Parker et al v. American Traffic Solutions, Inc. et al, No. 1:2014cv24010 - Document 341 (S.D. Fla. 2015)
Court Description: ORDER granting in part and denying in part 191 Motion to Dismiss. Signed by Judge Federico A. Moreno on 8/10/2015. (whl)
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Parker et al v. American Traffic Solutions, Inc. et al Doc. 341 UNI TED STATES DI STRI COURT FOR THE CT SO UTH ERN DI STRI OF FLO RI CT DA No.1 CI 2401 M ORENO 4- V0CHRI STO PH ER L.PARK ER e a . t l, Pl n f ait p, VS. AM ERI CAN TRAFFI SOLUTI S,I , C ON NC. e a. t1 Dee d ns f n a t. O R D ER G R ANT I G I PA RT A N D D EN YI G I PA R T V EN D O R A N D LO C AL N N N N G O V ERN M E NT D EFEN DA N TS'M O TI N S TO D I I O SM SS Thi a on wa br htby drve swho r ceve tckesf r d lg vi a i t twe e s di s oug i r e i d i t or e i ht oltons ha r deeced by c r a r e d by prva e ve s The De e nt i t s ca e a e t t t ame as nd eviwe i t ndor . f nda s n hi s r he prva e ve s a t l al go m m e s t t c r t t s t up m e hanims t deec, i t ndor nd he oc ve nt ha ontaced o e c s o t t r vi a is cia i f r lghtvi a i . The Cou tnow c i r t Ve s a e ew, nd s ue ttons or ed i oltonsl r onsde s he ndor nd Loc Gove nme s m o i t dim ist Pl n if 'c am sagans t m . al r nt ' tons o s s he aitf s l i i t he 1 . BACKGROUND I 201 t Fl i l sa ur pa s d t M a k W a l Tr fi Saf t Ac , Fl Stt j n 0, he orda egilt e s e he r nda l a fc ey t a. a. 31 0083, ch a horz l a gove men st us r d lghtc m e ast de e ttafi vi ai 6. whi ut ies oc l m t o e e i a r o t c r fc ol tons a i s ctto . The Tr fc Sa ey Ac esa ihe t pr ed e t t l algove n e t nd s ue iai ns af f t t t bls s he oc ur s ha oc rm ns mus afor drve st r vi a c le e t ciai a s t a $1 fne f ea h vi a i t f d i r o e ew nd ha lng he t tons nd e s 58 i or c olton. Loca g r nt a r s t sat conta e wih Am e i a Tr fi Sol i , X er l ove nme s c os he t e r ctd t re n a fc utons ox, 1 On J 22, 201 , t Cour dim i s d t Fl i D e rm e of Re nue f om t s ca e f une 5 he t s s e he or da pa t nt ve r hi s or lc o j rs cin Pa k r v Flrd De rme to Re e e No.1 - V- 4 0 ( D.Fl. a k f u idito . r e . o i a pa t n f v nu , 4 Cl 2 01 S. a J 22,201 . une 5) 1 Dockets.Justia.com a Ga s t putt Tr tc Sa ey Ac i o e f ct Thes prva e ve spr de t l aii nd to o he afi f t t nt fe . e i t ndor ovi d he oc ltes wih r d lg c r t dee vi a i a sa r ze co put rpr ams t r viw a t e i ht ame as o td oltons nd t nda di d m e ogr o e e nd is cia i ,a i r t m,heVendor r c i d m on hl m ant na eand s r cef e . s ue t tons nd n e ul t s e e ve t y i e nc e vi e s Ciai we e ge a l is a f l :whe a r d lghtca r wa ti r , an t tons r ner ly s ued s olows n e i me a s rgge ed e pl e fom one oft prva e Ve m oye r he i t ndor r e s eviwed t i he mage a vi o fom t c r t nd de r he ame a o de de whe he t drve c ci t r he i r omm it d a i r ton. I t empl ye bele d a i r c i te n nfaci f he o e ive n nfa ton oc ure t t e oye ta mitd t phot a c r d, hen he mpl e r ns te he ogr phs a vi nd deos of t i r c i t a he nfa ton o mu ii a tafcifa to e f r e n of c r wh t e d c e td'o S ee td' h v n o ' ncp l r fi n r cin n o c me t t e , o h n ç c p e ' r t j ce 't e e d rs i a r r om m e ton. I t ofi e d c pt d' t r com m enda i , t t ve ec nda i f he fc r s ce e ' he e a ton hen he ndor a om a i aly ut tc l is d act ton wih a $1 fnet t ofe ng drver s ue ia i t 58 i o he f ndi i . UntlJ y 1,201 drve swho r e ve a r d lghttcke c d eiherpay t $158 fne i ul 3, i r ec i d e i i t oul t he i , s i a a fda tafimi t tt drve wase mpt d fom t sa ut when t tc twa ubm t n fi vi fr ng ha he i r xe e r he tt e he i ke s is s ued,orw a tuntlt tc t c i i he i ke onve t d i o a uni or ta f c c t ton, a w hi h tm e t drve r e nt f m r f i ia i t c i he i r coul c le t ctton a aheai d halnge he iai t rng.Fl Stt j31 0083 ( 2) i r who eecedt a. a. 6. 