Dunn et al v. Takata Corporation et al [Economic Loss Class Actions], No. 1:2014cv24009 - Document 312 (S.D. Fla. 2016)
Court Description: ORDER Granting in part and Denying in part (608) in case 1:15-md-02599-FAM, ( 127 ) in case 1:14-cv-24009-FAM - Mazda Motor of America, Inc. d/b/a Mazda North American Operations' Motion to Dismiss. Signed by Judge Federico A. Moreno on 6/14/2016. Associated Cases: 1:15-md-02599-FAM, 1:14-cv-24009-FAM (gp)
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Dunn et al v. Takata Corporation et al [Economic Loss Class Actions] Doc. 312 UN ITED STA TE S DIST RIC T CO U RT SO U TH ER N D I STR I O F FL O RI A CT D M i iD i si am vi on M D L N o.2599 M ast Fie N o.15er l 2599-M D- O R ENO M 1424009- - O R EN O CV M I RE: N TA K ATA AIR BA G PR O DU C TS LIA BILI LITIG AT I N TY O TH I D O CUM EN T RELA TES TO A LL S ECON O M I LO SS TR AC K CA SES C / O RD ER G R A NT I G IN PA R T A ND D EN YIN G IN PA RT M A ZDA N M O TO R O F A M ER IC A.IN C .D/ A M A ZD A NO RT H B/ A M ER I A N O PER ATI N S'M O T I N T O D I I C O O SM SS c oss Thi muli src ltga i (t DL-) cons i t alegatons of econom i l and s tditit ii ton tM olda es l i a ur enda s a por i p ro l ij r r ltd t aibags m anuf ct ed by def nt Takat Cor aton and TK es na nu y eae o r Hol ngs(ole tvel t-a a' a e ppe i ve cesma acur d by dee t Honda, di c lci y, b-kat') nd qui d n hil l nuf t e fndans BM W ,For Maz M is s ,Nis Subarl a Toyoa (ole i l t i omoi d, da, tubihi san, t, nd t c lctvey, he t Aut tve Dee fndant )(ole tvel wih Ta a.t kDee f' c lci y t kat he - fndant-) Thi c us c sbef e t Cour s'. s a e ome or he t upon M a M ot of Am e i , l zda or rca nc.d/ a M a da Norh Amerc Ope atonss (t az ') b/ z t ian r i ' ( da' M M oton t Dimis(k oi ' L E.6081 tld on J y 17,201 The Cour ha rviwe t i o s s b ton' D. M ) , ie ul 5. ' s e e d he t Moton,Pli if'Omni Res e( E.658)a Maz sRe y ( E.690) Addii l i antfs bus pons D. nd da' pl D. . tonalyt pa tes r i ed s e of t r br e e ar ent a or a gum e he d on Frday,Oc obe 23, he r i a s om hei i f d gum s t al r nt l i t r M azda' M oton asks t Cotrtt di i a1 count aleged agai t i i t Second s i he l o sm ss 1 s l ns t n he Amende Eco cLos Compl nt(d nomi s ai ' complit'( E. . an' D. 579) ) Dockets.Justia.com 1 . BA C K G R O UN D Pl ntf s i t s c e ar c um er of ve cl e ppe w ih Ta t a r gs con a ni ai if n hi as e ons s hi es qui d t ka a i ba t i ng a m oni nir t as a pr l . The Cour hasdi de t M DL' c pone ca es it t m um ta e opelant t vi d he S om nt s n o wo tac :an ec r ks onom i l s tac f pl i if alegi pur l e c os r k or a ntf s l ng e y conom i da ag a a pe s c m es nd r onal ij l ta k f rplitfsalgngda g st ap ro . i o d rpetist t ee o mi ls nu' r e o an if le i ma e o e s n Ths r e ran o h c no c o s y ta c es l t Com pl nt Pl ntf s a l ge 11 c r ck as . n he ai , ai if le ount a i tM a da. l s ga ns z The e 11 count a ns M a da eonss oft f l ng:Count3 f vi a i oft s