Adams et al v. Sheriff of Palm Beach County, Florida et al, No. 9:2014cv80403 - Document 209 (S.D. Fla. 2016)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION and ORDER granting in part and denying in part 170 Motion for Summary Judgment; granting in part and denying in part 171 Motion for Summary Judgment. [See order for details] Signed by Judge Daniel T. K. Hurley on 1/12/2016. (mg)
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Adams et al v. Sheriff of Palm Beach County, Florida et al Doc. 209 UNI TED STAT ES D I STR I T CO U RT C SO U TH ER N DI STR I T O F FLO R I A C D CASE NO .14- 80403- VCVCl HURLEY LY DI A DA M S,as Pe onalR e es atve of A rs pr ent i THE ESTATE OF SETH ADAM S. Pl ntf , ai if V S. MI CHAEL M .CUSTER i vi l and ndi dualy RI L. ADSHAW i hi ofi alc C BR n s fci apact as iy Sher f ofPal Be h C ount Fl i if m ac y, or da, Def endant s. / M EM O R AND U M O PI I N AN D O R D ER N O Lydi Ada s a tng a Pe s lRe e e atve oft Esa e of Seh Ada s ha s d a m , c i s r ona pr s nt i he t t t m , s ue SheifRi Br ha (ûheSheif',nhi ofi a c pa iyas SheifofPam Bea hCount a rf c ads w k t rf )i s fcil a ct rf l c y, nd Sg . iha Cuse (û tr',ndi dual f rda esunde 42U. C.j1983.Pl ntf alges tM c el tr ; e' i vi ly,o mag Cus ) r S. ai if le t tCuse il alydeaned he s Seh Ada ($ ms',a us d e s i de y fr e ha tr leg l ti r on, t ms 1Ada ' nd e xce sve adl o c ) ag ns hi i vi a i oft Fourh Am e ai t m n olton he t ndmen .She alo a s rst tCuserwa delbe ae y t s s e t ha t s i rtl i fee t he s ssrousme c ne i vi ai oft Fouree hAme me ( ndifrnt o r on' ei dial eds n olton he t nt nd nt Count 1 s, 2) Addii l Pl ntf a srssae1 t tcli ( tey,ne i nce ag ns Cuse a t . tonaly, ai if se t tt aw or ams batr glge ) ai t tr nd he Sheifunde Fl i swr ulde hsat e( rf r orda' ongf at t ut Count 3,4) s . The c s i now bef e t Cour on t D ef nda s a e ae s or he t he e nt ' m nded m otons f s m ar i or um y j udgme a t alcamsg Nos 1 1 j Forras dic s dbel t Cour wilga nt s o l li ECF . 70, 71. e ons suse ow,he t l rnt t m o i i pa ta de t m otons i pa t he tons n r nd ny he i n r. Dockets.Justia.com L FACTUAL BACK GROUND A.SGT.CUSTER ' DESCRI ON S PTI Thi c s r uls fom a t per o c r a i wih onl one s vi a t r f e, s a e es t r wo- s n onfontton t y ur vor nd, he e or Cuse i t prma y s cef de c i ng wha ha ne He saest ts tya tr11: p. . tr s he i r our or s rbi t ppe d. t t ha horl fe 00 m , o M a 1 201 he ba d hi unm a ke polc SU V i o t pa ki l oft Vone St Ga de n y 6, 2, cke s r d ie nt he r ng ot he s op r n Shop, i Loxa the Fl i a pake t vehi e f i wet ( et rdi no se or 'n ' hac e, orda, nd r d he cl acng s. He ihe d t e c c ousy di r ar d a l r s gn s a i C O PA RKI G 6 PM TO 6 AM V EH CI ons i l s eg de a ge i t tng, û N N LES W I BE LL TOW ED.)Att tme,Cuse wa on dut a a undecove a i a s r eil ceopeaton ' ' he i tr s y sn r r gent n u v lan ri c ctdbyaPam Bea hCount Sherf Ofi ( ondu e l c y if fce PBSO)tci luni( a tca t TAC)1Hewasdrsedi . es n pli cot s wihno vii e1 e or e e i nttc ton.Her mai ds td i hi ve c ewih an l he , t sbl aw nf c m nt de ii a i e ne eae n s hil t t m ot r mi tntd wi he or ur ng, i e ndowsr l up,a he i ht of. oled nd adlg s f 1whie Cuse c e he wa on ofi a dut l tr ontnds s fcil y,ope ai ast St - wa 'a r tng he t a y' genti t s vela e ake n he ur ilnc o eainso hsTAC u i,h PBS Ta t a OpeainsUntS r el n eLo ( 9 -)d sn tn ld Cu trs p rt f i o ntte O ci l rto c i u v il c g DE 53 oe o icu e se' a na a oneoft ofi r t sgnedt s r la e'on t nihtoft s i Howeve,Pl ntf ale i he me s he fces ç i as o u veilnc ' he g he hootng. r ai if lges n r c ompli t tCuse wa a i i t co s a s antha tr s ctng n he ur e nd copeofhi e o ntat l ee tme , i nai henee fr s mplyme alr lvanti s elmi tngt do frh rd b t a t s u cueo tesg iia c o tipe eo c nlci e ie c a irltst t is eo wh te u te e ae thij n tr n h infc n e fhs ic f o tit vd n e steae o he su f eh r ng Cu trwa acig wihi t s se s tn t n he copeofhi dicetonay a ho iy,orqualfe inmu t pur e ,orwihi t c s s s r i r ut rt f iid r niy pos s t n he oure a s opeofhi e oyme ,f s ei i mu t pupos s nd c s mpl nt or over gn nz niy r e . Att s m etm e t ei as si i t r or t Cuse m a havechos nt scl si I atonasa he a i ,her s ugge ton n he ec d hat tr y e hi ande tne oc i me i pl ef ar ma i tys wihaco- ker A t r pary,J Mar Duga hast tfedbyafi tt tCuse etng ac or o ntc r t t wor . hid t . k n, esii fdavi ha tr t dhi hewasha ngas xualr ai hi wihanoherde y a t thepl d t me the on t ni Adams ol m vi e eltons p t t put nd ha anne o e r he ght wa s o g 9 -1Th d p t wa d p e a dd ne a yi o e rlto s i wi Cu tro c na t t hm o s h tDE 8 l. e e uy s e osd n e id n mprp r eain hp t se r o tc wi i n h h t ni toft s i TheShe irsDe t nt or r d DNA t tng on Cuse sclt ng whih r al t he gh he hootng. rt parme de e esi tr' ohi c eve ed he pr s nceofDNA fom a t r pes - notCuse o Ada - on Cuse ' pa snea t zppe a waitbu t ee r hid ron tr r ms trs nt r he i r nd s ton. Thid- ry DNA wasalo f r pa t s ound on Cu tr' s r cola . DNA tsi wasdo on as b tke fom t de t se s hit lr e tng ne wa a n r he puy; at lhought sdi notpostveyllk he t t DNA f ndonCuserspa s DNA a yssc dno rueher ou a a hi d ii l i r o he z ou t ' nt, nal t oul t l ts c rbut .Furhe ,aphot aph oft homi des nes onti or t r ogr he ci ce howsa l gepuddl ofconde aton s ver feti fon of ar e ns i e al e n r t Cu trsve ce sm ia i a ar et t poolofwa e whih c lced fom t ai c toni s tm f se ' hil, i lr n ppe anc o he t r c ole t r he r ondii ng yse ound unde ne t Cuse ' ve ce,s gesi t posi epr enc ofa he vehil a t s enea ornea t tmeoft r ah trs hil ug tng he sbl es e not r ce t he c t r he i he i de . nci nt W hiet sevi em a ber eva t t e e ihi sa t pos i lyofa t rpes pr s nta t s ne l hi denc y el nt o he xtntt nt the sbii t nohe ron e e the ce nd aposi eeyewine st t Adamscuse con r ai vt Cou tdoesnotfnd i r eva t t çc s a sbl - t s o he / tr fontton -he r i t el nt o he soure nd - a s 'is whih ha bee c ededby t alegai oft Pl ntf' c cope' sue c s n onc he l tons he ai ifs ompli . ant Appr ma eyahafhourlt r Adn sdr ehi bl For pik- tu k i ot par ngl oxi t l la e , m ov s ue d c up r c nt he ki ot oft OneSt pr pe t Hepa kedpa alelt Cuser f ci ea t a oxi t l 1 1 f et y. he op o ry. r r l o t , a ng s, ppr ma ey 0- 5 e awa Ac or ng t Cuse ,Ada si medit l be n s i pr a te i s l a ape s coul c di o tr m m a ey ga houtng of nii s t oud s a r on d m a t i vo c 's r ami çW ho t f--ar you? ..W ha t f--a eyoudoi he e?'Afe ke her i er c e ng,t ' he -- e . t he -- r ng r ' tr Cuse i ntfe hi s fa ade y s rf onas v la eas i tr de ii d m el s put he if ur eil nc sgnme Sooki i o af w t ngs' nti ng nt e hi ' l i t a e ,Ada sr t td,;1don' gi a f- orwha t f- you a edoi her .. ha no n he r a m e ore t t ve -t he -r ng e..You ve rght obehe e. Ada se t dhi tu k, m pt ha d, ndadva don Cuse a aS a dpac ,' i t r' ' m xie s r c e y- nde a nce tr t k pi r e' pr m ptngCuse t e thi ve cl o i t r o xi s hi e.Cuse g a dhi PBSO i ntfcai lny d fom t fo tr r bbe s de ii ton a ar ' he r nt r s tofhi v c ea c r id i outhol ngi upt dipl yt Adamsasheag n i ntfedhi s f ea s ehil nd a re t , di t o s a o ai de ii m el a a undec polceofi rwiht Pam Be c Cou y Sheit Ofie( sn rover i fce t he l a h nt rfos fc PBSO) . I hi i ta s nsa e e , ve t PBSO i si atngofi rDe e tveChrsNe n s nii l wor tt m ntgi n o nve tg i fce t c i i uman, Cuse cli dt adipl ofce i st ual brngsg pe s downaltl bi,' i t s tr ame hat s ay rdental l ly i a ronj us ite t'butn hi c s ,it d tbrng( a e lidin' i Adams downa al.Ia ual s e dt makehi wore.'g 202- page j t l t ct ly e me o m s ' DE 3, 9 . se si h t l Ad ms toa a c , u a t t itçtheg ph db e co e , a dt u 1Cu tr ad e od a no t dv n e b t tha pon ,s l a a e n l s d' n ' t g ' o ofnowhee..( ms gr d( mjb t t oa.'DE 202- p. .Cuseri tal de ci di r . Ada j abbe hi y he hr t'g 3, 5J t niily s rbe t a û good g i 'w hi h l s ed û cou e of s onds ' l l t r de ii t tm o Cus e s d st a r p' c at û a pl ec .' n a e pos ton es i ny, t r ai Ada gab dhi byt t oa, i oneha ta har asama c dg a y 'g 95- p. ms r be m he hr tusng nd,ds d n oul r b ou' DE 2, 21.nhi de ii hef t rt tfe t thei tal pecevedAda a û lmai, ( 954 l s poston, urhe esiid ha niily r i ms s $ t tc' DE 2, a ' p.201 butne rhees de de t a oa h hi - i tadofla ng t pr ry- bec us he , ve t l s ci d o ppr c m nse e vi he opet a e t ht Adams m i ha be n a tde oy' f a gr up ofbur a y s pec s who we e unde houg ght ve e s c ' or o glr us t r r s r eilnc byhi TAC uni i t aeag 95- pp. 21 . u v la e s t n he r DE 2, 20- j Cusers d hec e e Ada s gr wih a i r s e 'a l ng hi t br a feeof t ai ount r d m ' ab t n f m we p, lowi m o e k r a ' Ada sgrp. Afe a breftg a i ' Cuserga Ada sa lse num srke'whih e f c i y m i tr i 'r pplng, ' t ve m st r ti ' c fe tvel l kg t wi ' ofhi alowi Cuse t wihdrw a craeas ebewee t t i knoc edlhe nd'out m, l ng tr o t a nd e t pac t n he wo. Att spoi , t rdr w hi fr a m wih hi l t hi ntCuse e s ie r t s ef handa poi e iat m s or rnghi t t nd nt d t Ada , de i m o he gr nda t lnghi hewa unde ar t( es ou nd eli m s r res pr umabl f t ci ofa s tngapolc ofi r y or he rme sauli ie fce) ( 95- p. 242 AlhoughCuse s not ngi Ada 'ha ,hesaedhef ti fa ofhi DE 2, 22, . t tr aw hi n ms nds tt el n e r s lf a de de t dr w hi we pon be us ofAdams'S r lag e son' a ç na lt t de ie nd ci d o a s a ca e t al gr s i ' nd i biiy o ove i ec lt a al' o nig l' n t on t fg t i o eo o eb my ef'( 9 - , . 3 . s aae t l'c mme tn ,S m o g ig o ih hm n n n y s l 'DE 5 2 p 2 J , l I ta ofobe ng Cuserscomm a Ada sû nse d yi t ' nd, m s r d'i fontofCuse ,l st n fve hove e ' n r tr es ha i f ta y, l ngb kandf t i asmicice,wihhi e yha vii ei fontg 95ee wa waki ac orh n e - rl t s mpt nds sbl n r DE 2, p.251 Cuse - wihhi gunsiltanedonAdn -ba kedu t hi ve cl rti dhi hand. tr t s tl ri ms c p o s hi e,ereve s hed r di fom t fonts a and br dc tar ques f bac up,s yi t ne auni a A Roa l a o r he r et oa as e t or k- a ng C ed I tt d a Oke 'g 95- pp.25,30J Cuse c i d t c nd e' DE 2, . tr ontnue o omma Ada t ge t t gr nda nd ms o t o he ou nd wmme hi hewoul bes i head nc d f t rg 952,p. . d m d hot f va e urhe DE - 251 l hi i tals n sa e tt PBSO i si i ofi rNeuma Cusers i Ada s n s nii wor t t men o nve tgatng fce n, t a d m i e t sco ndandi deamove tf t c r'( 202- p. .AsAda t ndof gnord hi mma t ma men or he a . DE ' 3, 61 ms s ki wa goi i ot ca ,' t k ie alykike t do s t'efe tveyi l i ' nmsbe we s ng nt he r'Cuser k tr l c d he or hu ' f c i l û m ng'Ad l pi t en t doorandtu k fa e Ada t sm o nga ound'asCuse he dhi t r ,kr ngt ge o he r c rm . ms s wa vi r ' tr l m he e t yi o t ut t oft d , gi ngCuse t lpec pton't tAdamswaslr ngt ge awe pon. ( 202he oor' vi ' tr he s re i 'ha t yi o t a ' DE t ' 3, p. j I t si talsae ntCuse s diwasa t spoi , nheS dg ms ca ki of 6 . n hi nii ttme , tr ai t thi ntwhe l Ada ) ught nd ha i .. t e t doora t ca,'ha hel a g ms annsc ngar 'andhebe t n .bewe n he nd he r't t û w Ada ) s omi ounds' gan o fr dic r ngt eeorf r ie, s hagi hr our ounds( 202- p.6- . DE 3, 7j I lt rdepostont si ony Cuse elbor t d onwha pr i t e hi gunfr s yi he n ae ii e tm , tr a a e t ecpiatd s e, a ng frtn iedAda ll i joverhi s de t r hi -t ope dooroftu k, pr mptng is otc ms kookgng s houl r owads s he n rc ' o i ' Cuse t wanhi t ke p a y fo t tu k orbes .( 95- p.251 Healot tfe a tr o r m o e wa r m he r c hot DE 2, . s esiid t de ii nt thes w Ada sçnt tuc fs nga ound'ashehel hi pi d bewe n t t c posto ha a m i he r k ihi r i ' d m nne t e he nz k f a e a c doorf a pe i ofa r m nd ar or r od bout1 t 1 s co . Cus ers i t he hel hi g i hi l f 0 o 5 e nds t a d hat d s un n s e t ha durng t ssr e, l hewr ppedhi rg a m a ou Ada s hea a nec a ea tyi nd i hi tuggl whie a s iht r r nd m ' d nd k r , r ng t pul hi a yfom t ve ce g 95- p.261 Cuse mait nsheyeledtst rssi o l m wa r he hil. DE 2, . tr nai l d op e itng, s op r s s i y r goi t g s , t e i tng; ou'e ng o et hot you'e goi t ge s ;1 m e s e yourha ,l tm e s r ng o t hot et e nds e ee yourha ' durng t ssr e ( 95- p.261 Cuse t tfed i wasatt tmome t nds' i hi tuggl DE 2, . tr esii t ha nt hat SAdams y l ou,f--y asl a hec d,a ca s nni aound outoft ttc ' l l j eled t -- ou, oud s oul nd me pi ng r he rlk,' dienga ng Cuse ' hol on hi ( 95- pp.26- . Ada wassandi i bewee t s gi trs d m DE 2, 271 ms t ng n t n he d i r ss dedoora ve c e f n e, tl m ovi a ts m zng a ound,' he Cus e he fr d hi r ve ' i nd hi l r m s il ng nd tpi i z 'w n t rt n ie s frts t g 95- p.271 is ho. DE 2, . Cuserfrdt e mo es t i rpi s c s i a heb keda yg 95- pp.27- . t ie hz e r hos n a d uc e son s ac wa DE 2, 281 Uns e i he ha hi Ada s Cuse t cove by c ouchi behi t r a pa lofhi ve c e ur f d t m , t r ook r r ng nd he e r ne s hil . Fr t sva a poi , trs w Ada snm die l fom t doora eaofhi tuc ar ndt om hi nt ge nt Cuse a m r cty r he r s r k, ou he font Ada 've cl a t noutt oughane r gae, s ppeai lnt t daknes'2 g r of ms hi e nd he hr aby t dia rng l o he r s' DE i 9 2,p.29J Cuse di notrcals i Ada sa ngatorne rt l t e rtr oft tu at 5. tr d e l eeng ms tndi a he efr a ie he r ck a poi du i t se ountrg 95- p.30J ny nt rng hi nc e DE 2, . 2 t he wass , Ada sus hi celphonet m a t c l f hel Thefrt a ll: p. .lse 45 Afer hot m ed s l o ke wo als or p. is, t 4l m , a td s onds t s c a 1l:2p. ,lse 34s conds Bot calswe ediece t Ada 'b ot a sse-n-aw.The ec 'he e ond, t 4 m. a td e , . h l r r td o ms r her nd itri l rcor i uncla ast wheherA da sm a t s c l fom t paki l ,bef ehecolaps d,orfom t nurer e ds er o t m de he e als r he r ng ot or l e r he s y, a t rhe c l ps d. fe ola e At 11: p. . Cuse br dc t a s ond c l - ç hot fr d'- f l 41 m , t r oa as ec a l s s ie '- olowed by a t r s hid ta misona 11: p. - S t fr d; t m aer ni i , a ea m ea at c me'a a r ns s i t 42 m. - s s ie whie l a nsde c m t nd ta ked ,' nd sho fna ta misona 11: p. - 1 i hi. ne EM S'( 95- pp. 31.Cuse t tted i l rns si t 43 m. - $ s t1 ed He ' DE 2, 30- 1 tr esii t the m a t fnalcalr que tng eme ge y medials r c be us he coul s bl ha de he i l e si r nc c e vies ca e d ee ood s ater i fontofAdams tu k.( 95- p.31.Cuse rmanedbe ndhi ve cl whiehe pl t s n r ' r c DE 2, 1 tr e i hi s hi e l wa t d f r i f ie or ele . W ihi m i es a ba up t am f om t TA C uni a ve Folo i t bl ta l a nt t n nut , ck- e r he t ni d. l w ng he ood r i, ge s di c r d Adam s c l ps i t da ke d nur e y gr s ove e , ola ed n he r ne s r ounds a oxi a e y 250- f e be ppr m t l 300 e t yond t ga e e r nc One of t age s Ofi r Sc he t nt a e. he nt , tce hum m ,r m ove hi ts r a us d i t a y e d s - hi t nd e t o ppl pr s ur t Adnm s w oundsuntlt m e csa rved. da swasi m edi t l a r lfed by Tr um a es e o ' i he di r i A m m a e y i- i t a Ha k t a l alhos t whe e he di d t ne m or ng. w o oc pial r e he xt ni B.EV I EN CE FRO M O TH ER SO UR C ES D On M a 1 201 Se h A da swas24 ye r ofage H ew as69 ' ee t la wei d 204 y 6, 2, t m as . 