201 .Drve s lt o c le t rc tton by he rng r t rs ofa ci lpe t u t $500 i t ct ton was hal nge hei ia i a i an he ik vi naly p o f he ia i uphed.Se Fl Stt j 31 1 I 201 t Fl i lgilt ea nde t Tr fcSaft Ac l e a. a. 8.4. n 3,he orda e saur me d he afi ey t t pr vi drve swih t opporuniy t c lnger lgh tc t be or a ct he i ofi r o o de i r t he t t o hale ed i t ike s f e iy arng fce wihi sxt da oft is nc ofatc t t n i y ys he sua e i ke . Fl i ' Fourh Diti Cour of Appeas e mi whehe t e t orda s t srd t l xn ned t r hes ypes of r lght ed i tc tngpr r msc i wih t Trfi Saft Ac i C# o Holywoodv.Ar 15 So. ikei og a ompled t he afc ey t n f l em, 4 3d 359,361( a.Dit Ct App.201 . TheAr cou thel t tt Ciy ofHolywood' rd F1 s. . 4) em r d ha he t l se lg pr a vi a e t pli lng ge oft Tr fi Sa e y Ac by toutour i t a t r iht ogr m olt d he an a ua he a fc f t t l s cng o hidpa t f - oft ve ry or pr i ndor of a c t s s a u or l m a t d o i a i n t i s unionn tafi iy' t t t iy nda e blg t o o s ue f r fc 2 ct tonsf r lghtca r vi a i .... 1 a 361. The Cour di notc i rwhehe ia i or ed i me a oltons ' d. t ' t d onsde t r t drve a t ly des ve a r d lghttc t bu hed t tt tc t s r e d a is d by a he i r c ual er d e i ike , t l ha he i ke c e ne nd s ue prvaeve i t ndor wasvoi ab i to,a r e t tt pr d nii nd ul d ha he operr m e wasdimis loft tc t e dy s sa he i ke . 1 a 3 365. The Fl i Supr e Cour de e a pe ii t r vi w t Ar m de i i n o d. t 61, orda em t ni d tton o e e he e c so n Ap i 1 ,2 5 Ci o l o v Ar m,No 5C1 - 3 ,201 W L 1 8 4 9 ( a Ap .1 , rl 3 01 . t fHol d . e y ywo . 52 6 5 7 7 0 F1. r 3 201 . 5) Shorl a rt Are decson,s ve a c a s oftc t d drve s fl s ti sa e a ty he he m ii e r l l s es i ke e i r ied ui n tt nd f de alc t t c le smia r d lghtpr a sa r st sae. The c s we eta f re e r ours o ha lnge i l r e i ogr m c os he tt a es r r ns e r d t t Cour' doc t a t Co tc oldae t c s s o J nua y 23,2015. The Pli tfs o he ts ke , nd he ur ons i t d he a e n a r a n if tl a m a tr c pli t o Fe ua y 20,2015,i whi h t Pl i if brng dam s f : ied se om a n n br r n c he antfs i i or voaino teFlrd De e tv a d Unfi Trd Prcie Ac a an tt eVe o s 2 u j s ilto f h o ia c p ie n ar a e a tc s t g i s h nd r ; ) n u t e ihme a ns alDee nrc nt gai t l fndant;3)vi ai oft DuePr s Clus a i ta1Defnda s s olton he oce s a e gans 1 e nt; a 4) vi ai of Fl i lw agans t Loc Gover nt. The Pli if as sek nd olton orda a i t he al mne s antfs lo e d ca ao y a d ij n tv r l f Th Dee d ns mo e t ds s, a d te Co r n w e lr tr n nu cie ei . e fn a t v d o imis n h e ut o c i r w he he t Pl i if pl d d ufk i ntf d ua m a t r a e e a t u t l t t a c a m onsde s t r he a ntf s e t t e a l te , cc pt d s r e, o s a e l i s t rle t ti pa sbe o isf c .' As c otv q a,5 6 U. 6 2,6 8 1 9 S. .1 37 o eif ha s lu i l n t a e' h rj .I b l 5 S. 6 7 , 2 Ct 9 , ' 1 ( 949 2009)( tngBelAtantcCor v Twombl 550U. 5 570( quoi l l i p. . y, S. 44, 2007). ) I. I PRELI I M NARY BARRI TO SUI ERS T St ng andi I or rde onsr t Ari l 1Isa ng,t Pli if be rt bur n ofesa ihi a n de m ta e tce 1 tndi he a ntfs a he de t bls ng n ij r i f c, a s to , n rd e sbi t.fua v Dee d r o Wi l e 5 4U. 5 5 5 0 61 n uy n a tc u ai n a d e r si l y j n . f n e s f l f , 0 S. 5 , 6 i d ( 99 . Att moi t dimis phas,t Pl ntfsca s tsy t rbur n by pla ng 1 2) he ton o s s e he ai if n aif hei de e di ge r l al to a ne a legai ns boutt Def nda s c he e nt ' onductt twoul entte t m t sa be or t ha d il he o tnd f e he Co t I a 5 ur. d t 61. The Pli if ha de a ntfs ve monsr t d sa ng t s t Ve s a Loc lGo r nt . ta e t ndi o ue he ndor nd a ve nme s The P an if alg t a t e s fee fn n ilij r wh n t e p i fn st s tsy tafc litfs l e h t h y u frd ia ca n u y e h y ad ie o aif rfi e cia i is t tons s ued by t Ve s on be l of t Loca Go r m e s The Def nda s he ndor ha f he l ve n nt . e nt c l c i l de ope a pr a t i s a c l c fne i vi a i of Fl i l w , whi ole tve y vel d ogr m o s ue nd ole t i s n ol ton or da a ch c e t e tnest be voi ab i to. Ofc s ,t Pl i if wilfnd r dr si t Cou t aus d hos i o d nii our e he antfs l i e es f he r or r t De e nt t r pa t efne . Se Re nikv. M e I . 