s gai t z it he olowi or oltons he Ma gnus M os W a on- s nunt A ct Count 25 f f a y ; or r udul ntc e once m en , Count 26 f vi a i of al t ' or ol ton t Songhe Beve l Cons r W a r nt Ac f Br c ofl ple W a r nt ofM e c nt biiy' ry ume r a y t or ea h m id ra y r ha a lt , Count27 f un us e ihme ;Count28 f vi ai ofCalf ni sunf rc or j t nrc nt or olton ior a' ai ompeii lw; tton a Count29 f vi a i ofCalf ni sCons or olton ior a' umerLega Re l medi Ac ;Count3 f vi a i of es t 0 or olton Ca ior a' f l e a r i i l ;Count 31f neglg f iur t r al, Count47 on beha f of lf ni s a s dve tsng aw or i ent a l e o ec l ' l a Fl i s b- l sale ng vi a i oft Fl rda De ep i and Unf i Tr de Pr tce Ac orda u cas l gi olton he o i c tve ar a aci s t (C 'FDUTPA' ;Count48 on behafofa Fl i s ca salegi brac ofFl i s i id D ) l orda ub-ls l ng e h orda' mple wa r nt of m e cha abiiy;and Count49 on b l of a A l ba a s c as a l gi vi a i ra y r nt lt eha f n a m ub- l s le ng ol ton ofAlba ' Dec ptveTrdePr ci sAct(' a ma s e i a a tce ûADTPA' . '2 ) The e 11 coun s a i e outof t e N am ed Pl i if M a pur ha es Spec f c ly,t s t rs hr e a ntf s' zda c s . ii a l he t e Na d Pl ntfsae:( )J tn Bids l;( Cr tlPadue'a ( )M ike Vuka novi hr e me ai if r 1 usi r al 2) ysa r , nd 3 c y di c. Bids l pur has d hi M az us r al c e s da, ed,i Pe yl a. Pa due pur ha ed he M a da, us i n nns vani r c s r z ed, n 1 Thi fgur does no i ude Count l 1 a l ged by t A u om otve Re cl r s s i e t ncl s 04 06 le he t i cy e ' A s oci ton. The A ut otve D e enda s m ove t di m i s t e t e Count a t Cour s ai om i f nt d o s s hes hr e s nd he t r e i t r f .A s t s Count have be n di m i s t Cou! does nota e s a gum e s ul d n hei avor he e s e s s ed, he ' t ddr s r nt i t M oton,Om ni Res n he i bus pons and Re y a e s ng t . e, pl ddr s i hem - The Or r does nota y t a of t cli f ij tve r i .The Cou! wil de ppl o ny he ams or n unci elef ' l t consde t agument conc r ngij tverle i altror r i r he r s eni n unci eif n ae de. Albama. a And Vukadi cpur ha e hi M a da ne ,i Fl i Bids l' ca mswe edie t novi c s d s z , w n orda. r als li r rcfl d i o t M DL,a hei a Na e Pl n ifi t Compl i a hi c ehad notpr vi l ie nt he s s m d aitf n he ant nd s as e ousy be n t a f r e t t Sout r D i ti to Fl i Pa due' c a m sw e e t a f r e t t Cour e r ns e r d o he he n s r c f orda. r s l i r r ns e r d o he t fom t Norher Diti ofAl m a Vuka novi sc am swe eta f r d t t Cour fom r he t n srd aba . di c' l i r r ns ere o he tr t Ease n Di t i tofPe yl a. he t r s rc nns vani II . L EG A L STAN D A RD t pl a ng t t s a e a c ai f r i m us cont n ...a s ta pl i s a em e of û e di ha t t s l m or elef A t ai hor nd a n t t nt t cai s ng t tt pl de i e ild t r i .' Fe R.Ci P.8( )2) To s vi a he l m howi ha he ea r s ntte o elef' d. v. a( . ur ve m oton t di m i s a tc pl ntm us c a n s tci ntf c ualm a t r a e e ast ue, o - t t i o s s , t om ai t ont i ufi e a t te , ec pt d r