2'f t al nd ghe ls ( 9 - 1 p. j Cu trwa 5 8' n weg da p o i tl 2 0 ls ( 6 - , 1 1 b . DE 6 1 , 5 . se s ' 'a d ihe p r x maey 0 b . DE 6 1 p. 0 . Ada s bl al oholc e ,de i f om a bl dr w a St M a y' H os t ,was. 31 m ' ood c ont nt rved r ood a t . r s pial 1 ( 96- 1 p. .Hewasweai awor s r wiht ûoneSt ' ompa l oont fonta DE 1 , 231 rng k hit t he û op'c ny og he r nd ba k. bot lve a wor on t Sone St 'nur e y pr ry. c He h i d nd ked he t op' s r ope t Age Ke nDr nt vi umm ond, not rme be oft TAC Uni,dr b a ma aU-ur i a he m r he t ove y nd de tnn fo oft One St pa ki 1 durng t e ount rbet e Cuse a Ada s Dr m mond' r nt he op r ng ot i he nc e we n tr nd m . u s he i ss adlght wept rt pa ki l , lowi hi t obs v Cus e exii hi vehi l a Ada s ove he r ng ot a l ng m o er e t r tng s c e nd m s a ng silbe w e n t t o ve c es nea t d i r s s de f ontqua t rpa ofAdam s t uc t ndi tl t e he w hi l , r he r ve ' i r r e nel ' r k. Dr mmond di notsop asûgl di ta rt tt r wasa hi wr 'Asobs r e by u d t ûit dn' ppea ha hee nyt ng ong. ' evd Dr mm o i a ar d t Cuse wa t ki t Ada sashego outofhi ca ,a Ada wa u nd,t ppe e hat tr s al ng o m t s r nd ms s sa ngt r l nga hi .Dr tndi he e ooki t m ummond s noi c tonofa me i ge t e o s r a i aw ndia i ny nacng sur s r c e m ng, o a ysg o c nlc g po iino Dr mmo d: 9 - , p.2 1 1 Ap r xi tl 9 sc n s r n in f o tit De sto f u n DE 6 7 p 1 - 3 . p o maey 0 e o d lt r as he dr e t ae, ove asbound on Oke c e hobee Bl and t d s h on B Roa he he r a vd unw out d, ad ' srs e ' trc lngf aba k- uni a A Roada Okee( 96- p.1 .Dr ' te s d'Cuse ali or c up t t di nd DE 7, 4j ummond i m edi t l s oppe hi ve c e, c d outo o Oke c m a e y t d s hi l ba ke nt e hobe Bl , nd dr ba k t t O neSt e vd. a ove c o he op paki ltg 96- p.1 .3 Heas he r Age Schumm br dc tawar ngt t ef tof r ng o DE 7, 41 lo a d nt oa as ni o he fec , i y , j s h ads o strdi tea e . u t ec rf l' mo n s bf r h he r Cu trsfrt ' s l u t e r h t ie n h r a J s b aeu , me t eo e e ad se ' is Bo ' c l f ba k- - acalwhihnot yma nome i ofas i ( 96- p.1 . al or c up l c abl de nton hootng DE 7, 5j M a y Bans a f e i e mi rc ld t t s ne exa i d and phot aphe Cuse ' r i , or nsc xa ne ale o he ce , m ne ogr d trs ne k a t oa a ea whih Cuse c am e ha b n g abbe t sha dasama c n gr byou. He c nd hr t r , c tr l i d d ee r d ' r a n a a ' r ' phot a s ogrphs howednordne sorbr sngorot rmaksonCuse ' nec g 95- p. g 96 e s uii he r trs k DE 8, 2) DE 1 p 111 .A s ofCuse ' ne k,a lze byPBSO f e i s ints Tar Sesa,e alda , p. - 2J wab trs c nay d or nsc ce it a s rve e t a e a ountofDN A w hi h c m ef om s m e e s Se s w a una et de e m i what ol c rc m c a r o one l e. s a s bl o t r ne bi ogi s t nc t t a e m a ha co e f om ,notng t t s cii t s r s tf Se h A da s was ubs a e he r c y ve m r i hat he pe fc e t e ul or t m lnc usve'g 96- pp. 27,301 s oncl i ' DE 8, 25i . Ba lsi e de i c est tCuse ' frts pir e Ada s' i f ea m,fa t i litc vi nce ndiat ha trs is hot e c d m rght or r r curng bo be or e tng a t w rs a g az ng hi a ne, f e xii t he i t nd r i s bdom e Thee r ncew ound on A da s f e nn n. nt a m ' or a s wssi i fom g powde r sdue, physc lfndi whi hale rsa e i i c tveofa ho tpplng r un rei a ia i ng c l xpe t gr e s ndia i 3l Cuse ' depostont tm ony,heac n trs ii esi knowldgeshehea dç trt f t't tSgt Dr m m o wa i t e r f e he ac' ha . u af nd s n he ae a do ev dhm tl n t Ad msa tij n tr o tee o ne.Al ou hi hs5 l -2s r sae n h ra n bsre i akig o a ths u cue fh nc u tr t g n i -8 1 won ttme t e h c itntym ai ai t ta e a A da swassr am i a hi tr onsse l nt ned ha n nr ged m c e ng t m h oughoutt entr e ountr i hi 9- 1 he ie nc e ,n s 29- 4 de ii t tmony,h a kno l d he wasabl t t i l ' ha a cvi conve s i w ih Ada s ag e ng t poston esi e c w edge e o ç ety' ve i l br raton t m , r ei he e ngewasi talyt nge a'whe hewa e ai ngwhohewasandwha hewasdoi ont pr ry, twhih xcha nii l ç co nil' n s xpl ni t ng he ope t a c p itt rac u eof e o d ,( a )sth r I tnn t me' 9 -, 23. on to o pl sc n s Ad ms a tee i e ig o 'DE 52 p. 1 f s s tken a cos r nge,a oxi t y one t t f e fom t body.A bule wih i be d hot a t l e a ppr ma el o wo e t r he l t t m dde bo f a e w asf ne r gm nt ound s ve alf e be ndh da s pi up, her s i pl e ofw hi h i m a ked e r e t hi m ' ck- t e tng ac c s r a Stn hin6' ntef rn i e a n rsrpo tDe o iinof tr r etDE 1 4-, 1 1 A st a c o 'o h o e sc x mie ' e r g p sto Pee Ba n t: 7 3 p. 7 . s bule % t l'f l t i a ' ound i A da s f ea e r c e by t m e c l e m i ,e c l m at hes a pe n m ' or nn, xt a t d he di a xa ner xa ty c misn p tlr m teb le fu a itnc in6' l kn ti p oe tl t Ad ms f ram/ it sig ea fo h ulto nd tç a ho , i ig h s rj ci o a 'o e r wrs s 'n e wounds Thepr s nc ofbonefa e a s lnksi t t f r r wrs s t t o yonewhi . ee e r gm nt lo i t o he o ea m/ it ho ,he nl ch fa t edbone. r i no e de et t sbule,o a ot r tuc Ada s snl c i i t r cur The e s vi nc hat hi l t r ny he ,r k m ' t ck ausng t o rc e oratriscoureg ioch t le t s Deposto ofChrsNeu n:DE 95- p.7j iin i ma 5, 1 . Bl s a n e de phot a ood t i vi nce ogr phed a vi a d a t s ene f t rs st a bl nd deot pe t he c ur he how hat ood ta lo i na e be w e n t t o ve cl s a be nd A da s t c noti i t fontdoo oft r i r gi t d t e he w hi e nd hi m ' nl k, ns de he r r he t c g postonofJa Bol DE95- 6, 66671g postonofPBSO CSl ula Br dt DE nlk De ii mes m: 1 pp. - De ii J in an : 1 42, p. 6 1 JTh b gl n o t eb o dtalsf u di asrih tae tr fo tep o e t e 7 - p 1 - 7 . e e i g f h l o r ii o n n tag trj coy r m h rj ci mi l mak da t tnc in6' De o iinofP trBa wt: 1 4 3 p 2 - 1 r e t i a ho 'g p st s o ee n t DE 7 - , p. 2 23 . A d fns f rn i e pet xa nigbo d fu o t ec f o Cu trsj a so n dt i ee e o e sc x r e mi n lo o nd n h u f f se ' e n pie hs was' a elt s a tr'fom bl wa drppi ont t gr i t lie plte ' r s ood s i ng o he ound,s as ng upwa d a out r pl hi r nd wa d ont Cuse ' pa swhe hesoodwihi 1 i hesofAda 'body g postonofSt r J me : o trs nt n t t n 2 nc ms De ii ua t a s DE 95- 7,p.1 1 . 1 5- 61 C.O FFI AL I VE ST I A TI N S CI N G O ThePBSO or r d acrm i la a i e nal f i si tga i i o t s tng de t of de e i na nd n nt r af a r nves i ton nt he hoo i ah A da s Sgt Ri r M cAf was i c ge oft c i i i tga i a Sg .Br t Com bs m . . cha d ee n har he rm nal nves i ton, nd t e t he d up t i t r af a r i tga i ade he n e nal f is nvesi ton.Sgt M c f e as i . A e s gned D e e tve Chr sNeu an, t tci i m of he PBSO V i e Crm e D i s on,asl d de e tve t i tga e t hom i de. ol nt i s vi i ea t c i o nves i t he ci Ne a ari d a t crm es nea 1150 p. . wasi ta l bre ed b Sg . c e , um n rve t he i ce t : m and niily if y t M Af e w ho r a d Cus e ' i m e a e e a ton oft s i ie. hatCus e w a pa ked i t O ne el ye t r s m di t xpl na i he hootng, . t tr s r n he St 1 whe Ada sr ur d home,c r edCuse a t n û te e hi f cnghi t fr op ot n m et ne onfont t r nd he s tr d m or i m o ie ba hi dut w e pon. O t rTA C a nt i er i w e byN e an, pe fc lyA ge Zuc a r s m iary s y a ' he ' ge s nt v e d um s cii a l nt c r o, i l l r pored t ton t i ani Cus e t d hi t tAdam s ha a t ke hi ,ca i hi t s e t ha he r val t r ol m ha d tac d m us ng m o hoot . I N e a si ta t oft s ene a a oxi a e y 1 50 a. . he f nd t n um n' nii l our he c , t ppr m t l 2: m , ou d apoolof ood bl ... on t g ound nea t r a drve ' sde tr ' oft Adam s ve cl asw e la tbl . . t he r r he e r i r s i ie ' he ' hi e, l s s ood .on he ra d i rssdec e r rve ' i onwrpane'g 96- p. .Hi r t ke nome i ofbl s atrfund l'DE 3, 2j s eporma s nton ood plte o on ornea t drver ss dedoorofA dnm s t u The r por ofl a c i e s ne i tga or M a y r he i ' i ' r ck. e t e d rm ce nvesi t , r Bans i conrs,noesçae ofBLS ( ood lke sans on t drve ' sde oft g ms i , n ta t t iras bl i ti ) he i rs i he Ada ' v hil)(r n q atrpa e, oo ,r n wh e, e rq a trp ne, ndra tr l'Fn l , t v e ce fo t u re n ld r fo t e lr a u re a la e r ie . inl œ œé e ' y Ne n r td fndi a bl tall trgngjon t drvers sde of g ms tuc 'a uma epore i ng ood ri t a ti s he i ' i Ada l r k' nd c i ng i o t enc os d pr t f a oxi a el 1 200 f et ontnui nt he l e opery or ppr m t y 50e . N o a y,De e tve N e an des i d A da s ve cl a 1 1 BLUE 2 D OO R FO RD t bl tci um crbe m ' hi e s k 992 A R AN G ER W I TH FLO RI DA TA G,' notng S ' i I BOTH D OO RS W ER E Cf OSED AN D TH E DRI VER' W I S NDOW OF THE TRUCK W AS DOW N' ( 96- p.2)g ' DE 3, Emphasss idl i upple . Ba ns di not sm iary d c i t c i a i of t Range door ,bu s di die tt i d i l l es rbe he ontgur ton he r s t he d r c he plc m e ofc lso wr p o rt open wi a e nt olii n a ve he ndow oft Ra ,t s alng oft ve ce wih he nger he e i he hi l t evi nc tpe, dei r oft ve cet PBSO ci s e gaa ( 95- p. . de e a and lvey he hil he rme c ne rge DE 8, 21 Fi ly, um a f na l Ne n ound Cuse ' bl kce l t rs ac l phoneci al wih as lp, ong t pents l asng, t helc i on he gr ound ne rt d i r sdoorofAdnm st u H ef a he r ve ' r ck. ound Adn s c l m ' el phone S t pas e ersde of i he s ng i on t t uc ' Thi ac ountm ir r t obs r to ofC SlM a y Ba ns who s m ia l r pored fndi he r k.' s c r o s he e va i n r i , i l r y e t i ng Adams r d Blc ' e a kbeny Cur e c lphone t t gr v el û he ound t t s h oft Ra r'4 on o he out he nge . ' N eum a di noti er e Cus e ort a f n d nt vi w t r ake onna s a em e f om hi a t s ne nordi l t t nt r m t he ce , d he a k Cus e t pe f r a r e c m e vi o a t s ne. Two days l er on M ay 1 201 s tr o rom e- na t nt de t he ce at , 8, 2, Ne n t a f malsatm e fom Cuse att She ifsOfie wih Cuse ' atom e Rik uma ook or t e nt r t r he rf fc t trs t y, c Ki pr s nt l t ssae e , t rac ng, e e .n hi t tm nt Cusc knowldge hedi nots ea hi i Ada ha ashe e d d e nyt ng n ms' nds ca ts nni ' oft tu a e aned hi de i i t us de dl f ceasf l : me spi ng'out he r ck, nd xpl i s c son o e a y or olows bas d on t eve s wih hi ty ng t c e he nt t m r i o hoke m e hi,hi r pe e r f a t , s s e atd e us l o ... s c comet (i) you know,myco uc umb o sc, mmandst thewa unde ar t lwas ha s r res, ver ve y f rult the w a - he w a i t ns on ha m i m e kilng m e. lw a y, r ea f ha s s ne e r ng , li s vey,ve y s a ed f rmy lf a f l i ne es a y t utlz de dl f c .. r r cr o ie nd et t c s r o iie a y or e.. g 202- p.9 .5 DE 3, q 4Ne n' andBans rpor ont spoi i a oddswiht t afi t s tedi s r oft PBSO uma s i ' e t hi nt s t t he wo fdavis ubmit n uppo t he a iaton f as r wa rntoft Ada 'r i e.The eafi vis a hor bydetctvesChrsopherFa r pplc i or each ra he ms esdenc s fda t, ut ed e i it ron andli Re ,epor t tAda 'br he a sseri lw,Da da Rai Ada , e tdfndi Ada c lpsd rs yes r tha ms ot r nd it -n a vi nd na ms r pore i ng ms ola e o ti ofh i rsd nc t t hic l lrp o ei h n ' g 2 2 1 p. , 2 22 p. . usde ter e ie e t h s el a h n n a d. DE 0 -, 5 DE 0 -, 4) wi u ' ' 5Thi des rpton, f sng on t ale physca atac ast pr ci t i f gu ie,alo m ir r t s c i i ocu i he lged i l t k he e piaton or nfr s ro s he i or tonr a byCuse t Sg . nf mai elyed tr o t Combs hea ngu i t i t na a fisi si ton.SgtCombs S eofFor e , di p n he ntr l far nve tgai . 'i us c rp r'd td65 1 d srb steu eo d a l frea Cu trsrato t t msga big S re n Cu tr te e o t ae //2 ecie h s f e dy oc s se' e cin o û ' Ada rbg n ) eg a t se by h t oa aea. AlhoughCuserwa S et us hi ha t br akMr Adams hol 'hes i t t ngonatonco i ed hr t r ' t ' t s d o e s nds o e abl . ' d,' ad he t co t i ntnu la i S re n Cu tr i fa fr sle t dsh r ehsd t f e r fu t s.. ( 1 5 1 JNoa ya sn e dng eg a t se,n e r o hi i ,o ic ag i uy i am o r i ..' DE 7 -4 . tbl be t f r me ' i eihe Sgt Comb' ius ofFor e'r torCuse ' i tals r satme t De . uma i a menton of n t r . s s e c ' epor t rs nii wo n t e nt o t Ne n s ny i Ada ma ngan frieS ihi 'move nt i i tep% snge c ms ki y u tv i s ng' f me s nsde h e r omparme ofhi tuc a rCuse ale dl t d t nt s r k he tr lge y ol hi hewas unde are ta c m r r s nd omma ndedhi t ge o t g ound. m o t n he r Thes ggesi t ts swe efr d a trCuserpi Ada bewe t vehil door whieAdamswa u ton ha hot r ie fe t nned ms t en he ce , l s ir c ng' i hi t ck frtca up i if lw- 'que toni by Cuse ' ato ne a t co l i ofDe. tea hi ' n s ru is me n solo up' si ng trs tr y t he ncuson t N e a s5-l -1 s ni eviw ofCuse .Att ttme,Cusersc elas Cuse i hewasa et s i t um n' 8 2 wor ntr e tr ha i t ' ouns ked tr f bl o ee n he tu kt e ( a )wa isd tec rra hn it tec r ( 2 23 p. )Cuse a s rdt o. r c ç n Ad ms s n ie h a e c ig no h a' DE 0 -, 9. tr n wee ç ' wh ' n ' The r e e t Ada s tihi a ound' i i hi tu fr ta r i de ii tsi ony t n efr nce o m ' ç s ng r f ' nsde s r ck is ppea s n poston e tm ake Se ember29,201 ,i t ttsi pt 4. n ha e tmony, Cuse s i he s Ada l ng a hi tuc aûert i i ta s fe tr ad aw ms ooki t s r k her niil cufl, pr omptngCusert wa nAdams nott gonea t tuc orbes .Cuse s dhet n kike t drverdoo s i t o r o r he r k hot tr ai he c d he i r hut i ad'o Ad msc thn hi tnb t e tetu ka ted o ia whihp ith si Ad mst sihn ..h e ç r ' n a ,ac ig m ç ewe n h r c nd h o r' t c on e ad a ç fs ig .(l h i ' wa wa i tetu kfs n ao n . Cu trsi h b c mede ru fr(iql e' thip itc u ighi t ds h rehs sn h r c ihig r u d' se ad e e a ' aflo hs i 'a t s on, a sn m o ic ag i ' f f tram wh nAd mssd e l s u ao n twadhm ( 9 -, 27. ie r e a u d ny p n ru d o r i DE 52 p. J 10 Sg .M c e di notor rt s iur ofCuse ' wor c lphone i o e de t Af e d de he ez e t r s k el nt vi nce;t t o he c r r u n i r fom ladcrmes e i tgaor M a yBans hea fr tvel t d Bans onta y, po nquiy r e i c ne nvesi t , r i , fima i y ol i nott tke Cuse ' phone.Crmes e i si t sdi t keCuserscl hi mi hi boot, oa tr s i c ne nve tgaor d a t ' ot ng, nus s s i o evi nc a w e las Ada s c ot ng,A da s c lpho and t o com put r s i d f om nt de e, s l m ' l hi m ' el ne w e s e ze r A da s hom e. m ' ThePBSO crmi li tga i concudedwihade e m i tont tt Ada s s i i na nvesi ton l t t r na i ha he m ' hootng wa a:u tfa eho cd . Th I tr a Afar De a t n smial fu n d p ru efo s j siibl miie' e ne n l f is p rme t i lry o nd o e a tr r m ' de rm e ope atng polc e o pr e esi Cuse ' us ofde dl f c pa t nt r i ii s r oc dur n t rs e a y or e. D .FA CTU A L CO NFL I TS C Fo s mmayj d me t u s s teq e to i wh te t eeaeg n i eis e o maeil r u r u g n p po e ,h u si n s eh r h r r e u n su s f tra f c s fcintt c li o que to Sgt Cuse ' ve son oft i de ,ie. ha hes tAdamsa a t ufi e o al nt si n . t rs r i he nci nt . t t ho s Ada soodpi dbewe n t doora fa eofhi ve c e al rAda sti t c ms t nne t e he nd r m s hil , fe m red o hokehi a m nd r us dt f lw Cuse ' c ef e o olo t rs omm a t ge ont gr nds o t he ound, ndi t a pe sse i r a hi i ohi a nse d, r itd n e c ng nt s ve cl l ngf wha Cuse f r d mi beawe pon.Thec t oncudest tt r co d, i hi e ooki or t t r ea e ght a our c l ha he e r as t sa t y,a viwed i ist a iy,c ai ge ne is ofma e i lf c pera ni t t t nds oda nd e n t ot lt ont ns nui s ues t ra a t ti ng o he cic tnce c r i Sgt Cuse on t ni oft s tng. r umsa s onfontng . t r he ght he hoo i To beg n wih,t r c d r vea s a mi ,butnone hels sg fca ,m odii to i i t he e or e l nor t e s i nii nt fcai n n Cuse ' d c i i ofhi i ta e ount wih Adams. nii ly,Cuse c am e t tAdamswa t rs es rpton s niil nc er t l tal t r l i d ha s hosieandag es i fom t oute andbe mee nm or s a trCuse i ntfedhi s l a a tl gr sve r he s t ca ve e o fe t r de ii m ef s 1w e or e e ofi r Hecli t tAda scon i a nf c m nt fce . a med ha m tnued s e m i a la tng lkeal tc. cr a ng nd ûc i i una i ' ' Lae , fe Cuse hadbe m eawa eofAge ' Dr m mond' obs r to ofCuse ' a Admns tr a tr t r co r nts u s e vai ns t rs nd ' i ea ton ( tra Adamstl ng pea ea y) Cuse a knowldge t eha be n afw ntrci Cuse nd aki c bl , tr c e d her d e e 11 m i esi e l ofc vi di c s on. nut nt rude i l s us i Ther co d a s r ve sot rs tee utonsi Cusersde c i i of hee ntove tme e r lo e al he ub l vol i n t ' s rpton t ve ri whi h,w hie c r a nl not de er i tve s a ng a one c d i c bi ton w ih t f e i c l e ti y t m na i t ndi l , oul n om na i t he or nsc e ie c la aj r t q e to Cu trs ce i l yo t p i r f cu l e aet epn igt i vd n e e d u y o u si n se ' rdbit n he rmay a ta d b t md r inn hs i c r ry. For e mpl i Cuse ' i talr countng oft eve t fr t r s ontove s xa e, n t rs nii e i he nt o is e ponde s a r, s s umm a i d byDe . um a Cuse s i Ada sha û ter d'hi ,ç or ng hi t fr hi du y rze t Ne n, t r ad m d t t e ' m s ci m o ie s t ba f we apon. Si ia l i hi s cond r di br dca t f ba k-up he p,a 11: p. . Cuse s d, ' m l ry, n s e ' a o oa ss or c l t 42 m , t r ai S t tr d;w hie m al r n i i ca e atm e a a l ke m e a one poi . d s se sho t e a ns de, m nd tac d t nt' ' The l e of f c ' r por a hor d by Sgt Com bs al o c t s Adam s phys c la t k on i us or e ' e t ut e . s ie ' i a tac Cuse ast s e prci t orofCuse ' us ofde dl f c g 1 1 p.1(û r Ada tr he ol e piat trs e a y ore DE 75- 4, 1i . ms M gr bbe Se ge Cus e by t t oa a ea Se ge tCus e w a a e t us hi ha t br ak M r a d r ant t r he hr t r . r an t r s bl o e s nds o e . Ada s hol Theconf ont ton c i d l a ng Se g ntCus e , n f rf hi lf , o di c ge m ' d. r a i ontnue e di r ea t r i ea or s ie t s har hsd t fr am fu tme ..5.Ye a an i afd vt d td M a 1 , 01 , r p r di t ee ry i uy ie r o r i s .. 