693 F. 1 7,1 -24 de s he f nda s o e y hos i s e s c Av d, nc, 3d 31 323 ( 1hCi. 2) 1 t r 201 . Th De e d n s ag e ta te Plitfs dd n t s fe ij re i fd b c u e te e fn a t r u h t h an if i o u fr nu is n a e a s h Pl ntf s do not c es t m e is of t unde l ng r d lght c t tons a as um i t tt ai i f ont t he rt he ryi e i ia i , nd, s ng ha he Pl i if di nl r d lght,t Pl ntfsdo notha a lgaly pr e t d i e es i t rghtt antfs d n e i s he ai if ve e l ot c e nt r t n he i o vi ae ta fc l ws W hie t Cour fndsc i r bl m e i i t De e nt 'a gume ,t olt r fi a . l he ti onsde a e rt n he f nda s r nt he Ar m d cso c nr l teCo r' ij r i fc a ay i. TheCo r r a sAr m t p o u c e e iin o to s h u ts n u y n a t n lss u t e d e o r no n e t tdrvesaeij e upo t rceptofa unlwf l is rd lg ctton,ir pe tveof ha i r r n urd n he e i n a uly sued e iht iai res ci w he he t dr ve ac ualy de er d t cia i f r nz ng a r d lght SeeAr m ,15 So. 3 a t r he i r t l s ve he t ton o nni e i . e 4 d t 365.ThePli if ha pld asm uc i t i c pl nt a ntfs ve e h n her om ai . B. V ol ary Paym ent unt The D e e nt a gue t t t Pl ntf s a m s a e ba r d by t vol a y pa e f nda s r ha he ai if 'cl i r re he unt r ym nt doc rne be a e t Pl i i f c e t pa t i r d lghttc si t d of c le i t f ne . ti c us he a ntf s hos o y he r e i i ket nsea ha l ng ng he i s Unde t vol t r pa e doc rne, a pl i if w ho vol arl pa m one i r pl t a r he un a y ym nt ti a ntf unt iy ys y n e y o n i or e t or il gal cl i of rght ca nc r c le am i nnot r c r t t paym e unl s he ca s w f a e ove ha nt es n ho r ud, c ri ormitke offc . Ci o Mi v Keon,11 So.2d 5 551( a.1 . The oecon, sa a t t f ami . t y 5 47, F1 959) 4 vol a y pa e d rne ho ve ,i an afima i de e e and t Cour o di rl doe untr ym nt octi , we r s fr tve f ns , he t r na iy s notr quie ltga st pla a ound a fnna i def e . Jac son v U S. Bank N A. N o. l e r ii nt o e d r fi tve ens s k . , , 4- 21 2- V,201 W L 41 25 CI 4 79867( D. a. S. Fl Aug. 201 ) TheCour wilc i rt vol ay 22, 4 . t l onsde he untr p y n d crn d fns a tes mmayj g n sa e a me t o tie ee e th u r ud me t tg . 11 1. A. SUBSTANTI CLAI S VE M Fl i Dec ptve and U nf r Trade Pr t c s A c C l m s A gai tVendor or da e i ai ac i e t ai ns s The Fl i De ptve a Unf rTrde PrctcesAc ( orda ce i nd ai a ai t FDUTPA)pr hi t û aror o bis û i unf de pi a t o pr ci si t co uc ofany ta orc ce tve cs r a tce n he nd t r de ommec ' Fl Stt j 5 204( ) re. a. a . 01. 1 . ' To sat a cai f aFDUTPA vi a i t Pl i if mus alegea de ptveorunf i pr c i t e l m or olton, he antfs t l ce i ar a tce i t c s oft a or c m e c c a i a a t ldn age . Se Roli s I .v Butand, n he our e r de om r e, aus ton, nd c ua m s e ln , nc . l 951So.2d860,869( a 2dDCA 2006) TheVe smovet dimist Pl ntfs FDUTPA Fl. . ndor o s s he ai if' c a m s on t gr li he ounds t t fr t t r d lghttc t w e e no i s d ûi t cour e of t a or ha is , he e i i ke s r t s ue sn he s r de c omm e c ' a s ond,t Pl i if a e note ild t r ove y be us tc t d d i r a e r e, nd ec ' he antfs r ntte o ec r ca e ike e rve s r notc i r S ons e s'unde t Ac . ons de ed s um r ' c r he t FDU PTA defne t r o c m e ce 'a S dve tsng,s i tng,pr di of e i or i s s ade r om r ' s ç r i i olcii t a ovi ng, f rng, dit i i w he her by s l r t l or ot nvi e, of a good or s r i , or any pr ry, s