t s a e acam t r l fta i plu i eo isfc .' h rj v I b l 5 6 U. 6 2 ( 0 9 ( u tn li o ei h l s a sbl n t a e' As c ot . q a , 5 S. 6 2 0 ) q oig e ' BelAt.Cop.v Twombl 550 U. 544 ( l l r . y, S. 2007).Deald fct lal tonsaeno r rd, ) tie a ua legai r t equie but a pl a ng m us of e m or t ûl bel a c us ons -or k f m ul i r ia i of t e di l fr e han ta s nd oncl i ' û or a c ec t ton a he e em e s oft ca e ofac i ' Twom bl 550 U . a 555. l nt he us ton. ' y, S. t W her a c e ofaci s e aus ton oundsi faud,ho ve ,Fe a Rul ofCi lPr edur 9( n r we r der l e vi oc e b) mus be s tsid i addii t t mor r a sa d ofRul 8.Unde Rul 9( ,û pa t t aife n ton o he e elxed tndar e r e b) k ry a m us s a e w ih pari a iy t cic s a s c tt i f aud or m it ke, a t oug t tt t tcul r t he r um t nce ons iutng r s a ' lh h ' t condii ofa pe s s m i ' s a m alce i e ,a know l dge m a be a l ge ge a l tons r on' nd, uch s i , nt nt nd ' e y le d ner ly. Fe R.Ci P.9( .ûlhe t riulrt rquie nts r a i tntpumos i faud d. v. b) k- pa tc aiy' e rme eves n mpora en r a i by alri de e ctons e tng f ndan s t t pr cie m iconduc wih whi h t y a e cha ge and t o he e s s t t c he r r d pr e tng de e nt aga ns s i cha ges of i m or land f audul nt beha or' 1r C' t ot c i f nda s i t purous r m a r e vi . 4 oas ' ' Roo d:Watr onpn I .v hng epr g, nc . ( iai omit d) ct tons te . 11 1. AN A LY SI S A . C hoi of Law Anal s ce ysi Pl i t f s a s r t ee c a n i f s e t hr ount a i t M az a i i onl under Calf ni I w .3 s ga ns da r sng y ior a a Spec fc l Count 28 al ge vi a i of Caior a' ( ) Unf i Compe ii La , ( ii aly, s -30 le oltons : lf ni s l ar tton w 2) Cons rLega Re esAc,a ( Fas Advc tsngLaw,r peci y.M a ague t t ume l medi t nd 3) le rii es tvel zda r s ha t c s a s ri Calf a lw s d be dimis d bec us ûl pplcai oft pr r he ount s etng iomi a houl s se a e ûal i ton he ope c c ofl w r c di t s t tt cons hoie a uls da e ha he umerpli if '. a ntfs . . c a m s a e gove n by t l w of li r r ed he a t sa e wher t pur ha e t i r s c i ve c e ,' notCa ior a lw .( E.608,a 4) he t t s e hey e s d her e pe tve hil s ' lf ni a D. t . The Cour agr t ees. W hie Pl i t f s a gue a c c of l w i r i pr m a ur , t i s has bee bre e l a n if r hoi e a nquiy s e t e he s ue n if d a a l s wih r r t t c am sa i tM a da c n bedecded by t Cour wihou f t r nd, t ea t t ega d o he l i ga ns z , a i he t t t urhe f t aldeve opm e . ac u l nt Ge aly,a f de a cour he i s a e l w c ai s a i t choi of l w r e oft ner l e rl t arng t t a l m pples he ce a ul s he f r s a e.Gr po Tc e j',S. r l m u o um l t u / v A ? A. .Te e ndo C. l7pc 's Gr ., l . 