1 t g i,n fi a is ae y 7 2 2 p e ae n h al . m or ng hour a t r t s i i s ppor of a a i ton f a s ar h w a r ntoft A da s ni s fe he hootng n u t n pplca i or e c ra he m ' r sde e - pr s bl ba e on i e a ei onuai s i d b Cuse ont s e - PBSO e i nc - e uma y s d mm dit nf ton upple y t r he c ne de ec i sIi Re sa Chrs ophe Fa r n de c i t l hoki 'nci nt t s epr c pia i t tve r s ye nd i t r r o s rbe he ' c ng'i de as he ol e i t ton f Cus e ' us off ce a ns Adam s- w ih no m e i ofa f tve m ove ent orpe c ve or t r s e or gai t t nton ny ur i m s r ei d a t m pt by a non- m pla A da st r ti ve a w ea f om hi ve c e: te s co i nt m o e r e pon r s hi l Sg .Cuse i tfe hi s ft Se h Adn sa aDe y She if r pea e y. Seh t t r den ii d m el o t m s put rf, e t dl t Ada st n be n t a t k Sgt Cus e a sare c m he ga o tac . t r nd t t d hoki hi . Sg . t rbr ng m t Cus e oke f e f om Se h A da s hol a puled o hi de r m e i s d ha re r t m ' d nd l ut s pa t nt s ue ndgun. Sgt . Cus e di c r d hi fr nu f tm es a Se h Adam s s rki hi t e tm e i t r s ha ge s iea our i t t t i ng m hr e i s n t c t Se h A da sr n a a f om Sg . t ra t rt s t w e e t r d a i o he hes . t m a w yr t Cus e f e he ho s r i e nd nt t pr r y whi h w a 1 A Road,Loxa t hee. he ope t c s 950 ha c g 202- ,p.5;DE 202- 41 DE 1 2, . 12 l as nsa e ntgi ni t pr s nc ofhi at ne onM a 18, 2, we r Cuse n wor tt me ve n he e e e s tor y y 201 ho ve , tr t tfe t the bec m e f a f f hi lf c i hi t s t whe Ada s whom he ha esiid ha a e rul or s ie, ausng m o hoo , n m , d % r d'ort a ht'bewee t drve ' sde doo a ve cefa ewihhi f tpr s edt t t me ' ' ug ' t n he i rs i pi c r nd hi l r m t s oo e s o he doo , o fe a s aoundt r hi wihhi ar r s dg 202- p6- .6I de ii rbr ke re nd pun r owad m t s . aie DE m 3, 71 n poston t si e tmonygi nt y r l tr Cuse i r duc dt c e t thes w Ada stfs ngar und' ve wo ea s ae , t r nto e he onc pt ha a m ti hi o ' i i hi ve c edurngt 5t 1 s ondsheha hi pi nsde s hil i he o 0 ec d m nnedbewe t drve ' sdedoora t en he i rs i nd ve cl fa a c am e t the t hi frts whe Ada br ke fee ofhi hol a he hi e r me, nd l i d ha ook s is hot n ms o r s d nd s nl c met pimi 'aoundt r hi a t ts cfcl ai g 95 2,pp.26- . udde y a û l ng' r s owad m t ha pe ii oc ton DE 271 W hiet r ma bes ve ale a tonsf t de l e i Cuse ' des i i oft l he e y e r xpl na i or he veopm nt n t rs crpton he p e iec n u t rcpttn teg n ie ii y t n a dto l a t r o c n ieainb a u yi rcs o d c p e iiai g h u fr ,t s e o e d iina fco f r o sd rto y j r n as e sng Cusers c edi lt as i r l es t t f c ua cic sa s c r i hi whih s si t ' r biiy t eat o he a t l r um t nce onfontng m c alg dy g v rs t a d j tfe hi u eofd a l f re7 Th ti,Cu trsvaito s i te le e l a e ie o n usiid s s e dy o c . a s se ' rain n h r oun i oft s i c e t a is ofcr di lt goi t t we g ofCuse ' t tmony, ec tng he hootng r a e n s ue e biiy ng o he i ht t r s esi a wo l e tteaj r t rj c i. nd ud n il u y o ee t t Pori ofCuse ' t si tons tr s e tmonya ea s i onsse wiht tofot ra en sa t s e For r lo nc it nt t ha he g t t he c ne. e xampl Age Dr m mond t tfe he hea d a c utona y ts sfr d' r di br dca tfom e, nt u tsii d r a i r 'hot ie ' a o oa s r 6l hss r sae n t teDe. u n gv nMa l 2 1 ( 0 3 p 9 ,Cutrsi h ma ete n i wo n ttme t o h tNe ma , ie y 8, 0 2 DE2 2-, . ) se ad e d h de sont us dea y f c ashehel a sr gglngAda pi d bewe n t drve ' sdedoora ve cl fa cii o e dl or e d tu i ms nne t e he i rs i nd hi e r me, çr ngt ge ou oft door'whe heKs hi a comi aound't r hi Fora çew s conds'h wasvey , e yi o t t he t , ' n taw s nns ng r 'owa d m. ç e f 'e r vr c n ic d( a )h do tie awepo , fram o ayt n es'fo tev hil dsh r e hifram a ey o vn e Ad ms a ban d a n a ie r r n hig le'rm h e ce ic ag d s ie r s hel aw hi a msc ng r t s s r omi ound. Hec ude ' ' oncl d: ( ae o tee e t wi hi tyn t c o eme hshs e e tdr fslosc u c met (i) Blsd n h v ns t m r ig o h k , i, irp ae eu a t u c mb o o sc. h youknow, c my omma t thewa unde are t I svey,veyf r ulh thewas-hewa i e e nds ha s r r s, wa r r ea f ta s ntns onha mi me, li me Iwasvey,ver s r d f mylf a f ti ne s ay t utlzede y r ng kilng . r y ca e or ie nd el t ce s r o ii adl f c .. or e.. ? e e Mc r c v Ci o rLa d r l, 3 F.d1 3 ( 1 Ci 2 0 )C La ev Ceoe Cop.7 2 Se co mik . t fFo t u edae3 3 3 2 4 1* r 0 3. / n . ltx r , 8 y F. tg.r l 6 . ema - rmba v J we Co ne,nc,8 9F. 51 5 1( tCi. 98 ) hCi 98 ) Ad l n T e ly . e l mpa is l . 5 . 7 2 7h r 1 8. 2d 2d 1 2 ( 1 . 56 1 , , . 13 Ag n Sc u mo nsbf r h h ad Cu tr r a c s h s is rq e tfr a ku -tsi n e t h mm, me t eo e e e r se b o d a t i frte u s o b c p e t y mo whi hi a c c s t ompl t oddswih Cuse ' c am t themadehi i ta ba up r que twhiehehad ee t t rs l i ha s niil ck e s l Ada shed a gunpoi i fontofhi -bef r Ada sal ge yr nt wa dhi ve c ea be a e m l t nt n r m oe m le dl a o r s hil nd c m pi d i i t drve ' sdedoor nne nsde he i rs i . Furher t r i phot a ce de e w hi h c lsi o ques i Cus e ' cl i t t da s t , he e s ogr phi vi nc c a l nt ton t r s a m ha A m gr bbe hi by t t oa i ha d a a m an c d gr b you. The phot a ofCus e ' nec a d m he hr t û as r s oul a ' ' ogr phs tr s k t ken a t s neby PBSO c i es e i ve tga orM a yBai s a t he ce rm c ne n s i t r ns howed no s g ofr nes , u sng i n ed s br i i or o he m a ks on Cus er s ne a a D N A s a of Cus e ' ne k r a e a tac a ountof t r r t ' ck, nd w b t r s c eve l d r e m s m e el e' DN A , i wasl nc l i ' t A da s a c d ha be t r s t bl o one s s but t l onc usve'as o i m , nd oul ve en he e ul of ood s aterors i pl t alva. De e tve Neuma s des i i of Ada s pik- wih l h door .c os d' i t tci n' crpton m ' c up t i bot s..l e ' n he i e at ahe m ahoft s i alor s s equ tonon t r labiiyof Cuse ' a c . mm di e r t he hootng s aies om esi he ei lt trs c ount The e i no t tmony fom Cusert thepus d t doorcl e a t t s i W hieAge r s esi r t ha he he os d fer he hootng. l nt Zu c r , frt e p n e t Cu trs alo b c - p tl De. u nta h ç la gd t ba k c ao a is rs o d r o se ' c lf r a k u , od tNe ma h t e l e re )he lc c tu g msvehillf ohe t e t'befr postoni hi elont OneSt pr ry,t r r ck Ada ce or t r hras' o e ii ng ms f he op opet hee i no evi nce t the or a ot r of i rale e t co i a i ofA d s't u k i a wa s de ha ny he fce t r d he nfgur ton nm r c n ny y bef e PBSO c i i i tga or a r ve a be r or ng e de f or r m nal nves i t s r i d nd gan ec di vi nce ound a t s e Thi t he c ne. s phys c evi nc r r ng t confgur ton oft drve ' s de door ofA da s't uc - ie as i al de e ega di he i ai he i r s i m r k v. lc os d' - m a ha s e e a ton,but s a ng al a i doe i t c r nt s m a y ll e ' y ve om xpl na i , t ndi one s t s n he ur e um r j me r or doesce t s c lc wihCuse ' desrptonofAda 'alged çpi ng' udg ntec d, rae ome ontit t trs ci i ms le s l ' s mi o a t hi ope ' t drve ' sde doora t poi ofi ta g i e. ut nd ' pus ng n' of he i r s i t he nt nii l unfr 1 4 l a ton t t es fsi Cuse ' des rpto oft e nt ladi up t t s i n ddii o hes hit n t rs c i i n he ve s e ng o he hootng, a c ran i onssencesbewe n hi de ii t si nd e ti nc it i t e s poston e tmonya t toftrtr s nd ha is e ponde s t r c d r , he e or c ansphysc le denc whih i r as bl i e pr t t s ont i i a vi e c s e ona y ntr eed o uppor ave ydif r ntve sonof he t r fe e ri t e nt Thus i diputng Cuse ' a c ,t Pl i tf r le prm a iy on f e i bl a ve . ,n s i tr s c ount he a n if ei s i rl or nsc ood nd balsi e de et s bsantaehe c cnto t tt r i a l s age neis ofdiput f c litc vi nc o u t i t r ont i n ha he e s t ea t nui s ue s ed a t on t que ton ofwhe eAda swa sa ng a t tme Cuse frtfr Thec ta e t t he si r m s t ndi t he i tr is ied. our gr es ha t s physc le de es hi i a vi nc upporsar a ona e con r r i e enc t tAdamswa no sa ng i o t e s bl , ta y nf r e ha s t t ndi n r ne r t d i rssdedoorofhi ve cl a t tmeofCuse ' fr ts , r t rwa sa ng a he rve ' i s hi e t he i t r s i s hot but a he s t ndi e y- nde a u r d be ndhi ve ce,n a postonposngno i me aet e tofs rous mpt ha d nd na me hi s hi l i ii i m di t hr a ei bodiy ha m t Cuse . l r o tr Spe ii a l bl s at re de e o t tuc bl tai evi nceon t gr c tc ly, ood pl te vi nc n he r k, ood r l de he ound, nd a balsi e de e r c r d by c i e s e i si a or comprs a bod of physca e de e litc vi nc e ove e rm c ne nve tg t s ie y i l vi nc whih s c upporsar co tuci oft e ntpl i Ada sbe ndorne rt r a whe tr ofhi t e nsr ton he ve acng m hi a he e r el ie s p c - ptu ka tetmeo t frt h t Fo e a l,hes e t rj cief u da sa c inl i' ik u r c th i fhe is s o . r x mpe t p n p o e tl o n t tn ho ' x' s (onti ngi dde bo fag nt,oc eds rlfe be ndAda 'tu k,i c it twih c ani mbe d ne r me ) l at evea e t hi ms r c s onssen t a f e i r c t u ton pl i Ada sbe nd hi ve ce - wih not ng t i pe t bule or nsc e onsr c i acng m hi s hi l t hi o m de he lt tae tr -a tetmeo Cu trs frts t S c atae t r i as i o sse t t t en to rj co y -t h i f se ' is ho . u h rj co y s lo nc n itn wih h oin, a nce by Cuse ,ha Ada wasfrts sa ngi bewee t drve -i doora vehil dva d t r t t ms is hot t ndi n t n he i r sde nd ce fa e whe e abs pton orrc he of t ve cl fn woul lkey have c e t d a dif r nt rm , r or i i oc t f he hi e r me d i l r ae fe e tae tr . rj co y For ns c e de e a s s st tbule s f om t s c e i vi nc l o how ha l t r he e ond a t r s s pi r e A da s nd hid hot e c d m ' c s ,e e i hi l f rb c ge and per or tng hi r ghtl he t nt r ng s e t i a f ai s i ung, i r s om a h and s e n. i n t lve , t c pl e G ve he 1 5 dipart i hei be we n t m e - wih Cuse sa ng a a oxi a ey 55 a Ada sa s iy n ght t e wo n - t tr t ndi t ppr m t l 8' nd m t a p o i t l 6''-a d t eitr a ld ig p it o t s b lt,aj r c ul c n ld ta p r xmaey 2' n h n en l o gn on s f hee ul s u y o d o cu e h t e Ada s w a hunche over be a t w a s , he t s cond and t r s sw e e fr paus d a m s d , nt t he i t w n he e hid hot r ied, e t t poi ofo i n oft bl tai. Pl i ifha alo a he nt rgi he ood r l antf s s dduc e r t si ony i tf ng t ed xpe t e tm den iyi he poolofbl f ood ound ne rt rghtr a whe lofAda pik- tu ast poi oforgi f a he i e r e ms' c up r ck he nt i n or Ada s bl tai. sevi nce t t rwih bl s at rf m ' ood r l Thi de , oge he t ood pl te ound on t r a pa lofAda he e r ne ms' ve cl i a s co it nt t t vi w t tAda swassa ngbe nd orne t rghtr a whee hi e,s lo nsse wih he e ha m t ndi hi ar he i e r l ofhi ve cl a t tm e Cus e f r d hi tr ts . s hi e t he i t r i e s i s hot Cus e ' c ai t t he f r d hi f r t s afe A da s - s andi t r s l m ha i e s i s hot t r m t ng pi d be wee t nne t n he drve ' sdedoo a ve cl fa e t ihi a ou 'nsde --s i rs i r nd hi e r m ,l s ng r nd'i i - udde ybr fe fo Cusers f nl oke r e r m t ' c hoke d a s a o hol nd pun r und s i obs nii ,i t a com pl e oddsw ih f ens c bl a houtng ce tes s hus t et t or i ood nd balsi e de ewhi hi r a ona y s c ptbl oft concusont tAd wassa ngbe nd litc vi nc c s e s bl us e i e he l i ha ams tndi hi orne rt drve -i r a tr ofhi t c a t tme oft frts . a he i r sde, e r ie s nz k t he i he is hot I s m , he r c d e de asa w hol vi w e i t lghtm os f vor et t pl i if i n u t e or vi nce e, e d n he i t a abl o he a ntf , s ras bl s c ptbl t t f l ng i ee s ( )Ada di notgrbCuse byt tloa or e ona y us e i e o he olowi nfrnce : l ms d a tr he lr t ot wiec her s ommiaf ci ebatr onhi pes prort t s i a ( Ada wassa ng, t or bl tey s ron i o he hootng, nd 2) ms tndi una m e a e p yr d nd m t hande be nd ornea t r rd i rsdetr ofhi pik- tu a t tme d, hi r he ea rve - i ie s c up r ck t he i Cuse tr hi frt s t we l be tr ied s is ho , l yond t r a h ofa i e i c he e c ny ntror ompa t e oft ve cl rm nt he hi e. D e e nt a s t t s a e not r as bl i e e es a t pl i ifs hypot i l f nda s s er he e r e ona e nf r nc , nd hat a ntf hetca r c n tu t n i e tte t n c e i f rs mma yj d me tp r o e be a s i i bae o te e o sr ci s n ild o o rdt o u r u g n u p s s c u e t s s d n h o s c a i a s pton t t w ounds f om t tr t guns t c e i m edi t bl di w hi h pe ul tve s um i ha r he i s ho aus d m a e ee ng c cole t d on t gr lc e he ound bene t Ada sa t poi ofi ah m t he nt mpac . Def nda scon e t e i no t e nt t nd her s 16 e p r me ia e i e c t s p o thsa s mpt n, n t t ts u t s a sbeAd mswa s o x e t dc l v d n e o u p r t i su i a d ha i ij s a plu i l a o sht whie l d bewee t drverdoo a tuc fa - as c e l odge t n he i r nd r k r me ont nded by Cuse - t n t n t r - he he sa rdbac a f t t r t lf rarwhee ofhi vehi e( r apoolofbl c l tda tggee k nd orh owa d he e te l s cl whe e ood olece s ! è : hepa e , r ai asngl ta kofbl asAda k ubldba k'ove t s g o t r us d)c e tng i e rc ood ms û e c ' r he ame r und owad do ( ' ( t drve ' sdedoor he i r s i . Ho v r i i f rt j r n tte c u tt weg a1te e i n e a d c o eb t e we e , t s o he uy, o h o r, o ih 1 h vde c n h os ewe n , j c mp t ifrn e .l i s tce tfrs mmayj d me t u p s st a tee d n es p o t a o ei n ee c s ts uf in ,o u r u g n p r o e ,h th vie c u p rs ng s r a ona ei e e et tAda sdi notgr b Sgt Cuse ' ne k durngt