rbutng, t a e, en a , he s ny e v ce ope t whehe tngi e or i a bl,or a ot a tcl comm odiy,or t ng of vaue,whe e r t r a bl nt ngi e ny her ri e, t hi l r ve st td. Fl.Stt j501. TheCour i die tdt lbe al c tu FDUTPA' pr sons iuae ' a a. ' 203. t s rce o i r ly onsr e S ovii t af d pr e ton wher posi e Se Fl Stt j 5 202. On t pl di ,t Cou ti o for otci e sbl. e a. a. 01. he ea ngs he r s pe s ded t tt V e r ua ha he ndor of e ed s r c s t t Pl ntf s s f r e vi e o he ai i f . The Ve ndor a Loc G ove s nd al nunent c ea ed a m a ke pl e f d i r w ho be i ve s r t r t ac or r ve s le d t y ow e m one t s t s y unl f fnes W ihi t t m a ke pl c t V e he d y o a if aw ul i . t n ha r t a e, he ndor of e e t i s f r d he r s r c t a l drver t m a pa e s t a ds t e fne . Som e dr ve s pa d a e vi es o low i s o ke ym nt ow r hos i s i r i co nveni nce f e t us t e s vi es butt Ve e e o e hes er c , he ndor 'r alpr s c m e fom e urng t tt s e ott a r ns i ha he Ve s s r ce we e us d t f t Loca Gove nm e s The Cour fndst s al gai ns ndor ' e vi s r e o und he l r nt . t i he e le to s tee t brngt Vendor 'a viy i o t r l ofta orc ufi int o i he s di t nt he eam r de omm e ce. r M ovi t t Ve ng o he ndor ' cons e def ns FD UTPA ' i vi s um r e e, S ndi dual r m e es pr s o e di ovi i n sae t tûgl a a ton br tbyapes who ha s fr al sa ar ul ofavi ai tts ha ûin ny ci ough ron s ufeed os s es t olton of t s pa t s h pe s may r c hi r, uc r on e over a t l da a . c ua m ges . . Fl Stt j 501. 12) The a. a. 21 ( . Ve s as t Cour t a ndor k he t o dopt a c e v tve r di of t saut , under w hi h onl ons r a i ea ng he t t e c y C ons r ' ca brng c am s f FDUTPA vi a i . By t s i e r t ton, onl Pli tfs û ume s' n i l i or c oltons hi nt p ea i y a n if who pa d a conve e e f e t us t V e i ni nc e o e he ndor ' pa en s t m w oul be entte t r lef s ym t ys e d il d o e i . J g. Le v.Ta l , on pas ( Ti os I . 51 F.Supp. 1 , 1 ( D. a. 4) f nt , nc , 3d 290 297 S. Fl 201 . The Flrda Fourh DititCour of Appeas s ts id t Co ts ne f r g da e i oi t src t l a ife he ur ' ed o ui nc n Ca ib a Cr ieLie l c v BetrBu ie sBu e u o l Be c Co ny l c,wh r t e rb e n us n , n . . te sn s r a fpam a h u t, n . ee h c t l t tape s doe notha t bea C ons e 't brng aFDUTPA cli . N o.49 13our hed ha r on s ve o t um r' o i c am 391 201 W L 348011 a *5( a. s.Ct App. une3,2015 . I ke ngwiht tr of 6 5 4 t Fl Dit . J )2 n epi t he ems t saut dhe F l i l ilt e no l eri e he tt e,t t orda) egsaur ong ntnded FDUTPA t a y t onl c u r, o ppl o y ons mes butt ot re ii a e t pr t r ma ni ee e soft cl m a we l' 1 at*4. H er o he nttes bl o ove he e i ng lm nt he ai s 1. d ' e, . t Pli if al t tt Ve he antfs lege ha he ndor ofe ed a s vie t te bld t m t pa unlwf lfne , s fr er c ha na e he o y a u i s a t tt Ve r ofe ed t ss r ce i a dec ptve m a r W hie s m e Pl i if di not nd ha he ndo s f r hi e vi n e i nne . l o antfs d p yt u et eVe d r'sr ie alPlitfswe eij r dwh n t e u e t ssr iet p y a a o s h n o s e ve , l an if r nu e e h y s d hi e vc o a $1 fne t tt y di notowe The epla ngs s ts y t r m ani el nt ofa FDUTPA 58 i ha he d . s e di a if he e i ng eme s cl m . ai 2 The Fou t D i ti t Cour of A ppe di om a i aly r f r ed t t So he n Di t i t of r h sr c t al pl tc l e e r o he ut r sr c Fl i s i ci i as û w a dl m i d.' Se 201 W L 348 1 , a *3 ( a Dit Ct App. orda' nde s on l out r y xe ' e 5 01 4 t F1. s. . J 3, 5)(itngc es. une 201 lsi as ) 6 B. Un us Enrc ntCl i Ag i s AlDee a s j t ihme ams a n t l f nd nt To sae a cam f ru j s e rc me t te Plitfsmus alg t tt y c n erd a tt li o n u t n ih n , h anif t l e ha he o fre e be ft upon t De e nt, t t t Def nda s a eca e t t be i, a t t t ne i he f nda s ha he e nt ppr it d ha neft nd ha he De enda s a e e a r t i d t tbe i unde v r um sa st tm a i i quia e f r f nt cc pt d nd e ane ha neft r ic t nce ha ke t ne t bl o t m t rt ni.Se Ruc Br he sBrikv Kelgg & Ki e I .668 So.2d 205,207( a he o eai t e k ot r c . lo msy, nc, Fl. Dit Ct App.19 ) I t i moto t dimis t Ve sar frt t tt Dee nt di s. . 