485 F. 1 f ' z/ n p nc , t k / 3d 233,1 ( 1h 240 1 t Ci.2007) Howe r -gl c estansere purua t 28U. C.j 1 t tansereditit r . ve,tin as r f rd s nt o S. 407,he r f e src cou l m us a y t s a e l ,i udi is c c of l w r es t t w oul ha bee a i d r t ppl he t t aw ncl ng t hoi e a ul , ha d ve n pple ha t e bee no c d her n hange ofvenuev I r M anage Car Lii ., 298 F.Supp.2: 1 ' n e ' d e tg 1 259, 1 296 ( D.Fl 2003) l Dus n v.Barac 376 U. 612,639 ( 964) I r To ot Mot Cor S. a. , . Qn e r k, S. 1 . n e yt a or p. , Uni e dAc l alon,785 F.Supp.2d 925,931( D.Cal 20l1.Ac di y,i lsae i ntnde ceer i C. . ) cor ngl û tts n al whi h t ta f or c r of a i vi l a ton s t a e c i e f um s a es and an c he r ns er ou t n ndi dua c i is r onsder d or tt , 3 Pl ntf s a l ge a tonal vi a i of Ca ior a l , but i t e count , Pl ntf s ai if le ddii ol tons lf ni aw n hos s ai if pl d a t r tve 1 w i Calf ni l w doe nota y.The t e c ea le na i a f ior a a s ppl hr e ount dicus e i t s s ton s s s d n hi ec i a i e s rc l onl unde Calf ni l w ,w ih no ale na i l w pl de r s t i ty y r ior a a t t r tve a ea d. i pe nde ndentchoi oflw detnui ton i nec s r f t saesofal la f r co t.' l re ce a e na i s es a y or he t t l r ns e or urs ' n Conagr Pe a anutBute Pr .Li Lii , F. D. t r ods ab tg.25l R. 689, ( D. . 693 N. Ga 2008) . . Thi c ce of1 fame k i notat r by t us ofa cons i t d c pli ta a s hoi aw r wor s le ed he e olda e om a n s pr edur lde c t sr m lne t ltga i n,unl s t pa tes s co ent Seei (g sng a oc a vi e o tea i he ii to es he ri o ns . d. t uli k m a t rcompl i a t oper tve pl di f ehoie of lw pum os i notunpr c de e i se ant s he ai ea ng or c a es s e e nt d n muli src ltga i Howe r i i ge r ly us d a a s t ntve pl di onl whe t tditit ii ton. ve , t s ne a l e s ubsa i ea ng y n he pa te ha c e e t s hanarnge nt'(iai omitdl; eealol r To aMot ris ve onsntd o uc ra me . cttons te l s s n e yot ' or Ctr Uni e d Ac el aton,785 F.Su 2d a 931 (t i t ttg et r t ge a a . r. ntnde c er i ? pp. t satng ha knqihe he nerl a hor z ton oft c di ton a cons i ton unde t M D L s a ut nort m or s cii ut i a i he oor na i nd olda i r he tt e he e pe fc us ofc oldae c e ons i td ompli s a t Cour ha r quie he e i i e a nt, s he t s e r d r , s nt nded t alert s t ntve o t he ubsa i rght oft pa te 'a a ng,igl us ofacons i t co antha bee desrbe a é i s he ris' nd ddi ithe e oldaed mpli s n ci d s a pr edur de eert rt n a s tntvepl di wih t powert ale t c ceoflwg oe al vi ahe ha ubsa i ea ng t he o tr ht hoi a ) r e applca et t pl ntfs cli .'( tngl r M e c de Be Tel Ai ContactLii , uls i bl o he ai if' ams'' cii n e r e s- nz e d r tg. 257F. D.46,56( N. 2009). R. D. J. ) Pli if rl i pa ton Gel m v.Bankq dl?Cor ,l S.Ct 8 90 n. ( 5) t antfs ey n r boi fa z. p. 35 . 97, 4 3 201 ,o s uppor t pr l he opos ton t tt flng of a c olda e com pl i alo s t Cou tt i no e t ii ha he ii ons i t d a nt l w he r o g r he t a f orc t 'e e ofl w r es a a y Fl i ' c c ofl w r es How e r G e boi r ns er our s hoi e a ul nd ppl orda s hoi e a ul . ve , l m doesnota es t choi of1 w i r The i s i G e b m w a w he her aspar of a l r er ddr s he ce a nquiy. s ue n l oi s t , t ag M DL,a gr ofpl i if c d a oup antf s oul ppea t dimi s loft onl c am br tby t tgr l he s s a he y l i ough ha oup. / a 903 Hol