c r a i a t t e s bl nf r nc ha m d a . tr s c i he onf ontton, nd ha ) Sg . t rtr da a una t Cuse i e t n nned, m p y- nde Ada ssa ng be ndorne rt l f r a whee of e t ha d m t ndi hi a he e t e r l t t pi k- t uc he c up r k. . è I .PROCEDUM L HI 1 STORY :CLAI S AND DEFENSES M ( ' y . ' , Ly a Adams asPe s lRe e e atve oft Esa e ofhe s Seh Ada s fl d t di , r ona pr s nt i he t t r on, t m , ie he ' ( r E . ' i tntj 1 3a tona i tSheifBr haw,nhi ofiilc pa t a SgtM iha Cuse ,n nsa 98 ci gans rf ads i s fca a ciy, nd . c el tr i hi i vi lc pact a lgi t tCuse il ga l de aned Ada s a us e e sve f c s ndi dua a iy, le ng ha tr le ly t i m nd ed xc s i or e a i thi i vi a i oft Fourh Am e ent and w a de i r t l i f e e t hi s r o ga ns m n ol ton he t ndm , s lbe a e y ndif r nt o s e i us : me c ne dsi vi ai oft Fouree hAme dial e n olton he t nt ndme ( nt Count 1 2) Pli ifaloa s t t t s , . antf s sers ha ' Cuse ' un ea ona eus ofdea y f c c tt e a i e i lbat r upon Adams a t t t rs z s bl e dl or e onsiutd n nt ntona te y s nd ha 7 Cuse ' f l e t pe s ly r nde m e c la d t Ada sc tt e neglge e;on t e t n trs aiur o r ona l e r di a i o m onsiut d i nc hes wi / @ , r ounds pli tf as e t sa e 1 w wr ulde t c am s agans bo h t She if a Cuse , a n if s rs t t a ongf ah li i t t he rf nd tr g ( t 3, . Couns 4) ) , ' ) t : 1 t 1 j l h s u rn moinf r u r j d me t S tCu tr o tn hei e tte t u g n n i c re t to o s mmay u g n , g . se c ne ds s n i d oj d me t l a a matroflw on t j 1 cl msbec us t e de e doesnotr as bl s ppor an s te a he 983 ai a e he vi nc e ona y u t 17 J I ! onsiutonalvi a i unde t Fourh or olton r he t i e e e t t hi c nf r nc ha s onduc r e t t l l of a c tt i t os o he eve Foure t Am e e s Specfc ly, t rc e t te n i hewasate pas e ont çone tenh ndm nt. ii a l Cuse ontnds ha ve f r s s r he t St p Ga de Shop' pr ry,Ada s ha ng bee a s t t Cuse was an o dut l w o r n ' ope t m , vi n dvied ha tr n- y a e or me tofi r ha norghtt c nf ce n fee , d i o hokehi , ndoncehedi Cuse ha pr m a d, t r d obabl c us t a r s e a e o ret Ada sf bat r on 1w e or me ofs e . W he Ada i nor Cuse ' c m or te y a nf ce nt tc r n ms g ed t rs omm a t g tt nd o e o t g o a i t ad, a t r a h i i hi ve cl Cuse ha ar as bl f a f hi lf and, he r und nd,nse r n o e c nsde s hi e, t r d e ona e e r or s ie tee o e wa j siidi u igd a l f r e Fu te o e Cu tr o tn s ei e t ldt q ai e h r f r, s u tfe n sn e dy o c . rh nn r , se c n e d h s ni e o u lt d t i i mmuniyf a c tt i lvi ai a ii fo hi c t or ny onsiutona oltons rsng r m s onduc .Ont sat lw cai , tr t he t e a l ms Cuse c e heac e i t c s a s opeofhi e oy e a al ma e i tmesa i t r f e ontnds t d n he our e nd c s mpl m nt t 1 t ral i nd s he e or i mmunefom peronalla lt unde Fl Stt j7 28( () r s ibiiy r a. a. 28. 9) a . TheS rf c n e d hei e tte t j g n a ama tro lw o te j 1 3cams heif o tn s s n i d o ud me t s l te f a n h 98 li be aus t r co d doe notr s bl s c e he e r s ea ona y uppor a fndi t Cuse ' c t i ng hat t rs onduc c tt ed a t onsiut c n t ui n l i lto Mo e v r rli o teS p e Co r' d cso i Mo el . p 'o o si to a v oain. r o e, eyng n h u r me u ts e iin n n l v De t f t Soc Se v ,436U. 658,694, S. .201 56L. 2d611( 978) hease t t tt r i no . rs S. 98 Ct 8, Ed. 1 , s rs ha hee s bassf i i or mposton ofmuni i la lt agans hi f t tc uc unde t i ofunofi i ii cpal ibiiy i t m or ha ond t r heores tcal c t ( ritnta wi s e dpr cie ,rttc ton,orfiur t s r s a tan.Ont usom pe sse nd depra a tc ) aii ai al e o upevie nd r i he sae lw cams t e S eifc ne dsh i i n fo s i u d rj7 8. ( )()u d rt e tt a li , h h rf o tn e s mmu e r m ut n e 2 28 9 a n e h docrneofs egn i uniybe a e pl ntf a lgesi he c ti over i mm t c us ai if le n r ompli tt tCuse a t dout i a n ha tr ce sde t co s ands opeofhi empl he ur e c s oyme , wihbadf iha malci m o i , ond twhi hle nt or t at nd i ous tve c uc c is out i t bounda i of Fl i s lm ie s r i n i m uniy w ai r s de he res or da' i t d ove e g m t ve . 1 8 11 1. SUM M ARY JUDGM ENT STANDARD S mmayj d me ma b g a tdo l wh r t mo a t h wst a te ei n g n ie u r u g nt y e rne ny e e he v n s o h t h r s o e un . ( ds uea t a ymae il a ta dt a h i e tte t u g n a amatro lw.F d R. v. ip t s o n tra f c, n h t e s n ild oj d me t s te f a e . Ci P. P. 6c; ltxCop. . tet4 7U.. 7 3 2(9 6 .A maeila tso eta i cpa l 5 ()Ceoe r v Car t, 7 S 31 , 2 1 8 ) tra fc i n h ts a be ) ofa f c i t out fe tng he comeofltga i Ande s n v Li eryLobb I . 47 U . 2 248, 06S. . ii ton. ro . b t y, nc , 7 S. 42, 1 Ct ) j ' 2505,91L. 2d202 ( 986) Ed. 1 . ' ) q I r i ont m oto t c t t e e a1e de ea f c u i e e sa ia e n ulng he i n,he our mus r viw 1 vi nc nd a t al nf r nce val bl E i ) fo t e de eki t lghtm os f vor bl t t no movi pary,a r ol a lr a ona e r m he vi nc %n he i t a a e o he nng t nd es ve l e s bl ( d u t a o tt ef csi fv ro t en n mo a t S o v Ci o lnt,4 5F.d 1 3 ,1 3 o b s b u h a t n a o f h o - v n . k p . t fAt a 8 3 1 0 1 6 y a / ( u tn Kig ln v ci o a , 8 I.d 1 2 ,1 2 ( lhci. 0 4 ( Thu ,- etcs a q o ig n sa d . t fuimi 3 2 r3 2 0 2 6 1 t r 2 0 ). s th - t, s y ) t a . : ) ' $ . a c pe a t es mmayj d me t tg o tep o e dn s ma n t et a ta f cs fhec s . c e td th u r u g n sa e fh r c e ig , y o b he cu la t o t a e' ' 1 ) t 1 h quotng M c l u v An oi , 9 F.d 1 01 1 0 ( 1 Ci. r 3d cul gh . tl 55 3 2 , 2 2 1 t r 2009)( i Leev. Fer aro,284 F. o ni f l1 1 11 0( 1hci* 2002). 88 9 1 t r ) . . è W ih s c fcr ga d t quaii d i uniy quesi ,heCour l t pe ii e r o lfe mm t tons t t ooksnotat hef c swhi h t at c J t pa tesm i bea et pr a ti l butr t ,whe he c ran gi f t s avi a i of he ri ght bl o ove t ra , aher t r e ti ven acs how olton @ ) . ce rye tb ihe lw.S ehv We se s 45F.d 1 31 1 3 ( 1hCi. 9 8 ( u tn t r nv lal sa ls d a h t . b tr l 3 2 , 2 6 1 t r 1 9 ) q o igyp l . àm Jone ,51 U. 30 (1 ). TheCour mus r ol a fcualdiput i f oft pli if s 5 S. 4 995) t t es ve ny a t s es n avor he antf, a d t n de de whe he t de e n i e il d t qualfe i muniy undert tve son oft n he ci t r he f nda t s ntte o ii d m t ha r i he ) ê i l 1 ( , fcs D ur h v.Pasor 351F. 1 ,1 ( 1bCi.2003) at t, 3d 080 084 1 t r . rut y . l Re v v Sande s Pl n e es . r on umbig Pr ducs I . 530 U . 1 1 S.Ct 2097,1 n o t, nc, S. 33, 20 . 47 Lgmentmustdraw)hSpbl Cerencesrfavoroteoreeirtmndofnsimdy .. 1 (0,reasonam ioreet tftcontvi na,atmuootnvar E2 0 2 0lleur e nf tii e hanu-ri pa y onst u a dd 5 0 at ee urtn d ah movwg i rm e a jd u ng q . j ? 1 1 9 t e u ysp o ic b ma igce iiiyd tr n to o weg igt ee i n e hihihigta h j r ' r vn e y kn r db l eemiains r ihn h vde c , g l t h t t g n i doi s t cour i oblga e t r vi w t r c d asawhol andûmus dir r a1evi nc n ng o he t s i t d o e e he e or e, û t sega d l de e fv rbl t t emo igp ryta t e u yi no r q ie t beiv . 1 . t1 .Evde c fv rng a o a e o h vn a t h t h j r s t e urd o le e' d a 51 i n e a o i ' t nonhe mova s d be c edied,as s d i vi nc s nt houl r t houl t de e uppori t m ovi pa t t t i e tng he ng ry ha s u onta ceda uni pe he a las t t e e t tt te denc co esfom dii e esed nc r di t nd m ac d, t e t o he xt nt ha ha vi e m r snt r t w ines e -'I t s s ' d. Ree e i noti e pr t d t m e n,c vs s nt r e e o a onve s l t tt tmonilevi nc c i fom a r ey, ha esi a de e om ng r n itr se win s,e e i u c nr dce ,mus bedse ad d a t es mmayj d me tsa e nee td te s v n f n o ta itd t irg r e t h u r u g n tg . LaFr e v. nie 550F. 1 1 ( SCi. ) Rahe ,i i ge r lya knowl edt t enir Ki ry, 3d 66, 68 1t r 2008 . t r t s ne al c edg ha c u t s o l a c p , o s mmayj d me t u p e ,heu c nrditdtsi n o itrse o rs h ud c e t f r u r u g n p r os s t n o ta ce e tmo y f ne etd wine s , e st tt si on i t nhe e l i plusbl ' faur n rr v De ami s 480 F. t s es unl s ha e tm y s i r nty m a i e. i ' e f . Fl ni, ' 3d 259( Ci. ) De sv.Os am S vani l ,5 F.d 851( SCi. ) Sand t v C# 3d r 2007 ; nni r yl a, nc. 49 3 lt r 2008 ; sad . Rihar Eli, I .309F. 8 ( t ci.2002) c d ls nc, . 3d 93 5h r Fi ly,i er nc r s bl aval bl fom me c la f e i e de ema beus dt na l nf e es ea ona y ia e r di a nd or nsc vi nc y e o s t e se eofge neis sofm aeral a t k hi e e sa eofe nec s a ywhe t how he xit nc nui s ue t i fc .û suc nf r nce r tn e s r n he pli tf ss e e wines i dea . and ca e ma awa bepr n by cr um san i le de a n if ol ye t s s d.. s s y l ys ove ic t ta vi nce wheedie te de ei una ia e 'M orr v Fr , 2F. 11 2,111 ( bCi. r rc vi nc s valbl ' el . ank 33 3d 0 7 7t r2003) l ee .k r W . iot r s apli ifm i ne rpr va l ane s i f c cai whe et vitm i dea a t he wie, antf ght ve e i on xce sve or e l m r he c i s d nd t de e ntpolc ofieri t s elvi e he f nda - ie fc s he ol i ng yewines .' p/ c &v Drns i 1 F. 11 1 47 t s'See 1/ . i k, 9 3d 43, 1 J. ( t Ci. 1 , c r.de ,51 U. 820 ( 994) (wad ofs 7b r 994) c / n. 3 S. 1 a r ummar j me t t dee ei y udg nt o he fns n de dl f c c esm us bema wih pa tc a c r whe et ofierde e nti t onl wine s a y or e as t de t ri ul r a e r he fc f nda s he y t s l t i t t tf . efalve o esiy) 20 l CLAI S V. M A.SECTI 1 FO URTH AM ENDM ENT CLAI S -DEFENDANT CUSTER ON 983 M Til 42,j1 oft Unie St esCodepr desaci le dyf t de i to ofa te 983 he td at ovi virme or he prvain ny rg s prvie ,ori i ht , i lges mmunii s cur d by t Consiuton a f r lwsby ape s n a i tes e e he tt i nd ede al a r o ctng unde c o ofsat e, di e r gulton,c t orus geofa sat tnior ort Diti tof r olr t ut or nanc , e a i usom a ny t e,e t y he src Cou a Pes n f u dt b i volto ofh ssau eaela l t t pat ij r di a a to lmbi. ro s o n o e n i ain ti ttt r ibe o he ry nu e n n cin a lw, uti e ut , roh rp o e p o e dn f rr de s 4 U. C. 1 8 .l ti c s ,h t a s i n q iy o te r p r r c e ig o e r s . 2 S. j 9 3 n h s a e te P an if e k rd e s n e j1 8 camigt a Cu tr oae he s n' Fo rhAme d n rg t litf s e s e r s u d r 9 3 li n h t se viltd r o s u t n me t ih t befe ofde e i wihou pr bl c us a we l hi rg t befe fom exc svef c i o re t nton t t oba e a e, s l as s i ht o r e r es i or e n t c he onductofe f c i adee i ora r s . Or fe tng tnton r e t aham v.Connor,490 U . 386,389,1 S.Ct S. 09 . 1 1 4L. 2d443( 989) 865, 0 Ed. 1 . Unde j1 g r ntofi aswhoha vi ae rght confre byf rlsaue o r 983, ovenme fcil ve oltd i s erd edea ttts r t Co tt i maybes d i t i i vi lc cte .Howeve , blcof il a eo di rl he nsiuton ue n he r ndi dua apa ii s r pu i ûca s r r na iy s ede fom pe s la lt f dic e i r aci unde t ndurngt i e oyme unde hi l d r r onali biiy or s r tona y tons rake i her mpl nt r te c n e tofA u lfe i ni , alwig p b i o fcast c ry o tt er o sefciey h o c p û aiid mmu t ' l n u lc fiil o a r u h i j b fe tv l q y' o otc s al t he anl nc t nt hos wiho f a ofa lws t Thi doc rne pr e t H lbu t pl i y i om pe e ort e who t ut e r a ui. s ti knowi yvi aet lw 'u cco v we t , F. 404,407( tCi. 995)( i m /e v ngl olt he a ' y . bser 47 3d llb r 1 quotngA /y . . Brggs 475U. 335,3 ,1 S.Ct 1 89L. 2d271(986),a baanc t i tnt i , S. 41 06 . 092, Ed. 1 ) nd l es wo mpora i e ess t nee t hol a count eapublcofi i lwhohasir po i yexe cie hi powe ntr t : he d o d c abl i fc a res nsbl r sd s r a t oblga i t pr e tfom la lt a ofi i who ha r as bl pe f med hi dutes nd he i ton o ot c r i biiy n tcal s e ona y ror s i . Si ear v Par 8 F. 11 ( 1hCi.201 ( i Pe s v Calahan,555U. 223, nglt y r gas, 04 3d 74 1 t r 5) quotng aron . l S. . 231 1 S. .808,1 L.Ed. 5 ( , 29 Ct 72 2d 65 2009). ) 21 To i nvoke qua ii i m uniy,Cus e m us s lfed m t tr t how t the w a ac i w ihi t s ope ofhi ha s tng t n he c s ds rto aya t o i wh nt eij re t Ad mso c re .Dicei n r a to iyi ti s e i c icein r u h rt e h nu is o a c u r d sr to ay uh rt n hs p ct y i c e i l ont xt nc udes' la t t ken pur ua t t pe f m anc oft of i i lsdutesw hi h ar w ihi d cs a al s nt o he r or e he fc a ' i c e t n t s opeofhi a hort i l ngmi se ila t. Hadlyv Gutere ,5 F. 1 ( 1hCi. he c s ut iy,ncudi nitra cs' ' e . i r z 26 3d 324 1 t r 2008) Rihv Dolar,8 F.d 1 ,1 ( tCi.1 . ; c . l 41 2 558 564 11h r 988) Theevi nc r ga di Cuse ' i e f c wih ot rme be soft PBSO TAC union t de e e r ng tr s ntra e t he m r he t he ni oft s i hi atr (ncudi aTAc-l ts r underhi out s r,dut wea ght he hootng, s tie i l ng ogo -hit s er hit y pon holt a polc I badgeclppedt hi bet,ndhi us ofaPBSO ve cl, elphonea lptp, ser nd ie D i o s lla s e hi e c l nd a o ove w he m i y poi t t co l i t Cus e wa o dut a exe c s ng hi di c e i r r l ngl nt o he nc us on hat t r s n- y nd r i i s s r tona y a ho iy asa m e be ofPBSO l w e or e entdurng hi e ount rwih Adam s The Co t hus ut r t m r a nf c m i s nc e t . ur t a s me , o s mma yj d me tp r o e ,h tCu trwa a t i h sds r t n r a to iya su s f r u r u g n u p s s ta se s ci n i icei a y uh rt t ng o t tm e oft s i he i he hootng. W ih t spr di a e t a l i t ns t t i s ofwhe he Cus e i e il d t qua ii d t hi e c t , he na ys s ur o he s ue t r t r s ntte o lfe i mmuniyf alege m ic t or l d s onduc comm it wihi t s opeoft ta hort He e t bu de i t ted t n he c ha ut iy. r , he r n s o Pli ift s t tCuse doe notmeiqualfe i n antf o how ha tr s rt iid mmuniybec us ( )t fcs c tu t a e: 1 he a t, onsr ed i Pl ntf fvors Cuse vi aedAda 'c tt i lrg s a ( t lw, tt tme n ai ifs a , how tr olt ms onsiutona iht, nd 2) he a a he i oft a l ge m i co he le d s nduc , cl a l e t bls d t unc tt i iy oft tc t e r y s a i he he ons iutonalt ha onduc .M c l gh t culou vAnt i ,559F. 1 ( 1hCi. ; n dv lon, 3d 340 3 1 t r20 . olni 3d 201 1 t r2009) Viyar .Wis 311F. 1 ,1 46( 1bCi. 02) . Ontes c n p o g a o jci sa d r a p is a o tc rc nbeh l l bl o l i telw s h e o d r n , n be tve tn ad p le ; n fi e a ed i e ny f h a o a c e r y e t bls d t w r ul s ofhi c l a l s a i he he ongf nes s onduc t ta r s bl ofi e i hi pl ce w oul t ha ny ea ona e t c r n s a d h v u d rto ta h wa voltn tePlitf' c n ttto a rg t. u ofv Rik r , a e n eso d h t e s i aig h anifs o siuin l ih s Plmh f . c a d 22 DI CUSTER VI LATE ADAM S'FOURTH AM ENDM ENT RI T TO BE FREE D O GH FR O M U NR EA SO NA BLE CSEI S ZUR E' BY U SI G EX CE SSI E FO RC E? ' N V Pl ntf c ai s - r ga dl s ofw he he t r w aspr bl c us t a r s A da s -- t t ai i f l m e r es t r he e oba e a e o r e t m - ha hot le r on, i vi a i of Adams Fourh n olton ' t Cuse us d e e sve f ce whe he s and kild he s t r e xc s i or n Ame d n rg t obefe fo u ra o a es iur b u eo e e sv f r e ç Al p e e in n me t ih t r e r m n e s n bl ez e y s f xc s ie o c .t p r h nso g byt us ofde dl f c i as i e ..' Te s eev Gar , U . 1 7,1 S. .1 he e a y or e s ezur ..' nne s . ner 471 S. , 05 Ct 694,85 L. 2d 1( 985) Ed. 1 . Unde pr ii Su e Cour pr c nt ialcai st 1 e or e e ofi e sha r eva lng pr me t e ede ,ll l m hat aw nf c m nt fc r ve us e es i f r e- de dl ornot i t c s ofa a r t i tga or sop, o he ûeilr ' ed xc sve o c a y - n he oure n res,nvesi t y t or t r s zze ofafe cii n s dbeanayz unde t Fourh Ame e a isûe s blnes 'sa r ' r e tze houl l ed r he t ndm nt nd t r a ona e s tnda d. ' Gr am v Connor 490 U. 38 395,1 S.Ct 18 1 L. 2d 443 ( 98 ;Cr ns v ah . , S. 6, 09 . 