95 . n her in o s s,he ndor gue: is, ha he fnda s d no be i fom t Pl i if 'pa e s bec us t e pay e s whie m a t t Ve s t neft r he antfs ym nt a e hos m nt, l de o he ndor , we e pas e on t t l algo r en s a di t i ed t oughoutt s a e as die t d by Fl . r sd o he oc ve nm t nd s rbut hr he t t rce a Stt j 31 0083( )b)3) a s ond,t tt Pl ntfsc a. 6. 1( ( ; nd ec ha he ai if annote tbls t tt Deenda s sa ih ha he f nt' e rc me t si nu t' e a s tePlitfsd no d s u et emeiso t u d ryn tatc n ih n wa l j s'b c u e h an if o t ip t h rt f he n e lig rf u i vi ai . Alenai l t Dee nt ague t tt Pli if unus emi hme cam oltons tr tvey, he fnda s r ha he antfs' j t c nt li s d be dim is d a duplc tveoft i FDUTPA c am . houl s se s iai her li Fort pur e of t i t ntm o i t Cour co l he pos he ns a ton, he t nc udes t tt Pl i t f s a ua e y ha he a n if deq t l pld cams f r u j s e rc me t a ans te Ve d r a d t Lo a Go en n s Th e li o n u t n ih n g i t h n o s n he c l v r me t. e e c mi hmen a t e t bl c t nd he quia e omponen s of t Pl n if 'cli a e de pl i e t ned:t t he aitfs a m r e y nt rwi he Ve s we e enrc bot by t Pli if who pa d a conve e e f t s tsy t i fne ndor r ihed h he antfs i ni nc ee o a if her i s a b t Loc lGover nt t tc r t wih t Ve st i e e a a i se r d nd y he a nme s ha ontaced t he ndor o mplm nt nd dm nitr e lg tc tng pr r m s The Loc Gove mne s pr ie diec l fom t f i ht i ke i og a . al r nt oft d r ty r he unds pa d t ough i hr t Ve s a t s f wee un usl r lz be a e r r es oft meis oft he ndor, nd he e unds r j ty eaied c us , egadl s he rt he unde l ng tafi vi a i ,t fnes w e e pai t s ts y tc t t tw e e voi ab i to. The ryi r tc ol tons he i r d o a i f i ke s ha r d nii Plitfs d cso t p e d u j s e rc me ti te atr aie t i ohe cams d e n t an if' e iin o la n u t n ih n n h len tv o t t r li o s o s prcudet m fom pr e ng ont i unus e ihme cli t ough t moi t dimis e l he r oc edi her j t nrc nt am hr he tons o s s pha e. Se Ci c o- oudon v Gr en Tr e Se v c ng, LL C, N o. 1 C 1 21 4, 201 W L s e re L . e e r ii 4- V- 38 5 1 4798, t*5( D. a. . 201 . 91 a S. Fl Apr 27, 5) Th Lo a Go en nsb le et t wh t e te Plitfspe u j te rc me t te e c l v r me t eiv ha, eh r h an if ld nus n ih n ,h y ae e t ldt s v r in i nt be a eu j s e c me ti aq a ic nr c cam,a dt e r ni e o o e eg mmu iy c us n u t mi h n s u s-o ta t li n h t Fl i lgilt eha onl wave i orda e saur s y i d mmuniy f c t n t tcams Se Fl Stt j 768. t or erai or li . e a. a. 28. Thi Co thed a much i Br v Pu i He t Tr to amiDat C(& y,No.l cvs ur l s n andt . blc alh us fMi - e ?n/ o-i 22367,201 W L 4062798,a *1 ( D.Fl.Oc.l 201 ,whee t Co tdimis d aFar 0 t S. a t 5, 0) r he ur s se i La St nda dsAc c am on s r i n i bor a r t li ove e g mmuniy gr t ounds . The Cou t how e r i bo by Fl r da pr e r, ve , s und oi ec dent and t Cour i pe s de t tunde , he t s r ua d ha r Flrd lw,sae a tr a eno i n fo s i f ru a u mo eay e ta to s Unus o ia a tt co s r t mmu e r m ut o nlwf l n tr xr cin . j t emi hme i nota t ti t ta tonals ns buti i a t c e t d by cours t pr de a c nt s or n he r dii e e, t s ool r a e t o ovi r m e f pa tes t t ha bee unf ry de i d of t i pr ry. #. , Comme c e dy or ri ha ve n ail prve he r ope t g. re Parne s 80 L/f Parne s p v Equiy Contactng Co.695So.2d383,386 ( a.Dit Ct t r hè 98 ( t r hi . t r i , F1 s. . App.1 97) ThePl ntfsheeha apa tc al sr agume t tt rquas- ta t l 9 . ai if r ve riulry tong r nt ha hei iconrcua cli move i o t ral of a ilga e r ton a