ng t ts h dimis i a l e,t Cour sae kgl esc oldae f J. t . di ha uc s sal s ppeaabl he t ttd,'cas ons i td or M D L pre r alpr t i oceedi or nariy r ai t r separ e i ii so an or di ngs di l et n hei at denttes, der sposi of one ng oft dicet c esi isentr t s d qualf unde j 1 asa a lbl fna de iin. he sr e as n t iey houl iy r 291 n ppeaa e i l cso ' ' 1 a 905.The Cour f t r e a ne ise i 1 d. t t urhe xpl i d, i cton 407 r f r t i vi l k tons w hi m a e e s o ndi dua ac i ' ch y be ta f re t a sngl diti tc t nott any m onolt c m uli src lc i c e ed by r ns e r d o i e src our, o ihi tditi t a ton' r at ta fr'l QuotngLe con1t.v M ibe g r'ïyBe s Hynest Le ac 523U. 26, 37, rnse.' d. i xe . . l r 1t. r had ?5 ' t r h, S. t Cour paenheialy a he t r t tc l dded,ij 1 doe notimbuklta fn-d aci wih s ne i 407 s i e rnse e tons t ome w a ditnc i .,. r c er''l f t e 3, t Courtst ed,Cpar i m ay el t fl a i as er nd s i tvc cha a t .' n oo not he at - tes ect o ie m l c ompl nt a a e r s ai ' nd or e pondi ç ons i t a we ,' w hi h s r ede p i i vi l ng c oldaed ns r c upe s r or ndi dua pladi s.l s h a c e,t ta f r c tma te tt m a t r pl di as mer ng t e ng n uc as he r ns e ee our y r a he se ea ngs gi he di c e e ac i f t dur ton of t M D L pr t i pr e ngs ' G el t l S.Ct at 904 s r t tons or he a i he e ral oc edi . ' boin, 35 . n. The Coul eaii t tdt o me g occ s howe r whe lhe matrcompli i not 3. ' lrfed ha ûnl r er ur , t ve , n t se ant s m e nt t be a pl di w ih l gal ef e t but onl an adm i s r tve s m a y of t c ai s a o ea ng t e fc y ni ta i um r he l m br htby a lt pl i i f .' 1 oug l he a ntf s '' J. Thepr ie pa a e e soft Cour' dit i f not 3 a e uncl r H ow e r gi n t ec s r m t r he ts c a n oot e r ea . ve , ve he Cour' anayssr r ng t ùs r e i nttes'ofea esc olda e i M DL pr ee ngs i ts l i ega di he -epa at de ii ' s ons i t d n oe di - t w oul be i pr d m opert i e t tans e or c t 'c l c of l r es a a y onl Fl i s o gnor he r f r our s ont i t aw ul nd ppl y orda' c c of l w r es Cas notr ol d dur ng t c olda e pr e ngsm us go ba k t t i hoi e a ul . es es ve i he ons i t d oce di t c o he r r s c i ta f r c t.l t Cour we e t a y Fl i ' c c of lw r e t a1 t e pe tve r nse or ours f he t r o ppl orda s hoie a uls o l he c e ,t n t t a f r c l woul ha t a y s a e l w t m i nothave a i d t t as s he he r ns e or our s d ve o ppl t t a hey ght pple o he c es t m s ves Tr f r i o t M DL woul ha t , ale ed pa tes s t ntve rght . as he el . ans e nt he d ve, hus t r r i - ubs a i i s The prnci es of V D us n a Er e, i a ton t t c e l w cie s pr . l ad t Cour t i pl an e nd i 4 n ddii o he as a t d u a e he to 4 l van D usen, 376 I s.61 ( 964) t Cour hel t when c i rng quesi of n J. 2 1 , he t d hat onsde i tons s a e l w ,a tans er e dit i c tm us a y t s m e s a e s t ntve l ,i l di choi e tt a r f e s rct our t ppl he a t t ubs a i aw nc u ng c ofl r es asw oul be a i d by a s a e c ti t t a f r f um .The Cour g