65, 04 Ed. 1 9) e haw . Litr 556F. 1 ( 1hCi. se , 3d 283 1 t r 2009) Thi t e s blne s'i r rquie courst c r uly . s ' a ona e s' nquiy e rs r t o aef l ba a e 'he naur and quaiy oft i r i on t i vi lsFo t Am e e i e ess l nc V t te lt he ntuson he ndi dua ' urh ndm nt nt r t a i tt coun e va lnggove nm e a i e essa sa ' Gr gans he t r ii r nt l nt r t t t ke. aham, ' 490 U . a 396,1 S. . t S. t 09 Ct a 1871. Thi a l i i notc pa e ofpr c s de i ton ormec nia a i ton,b (r quies s nayss s a bl e ie fnii ha c l pplca i ut çe r c r f a t i t t f c s a cic s a es of ea h pa tc ar c e. G r a e ul tenton o he a t nd r um t nc c ri ul as ' ' aham a 396. t Re ona ene si t sc e de ndson alcic sa esr l ntt a ofi ersde sont us as bl s n hi ontxt pe 1 r um t nc eeva o n fc ' cii o e f C ,Je Ba it v.Gute rz, F.d81 ( 1bCi.201 ,i l ngt s ve iyoft c i OCC an- ptse ir e 627 3 6 1 t r 0) ncudi he e rt he rme a is whehe t s pec pos d an i di t t e tt t s f t oft ofi e oro he s a t s ue, t r he us t e mme a e hr a o he a ey he fc r t r , nd whehe t s pe ta tve yr sse a r s o at mpt dt e dea r s byfi ht Cr n haw a 1 90. t r he us c c i l e it d re t r te e o va re t lg . e s t2 Furhe ,sthec l usofras blnes mus e t r tgl acul e ona e s t mbodyalowa f t f tt tpolc ofi es l nce or he ac ha ie fc r aeo tnfr e t ma es l -e o dj d me t - i cru tn e t a aetns ,u c ran, nd r fe o c d o k pi s c n u g n s n ic msa c s h t r e e n e ti a t 23 rpdye ovig a o t h a u t ff r et a i n c sayi ap riulrst to . Pl mh y a il v l n - b u t e mo n o o c h t s e e sr n a t a i in' u o c ua ' 1 4 S.Ct a 2020. 3 .t $ si ot Fou t A m e 1 n her r h A ndm e c ext . . t 'e ona e s i r i a e es i nt ont s . he r as bl nes ' nquiy n n xc s ve fr e c s i a o jcie o e t e q sin i wh t e te o fc r'a to s ae tbe t ey oc a e s n be tv n : h ueto s eh r h fies ci n r o j ci l v r a ona e' i lght of t f c s a cic s a s c r i t m , wihout r ga d t t r e s bl n i he a t nd r um t nce onf ontng he t e r o hei undel ng i e o motvai ' Gr ryi ntnt r i ton.' aham a 397,1 S.Ct l t 09 . 865. Thus Sgl ofie ' e l ,lan fc rs vi itni n wil o ma eaF u t Ame d n v oaino t f no j cieyra o a l us o f re n e to s ln t k o rh n me t i lto u o a be tv l e s n be e f o c ; n rwil no tc rsg o itninsma ea o j cieyu ra o a eu eof o c c nsi to a. o l a fi e ' o d ne t o k n be tv l n e s n bl s f re o tt in l' u ' f ,ctngScotv Unie ats, U. 1 1 98S. .1 7,1 23, L.Ed. 1 ( 978 . #. ii t . tdst e 436 S. 28, 38, Ct 71 7 56 2d 68 1 ) The Cour i t r or oblga e t l att unde l ng f ct t r fom t pe s tve t s he ef e i t d o ook he r yi a pate n r he r pec i of a r s bl polc of i r on t s ene w ih know l ea ona e i e fce he c t edge of t s r he ur oundi f t a ng ac s nd cic s a s bal nci t rs ofbodiy ha m t t s pec a ns t gr viy oft t ea t r um t nce , a ng he i k l r o he us t gai t he a t he hz t he ofie s fc r oughtt elmi t.M oronv Kil oo4 707F. 1 o i nae t . rov 3d 276,1 1 ( 3) Thi e l in 28 201 . s vauato m us bem a on ac e by c e ba i , s i k hepe s c i ofar as bl of i e on t s ne, t de as as s s as um ng ç t r pe tve e ona e fc r he ce rte ta wihte2 / 0vso o hn sg t' Po t . t o r La d r ae 7F.d 1 5 ( 1h ah r h n t h 0 2 iin f id ih . s v Ci fFo t u e d l, 3 5 2 1 t ' y Ci.1 (uoi Gr r 993) q tng aham, U. a 396). 490 S. t ) A n of i r sus ofdea y f c i pr s p i l r as bl i t ofi err a o ybele s fce ' e dl or e s e um tve y e ona e f he tc e s nabl i ve t tt s pe tpos sat r a ofs rousha m t t ofi eroro he s a t us ofdea yf r i ha he us c e h e t ei r o he fc t r , nd he e dl o ce n t sc e doe notvi a e t Cons iuto Tenne se v Gar r 471 U . I 11 l S.Ct,85 hi ont xt s ol t he tt i n. s e . ne , S. , , 05 . L Ed2d 1( 985) Car v Tal l 338F. 1 ( 1hCi. 1 ; r . angeo, 3d 259 1 t r 2003) Mac vCi o e tne, ; e t fpalsi 333 y F. 621 623(t Ci. ) Thi i r c n berdu dt asngl que ton:çW hehe,gi n 3d , 5b r2003 . s nquiy a e ce o i e si l t r ve t cr msa es (he s pecjwoul ha appe ed t ras epolc ofest ha be n he icu tnc , t us t d ve ar o e onabl ie fr o ve e 24 @ ga eyd n eo s' Pene v Esig r 6 5F.d 8 3( 1hci.2 0 ,ctngPa ev ca ba c rv l a g r u ' ly . l e , 0 3 4 1 t r 01 ) ii c . po in o, n . 28 F3d1 ( 1bCi 2002) 3 275 1 t r . Reyi ont r as bl i e enc sa ia efom t f e i e de ,a r ol ngal l ng he e ona e nf r e val bl r he or nsc vi nce nd es vi l ; c lci e de e on ma e i lpoi s i f vorof Pli if as mor pa tc a l di c s a onfi tng vi nc t ra nt n a antf, e riulry s us ed t 7 se ton1 D.' t Is s'a c i . çFacual s ue ,' bove, heCour concudest r a ege ne is ofma e i lf c t t l he e r nui s ues t ra a t ( ) rg r i gt cru tn e c n r n igCu trwhc ,f e o v d b aj r a an t se, ud e a dn he ie msa c s o fo tn se, ih i r s l e y uy g i s Cu trwo l alw t j r t fn t a Cu trs o Ad mswh nhewa u ame a de t- a d d sa d n l he u y o id h t se h t a o e s n r d n mpy h n e , tn i g ! E ' ' be ndt l f r a tr ofhi pi k- p tu a wel a y fom a i e i c hi he e t e r ie s c u r ck nd l wa r ny ntror ompa t e soft rm nt he ( ) 1 ve c e. hi l $ : è î Th ts ra o a ei frn e fo t ee ie c wo l pemia u yt fn ta Cu trie a i e s n bl n ee c s rm h vd n e ud r t j r o id h t se trd ) ona e y- nde una med Ada ssa ngbehi o ne rt drve -i r rwhe ofhi pikn mpt ha d, r m t ndi nd r a he i r sde ea el s c up tu k,posng no t e ofgr ve bodiy ham t Cuse o a rc i hr at a l r o tr r nyone e s Unde t s s ena i le. r hi c ro, ; t l f a pligt eo j ci sa d r f rus o d a l f r eo tie a o e teCo r h l st t s o p yn h be t tn ad o e f e d y o c uln d b v ,h u t o d ha u e f ve s ch de dl f cet s o ork eze' Ada swo d c tt ee e sve f c , i vi ai oft u a y or o t p ' i ' s m ul onsiut xc s i or e n ol ton he ! ) i 7 Fou t Am e en j pr bii ag ns : ea ona j s k ur ., rh ndm t s ohi ton ai t : unr s b e e z e , t ' Fial, e e a s mig a u yweet a c p t a p c of se ' tsi n d srbn a n ly v n s u n j r r o c e t he s e t Cu trs e tmo y e ci ig J ê r kl hi r , nsde he j non- ompla Adamskts nga oundN i i t doorofhi tuc i i Cuse , cor ntst c i nt s r k,gnorng tr s nma . o s how hi ha ,a t n s s nds nd he udde y br a ng fe and s r ng outoft ve c e t r i sil nl e ki r e pimi he hi l , he e s tl, j ccl,vects prpii ssrottt eie utdcets oAas rileineou otlnf aei h at t Csreidoh tdm, uay d p atf stn a h m e d o ' Ada sha m ove awa fom t doo oft ve cl a was sa nguna da e pha d m d d y r he r he hi e nd t ndi nne nd mpt nde ) ' be nd hi pi k- t ck, e loutof r c ofisi e i c pa t e s Cons hi s c up nz w l ea h t nt r or om rm nt . eque l a e ri r nty, ny a le $ f rt Cuse ma ha ha whe Ada swas a lge y S ihi 'a ound i i hi t u k ha ea hat tr y ve d n m le dl ç s ng' r f nsde s r c d f 25 t . è ; t j j ' . be n ne r lz a t tm eoft frts . l o he wor , e rirr ssa ,aggr s i or e uta ied t he i he is hot n t r ds any a le e itnce e son f tve move e sont pa to Ada swoul notl gii z Sgt Cuse ' lt rde i i t s uri m nt he r f m d e tmi e . tr s a e c son o hoot hi once t st tonwa ne r lz d.Se Montr v Nkandl 597Fed.Appx 1 ( 1hCi. m he iuai s utaie e eo . a, 021 1 t r 2 4 ( oo j ciey ra o a eo fc rwo ds o tu a e s s c li gp o ea dpin dt 01 ) n b e tv l e s n bl fie ul h o n nn d u pe t y n r n n n e o gr ound, e r e sofa prorr as f c r ga dl s ny i e ons or once nt t hes pe t a ha be ntyngt r a ht r ha t us c m y ve e r i o e c he ofie ' g d i aphysc s tei t ha ufi pr s ) fc rs un urng ial cufl n he ndc fng oce s. W he he Cuse ' c t r t rs onduc i s tng Ada s wa r s bl de t n hoo i m s ea ona e pends on whehe a t r r s bl ofi e i Cuserss swoul ha beleve t tAda swasg a l da r t hi ea ona e fc r n t ' hoe d ve i d ha m r vey nge ous o m at hepoi i tmet tCuse de o d de dl f c Bot pa te ag eet t hi t nson af c ua t nt n i ha tr pl ye a y or e. h ris r ha t s ur at l de e mi ton a t whe he Cuse fr d hi frts a Ada swa ûs hi a ound' i i t t r na i s o t r t r ie s is hot s m s s s ng r t ' nsde he i e i rc ntro ompa t e oft vchil ,a s nl me çpimi t' owa d t r e ki rm nt he c e nd udde y ca is r ng ou ' t r Cuse ,br a ng Cuse ' hol on hi he d - asc e d by Cuse - orwhe he Cuserfr d a a e y- nde t rs d s a ont nde tr t r t ie t n mpt ha d, una med Ada s sa ng behi orne rt l 4r a whe oft pi k- - as c e d b r m tndi nd a he ef e r el he c up ontnde y pli if antf . Unde t Pli tf ' ve son of t e nt whi h fnds e de ir s r he a n if s r i he ve , c i vi nta y uppor i t t n he s mmayj dg n r c r n ra o a eo tc rnCu trss o s o l h v b le e Ad ms osd u r u me t e o d, o e s n bl f e i se ' h e c u d a e eiv d a p e i ag a ed n e a t t u cu e a dteu eo d a y f rea an tAd ms i ta po t r wo l rv a g r t ha j n tr , n h s f e dl o c g i s a n h t su e ud t r f ebe e es i a unc tt i l he e or xc sve nd onsiutona . l ra higt i c ncuso ,h Co r e h sz si i n tma ig a yj g n a t t e n e c n h s o l i n te u t mp a ie t s o kn n ud me t s o h uli ae f c s ort co pe e e ofCuse . Ra he ,t Cour smpl c udes bas d on t tm t a t, he m t nc tr t r he t i y oncl , e he c rnts ure ummayj r udgme rc d, i i no posi et decae t e de es feefom diput nt e or t s t sbl o lr he vi nc o r r s e ta s mmayj d me tc n bee trd f rd fn a t Th sf lws b c u e a t c r n l g ht u r u g n a n ee o e e d n . i ol , e a s , s he h o o o y o o lne a uti d bovei c t s t r i ac iialf c diput a t whe he Cuse s atam a who wa ndia e , he e s rtc a t s e s o t r t r hot n s 26 pi ed t drverssdedoora fa eofhi ve cl ' ihi a ound' i i i de i nc oft nn he i ' i nd r m s hi e, i s ng r f ' nsde n fa e he ofi e ' c fc rs omm a t s nd o how hi ha a ge on t gr s nds nd t he ound,orwhehe Cuse s a una m e t r tr hot n r d, e y- nde ma sa ngbe ndt ve cl wihouta e st a ofisi e i c mpt ha d n t ndi hi he hi e t cc s o ny t nt ror ompm men s t. Se J c s n v Hoyma ,9 3 F.d 4 ,4 3 ( t ci.1 91 (u r j d me to acam o e a k o . l n 3 2 01 0 6h r 9 ) s mmay u g n n li f e es i f c i i ppr i t wher t pari s diput vit l a1 of t e s i f t xc sve or e s na oprae e he te ' s e rualy 1 he s ental acs s r ur oundi t e s i f c cl m , c e i i i pos i e t det nui w he he t f c us d ng he xce s ve or e ai be aus t s m s bl o e ne t r he or e e wasr s eaonabl wihoutc i b we n t pa tess r ydifrnta t la c nt) e t hoosng et e he ri hapl fee cua c ou s. a. W AS TH E CONSTI TUTI ONAL RI GHT CLEARLY ESTABLI SHED ? Ev n t o g ara o a ej r c ul fn Sg. tr ma ea u ra o a et ez e' f e h u h e s n bl u y o d id t Cuse d n n e s n bl ' iur'o s S t Ad msb u igd a l f rea ans hm i tec u s o ad tninwi u lg lu tfc to , eh a y sn e dy o c g i t i n h o re f ee t o t te a j siiain ho Cuserm a silcli qu ii d i uniyi Ada s rghtt befe ofs h f c wa nottcea l t y tl am alfe mm t f m ' i o r e uc or e s tl ry e t bls d'a t tme oft s i sa ihe ' t he i he hootng. Forarghtt bed e rye tbls ds 'hecont soft rg mus bes fc e l ce rt t i o ' a l sa ihe ' t cl ' our he iht t ufii nty la ha r a ona e of i al woul unde s a t t w ha he i doi vi at t r ght' An r on v e s bl fci d r t nd ha t s ng ol es hat i . de s ' . Cr i on,483U. 635,640,1 S.Ct 3034,97L. 2d 523( 987) Ho v Pel r 536U. eght S. 07 . Ed. 1 ; pe . ze , S. 7 7 1 S.Ct2508( 2) I exc s i f r cai , antf c nesa ih t rg wa 30, 39, 22 . 200 . n e sve oce l ms pli if a tbls he iht s il rye tbls d'i t wa :( )bycii c r lnga maei l smiarc s 1w de mi ' eal sa ihe ' n wo ys l c tng ontoli nd traly i l a e a cl ng t ofiilsc he fca' onduc unc tt i l or( bydemonsrtngt tt ofi alsconduc le s t onsiutona, 2) tai ha he fci ' t is o o o l a t c e ofw ha t Fourh A m e m e pr bist tt unl w f nes oft c bvi usy t he or t he t nd nt ohi t ha he a ul s he onduc t s dha bee r a l a e t t ofi a , wihsa ngt lckofc el w.Pre trv houl ve n e diy ppar nt o he fcil not t t ndi he a as a ise . C' o Riir Be c ,2 8 F.d 91 ,9 6 ( 1bCi.2 0 ) l ti c ne t t e' o to l g a d 1 f ve a a h 0 3 9 2 1 t r 0 0 . n h s o tx , h l nr li n %' c n m a e i l sm ia c s l 'm us c e fom t Supr m e Cour oft U nied St t , heEl ent t raly i l r a e aw ' t om r he e t he t a es t ev h 27 Cic tCour ofAppea sort hi s c t t St t whos 1 w i a is Hamit v. r ui t l he ghe t our of he ae e a s t s ue. lon Cannon, 80F.d 15 ,1 ( lhCi.1 . 3 25 531 1 t r 996) Viwi t e de ei t lg mos fvo a e t Ada s Sgt Cuse i e i ly fr d e ng he vi nc n he i ht t a r bl o m , . t r nt ntona l ie f c os r nges sa a e y- nde Ada swhe he wassa ng wel be our l e a hot t n mpt ha d m n t ndi l yond r a h oft ec he i ei c ntror ompa t e ofhi vehi e a t r f e, tatm ewhen Ada spos nors ofha m t rm nt s cl, nd he e or a i m ed ik r o Cuse .Und we le tbls d Supr meCour a El nt Cic tpr e ti e f c a t tm e tr er l- sa ihe e t nd eve h r ui ec den n fe t t he i o ti icd n, o o j ci eyra o a l o fc ri Cu trspo iin c udha eb l v dta h f h s n ie t n be tv l e s n be fie n se' st o l v ei e h t e o e wase il t us de y f c t ls ie'Ada si t ss e i ntted o e adl or e o kez ' m n hi c naro. l wa clary esa ihe a t tme oft s i t t i wa a Fourh Amendme t s e l t bls d t he i he hootng ha t s t nt vi ai t s i a una me non- nge ouscvii by s i hi de Te s e v Gar r olton o eze n r d, da r i lan hootng m ad. nne s e . ne , 4 lU. 1 1 5S. . 