pa tc al unus f ofpr ry am s nt he e m n le l xtaci riulry j t onn ope t de i ton be a e t Pl i if ' de i ton w a c us d by t unl f a t of t Loc l pr va i - c us he a ntf s pr va i s a e he aw ul c s he a Go emme t.l Bil to p Ro hn , n . . erpo i nDa eCo ny, o ia sTh r Ditit v l n s n lSr o o g l c v M to lt a d u t Fl rd ' id src Cour ofAppe hel t t de e t al d hat he f ndantcou y c d noti nt oul nvoke s r i i uniy t r t i ove e gn mm t o e an m o i ob a ne f o c r ng a r s r ton f e t tw a pr bie by s a e s a ut 788 So. ney t t i d r m ha gi egi ta i e ha s ohi t d t t t t e. 2d 365,367 ( a.Dit Ct App.2001 . l isr a oni t c tnoe a s r gn c mz Fl s. . ) n t e s ng, he our td oveei a ot ti pr r y de a a e r c m oni s f om is c tz ,t im ope l m nd nd xt a t e r t ii ens hen,w he c ughtw ih is ha i t n a t t nd n he c tze s poc t sm pl dec i t r t n t f nds ' 1 a 366. ii n' ke , i y lne o e ur he u . d. t ' 8 Thi t of unl w f e r c i les a t h a to t e Plitfs u j s e rcmwn s ype a ul xt a ton i t he e r f h anif ' n u t n il t cli :t Pl ntfsa lge t tû c y' r f s lt obe a die tl satve m a t ' r s td am he ai if le ha ; ount s e u a o y a r c egil i nda e' e ule i t pa e of a il lf e. 1 a 3 n he ym nt n lega e d. t 67. U li a e y,t Pl i if s f r a l s ofpr ry tm t l he a ntf s uf e ed os ope t c usd by t wr ul a of t Loc Govenmens Fl Stt j 768. 1, a t a e he ongf ds he al r t, a. a. 28( ) nd he De e nt a e note ild t i uniyfom s ton t s gr f nda s r ntte o mm t r ui he e ounds . C. Pr dura Due Pr s C l m s A gai tA l D e e oce l oce s ai ns I f ndant s The Due Pr es Clus r r s t t pe s de i d of pr ry m us be a f d oc s a e equie ha r ons prve ope t t for ed a e u t n tc a d a o p ru iyt b h a d e Fis As e l o Go o pls Flrd , d q ae oie n n p o tn t o e e r .S e r t s mby f d fNa e, o ia I c v Cole Co/f,2 F.d 41 ,4 2 ( 1h Ci.1 9 ) Th s e ii p o e st a mu tbe n . . lir s y 0 3 9 2 1 t r 9 4 . e p cfc r c s h t s n a f r d de ndson t f t a cic s a es ofe c c e,a t r qui e pr s cor e a e f o de pe he ac s nd r um t nc a h as nd he e r d oce s r l t s t t s ve iy oft pr ry i er s t tw a de i d. See Be lv.Bur on,402 U . 535,540 o he e r t he ope t nt e t ha s pr ve l s S. ( 971 .ThePl ntfsbe nt i pr ed a duepr es cl m wihas tntvecrtqueoft 1 ) ai if gi her oc ur l oc s ai t ubsa i ii he Loca Deenda ' dee ton ofpolc powe t t Defnda Ve s Se ,eg. D. 71!! l f nts lgai ie r o he e nt ndor. e . , E. 205 -06,208. Thi pr c i whih r nder d t tckes voi ab i to wa dec a e unlw f s a tce c e e he i t d nii s l r d a ul i Ar m ,a t Pl i if ' pr yer f s t ntve r le m a be r a i ed i t r ot r cl i s n e nd he a ntf s a or ubs a i e i f y e lz n hei he a m . The c ux oft Pl i if 'pr ed a cl i i t tt Tr f i Sa e y A c pr vi d drve s w ih r he a ntf s oc ur l a m s ha he a fc f t t o de i r t c tt tonaly i de t a nue t c le ons iu i l na qua e ve s o ha l nge t unl f de ega i of polc pow e . l he aw ' ul l ton ie r n pa tc a ,t Pl ntf s a l ge t t y wer deprved of t oppor uniy t be he r drver r i ul r he ai i f le hat he e i he t t o a d: i s we e not a f de t oppor u t t gi t s i ony,pur ue di co r or a i e de e a a r f or d he t niy o ve e tm s s ve y, dm t vi nc t he rng t con e t t l galt of t r d lght tc tng s he es or t m e is of t c r ai o t s he e iy he e i i ke i c m he r t he ha ges a i tt m.E. ,i a !21 gans he g. d. t 0. The Pl ntf s w ho w e e tc t d pror t t 201 a e ent t t Tr fc Sa e y A c ai if r i ke e i o he 3 m ndm s o he afi f t t ha t sr ng tdue pr e s c am be a e t y c d onl s c e a hea i i t y doubl d ve he to es oc s l i c us he oul y e ur rng f he e 9 do o t i la lt a a e e t rs of up t $500 i fnes i t i c lng was wn n her ibiiy nd cc pt d he ik o n i f her hale e ua e he he af i ey f de he u uc esf l Se Fl Stt j31 1 To eval t w het rt Tr fc Saf t A ctafor d t se ns c s u. e a. a . 