ounde is aw ul , d pple t t our n he r ns e or or tr dt hol ng on pr nc pl of f de als t unde s e Er e.Se i a 637-39.The Cour s a e di i i es e r i m hat r cor d i e d. t ' t t d, t kg)c ngeofve unde j 1 g r l s dbe,wihr pe tt saelw, ac ngeof ûa ha nue r 404 enealy houl t es c o tt a but ha c toom s' 1 a 639.The s m e i t ue ofc es c olda e be or a di ti tc tpur ua t ourr . d. t ' a sr as ons i t d f e s r c our s nt o j l Se I r Man d Car Lii ,298F.Supp.2da 1 407. e n e age e tg. t 296. conc ude t t i s l ha t houl a y t t a f r cour ' choi e of 1 w r es des t us of t d ppl be r ns e or ts c a ul pie e he c olda ed c pl i m ec ni m . ons i t om a nt ha s Ac or ngl Fl i s c c ofl w r esa y t Bids l' cli sbe aus hi cli c di y, orda' hoi e a ul ppl o r als am c e s a ms wer tld diecl i t Sou her Diti ofFl rda.Alba a' choi oflw r e a y t e ie r ty n he t n srd oi a m s ce a uls ppl o Pa due' cli s be us he c e wa ta f r e i o t M DL fom t Norhe n Dititof r s am ea e r as s r ns e r d nt he r he t r src Al m a.And Pe yl a' c c of lw r es a y t Vukadi c' cl ms bec us hi aba nns vani s hoi e a ul ppl o novi s ai a e s cas w as tans en' i o t M D L f om t Eas er Di t i ofPennsyl a. e r f ed nt he r he t n s rct vani Fl i s c ce of l w r es f t t ac i or da' hoi a ul or or tons a e bas on t 't os s gnii an r ed he tm t i fc t rltons p't touti i t Resae nt( co ofConlitofLa .'Gr po Tee ia, eai hi es lned n he ttme Se nd) lc ws' u lvs S. ,485 F. a 1 ( tngBiho v.Fl S ci t Pai Co. 389 So.2d 999,1 ( a A. 3d t 240 quoi s p a. pe al y nt , 001 Fl. 1 ) Coursc i rf t sofeont t t deemi whih saeha t mos sgniia 980). t onsde our ype acs o tr ne c tt s he t i fc nt rlton h p t t e matr ( ) t plc wh r te ij r o c re ,( ) te pa e wh r te eai s i o h te : 1 he a e ee h nu y c u rd' 2 h lc ee h c n u t c u ig te ij r o c re ; ( ) te d miie rsd n e n to aiy plc o o d c a sn h n uy c u r d 3 h o c l, e ie c ain l , a e f t i or ai a pl e ofbusnes oft pate ;a ( t pl e whee t r atons p,i nc porton nd ac i s he ris nd 4) he ac r he el i hi f a be wee t pa tes i c nt r 1 A c ' s d e uat t e c a t ikcc di t ny, t n he ri s e e ed. d. oul houl val e hes ont c s ia or ng o t t i r a i i ra her ellve mpo tnce wih r pec t t pa tc a is '' I . ( tng j 1 of t t es t o he ri ul r s ue.' d quoi 45 he Resaemen ( c d)ofConti of La ) Howeve ,t frte a ti g erly t mos tt t Se on ld ws. r he is onte s en al he t i tnt a la e s i cr t es ;thesaewheet ij yoc uredwoul ...be mpora , s kbs nt pecal icumsanc , gl tt r he n ur c r d t de s ve c i a i i de e m i ng t a i abl c c ofl .' Pys a Panam a, <%. v. he ci i ons der ton n t r ni he pplc e hoi e aw '' c A. Ten arEarh Te hs,l . 