6 4( 98 ) T re v Ci o Ma e a, 4 F.d1 1 ( tCi. 0l ) Un e 7 S. , 0 Ct 1 9 1 5 ; o r s . t f d r 6 8 3 1 9 9h r 2 l. d r y Ga n r S t Cu trwo l h v b e o ce r oiet a d a l f rewo l b j siido yih r e, g . se ud a e e n n la n tc h t e dy o c ud e u tfe nl f e ha pr bl c us t be ive Ada s pos d at e tofs rousphysca ha m et rt hi o d oba e a e o le m e hr a ei i l r ihe o m r ot r .Unde t m os f vor eviw oft evi nc t pl ntf, m sdi no pos s hag ave he s r he t a abl e he de e o ai if Ada d t e uc r dang r e. Cuse as ha f i wa i fom Elvent Cic tpr ce ntt ts i a una med tr lo d ar m ng r e h r ui e de ha hootng n r pe s who i not a tng i m ame posng a rs ofgr tbodiy ha' t a ofi e vi a e t ron s ci n r r i ik ea l l o n fc r olt s he m s p c' c n ttto a rg tob fe o e c sief re S eeg. r a ov Ci o ln o 4 7 us e ts o si in lih t e r e f x e sv o c . e . Me c d . t fora d , 0 u y F 3d 11 ( 1hci. 0 )( s o d a l f ret s b u s b e ti n n d a l st ainvolts 52 1 t r 2 05 u e f e dy o c o u d e u j c n o - e dy iu to i ae . d ti e ' ce rye tb ih dFo rhAme dme trg t , ut v Ci o M o to r , 71F.d ean es lal sa ls e u t n n ih s ' it . t f ng mey 7 2 / Pr y 1 F 1 ( 1bCi.1 ( t hel la ef ofie ' i e i lfrnga s pec' lgsi atmpt 475 477 1 t r 985) ciy d ibl or fc rs ntntona ii t us ts e n te t sop s pe tfom te i aleg bur a y st des t r us t obe or rt hat whe et r o t us c r l eng l ed glr ie, pie ef al o y de o l, r he e 2 8 ) was no e de e t ts pe tc mit ort e t ne t c vi nc ha us c om ted hr a e d o omm i c i i vi i l ci of t rme nvol ng nti ton ' è ) srousphysca ham) fund e v Mc e,81 F. 600( 1hCi.1 )(fimi vediti ei i l r ; gr n Danil 4 2d 1 t r 987 afr ng r c n . ' ( ; ' fv ro s s e t nb r lr of i e so ewh wa s o b o fc r, e ee i n e i l h mo t a o f u p c i u gay v d o t r o s h t y fie s wh r vde c ,n i t s g ) ï ' C f vor bl t pli if s a a e o antf , howe t ts pe t di notr a h f we pon,t eae ofi r ors d ha us c d e c or a hr tn fce s hoota t : ( ' 2: 1 : : ofi rl,Vau fces ' ghanv Co 343F. 1 23( 1:1Ci. . x, 3d 3 1 1. r 2003)(hootngt e s si ove ce ofa o s i hr e hot nt hil ut . j t e s pecs who we e e di are ta who ha ac elr t d t eghtt ei p fve m ies i hif us t r va ng r s nd d c e a e o i o ght i l n , q è 7 i s nt mphz hel e e sve . eve y one d xc s i ) l s m,u d rt mo tfv rb e ve o t e e d n e t te Plitf,n o j ciey n u n e he s a o a l iw f h vie c o h an if o be tv l î j r s bl ofi e i Cuse ' poston c d have r a ona y be ive he was e il t s ea ona e fc r n trs ii oul e s bl le d ntted o hoot ) Ada s a t tm e a i t m a r he di Acc di y,Def ntCuse i no e ild t m t he i nd n he nne d. or ngl enda t r s t ntte o . ( q ai e i nt a amatro lw, n hi mo infrs mma y ud me t a e o ti d fns i u lf d mmu iy s te fa a d s to o u r j g n b sd n h s ee e s i ' ) ' è a opraey de e See eg.Car he sv Mccawly 2008 W L 461 ppr itl nid. . ut r . e 3048 ( . Fl 2008 M D. a. ) ' ) L ) , (e yn s mmayj g n i j 1 8 e e sv fr ecam wh r b n r b e ys s e t xtd d n ig u r ud me t n 9 3 xc s ie o c li ee a k o b r u p c e i e ho e wih a i ara a t l t nns n i nd nnounce he wa una d,a ofi rs hi onc i c tashe d s nne nd fce hot m e n hes ) t waked t dhi andt e mor tme a hetid t nm awa . l owar m, hre e i s s re o y) ' y ? r t 2. D l C U STER V I LA TE A DA M S' U RTH A M EN D M EN T R I H T TO BE FR EE D O FO G O F AN U N REA SO N ABL E CSEI C ZUR E' BY A RR ESTI G H I W I O U T ' N M TH PRO BA BLE C AU SE? Un rh Fo rhAme d n, a h dac nsiui n l ih t b fe fo u ra o a e de te u t n me tAd ms a o t to a rg t o e re r m n e s n bl t L l s i e A s i ur oc ur whe 1 peron' fe ezur . e z e c s n i s s r edom of ove e i r ta ne byme nsofph ia a m m nt s esr i d a ysc l 5 l i f c orby s or e ubmi so t as ofa hort ,'w hi i l s i n o how ut iy ' ch ncudesa a r torde e i Uniedst e n res t nton. t at s è t l en d. 1 8 20 1 tCi. 1 ( c im) n- ta omplt siur mus ee ez e, t V.Al ,447Fe Appx. 1 , 1 ( 1h r201 ) per ura .Ana es, c c j ' ) ; ) ' t 1 1 1 j . . ' ! bes uppore bypr bl c e Unie atsv Bl ly, Fe Appx. ( 1h Ci. 1 ( r td oba e aus . tdst e . acke 439 d 803 1 t r 201 ) pe c im) Anars, deeni wihoutpr bl c us vi ae t FourhAme nta i t ura . re tor t ton, t oba e a e olts he t ndme , nd s hus a u o si to a s iue Re d v Ci o tr ie 1 F.d 1 8 ( 1hci.1 9 ) n nc n tt in l ez r . d . t fEneprs , 40 3 37 1 t r 9 8 . u y Pr b bec us t ars e it wh na ar s i o j cieyra o be b s do t et tlt o a l a e o re t x ss e n re ts be tv l e s na l a e n h oai y oft ecr tnce .Dur uh v Pasor,351F. 1 ( lhCi.2003) Thi sa r i me h icumsa s r ty . t 3d 080 1 t r . s tndad s t whe et f c sa cic sanc wihi t ofi e ' knowl e, whi hheors ha r s bl r he a t nd r um t es t n he tc rs edg of c he s ea ona y t swo t i onua i woul c eapr de pe s t be ive,unde t cr nlt rhy nf ton, d aus u nt r on o le r he icumsa ss tnce hown t tt s pe tha c mit i c ha he us c s om ted s omm itngori about oc m i a ofens Eve i nopr bl ti s t om t n f e. n f oba e c e e ss ofie s maki a ares ar e il t qualfe i uniy s l a ' r aus xit, fc r ng n r t e ntted o ii d mm t o ong s t guabl a e pr bl c us f t a r t'e ss Dur uty,a 1 oba e a e or he res' xit . r h t 089. Thi m e ns a ofi e ha qua iid s a n fc r s lfe i mmuniya l a hel e onabl coul havebeleve t tpr bl ca ee se 'i lghtoft t s ong s i as r y d i d ha oba e us xit d,'n i he i onna in hepos es e eve i he wasm itke i t belet nf to s s d, n f sa n n hat i l I t sc s Cuse co e heha a t lo a las a guabl pr bl c us t are t ms n hi a e, t r ntnds d c ua r t e t r e oba e a e o r s Ada f t c i eofba tr on al enf r e e ofi r a t the wasalo e il d t us t f r e or he rm te y aw o c m nt fce , nd ha s ntte o e he o c ne es a y t e f c s h a a r s . Theelm e soft c i e ofba tr o apolc ofie unde c s r o fe t uc n re t e nt he rm te y n i e fc r r Fl i 1w c itof( )knowi y( a t ly( i e i ly( t hi orsrki ()a i t orda a onss 1 ngl 2) cual 3)ntntonal 4)ouc ng ti ng 5 gans hi wil( a 1w e oreme ofie ()e ed i t lwf pe fr nce ofhi dute . s l 6) a nf c nt fc r 7 ngag n he a ul roma s is Mor c v St e 618 So. 301( a.1t dia at, 993)8 s s pectc ntnt rme nd e r 2d Fl SDCA 1 . Thi i as ii i e ci a rquiesa . s be t eitn t a c mpl hasau o i p o iie r s l.1 . t3 4 Th t s ac n ito f r u j ci ne t o c o i ttt rl r hb td e ut d a 0 . a i, o vcin o v s y 'se ton 78 .0 ( ) Flrd S a e , e ie t i c i a f lws ci 4 7 2 , o ia tmts d f s h s rme s ol : n o W he era peron i chaged wih knowigl comm itng an asaul orbatey u a l nev ny s s r t n y ti s t tr pon aw enf ce e ofi er ..whiet om c r .. i enga i te Iwf lpe f m a eofhi orhe or m nt tc . . l he e . ..s ged n h a u ror nc s r duis,heofens f whiht pe s i cha ge s lber as ii asf l te t f e or c he r on s r d hal ecl sfed olows: ()i tec s o batr,r m amid me n ro tef s d g e t afln o tet r d g e . b n h a e f t y fo e s e a o f h i t e re o eo y fh hid e re r 30 bat r on al w e or e e ofi err quiespr oft s ii i e ofknowi y ba trng a te y a nf c m nt fc e r oof he pecfc nt nt ngl te i l w e or e entofi r a nf c m tce . I t i c s ,teeae g n ieis e o maeilfc whc i rs le b aj r a ans n hs a e h r r e un s u s f tra a t ih, f e ov d y uy g i t Cu tr wo l alw tej r t fn t t trh dn i e p o a l c u en ra g a l p o a l se , u d lo h u y o id ha Cuse a et r r b b e a s o r u be r b be h c us t a r tAdams The s e ba i f t at mpt d a r tofAdnms i Cuserscli t t a e o res . ol ss or he te e res s t ' am ha Ada sc m hoked hi ,gr bbi hi a ha d asa m a c d g ab a pe s The l c ofc m a ng m s r n oul r r on. ak onobor tng ai p y ia e i e c , o pldwi oh ric n itn isi Cu trstsi n , u dal aj r t h sc l v d n e c u e t te n o sse ce n se ' e t y wo l l h mo ow u y o rj c Cu trstsi n i ttl nti p n . ee t se ' e t y n oa o h s oit mo I Cuse ' t tmony r ga di t c ng i dibe i d b t fnde off c ,t prma y f tr s esi e r ng he hoki s s leve y he i r a t he i r elme soft c i edi notexit a Cuserwoul ha hadno pr bl ca et a r tAda s e nt he rm d s, nd t d ve oba e us o res m f ba tr on a1 w enf r e or te y a o c mentofi r fce .Furhe ,ar as bl ofi e i Cuse ' poston woul t r e ona e fc r n trs ii d ha unde sood hewa vi a i t Pl ntf ' consiutona i sb a tm ptng t de an hi ve rt s oltng he ai ifs tt i lrght y te i o t i m unde t e cr r hos icumsa s ie. l i hi unde a r ta or rng hi t t gr tnce , . decarng m r res nd de i m o he ound. Thus t Cour fnds s fc e evi nce t r i e ge ne i s s of m a e i f ton t , he ti ufi i nt de o a s nui s ue t ral ac he t es d que ton ofwhet rCuse hadl obabl c us 't are to de anAdn sf ba tr ona hz hol si he tr t pr e a e'o r s r t i m or tey lw e or e e ofi e , nd whe he hei e il dt qualfe i uniy f hi c a nf c m nt fc r a t r s ntte o ii d mm t or s onduc i pl cng tn ai Ada sunde a r t m r res. B. FO UR TEENT H A M EN DM ENT DU E PR O C ESS C LA I - D EFEN D A NT C U STE R M The Due Pr s Cl us of t Foure t A m e oce s a e he t en h ndm e r qui e g er entof i a s t nt e r s ov nm fci l o po d a e u t me c l aet i dvdu l ij r dwhl a p e n e b p ie Ci o Rc ee r vie d q ae dia c r o n ii as nu e ie p rhe d d y ol . t f v r c y v Mas ac et Ge r Hopial 463 U. 239,244,1 S.Ct 2979,77L. 2d605( 983) . s hus ts ne al s t , S. 03 . Ed. 1 (iTJ duepr es rght of a g e-ra deanee a ea la tasgra a t Ei h Ame 1( he oc s i s pr til ti q r t e s e t s he ght ndment 31 p oe to a albet ac n ce p io e) Ph lisv Ro eCo ny T n . 5 4F.d 5 ( r tcins v i l o o vitd rs n r; il . an u t e n, 3 3 31 6 a p 1 1 p Ci.2008)Cl msalgi del aei fee t aprtil ti ess rousmejea j tsa e (y jwej r r . ai le ng i t ndifrnce o era deane , ey ber ( t h tu s be tt sme snziy a i b o g ta d lb rt id fee c camsu d rt e Eih h h s u j c o a c tn s f r u h s ei eae n ifrn e li n e h g t ( Ame d n . Cl /rv Br wa dCt// Sh r fsDe . e ia De .5 8F d Ap x. 1 ( 1b n me t re . o r pny e f ' ptM dc l pt, 5 e . p 9 9 1 t l f ' ; ( ' ; ' Ci.201 . r 4) ë ) . ) To pr vai on a delbe a e i fe e e t s rousme c nee c s unde t Fou te h e l i r t ndif r nc o e i dial d a e r he re nt E l , ) Ame ndme t a pli ifmus s ( ) a s rousme c lne d ( t dee n ' dei rt n, antf t how 1 ei dia e 2) he fnda ts lbeae i idfee c t t a n e a d()c u ainb t e t a id fee c a tepan ifs nuy Ma n n ifrn e o h t e d n 3 a s to ewe n h tn ifrn e nd h litf' ij r . n ' y v Ta r ntr i alI .588F. 1 ( 1jCi. ) Toc tt ea: ei ,me o y j y se I e naton , nc, 3d 291 1 t r2009 . onsiut , rous, ayajait, s . ( i m us be one i ,l f una t nde pos a s t nta r s ofs roushann. t t f e t te d, es ubs a i l i k ei . ( t A cam frd l e ae i ifr n et s ro sme ia n e sh so j ciea d s be tv li o ei r t ndfee c o e iu dc l e d a be tv n u j cie b i C mP n n s Phi isv Ro n Co ny T n . ? F.d 5 , 5 9 ( t Ci. 0 8 . Theo j ci O O Ct lp . a e u t e n, 4 3 31 3 6h r 2 0 ) l 5 be t ve t c ompo n rquie s ngt exitnc ofats tce l s i 'me ca ne d.Phih 534 ne t e rs howi he se e sufi inty erous' di l e lps, E . F.da 5 9 Toe tbiht es be tv c mp n n , pli if s alg a ds o fcs ih i 3 t 3 . sa ls h u j ci e o o e ta antf mu t le e n h w a t whc , f E g . ( tu , uds o ta ted fnd n s b e tv l p r ev dfcsfo wh c t i frs bsa t lik r e wo l h w h th ee a t u j ciey ec ie a t r m ih o n e u tni rs a è . ' of ha m ; t the di i f c dr s h a i e e e,a t the t n di r ga de t trs r ha d n a t aw uc n nf r nc nd ha he s e r d ha ik. E Coms oc v M ccr y, 272F. 693( t Ci. t k ar l 3d 6) r 2001.l i notnec s r howe r t pr t tt ) ts esay, ve ,o ove ha he E of i e a t f l he ve y pur e of c us ng ha or w ih know l f c r c ed or f t r pos a i nu t edge t t ha m w ilr s t' ha r l e ul, ' ; ) ' j i ) ) jowg , d. j vgy j ' I t sc e,Cuse kne t t Ada swashi by gunfr a t the rs d s rousha m n hi as t r w ha m t ie nd ha ike e i r ulstinimdtmdmltno.Hwvrtrininiilneh forsrca nbe a v ndifeao ei ' tdi n eoee le ssoedcttuews e ge m eie c aei s y a tal ,yie vaeequest C tdi al h a me dei r el i fer ntt Ada s m e c ne ds by dea ng hi l t r i ' ) r r . ) ( 1 0 ! l 1 1 32 # a ssa eori pr ntng o he ofi e sormedialr s s it nc n eve i t r tc r c e ponde sfom te tng Adn si me ael r r r ai m m dit y upon t i a val The e i no diput t tCuse pr he r ni . r s s e ha t r ompty c le f rEM S ba k- de enda s l a ld o c up; f nt a guet si al t tt Consiuton r quie .Pl ntf a g st tCuse ha ac tt i ldut r hi s l ha he tt i e r s ai if r ue ha tr d onsiutona y t do mor ,a t t de piehi own Fis Ai a CPR ce ttc tons Cuse di no pe s ly o e nd ha , s t s rt d nd ril a i , t r d t r ona l r nderme c la ssa durng t i er albewe n t tmehepl c d t c l ormedia b cku e di a s it nce i he nt v t e he i a e he alf cl a p and t a rva oft me c . he ri l he di s TheCour doe notfnd a diputd is ofge ne f ton whehe Cusersconduc a t s i s e s ue nui ac t r t ' t nd f iu et per onaly a t nd t A da si t si e a r e t l ve ofc tt i de i ton. As a l r o s l te o m n hi nt n'l os o e l ons iutonal prva i e p e sdb t eNit Cic i i Ma d xv Ci o o An ls 7 2F.d 1 08 1 5 ( t Ci. x r se y h nh r ut n d o . t fL s gee , 9 2 4 , 41 9h r y l tiai omitd) g86lcttons te : The due pr es cl us r quiesr pons bl gove nm ent a t rage st s c e oc s a e e r es ie r s nd hei nt o e ur me c l aef r e s nswh ha eb e ij r dwh l i p lc c t d W eh v dia c r o p ro o v e n nu e ie n oie uso y. ae f ound no a hort s ut iy uggesi t tt d pr e sclus esa ihe anafimatve tng ha he ue oc s a e t bls s fr i dut on t par ofpolc ofi r t r nde CPR i a a a 1cr um sa es Due y he t i e fce s o e r n ny nd 1 ic t nc . pr s r uie t tpolce ofier s k t ne s a y me c at ton f r a oce s eq r s ha i fc s ee he ce s r dial ten i o d ti e wh n he o s e h s b e ij r d whi b i g a p e e d d b et r eane e r h a e n nu e l en p r h n e y i e he p o t s mmo igt en c sayme ia h l o b tkngteij rddean et rmpl u nn h e e s r dc l ep r y a i h n u e tie o y ahos t . pial Acc dci o v r ,463U. 239, 245(98 ( r ntflildconsiuto oblgai or t fRe e e y S. 234- 1 3) govemne ufle tt inal i ton t p o d me ia c r t p ro ij rdb poiewh l b iga prh nd db s en t t u p c o rvie dc l ae o e s ns nu e y l c ie en p e e e y e ig ha s s e t wa p o tytk nt ah s t l;T t m v Ci o nFr n ic 4 F.d 1 9 1 9 ( tCi. s r mp l a e o o pi ) a u . t fsa a cs o, 41 3 0 0, 0 9 9b r a y 2 0 )p ieo fc r op o tys mmo s h n c sayme ia a ssa c h sa tdrao a l 0 6 (ol fi e wh r mp l u n t e e e s r dc l sitn e a ce e s n by c frpupo e oft FourhAme o r s s he t ndme ,e i t ofi rdi notpes lya nitrc r) nt ven f he fce d ronal dmi se ae . Pl i ifdoesnoti iya c s 1w s antf dentf ny a e a ugge tng t tpe s m e c a tntoni r quie si ha r onal dial te i s e r d by t Consiuton. Be us t undiput f c ss he tt i ca e he s ed a t how t Cuserdi notvi ae t dec de ' hat t d ol t he e nts 33 rg tome ia c r ,h Co r s al rn Cu trsmo inf rs mma yj d me to tea sre ih t dc l a e te u t h lg a t se ' to o u r u g n n h se td F u t Ame d n Du Pr c s vo ain S eMa o v faa teCi pa ihCo s lGo en n, o rh n me t e o e s ilto . e s n . f yet t rs n o. v r me t yF. 3d , 5W L 6988739( t c i. ov 1 ,201 ( fc ' c 201 5b r N 0 5) ofiers onductdi notrs t l lof d ie o eve . delbe a e i fe e e whe he c le a i r t ndif r nc n a ld mbulnc f s pec a trs tng;dec so t de ert a e or us t fe hoo i ii n o f o ot ofi e st at nd s pe tnotf ry vi d a s her fc r o te us c ail ewe s howi wa on dir ga d f s rousm e ca ng nt s e r or e i di l n e s,' e e v Ci o a tc 2 3W L 68 6 75( D. l201 ) e d ) Du n z . t fM ne a, 01 y 1 3 E. Ca. 3 . 