œ ºÆº "Æºß º¸ ¸" "ß " øßÆ œ ""6 "%æ­øß"Æœ"¸ÆœÆº Øƺ ¸"ßæ" 溜Ƹ ø" ­ºœ¬æøº" œœ øßÆ溜" ß" ß Æœ"œß " 溜Ƹ øƺ " ß " œÆ ºÆ Æ º " æ " ß " ø­Øƺ œ"­ø ¸" "ß " øßÆ œ ""+º"œ æøß "ø ß ø"ß º" ø ©Æ ß ¸"ŒæßÆæº"ƺ"Øƌƺ " œß Ø " ø ­Œ ºßœ"ø ø¸Æº "ß "ƺœ­ø º " æºßø ß "ß " øßÆ œ"œ æ­Ø¸" ø ø " œ­ Ø Œ ºßœ" ¬ Æ " ­ØØ " º¸" æŒ Ø ß Ø " œ­ æøß" ß Æø" ø ­Œ ºßœ" œ" ßæ" ß " øæ øÆ ß " æºßø ß"Æºß ø ø ß ßÆæº"ƺ"ß Æœ" œ ""+ "ß " øßÆ œ" ØÆ © "ß ß" º " æøßÆæº"æ "ß " æºßø ß"Æœ"œ­ Æ Æ ºßØ " Œ Æ ­æ­œ"ß ß"ß ø "Æœ" " ­ œßÆæº"æ " ß" æø"ß "ª­ø "ß "%æ­øß" ºßÆ Æ ß œ"ß ß"ß " øßÆ œ"¬ÆØØ" ­ØØ " øÆ "ß ß"Æœœ­ " œ" ¬ ØØ "" " CONCLUSION (æø"ß " æø æƺ "ø œæºœ "¸ º¸ ºß œ"(Æøœß"/æßÆæº"ƺ".ƌƺ "¸æ " "Æœ" GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART ""2Ø ÆºßÆ œ"/æßÆæº"ƺ".ƌƺ "¸æ " " " º¸" ¸ º¸ ºß œ" œ 溸" /æßÆæº" ƺ" .ƌƺ " ¸æ " " ø " CONSTRUED AS MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT " " 6 " øßÆ œ" ø " ¸Æø ß ¸" ßæ" ÆØ " º " º œœ ø "œ­ Ø Œ ºß ßÆæº"¬Æß Æº"ß º"¸ œ" øæŒ"ß "¸ ß "æ "ß Æœ"æø¸ ø " SO ORDERED, ß Æœ" ß "¸ "æ "/ ø " " " " " *4 4+5612* *'4 '4". "4#; %*4+5612*'4" 70+6'&"56#6'5"/#)+564#6'",7&)'" 5176*'40"&+564+%6"1(")'14)+#" " "

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