625 F.Supp.2d 11 1 ( D.Fl 2008)( i Biho 389 So. s t c . nc, 98, 220 S. a. quotng s p, 2d a 1 1) t 00 . Pe yl ni ' pl a tl bl r e'w hi e bi t k i nii an c a s a l s s nns va a ' em oys texi e ul ch om nes he s g tc t ont d na y i ofRettment( cond)ofContitofLa j l andat mme ali ees a yss''l r sae Se lc ws 45 gove nt ntr t nal i.' n e T enol( t no n)Mkt ,No.1 mdyl Aceami phe g. 3- 02436-2015 q? 241 l,a * ( a 20,20l L 741 t 2 M y 5 E. Pa)(ii Gr.'hv Unie rLi s l ,203A. 796,8 ( 1 ) Penns va a' D. . ctng ijt . tdAi ne , nc. ti 2d 05 Pa. 964). yl ni s Su emeCour ha sae tgl me i ofs h ar ei t i gi t t plc ha ngt mos pr t s ttd,tthe rt uc ul s hat t ves o he a e vi he t i e e ti l pr e pa am ountcontolovert l li s s a i i outof a pa tc a f c ua nt r s n he obl m r r he ega s ue rs ng ri ul r a t l c ne ta d te e y alws t f r m t a py t e p l y o t ej rs ito mo titmaey o tx n h rb l o he o u o p l h oi f h u idcin s n i tl c conc r d wih t outome oft pa tc a ltgai ' Gr ih,203 A. a 8 (nt na ene t he c he riulr ii ton. fft ' 2d t 06 i er l quottonmar omit .Pe yl al r t a yssoft polcesa itr t unde l ng ai ks ted) nns vani k mis nal i he ii nd neess ryi pe t pa tculris bef et c ta die t c t t a y t 1 w oft sa ewih t m os he ri a s ue or he our nd r c s ours o ppl he a he t t t he t i t r t i t pr em .' Tr e e s Pro Cas Co.t n e es n he obl '' av l r p . ? Am.v Chubb Cu t m /7. Co. 864 F. / . s o ?: , . . Su p. 3 ,3 ( D. . 01 )( u tngS ca t S ra e l tI I c v Co t1Ca .Co, 0 p 2d 01 08 E. Pa 2 2 q oi pe il uf c s n ' n . . n ' s .6 9 y , F. 223,229( Ci.201 9. 3d 3d r 0( A l ba a' c ce of l w r e f t tac i a e ba e on t he t a tonalchoi e ofl w a m s hoi a ul s or or tons r s d i r dii t c a r e of l x l Je/c/' r quii k hatt s t i l of t pl ee w he e t t 4 oc ur e ul e oci ï ï' e rng t t he ubs antve aw he a r he ol c r d mus beemplyed.'nr V ii Ct ,405B. 356,365( D.Al 2009)(nt n qu ai t o 'l e erlnk vr. R. N. a. i eral otton maksomitd) ûunderlxI ideit,at ti de r te .k e oc lci or s emedt haveocc r wheet aleg ham o ured r he l ed r wa s fr d. I (ii No rsv.Ta or 460So. 11 15 ( a 1 . s ufe e ' d. ctng r i ' yl , 2( 51, 2 Al. 984) l a confi tof1w a l i a f ment lis i twheheraco lc a t ly e ss'' n ny lc a nayss, unda a s ue s t t nfit c ua l xit . Coo rv.Me i an Yac s L( ,575F. ll l 11 1( lhCi. pe rdi ht, d. 3d 5 , 7 1 t r 2009) ki mpl sae g fle .ûsi y ttd, a as c lc occ s . ontit urq whe t e lws of t c pe i sa e a e s tntaly sm ia .- / n h a he om tng tt s r ubsa i l i lr'' J . (leai i orgi )( i Fi et v.Mas.Ge Lfel s Co. 53 F.d 1 l 4 ( 1h atrtons n i nal quotng or ti s n. n. , 3 228, 23 l t Ci.2006).ûl a f le c lc exit,t c ts d a d t conti t quesi a smpl r ) kf a s ontit ss he our houl voi he l cs ton nd i y de de t is unde t 1 ofe h oft i ee t saes' I i enalqu ain maks ci he s ue r he aw ac he ntrsed tt . d.