9 C. SECTI 198 ON 3FO URTH AM ENDM ENT CLAI -DEFENDANT SH ERI M FF Ast t j1 FourhAme o he 983 t ndmentexc svef c cai a ns t Sherf,t Pli if / esi ore l m gai the if he antf c e , fr t t t t She if r ii d t m ic ontnds is, ha he rf atfe he s onduc of Cuse by f lng t m e ni uly t tr aii o a ngf l i si t Adam s de t ort dicplne Cuse f hi m ic nve tgae ' ah o s i i tr or s s onducti c usng i. Ale a i l n a i t t m tvey, Pli ifcontndst t heShe ifss a ntf e ha t rf hoddy i si i ofAda s hom ii i il ta i a pa t nve tgaton m ' cde s lusr tve nd r ofa l sa ng pat r ofs m ofi ri ve s i i tga i ,i t hi 'a ong-t ndi te n ha tce -nvol d hootng nvesi tons t ewas ng' nd whi e xone a i ns of of i e s i ve i s h e s , a pr c i e w hi h ef e tvel r ttes and r to fc r nvol d n uc pi odes a tc c f c i y a ii e our gesl wl s be vi rby deput s rfswih t ci as ur nc st tt She if wilç t h nc a a e s ha o y he if t a t s a e ha he rf l t c wa t i ba ks ' he r c . ' Sec ond,t Pl ntf contndst Pal Be h Count She ifs Ofi e i r s i e f he ai if e he m ac y rf fc s e ponsbl or Cuse ' co tt i lvi a i be us Cuse ' conduc i il tai ofa wi s e d PBSO t rs nsiutona oltons ca e t rs t s lusr tve de pr a cusom a pr ci eofusngexc svef c t m a a r ss Thid, antf contndst Shei fi t nd a tc i es i or e o ke re t . r Pl i if e he lf s 9Eve i pIitf ofe e e n f an ifpr fr d nought tmonyt rieafc is onwhet Cuse ha adut t domor t esi o as a t sue her tr d yo eo a ss Ada durng t i e va bewee t s i and t arv oft medis t e i af rhe dek i y i s it ms i he ntr l t n he hootng he rial he c , her s u t r t enc n panifs r osi ta s eh sofee n e ie c o c u ain. dsrc c u t yn t rn sn lr u g n -/ litf'p o f n h t h a frd o vd n e n a sto A itit o rma o ga tu vr yj d me tl a s/ s neo g o n sn te u se b t emo igp ry,Bake v M er pol' L Is Co, 6 F.d6 4( tCi. 0 4 . po t n ru d o rq etd y h vn at r . to lan # n. .3 4 3 2 5h r2 0 ) t , De nyv Se kN S a eOpeain, n .5 9F dAp x48 (tCi. 01 )(e esn sn nayj g n e trdo n e . ta h k r to s l c, 5 e p 5 6b r2 4 rv rig u u r ud me t nee n c u ainisen tas di s mmayj d me t to )a d a ted fn a t ddn tie tf tec u ainisea a a st su o rie n u r u g n moin, n . s h ee d ns i o d niy h a sto su s o go n fr u r u g n,heCo rd e n teyo tie ie tay Ips a teb ssfrtdip io ofh d e r u d o s mmayj d me tt ut o s o rl n hs vd nil a e sh a i o is s ost n te u i pr s 1 cli butsmpl hi i st sf rherde enc i t pr st complt t a yss oce s 983 am, i y ghlght hi u t sci y n he oof o ee he nal i. 34 r ponsbl f Cuse ' c tt i na vi a i bec us hef ie t pr ry tai s r s a es i e or tr s onsiuto l oltons a e a ld o ope l r n, upe vie nd dici i hi ofi e si t us ofde dl f c a wa neglg ti r t ton ofCuse ,who wa s plne s fc r n he e a y or e, nd s i en n een i tr s notcompe e torps hol c l ttt be e r t d wih t us ofdea y f ce Fore m pl tn yc ogialy i o ntuse t he e dl or . xa e, Pli ifc ends t tCuse ha ahit y ofpoorpe f nua e ua i ,i udi ac ii s antf ont ha t r d sor r o nce val tons ncl ng rtcim t theha t fi t as es i c iiali i nt a m a ng s ha d ' fculy s sng rtc nc de s nd ki ound de sonsunde pr s u e,' t di cii r e s r 'ye he wa aut i d t wor on sr s u polc s v lanc oper tons whe e quik a s s horze o k tes f l ie ur eil e ai r c nd ound j d me t r e s n il otec mp tn p ro ma c o h sd te . u g n wee se ta t h o ee t e f r n e f i u is Ont dee e,heSheifc ends( )he c he fns t rf ont 1 onduce a a quaei tgai ofAdams td n de t nvesi ton ' de h, c wasa s i si t dbyt Pa m Bea h Count St eAtor sOfie, ndr viwe at whih lo nve tga e he l c y at t ney' fc a e e d b Fl i Depat ntofLa Enf c me ( y orda rme w ore nt FDLE)wih altz eofiesfndi s fcintf t , t 1 h e fc i ng ufi e acs t e rt Cuse fom anywr o xoneae tr r ongdoi ( t r i nocompetntr eva e de ofahitr ng; 2) hee s e ,el nt vi nce soy ofs hodd i si atonso S t hi ' f t s i by PBSO o fc r i ge r l ora y nve tg i r s ewas ng'of aal hootngs whi f e s n ne a , poori tgai i o t Ada s s i i pa tculr whi woul s t n a C atfc ton' nvesi ton nt he m ' hootng n ri a , ch d usai t ii a i ' r t or ofMonella lt ( t r i no e de et tt Sheif t h hi admi srton, he y l ibiiy; 3) hee s vi nc ha he rf, houg s nitai inor a wi s ea pr tc ofus of unc tt i llvel ofde dl f c b hi de is a g ed de pr d aci e e onsiutona e s a y or e y s pute , nd t rbyefci ya e t mic hee fe tvel doptd he sonductasunofii polc oft De rme ;( t r i no fcal iy he pa t nt 4) he e s e de t theShe if t oughhi a i sr i n, sa vel ne i nti f ii t ade t l vi nce ha t rf,hr s dm nitato wa di y glge n a lng o quaey ta n,s r ie a dicplne hi ofi e si us ofde dl f ce i am a rc al r lt d t r i upe vs nd s i i s fc r n e a y or n nne aus ly ea e o Cuse ' alge mic trs le d s onduc i t sca e;and ( t r i no e de t tSherf wa a tvel t n hi s 5) hee s vi nce ha if s ci y ne i nti t hi i a r t nton ofde i s i a m a m erc aly r l t t Cus e ' alege glge n he r ng nd e e i pute n l aus l e a ed o t rs l d Un e Mo el . p 'o c S r . 4 6U. 6 8 9 S Ct201 , 6L. 2 61 ( 97 )a d r n lv De tfso . e v, 3 S. 5 , 8 . . 8 5 Ed.d 1 1 8 , muni paiyorgovenme alempl rlket She ifca behel labl unde 42U. C.j ci lt r nt oye i he rf nnot di e r S. 35 1 8 u d rat e r o r s n e t u ro ,..h Sh rf h r c n o beh l la eu e j1 8 9 3 n e h o y f epo d a spe ir ie te eif ee a n t ed ibl nd r 9 3 sm pl be a e o i hi a e t o e o e s c us d a ij r i t e ln o d t ,e e a i y c us ne f s g n s r mply e a e n n u y n h ie f u y v n her me a oye ue or c n ttto a ij r .f . at691. Rat ,agovenz ntlem pl rcanbes df damagesunder o si in ln u y # u j1 onl whe t aci t ti aleg t beunc tt i limplme sore c e apoiy 983 y n he ton ha s l ed o onsiutona i e nt xe uts lc i sa e nt or na e,r gul ton or de son ofi i ly a e a pr t t me , di nc e ai cii fc al dopt d nd omul t by t tbody' gaed ha s of i e s 'ort a ton i ' st d pur uantt gove fc r ,' he c i s ' ie vi s o nunent 'us om , e n t al c t ' ve houg s h c t has h uc us om notr c ve f e ei d onna a ova t oug t body' ofi i de ii m a ng c nne s' one l 690 l ppr l hr h he s fcal c son ki ha l .M l at 91 . I ot wor ,M onel i n her ds l mpos labiiyon muni paltesandgove m e a e oye sf es i lt ci ii na ntl mpl r or de i tons ofc tt i lrght onl whe e t vi ai i vi ied pur ua t a muni i prva i onsiutona i s y r he olton s st s nt o cpal polc whehe t t i yi ofi a l pr ul t dorunof alyaut i e byc t .Furhe , i y, t r ha polc s fcily om ga e fci l horz d usom t r t polc orc t m us be ihemovi f c oft c tt i vi ato 'n o de t e t bls he iy usom t ' t ng or e he onsiutonal ol i n'i r r o sa ih j1 la lt ofag er ntlbody, kfbz yv Dods 454U. 31 1 S.Ct445,454, 983 ibiiy ov nme a Pol / . on, a/ S. 2, 02 . 70L. 2d509( 981, ndt c t mus bece tdbyciyda ke sort ewhos e csor Ed. 1 )a he usom t r ae t d wma r hos l e dit a t ma f ry bes d t r pr s ntofi i lpolc ' M onel a 694. cs y ail ai o e e e fc a iy. lt I t s c e , a l t ndi pr ctce o ' t ' i one t t i s û r it nt a n hi ont xt ongsa ng a i r ' om s cus ha s o t sse nd pe wi s ea 't ti c tt esa ' r a nta we ls tld'gove nm e a polc Tr vi v de pr d' ha t onsiut ' m ne nd l- ete ' pe r nt l iy. e no Gats 99 F. 911 ( t ci. 1 .The ese i t or i t t a wi prad prctce of e, 3d 9b r 996) sntal he y s ha des e ai u nconsiutona be vi i tnt m ou t a unofii l c t tt i l ha or s a a nt o n fc a usom, pr c ie or polc of t a tc iy he munii lt De w v Ci o tMay', e r i, F. 1 (1lhCi.1 ) l t scae,he cpaiy pe . t fs. r s G o g a 7#7 2d 496 t r 986 . n hi s t y . S e ifse ss mmayj d me t nteFo rhAme d n e c si ef recam a g igt a t h rf e k u r u g n o h u t n me t x e sv o c li r un h t he Pl i ifha nota a ntf s dduce s fc e evi nce t s ts y t r quie e sofM one l d uf i i nt de o a i f he e r m nt l. 36 1 WI . DESPREAD CUSTOM AND PRACTI CE To e t ih M one l labiiy on a t t a pr ctc ' t y, t Pli if m us sabls l i lt û om nd a i e' heor he antf cus t de monsr t t t hede i s mic ta e ha t pute ' s onduc i usnge s i f r e wa s pe sse a wi es e d t n i xce sve o c s o r itnt nd d pr a i t depa t n he rment t pr tc lyha t f c ofa ofi i l iy.l s as o aci a l ve he or e n fc a polc n uppor ofhe ' usom a t r û t nd c pr tce' onel cai , a ntf ha pr e e denc t t1 ciien'c pl nt ofe es i aci 'M l l m pli if s oduc d vi e ha 49 tz om ai s xc sve f ce we e fld ag ns PBSO ofi r bet e M a 2007 a M a 201 i udi 27 ofi r or r ie ai t fce s we n y nd y 2, ncl ng fce - iv le s o tn si whc 29ctz nsweeij rdo k l d Onyo eo t s c mplit wa n ov d h oi g n ih iie r n u e r il . l n f he e o an s s e s t ne afe i e na de rm e a i tgai t tofDe ySmnuel i o, wa f usai d tr ntr l pa t nt lnvesi ton,ha put Pexot who s oundt o ha vi a e t PBSO Rul s a Re a i ,butonl a t he c ve olt d he e nd gultons y fer omm it s cde. Oft 27 ted ui i he ofi ri veds i , antf r i on f ze s si vi s tngsofu nne ctz ns fce -nvol hootngs pl i if eles ou piode nvol ng hoo i na d iie iv le i mio 1w ifa to s a ilsr t ee a lso u j siidu eo de dyfr ewh c n ov d n n r a n rcin s l tai x mpe f nu tfe s f a l o c ih u v wentundi c plne by t PB SO . si i d he Pl i ifpost i i hi hl unlkey t tonl one ofi ri ve s tng outoft nt antf is t s g y i l ha y fce -nvol d hoo i we y- s ve rs t i afndi ofofi rc pa lt (fe a ofiers cde,c e wiht mi e e n e uled n i ng fce ul biiy a tr n fc uii ) oupld t he nut num be ofe s i f c c pl nt r uli i of i rdici i i ple a pr c i e orc t m of r xce s ve or e om ai s es tng n fce s plne, m i s a tc us o lti i de sofe e sve f ce go unpunihed.The Cour,howe r i una e t dr w a etng nci nt xc s i or s t ve s s bl o a ny pr ba i vaue fom t enumbe sast ei no sa itc lc extore r e a ton oft i o tve l r hes r her s ttsi a ont xpe t xpl na i her me ni The ei nowa t know whe he t pe c nt geofc a ng. r s yo t r he r e a ompli sr uli i dici i i ant es tng n s plne s a ave a num be f apolc f c t sz oft Pam Be h Count She ifsOfi ,orwhehe n r ge r or ie or e he i e he l ac y rf fce t r i i s a l or e e s ve. W ihout s e w a of c pa i t s t o he s m ia - i d polc t s m l xc s i t om y om rng hi o t r i l r s ze ie d rm e s t Cour c nnoti e an hi a epa t nt , he ta nf r yt ng boutt PB SO pr c i es i t us ofde y f c he a tc n he e adl or e. 37 N o a y, t Pli ifha pr edve ylmie e de er ga di t f c ua bac o t bl he antf s oduc r i t d vi nc e r ng he a t l kgr und oft f ofi e -nvol d s i ca e .She ha fld i e na i tga i r po t i t of he he our fc ri ve hootng s s s ie ntr l nvesi ton e rs n wo t c s s and pe s m el c pl i r por s i t ot r . She ha no s ae, r or om a nt e t n wo he s s t hown, how e r t t t ve , ha he i de sgi ngrs t t c nci nt vi ie o he ompli sbe ra f c ualsm ia iy t t M a 1 201 c r a i ant a ny a t i l rt o he y 6, 2 onfontton wih he s M or i t r on. e mpora l t Pl ntf ha f ie t pr eevi nc t tt i tgai tnty,he ai if s a ld o oduc de e ha he nvesi tons it t s co pl nt ag ns ot r PBSO de y s rfs wer i f ti qua e ori core t n o he e m ai s ai t he put he if e n ac nade t n rc. Furhe , antf ha f ie t ofe anye de et ndi t pr t ot rs i we e,n f c t r Pli if s al d o f r vi nc e ng o ove he he hootngs r i a t u j siido u c n tt t n l nu tfe r n o siui a . o W hie i t y, uni paltesa gove nm e al l , n heor m ci ii nd r nt bodi sm a be labl unl çM one lba e e y i e k l sd on hit i al e denc of pror c pl i s s fci nt do de ons r t t t t en ii a t i s orc vi e i om a nt uf i e m t a e ha he ttes nd he r ofci sinor polce mic fi al g ed i sonduc ,s : eg.Par ih v fuc e 963 F. 201 (t Ci.1 t c . rs . ki, 2d 8h r 992) ( parmen a de i e a c r dupc ant ofphysca a sxua mic de t t voi d,gnord nd ove e ompli s i l nd e l sonduc)Hari t; rs v Ci o Pa e al,8 F.d 4 9 ( t ci.1 7) t mer e se ofprvi ciie ' e ous tz ns t f g d e 21 2 9 8h r 98 , he e xitnce y . c ompl i sdoesno s fc t s ant t ufi e o how a m unii lc t ofpe m itng orenc ag ng e es i c pa usom r ti our i xc sve f IC Ro esv Ci o it Ro k Ar 1 2F.d7 0(t Ci.1 9 ) OC g r . t fL tl c , k, 5 3 9 8h r 9 8 . y e . Eve i t Cour wer t as ume, gue n f he t eo s ar ndo, ha t f i olt d s i r f r e by t t he our s a e hootngs e e enc d pli tf di i ve unco tt i a n if d nvol nsiutonal us of e s i f r t s evi nce f ls f s tof e xce sve o ce, hi de al ar hor esa ihi a pa t r t ti s l t bls ng te n ha s o ' ous tagr n ,r m pa a of c i d dur ton' a t t obvi , l a t a nt nd ontnue a i ' nd ha woul esa ih ad a a col e ton'bewee aci nsoft She ifandt a lgedc tt i l d t bls t us l m c i ' t n to c he rf he le onsiutona de i to .Harlyv Par l,1 F. 1 1 ( 1hCi.1 ( i Br 1 F.da prvains te . nel 93 3d 263, 269 1 t r 999) quotng own, 93 3 t 6 1 ; De w v Ci o Ma y ,Ge r i,7 7 F.d 1 9 ( 1bCi.1 8 ) Pi e a v Ci o 7 ) pe . t fst r s o ga 8 2 4 6 1 t r 9 6 ; n d . t f y y Houson, 291F. 325,329( tci. t elven ncdent d ns fcent 'upporapatna t te 3d 5b r 2002)( e i i shel i ufii ofts 38 ofil alt i o ofnai 'lr tciisa polc f c ) leg iy n ne tons ages te nd ie or e . W ihoutsa itc lc e ore t xplnaton,t pli if ssa itc e de ofpror t ttsi a ont xt xper e a i he antf ' ttsial vi nce i polce i ved s i a com pl nt of e es i f ce i i uf i e as a m ate of l t i -nvol hootngs nd ai s xc s ve or s ns fci nt t r aw o s t i a c t an pr ci ecli underM onela i tt She if usan usom d a tc a m l gans he rf. 2. FAI LURE TO TRAI AND SUPERVI N SE The ea e lmie cic sa esi whih an a lga i off iur t tai c bea ba i f r r i t d r um t nc n c le ton a l e o r n an s s or 1 8 l b ly. Ci o n o ,Oho v Ha rs 4 9U. 3 8 1 9 S. .1 9 ,1 3L. .d41 9 3 i ii a t t fca t n i . ri, 8 S. 7 , 0 Ct 1 7 0 Ed2 2 y ( 989) Toesabls M onella lt ont st or apli ifmus s amuni palt'fiur t 1 t ih l ibiiy hi he y, antf t how ci iys al e o tan isempl esi a r l va r pe i t nt ri t oye n e e nt es ct s a amountt tdei r t i fe e e t t rght of o l lbe a e ndif r nc o he i s p ro wi wh m t egn ri de o e s wiln ea t' Ci o n o , t3 8 S lb rt e s ns t o h u tane mply e l l itrc . t fca t n a 8 . l i eae h ' y De i fe enc ' s t a hi sa r off t r quii pr t ta muni i lacordir r d a ndif r e' e s gh t nda d aul, e rng oof ha cpa t sega de known,o ouscons ue e ofhi a ton. bvi eq nc s ci To s how a t i r t or c cous c c ' t nt m ountt lde i r e i fe enc ' a i be ae del ons i hoie' a a o t lbe at ndif r e, ' pli ifmus pr nte de et tt munii lt kne ofa ne d t tai a ors r ie i a antf t eve vi nc ha he c paiy w e o r n nd/ upe v s n p riua p a tc y tma ead lb rt c oc n totk a ya to Godv Ci o imi 1 1 atc lr rcie e d ei eae h ie o t a e n cin. l . t fM a , 5 y F 3d 1 1 ( 1hCi.1 ) To i es hknowl ,apl ntf mus s apatr of mput uc edge ai if t how te n 346, 350 1 t r 998 . . sm ia c tt i l vi ai ns by untai d e oye i or r t de onsr t dei r t i lr onsiutona ol to r ne mpl es n de o m ta e lbe ae i fe enc f pur e ofaf iur t tan c am .Conni kv.Thomps , 5 U . 51 1 S. . ndif r e or pos al e o r i l i c on 63 S. , 31 Ct 1 5 ,1 6 ,1 9L. 2 41 ( 01 ) 3 0 3 0 7 Ed. d 7 2 1 . l t lte i t nc ' i r t i fe enc 'i de e ne by a yzng whe he t n he a tr nsa e, ' be ae ndif r e' s t nni d del nal i t r he munii lt kne orr s bl s dha known oft rs ofc tt i vi a i , whih c paiy w ea ona y houl ve he ik ons iutonal oltons c k o e g ma b i u e tr u hap te no p i rc n ttto a vilto s Y u g v Ci o n wld e y e mp td h o g atr f ro o si in l o ai n . o n . t f u y 39 Pr de e e r lNa iano, F. 4( SCi. ) The i r t t nsonwhet rt ovi nc x e. polt 404 3d 1t r 2005 . nquiy hus ur he he w houl ve he ik onsiutonal m uni i iy or gove c palt nunen al bod kne or s d ha known of t rs ofc tt i t y vi ai , di nota t Thi i a ob e tvesa r bu i vesmor t nmer neglge e.I oltons but d c. s s n j ci tndad, tnvol e ha e i nc t do not r uie a m uni i lt t t ke r s bl c r t di c r and pr ve c tt i na es eq r c pa iy o a ea ona e a e o s ove e nt ons iuto l vi atons l m e nssmpl t t f ce wih a ualorc t c i knowl ol i . t a i y ha , a d t ct onsnztve edget tisa nt wil ha t ge s l pr bl vi a ec tt i rg s a m uni pa iym a no a oba y olt onsiutonal i ht , ci lt y t doptapolc ofi toa SeeWar e iy naci rn v Ditito umbi 353F. 36( C. r 200 , ii Far r Br nan, 1U. 8 , , . src fcol a, 3d D. Ci. 4)ctng mer . en 51 S. 25 841 11 S. .1 0,1 1 1 L. 2d811( 994) 4 Ct 97 98 , 28 Ed. 1 . l t sc e, hePli iff ist i ntf a ge neis off c o t is ofwhehe t n hi as t antf a l o de iy nui s ue a t n he s ue t r he She ifkne of and wasde i r t l i fe e t a ne d t tan bas on a pat l ofsm ia rf w , lbe a ey ndif r nt o, e o r i ed te' n i lr c tt i lvi a i t t taleg he e.Pl i ifr le on f ofi e -nvol s i of onsiutona oltons o ha l ed r antf e is our fc ri ved hootngs una d cviinsfo 2007 t 201 t esa ih t She ifsknowldg ofa ne d t ta n.A s nue i la r m o 2 o t bls he rf e e e o ri no e a t d bove, e a s i t e se e oft e e nt ,Pli if doe notadduc e denc ven s um ng he xit nc hes ve s antf s e vi e s g e tn t a te es o tn swe ed e d u j siid, n o siuina o we ea yhigoh r u g si g h t h s h o ig r e me nu tfe u c n tt t l r r n t n t e o t lgii e s l- f ns s i . han e tmat e fde e e hootngs W ih noot revi nc ofhit yofwi pr dprora eby PBSO pe s mel ha woul t he de e sor des ea i bus r or t t d ha put heShe ifonnotc oft nee f i ovedtai ng o s pe v son, r s bl tirof ve t rf ie he d or mpr r ni r u r ii no ea ona e re f c c d c l t tt a lge c tt tonalvi atons i t s c e we e c ed b t a t oul onc ude ha he le d onsiu i ol i n hi as r aus y he Sheifsf l et tai isofier i t us ofde dl f c Je nsv Barl t487F. 482( t rf' aiur o r n t fc s n he e a y ore. nki . tet, 3d 7b Ci. 0 7 , c /d n. 2 S. . 