8.4. Pl ntfs s tcintopporuniy t be he r t Cour mus c ie :l t prvae i e et ai if ufi e t t o ad, he t t onsd r ) he i t ntr s i ve 2)t rs ofa erone de i to ofs i ee tt ought pr e e us a nvol d; he ik n r ous prvain uch ntrs hr he oc dur s ed nd t prbabl val ofa tona pr edu a s f uads 3)a t bur n t tt epr durs he o e ue ddii l oc r l aeg r ; nd he de ha hos oce e w oul i pos on t g r e . Se M at ws v El i d m e he ove nm nt e he . dr dge,424 U . 31 335,96 S.Ct 893, S. 9, . 903,47L. 2d 18( 976) Ed. 1 . The Pl n if ' i e e t $1 i ma g na , a t Loca Gove mne s woul be aitfs nt r s 58 s r i l nd he l r nt d d e ty bur ne 'i t we e r quie t c k al gr de d' f hey r e r d o onduc a f m a he rng e r tme a tckeed di r t or l a i ve y i i t ve s u h t c ne thso h rtc e. S eS i e l tr at n lCop.v Fp o Fo e tHeg t, o g t o o ts i r e ik t e n d r ne n i a r . t f r s ih s o wn 739 F. 1 1 ( h Ci.,ce t de e 1 S.Ct 2667,1 L.Ed.2d 2l ( 4) Furhe , 3d 40, 49 4t r) r. niJ 34 . 89 0 201 . t r t Pl i if have not a l ge t t a tona pr edu e woul r duce t r s of unwa r nt d he a ntf s le d ha ddii l oc r s d e he i k ra e tafi ct tonsbe us t Pl ntfsdo notal get ta r d lghttc t wer is d i e r , r fc ia i ca e he ai if le ha ny e i i ke s e s ue n ror ort tt Pl ntf sm i ha be a e t pr t tt e tc t w e e i s i e r w ih t ha he ai i f ght ve en bl o ove ha hos i ke s r s ued n r or t he a d of f m a pr e di . A c r ngl , t Pl i tf s' pr e a due pr es c ai s a e i or l oc e ngs3 co di y he a n if oc dur l oc s l m r dim i s d. s se 3 U nlke t r t of t Pl i if ' cl i s t Cour cons de s onl t c e t pr e es s t i he es he a ntf s a m , he t i r y he ont s oc dur e f r h i t Tr f i Sa e y A c i is a l i of t Pl ntf s pr dur d pr s c a m s o t n he a fc f t t n t na ys s he ai if ' oce al ue oce s l i . Thos pr e es a e wholy i pe nt f om t tc tng a r ngem e s be w e t V e e oc dur r l nde nde r he i ke i r a nt t en he ndor a Loc l G ove nd a nune s t t r nde e t Pl ntf s r lg tcke s voi ab i to. nt ha e r d he ai if ' ed i ht i t d nii ( r xial t etc t a eo y voi ab i to be us t yvi aet Tr fc Saey Ac; Paado c ly, hos ikes r nl d nii ca e he olt he afi ft t fn ig teTrfi Saey Ac u c nsi to a wo d ij c te me iso t u d ryn ta tc i dn h atc ft t n o tt in l ul n e t h rt f he n e lig r f u i vi ai i ot Pl ntfs s tntvecai . Ass h,t Cour mus co i rwhehe t oltons nt he ai if' ubsa i l ms) uc he t t nsde t r he oppo t t f a f m alhe rng a c e t pr e e no a f de by t Tr f i Sa e y Ac r uniy or or ai ont s oc dur t f or d he a fc f t t woul a f c drver s c nc of c le ng a l w f l i s r lg tc t by r buti t d f e t i ' ha es ha l ngi a uly s ued ed i ht i ke e tng he phot r phi e de et t purua t Fl Stt j 31 0083( )b)1( ,ce esapr umpton og a c vi nc ha, s nt o a. a. 6. 1( ( )b) rat es i ofg l aga ns t dr ve . The Pl i i f m a no alega i t t s e uit i t he i r a ntf s ke l tons o hi nd. 10 D. Vil to o FlrdaLa a Cli f rDe l r t r a l j tveReif o ai ns f o i w nd a ms o ca a o y nd n unci le: De e i ofPolce Pow e ,Pr e pton,and D ue Pr es l gaton i rs e m i oc s The Pli if al ge t tt y r ceve r d lghttc t fom l alpr a st tm ir antfs le ha he e i d e i ikes r oc ogr m ha ror t tc tng pr a c i r i Ar he ike i ogr m onsde ed n em. The Loca Gove n e s m a pr s nt f c s t t l r m nt y e e a t ha ditngui h t i pr r m s f om t Ciy of H olyw ood pr nm a l t r s age of t s s i s he r og a r he t l ogr t ae t s he e pr ee ngs butac e i t Pl i if 'a lga i a tue Ar m i caest tt e pr a oc di , c ptng he antfs le tons s r , e ndi t ha hes ogr ms vi a e Fl i l by del ga i polce pow e t pr va e ve ol t orda aw e tng i r o i t ndor . See Ar m ,1 So.3d a 365. s e 54 t I pr n, e i c t s t tt pr rr m e f t s c ai si