5 ( 0 7 ; on sv T wn hi o dly, 2 Fe Ap x. 61( d r 2 0 ) c r. e 1 8 Ct6 4 2 0 ) J ie . o s p fRi e 2 9 d. p l 3 Ci 2 0 ) wrgh v s e pa d, 9F.d6 ( lhci 1 9 ) ro a v ci o alde , 0 r 0 7 ; i t . h p r 91 2 65 1 t r 9 0 ; ph m . t fT l ga 9 8 y a . . F2d 1 61( 1bci.1 ; ö' t erv M i 5 1 t r 990) hiak . amiDade Cotn/ / y, 40 F.Supp.3d ,201 W L 5 t l ngl a he i i or y 51 5 51( D.Fa 2 5 . The Cour shal accordi y gr ntt Sherffsmoton f summar 5 2 S. l. 01 ) j d me t nt es o elfi r t tant e r S ege e a l Bo r o u t Co s in r o u g n o h f n l al e o ri h o y. e n r l a d fco ny mmiso e s f u y Br Count Okl v. own,5 U. 397,l1 S. . 38 1 L. 2d626( 997) Gr yan y a. Br 20 S. 7 Ct 1 2, 37 Ed. 1 , aham v * . SJNkPr rePolc Commison 91 F. 1 (t Ci.1 ;Gonz e v YseaI pen nt aii ie s i , 5 2d 085 7h r 990) alz . lt nde de Sc Dit, 996F. 745( tci.1 . hool s 2d 5h r 993) 3. R AT I C AT I N FI O Fi ly, ai ifas e t t t heSherf r tfe Cusersm iconduc i t sca e byf ii t na l pl ntf s rs ha t if a ii d t ' s t n hi s a lng o c r c i,f ii t a qua ey i tgaet s i a f ii t tkeappr it dic plnar ore t t alng o de t l nvesi t he hootng, nd a lng o a opra e s i i y a ton a i tCuse . Eve i t cour a s e as tu t tt e wer s tom i i t c i gans tr n f he t s um s r e ha her e horc ngs n he She ifs i tga i of Adams de t t sdoesno m e n t She if ca be la e unde a rf ' nvesi ton ' a h, hi t a he rf n ibl r r iiai t y.TheShe ifmus l us 't vi ai i or rt etbls j1 la lt a atfc ton heor rf tl e'he olton n de o sa ih 983 ibiiy, nd ca hi f l e t i tga e t Ada s i de co d notha kc us ' i unl s t r i s s aiur o nvesi t he m nci nt ul ve ça ed, t es he e s ome ' e de e t tr e nt de ii ma r had a opporuniy t r viw Cuse ' de son t us vi nc ha elva c son- ke s n t t o e e tr s cii o e e e svef ce andag ee wiht de ii a isba i bef ei be a efnal Sal at v M ie xc s i or , r d t he c son nd t ss or t c m i . v o . ly, 790F. 1 ( 1hCi. 5) Clal t r i noe de et tt She iflrvi 3d 286 1 t r 201 . e ry, he e s vi nc ha he rf 'e ewed'an pa4of ' y l Cuse ' a tonsi or t y be a efna , muc ls a s t rs c i l e he c m i l' bef ' h e s ny ugge ton t She ifta ove 't si he rf ûppr d' he decson t us de y f c a ba i f i. W ihouts h e de , t She ifca ii o e adl or e nd ss or t t uc vi nce he rf nnotbe he d l l b eu d rj1 8 o aûaiiain'h o yb s do asn l d fce tiv siain. i l n e 9 3 n û tfc to 't e r a e n ige eiin n e tg to a r W hic la lt on a ç a ii a i 't or m ihtat r tvel be pr s on t She ifs l ibiiy s tfc ton' he y g le na i y r emied he rf c itnt hit i a f iur t a quael i tga epolc m iconduc,o s c dons h at or onsse , sorc l a l e o de t y nvesi t ie s t t uc ee uc he y t Pli ifwoul ha t s he antf d ve o how t tt She iff ie t a quael a core ty i tgae ha he rf al d o de t y nd r c l nvesi t num e ousprorsmia i de s andr utnel e r i i l r nci nt , o i y xone a e hi depute i d t wa he ' ntr rtd s i s n t e s d'i e nal whi 41 i si a i i a m a rwhi woul c eae an am os e ofco pl c nc i t f r e,a nve tg tons n nne ch d r t t pher m a e y n he o c nd e our eofi r u rhi c ma t us e e svef c wihoutf rofr pe cus i Vannv nc ag tce s nde s om nd o e xc s i or e t ea e r son. Ci o w Y r , 2F.d 1 4 ( dCi. 9 5 ; a c v Ci o n s l r Ne Y r , 3F.d t fNe o k 7 3 0 0 2 r 1 9 ) Fic o . t fRe s eae, w o k 78 2 y y 31 ( Ci.1 ) c r.den.480U. 922( 987) 9 2d r 986 , e / , S. 1 . A s no e a t d bove i r l ton t t kc t a pr tc 'di c s on, he Pl i ifdoesnot , n e a i o he l us om nd ac i e' s us i t a ntf a dduce e de s vi nce howi ma e i s t m i i nume o prori si tonssmia t t ng t ral horco ngs n r us i nve tga i i lr o he i cd n i q sin wh c wo l s p r t efn n ta t eei ap tenofu j tfe cvi a n ie t n ueto ih ud u po t h idig h t h r s atr nusiid i l n i deahsi ofi e -nvol s i whih goe unpunihe a t PBSO . s s m eevi nta y t n fc r i ved hootngs c s s d t he Thi a de ir dei e y pr tcinc ompt t Cour t c udet r i no pl i e ba i on whi h a f c fnde c d s he t o oncl he e s ausbl ss c a t i r oul c l t ta hit r ofdetc e i s i tons i o e e sve f c compl i s i a wa onc ude ha so y i i nt nve tgai nt xc s i or e ant n ny y l aii d't m ic i tfe 'he s onduc , wasam ovi f c be ndt a lge unc tt i l onduc i t s r t or ng or e hi he le d onsiutona c t n hi CRSC. Acc di y,t c ttnds i ufi e e de e t r ie a ge ne is off c on t or ngl he our s ns fcint vi nc o a s nui s ue a t he que ton ofwheherShe ifS a iid' t hit rc us ofe s i f c by hi de i s i a si t rf t tfe ' he so ial e r xce sve or e s pute n m a rwhih wa t nne c s' movi f c 'behi t c tt i lde i ton alege a s l g a ng or e' nd he onsiutona prva i l d, nd ha l r nt t eS eifsmoi nf rs mmayj d me t nteAaiiain' r n o Plitf s o elh o is h h rf to o u r u g n o h û tfc t 'p o g f anif M n lte re r o D. RONGFUL DEATH CLAI S W M Pli ifas alege t tOfi e Cuse i la eunde Fl i s wr ul t sa ut f r antf lo l s ha fc r t r s i bl r orda' ongf deah t t e o t smeSi entonala ne i nt' s onduc gi ngrs t herconsiutona cli (xce sve he a lnt i nd glge 'mic t vi ie o tt i l ams e si fr ,fiur t rnde ad) oce al e o e r i . W ih r ga dt t ale ne i nc bas d onCuse ' f iu et pe s lyr nde ai t t t e r o he lged glge e e tr s a lr o r ona l e r d o he grveya l wounde Ada ,t Cour s lgrnts d ms he t hal a ummayj r udgme bas o pli ifsi biiyt nt ed n antf na lt o 42 i ntf t e se ofadut t r nde pe s la d i t frti t nc ,a f f iur t a de iy he xit nce y o e r r ona i n he is nsa e nd or a l e o dduce a evi nc on t el m en ofc a i ie. ny de e he e t aus ton, . how Cus e ' aleg i c i i any w a co rbut t r s l ed na ton n y nt i ed t t e tn o Ad ms ij re . o he x e t f a 'n u is W ihr ar t t i e i lmiconduc a lge alhough t c pl ntdoe noti ntf t eg d o he nt ntona s t le d, t he om ai s de iy t s c f c t r f w hi h t Pl i if s e t hol Cus e la e, t Cour i e pr t t he pe ii o t or c he a ntf e ks o d t r i bl he t nt r e s he l xc s i f c 'a l ga i a t equi e ofa s a e l Sba t r ' t e s ve or e' le tons s he e val nt t t aw t te y.' I Fl i t t tofbat r c it of çhe i lc i n ofaha ulorofe i c a t n orda, he or te y onsss i nfito t nnf f nsve ont c upon a t r wih t i ent t ca e s h c a t or t a e no he t he nt o us uc ont c he ppr hens on t t s h c ac i i ha uc ont t s i ie t' Quligv Prc , 9 S 2 1 6l 1 6 ( a 5bDCA 2 0 ) I t ec ne t f o tc mm n n. i n . ie 8 4 o.d 0 , 0 3 F1. t ' l 0 5 . n h o tx o c n a t m a by a polc ofi er s i l dif r ntprnc pl a y: de i e fc , lghty f e e i i es ppl Tr dii l a pr um pto ofgood f ih a t che t a of i e ' us of f c i a tonaly, es in a t ta s o n f c r s e or e n m a ng a l w f a r s a an of i e i la e f da ages y wher t f c us ki a ul r e t nd f c r s i bl or m onl e he or e ed i c ea l e es i .I exc s ve f ce i s d i an a r s , he or na iy pr ec ed s l ry xc sve. .f es i or s ue n re t t di r l ot t us off r eby apolc ofi e i ta f e oc i e fc r s r ns onne i o a bat r . d nt te y.. A ba t r c a m f e e s vef cei a l d by f te y l i or xc s i or s na yze ocus ng upon w he he t a ou i t r he m nt off c us d w asr s bl unde t c r um s anc . .La e or em en of i r or e e ea ona e r he i c t es . w nf c t fce s a e pr ded a com pl t de e e t a exc s ve us off c c a m w her a of i er r ovi e e f ns o n es i e or e l i e n fc ûe ona ybeivesghef r )t bene esayt deenda hi eforanohe fo i as bl le t oce o r c sr o f nt ms l t r rm bodiy ha m whie m a ng t a r t ..' l r l ki he r es . .' Ci o imi . a d r , 7 S 2 4 47( a 3 DCA)r v d n, 3S 2 4 4( a 1 9 ) S e t fM a v S n e s 6 2 o.d 6, Fl. d y ,c . e .68 o.d 8 F1. 9 6 . e aloGome v fo ano,839F.Supp. 1 ( D.Fl 201 . s z. z 2d 309 S. a. 2) Ontesae1w cams Cuse a g e frt ta h wa j siidi t eu eo d a yf re h tt a li , tr r u s is,h t e s u tfe n h s f e dl o c unde t c r um s a s pr e e a s c r he ic t nce es nt d, nd e ond,t t he i i a eve i m une f om labiiy ha s n ny nt m r i lt be aus t c c e he onduc a l ge i out i t lm ie wai rofs r i i m uniy pr de by Fl r da t le d s s de he i t d ve ove e gn m t ovi d oi St t t s I t s r pe t pl ntf c pl i a l ges t t Cus e ' d ilul w a on,i e i a u e . n hi es c , ai ifs om a nt le ha t rs ' lf , nt nt ntonal w i ppr praeunwa rnt a un usiidexc sveus ofde dl f c 'a e t de t ofAdmns na o it ra ed nd j tfe esi e a y ore'c us d he ah 43 g mpan, a a 40)a ta t ed ahwa p o i t r s t f trsS s o d t whihwa co litp r . , nd h th e t s r xmae e ulo Cuse ' l c n uc' c s mi ' S om mit d i ba f ih orwih malci pur e ori a ma re bii wa on and wilul ' c te n d at t i ous pos n nne xhi tng nt lf dir adofhuma rght, aeyorprpet 'g mpl ntpa a. . seg r n i s s ft o ry. co ai , r 741 ' Unde j768. 9)a,Fl i s wai r of s r i i r 28( () orda' ve ove egn mmuniy does nota y t a t ppl o, nd go m e al e o e ma be pe s ly la e f ,ac s be venl nt mpl ye s y r ona l i bl or t yond t s ope of t i dutes he c her i , co mit d i ba f ih orwihm ai i uspur e,o t te biedwa on a wiluldir a d of m te n d at t lc o pos r ha xhi t nt nd lf seg r ' ; humanrght, af yorpr t Thi e ptont t wai rm us b r a t et rwiht ge r l i s s et opery. s xce i o he ve t e e d og he t he ne a è l ) r ' ( ' . ) i Wa VC Saut whih saessmpl t tagove nm e a agenc i la ef : i r tt e c t t i y ha r nt l y s ibl or , t ne i nt or wr ul a t or om isons of a e oye of t a ncy or he glge ongf c si ny mpl e he ge s vii whie a tng wihi t s ubdi son l ci t n he cope of hi ofie or empl ym e und s fc o nt er cr um sa si whi t sa eors h a nc ors vii ns i aprvat pe s ic t nce n ch he t t uc ge y ubdi so ,f i e r on, woul be la et t cli nt d ibl o he a ma . j 6 .8 1, a Sa .2 l ) 7 82 () Fl. tt ( 0 3 . ï ( ) ( si rs o t r he le tons gai t t r i r e, onsiut d l t sca e, aque tona iesast whe he t al gai a ns Cuse ,ftu c tt e n hi s : co uc f l ng outi t wa ve ofla lt I t y di Cuse ma be la e, but no t nd t olowi sde he i r ibiiy. f he d, t r y ibl t he ) She if l t y di not Cuserwoul bei mune,butt She ifm a i rf. f he d , t d m he rf y ncurla lt i biiy. Co uc i c i r d wihi t s ope ofe oyme ,i c extoft s sa ut ti i nd t s onsde e t n he c mpl nt n ont hi t t e, lf t k l l oc r s t nta l wihi a horze tm ea s celm is'and i t ctvat a l s i pa t a cu s ubsa i ly t n ut i d i nd pa i t,' s ç i ed t ea t n r by a . pur et s l et m a t r' I i t pup os oft e pl e' a t a oppos d t t m ehod of pos o e' he se . t s he v ' e he m oye s c , s e o he t , p ro ma e whc c nr l teiq iy He n g nv De ' o gh ysteyd7 trV hce , ef r nc , ih o tos h n u r . n a a . p t fHi wa ' f Moo e ils . z / ; , 467So. 7 ( a 1tDCA 1 . l ast tonwheeapolceoferhasalege yus e si 2d 48 F1. s 985) n iuai r i f l dl ed xce sve ' : t f c ic or e n omm itng af lea r t t a t oft ofi e ar notde ti a s ress he c s he fc r e emedt f l be o a l yondt s opeof he c t l . te oûc rse o me tme ey b c us t y ae itni n l Rih r s n v C# o mpa o h f e' mply n rl e a e he r n e to a. c a d o . fpo n Be b 511So. ll ( a. hDCA 1 ) r v de ,51 So. 986( a 1 . ach 2d 21 Fl 4t 987N e . n. 9 2d F1. 988) ( ! 44 . 1 ! . . 1 l t sca e,her co dr veasge neis ofma e i lf d on q si ofwhehe Cuse n hi s t e r e l nui s ues t ra a ue ton t r tr a t d i ba f ih, t m ai i pur e, i manne whi hexhi t want orwiluldir ga d ce n d at wih lcous pos or n r c bis on lf s e r ofhum a rght ,s f t orpr pe t orwheherhea e o sde s peofhi e pl e , ndt n i s aey o ry, t ctd ut i co s m oym nt a he f c t the ma ha us d unr a ona e e s i f c i hi e a t ha y ve e e s bl xce sve or e n s ncount rwih Ada sdoe no e t m s t ne es a iym e n hi c c s rl a s onduc r et t slvel t os o hi e . Aj r q sinas p e e t a t wh t r h S e if yb l bef ralg dmic nd c u y ueto lo rs n s s o ehe t e h rf ma e i l o le e s o u t a ofCuse i t us ofe es i f ce The She ifi i munea am at rof1w onl i t a t a e t r n he e xc sve or . rf s m s te a y f he c s r s e te a t c n t uef ce ryu a u u u p to o a to i g tr gi n t rg tu l o xrme s o o si t $ la l nlwf l s r ai n f uh rt cuse) dd o q ih fly t a y pos es , o i t r wa S e n apr t ns oflwf lrghti t pe f m a eoft a t. cGhe s s' r f he e s f ve ' not e e e a ' i n he ror nc u he c s M e v Vou i Cou t 6 9So.d7 9( a 1 9 )ctn Crj v J nSiou s(7 o s I c, 7 S 2 . l sa ny, 7 2 2 F1. 9 6 , iig at . oh r ni QS n ,n .5 5 o.d 795( a 4t DCA 1 ) TheCour i una et ma t tdee nai ont c rntr or Fl b 991 . t s bl o ke ha tnni ton he ure ec d. . Alhough t pl ntf s c pl nt c t he ai if om ai , once dl c ans alegai t tpl e Cuse ' de y, ont i l tons ha ac trs cond i t r l ofc uct n he eam onduc be t yond t tf whi h t She ifma bela eundert lmie ha or c he rf y i bl he i t d s r gn i uniy wai r t Cou t wil a l t pl ntf t amend he compli , by ove ei mm t ve , he r l low he ai if o r ant i eri aton,o at r tvel aleg t sa eofmi wihwhi Cuserconduc e hi s l. Fr nt lne i t le na i y l e he tt nd t ch t t d m e f om te e i wi b f ra j r t d tr n wh t e Cuse a tdwihmaiiusitn o moi eta h r,t l e o u y o eemie eh r tr ce t lco ne t r tv h t l e us t She if f om la lt bute xc es he r f r i biiy, xpos Cusert la lt orwhe herhe a ed w ih ne r l es t o i biiy, t ct t ut a i e t talowshi t c am sa e a nt nt ha l m o l i tt genti uniy, bu e mm t t xpos t She ifundert lm ied es he rf he i t s ver i i muniywai rs tf t unde Fl rdaStt es o egn m t ve e orh r o i a ut . 45 V . C O N CLU SI N O Bas d on t f e ng,i i ORDERED AND ADJUDGED: e he or goi t s 1 Dee d n Cu trs moin f r s mmay j g n o Plitf s j1 8 Fo rh . f n a t se' to o u r ud me t n anif 9 3 ut Amendme cai ( awf dee i a e si f c i DENI nt l ms unl ul tnton nd xce sve ore) s ED. 2.Dee d n Cu trs moin f r s mmay j d me o Plitf j1 8 Fo re nh f n a t se ' to o u r u g nt n anips 9 3 u te t Ame me duepr es cai (aiur t rnde me c ad)i GRANTED. nd nt oc s l m f l e o e r dial i s 3 Dee d n Cu trsmoinf rs mma yj d me t nt esaelw wr ngul e t cam . fn a t se ' t o u r u g n o h tt a o f d ah li o i DENI t t extntpr s onasae1w bateycam ( s ED o he e emied tt a tr li Count4) andGRANTED t t , o he e entbas d on a s a e 1 w f iur t a d neglge e cl i . xt e tt a al e o i i nc a m 4 Dee d n S rf s mo inf r u r ud me t nPlitf s j1 3Mo el li , . fn a t heif to o s mmayj g n o anif 98 n l cams pr di t on a l ge Fourh A m e e ca ed le d t ndm e and Four e nt vi atons aleg y c m it d by nt t e h ol i l edl om te de e f ndantCus e , sG R AN TED . tr i 5 Dee d n Sh rf smo inf rs mmayj d me t nPli t fssaelw wr n f l e t . fn a t eif to o u r u g n o ani ' tt a o g u d ah f c am i DENI li s ED t t e e pr m ied on a sat 1w bater c am ,a GR ANTED t t o he xt nt e s tea t y l i nd o he ex e bas o s a e l w f iur t a d ne i nc cl i . t nt ed n t t a a l e o i glge e a m O RDERED AND ADJUDGED i Cha n mber a W es Pam Bea h, ordat s / da of st t l c Fl i hi A y ' J nua y,201 a r 6. p e D a e T.K . ur ni l H l Unied St t sD it i J t a e s r udge
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