di m i s loft cia i I f ove Ar m ndi a e ha he ope e dy or he e l m s s s a he t ton. d Si ia l t Pl ntf s s e a dec a a i n t tAr m a i t r d lght pr a s t t m l r y, he ai i f e k l r to ha e pples o e i ogr m ha co i is ng tc t i vi ai n of Fl i l w. The Cour wil alow t Pl ntfs t ntnue s ui ike s n ol to orda a t l l he ai if ' o p o e d wih terr q e t f rd caao y a ij n tv r l fwh l a k o e igt a i te r c e t h i e u ss o e lrtr nd n u cie ei ie c n wldgn h t f h e De e nt 'tc tng pr a smir t toft Ciy ofHolywood,t n t Pl ntfsha t f nda s ike i ogr m ror ha he t l he he ai if ve he de a a i t nee i Ar m . cl r ton hey d n e The Ar m c tdi not howeve ,r ac t m ert ofa Fl i c tt i lc le t e our d , r e h he is orda onsiutona ha l nge o t Ciy ofHolywood' pr r .ThePli if compl i t tt y we ede i d ofpr e a he t l s og am a ntfs an ha he r prve oc dur l due pr e s unde t Fl i c tt i be us t r d lght tc t d a l d t di c os t t oc s r he orda ons iuton ca e he e i i ke s t ie o s l e ha f t y we e i s t ough an i pr he r s ued hr m oper de ega i of t Loca Gover e D e e l ton he l nm nt f ndant a t s nd he Dee ntCl sM e s polcepowest t Ve s whih r nde e t gikes voi a fnda as mber' i r o he ndor, c e r d he tc tl d b i to. D. 71! 250.Fort pur e oft Pli if'Fl i duepr s cli t Co t nii ' E. ' he pos he antfs orda oce s am, he ur co i s onl t a t no i pr de t d i r Li t Pl i if ' f r l cl i , t nsder y he c ual tce ovi d o r ve s. ke he a ntf s ede a a m he tc tng a r nge e s t t vi a ed Fl i l w r l t onl t t Pl n i f 's t ntve c a m s i ke i r a m nt ha ol t orda a e a e y o he ai t f s ubs a i l i . The De e nt ' r d lght tcke s i or e drver of t c r ag ns t m and of t f nda s e i i t nf m d i s he ha ges ai t he he a nue a ia e t c le ve s va l bl o ha l nge t r tc t . Pr um i t t dr ve s ar a a e of t r e nt hei i ke s es ng ha i r e w r he el va saut ypr sonsaf tngt rrght,s Br h v Cr c 729F. 1 tt or ovii feci hei i s ee eat . onvih, 2d 007,1 1( h Ci. 01 5t r 11 1 8 , h Pli t f f i t alg ta te we en tgv n s fce tn tc t stsy Flrd ' 9 4) t e ani s al o le e h t h y r o ie ufiin o ie o aif o ia s f due pr e s c a e. Thus t Loc lG ove m en s m otons t di m i st Pl i if 'Fl i due oc s l us , he a m t' i o s s he a ntf s orda pr es c a m sar gr nt d. oc s l i e a e I . V C oNclus oN a l F rt ef r g i gra o ,ti a j d e ta t eVe d r'mo int d s s i ga tdi o h o e o n e s ns i s d u g d h t h n o s to o imis s rn e n pa ta de e i pa t The Vendor 'moton t dimis t Pl ntfs Fl rda Dec ptve and r nd ni d n r. s i o s s he ai if ' o i e i Unf r Tr de Pr tc Ac i de e as t t Pl i if t t pai a f e t us t Ve s ai a aci es t s ni d o he antfs ha d e o e he ndor ' sr ie . Th Ve o s moin t ds s t ePlitfs u j s e c me ta d p o e u a d e e vc s e nd r ' to o imis h an if' n u t mi h n n r c d r l u pr s c a m s i deni d. oce s l i s e The Loc Gover nt 'm o i t dimis a e gr nt d i pa tand de ed i pa t The al nme s tons o s s r a e n r ni n r. Lo a Go en n s moi n t d s s t ePlitfs u j s e c me tcamsaed n e .The c l v r me t' to s o imis h anif' nu t mi h n li r e id Loc lGove mue s motonst dim ist Pl n if 'f der a sa e pr e aldue pr es a r nt ' i o s s he aitfs e al nd tt oc dur oc s c a m s a e gr nt d. The Loc Gover m e s m otons t di m i s t Pl i i f ' unl w f li r a e al n nt ' i o s s he a ntf s a ul del ga i cl i s a e de ed. The D e e nt ' m otons t di m i s t Pl ntf s c ai s f e ton a m r ni f nda s i o s s he ai i f ' l m or d caao ya dij n tv r l faed ne e lrt r n n u ci e ei r e id. e DONEAND ORDE D i C a es t a , lr ati V d yo Auut2 1. RE n h mbr a MimiFoi ,hs a f g s, 0 5 d . ,' -, : FED ER . A .M O RE UNI STATESDI W J TED STRI UDGE Copi pr ded t es ovi o: Couns ofRecor el d 12
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