(ntr ' otto r om it d) è tueconti exit whe t orm or sat havea l tma e i e es i apa tc ar te .' r A lct s s n wo e t es egii t ntr t n riul s t of f c s i t ltgai a t lws of t e sa e dif r or woul pr e a t n he ii ton nd he a hos t t s fe d oduc a dif r nt e fe e rs t' / (ntr quotton mar omitd) Asumi ar ndo,t Calf ni ha a e ul.' J, i enal ai ks te . s ng, gue hat ior a s ny i e e ti t i t nta ons t r i a tue c lc oflw whe eCaior aha c us ofa to nt r s n he nsa di , he e s r onfit a r lf ni s a es ci n notr ogni e by Fl i Pe yl ni ,a Al ba a l w . ec zd or da, nns va a nd a m a The Cour fnds t t under Fl i Pe yl ni , a A l ba a' choi e of l w r e , ti ha or da, nns va a nd a m s c a ul s Calf ni l w s d notappl t t i t nta i . N one oft t e N a e Pl i if r i ior a a houl y o he ns a ctons he hr e m d a ntf s esde ai if le i Calf ni nordi t y r i i Calf ni a t tm e ofpu cha e.s Pl ntf s do not a l gc n ibr a, d he esde n ior a t he i r s t tt ve cl s a i s wer pur has i Ca i or a or t tt N a ed Pl ntf s s w or he r ha he hi e t s ue e c ed n lf ni ha he m ai if a ad a alege y de ep i ad r i e e s a ut M a ny l dl c tve ve ts m nt bo zda i Calf ni . N or do Pl i if a l ge t n ior a a ntf s le he vehi e a is wer m a a t e i Caior a.The onl s g tca tet Calf ni a lge i els t s ue e nuf cur d n lf ni y i nii nt i o ior a le d s t M azda i headquarer i Calf ni Thi te i not enough t def t i er t of hat s t ed n ior a. s i s o eat he nt es s Fl i ,Penns va a,a A l bam a i t i t nta tons a t s s a es a e wht e t ve cl s or da yl ni nd a n he ns a c i , s he e t t r r he hi e we e pur has d a w he e t alege har - ove pa entf a pur t y de e tve c r r c e nd r he l d m r ym or poredl f c i a w a s f r d. s uf e e Appl ng Fl i s c ce of l w r e t Bids ls cl i s Pe yl a s t nlve 1 w yi or da' hoi a ul s o r al' a m , nns vani ubsa i a a i t hi c a m s a he pur ha e t ve c e i Pc yl ni a t ,Pe yl ni ha pples o s l i , s c s d he hi l n nns va a, nd hus nns va a s m or i e e t i t c a m s t n does Calt r a.A ppl ng Pe yl a' c ce ofl r e t e nt r s n he l i ha i- ni o yi nns vani s hoi aw ul s o V uka novi scl i ,Fl i s s t i 1 w a i t hi c ai s a he pu cha e t ve c e di c' a m orda' ubs antve a pples o s l m , s r s d he hi l i Fl i a r i si Fl i a t ,Fl i hasm or ofan i e es i t cli st n doe n orda nd esde n orda, nd hus orda e nt r t n he am ha s Caior a. Appl ng Albama' c c of 1w r e of lx I lf ni yi a s hoi e a ul e ocidelct t Pur s cai s iio due' l m , 5 Spe i i l , B ids l r s des i N ew Yor and pur has hi M a c fcaly r a l e i n k c ed s zda i Pe m s va a n l yl ni ; Pa due r s de i A l ba a a pur s d he M az i A l bam a'a V uka novi r i es i r e i s n a m nd cha e r da n a , nd di c es d n Fl i and pur ed hi M azda i Fl i orda chas s n orda. A l ba a s t ntve l w gover he c a m , as t pur t d ha m w oul ha occ r d i a m ubs a i a ns r l i he por e r d ve ur e n Albama, r Pur pu cha e herve c e a whe e due r s d hi l . Be us Ca ior a lw does no gove n t cl ms br ht a ns M a , M a ' ca e lf ni a 1 r he ai oug gai t zda zda s M o i n i G I N TED a t t c to s U s o he ount e l i l a l gi cl i s under Calf ni l w . s xc us ve y le ng a m ior a a Acc di y,Count28,Count29,a Count30 a ehe e DI I or ngl nd r r by SM SSED . As t Count 26, Vi aton of Song- ve l Cons e W anunt Ac f Br c of o ol i Be ry um r y t or ea h l i W arnt ofM e c ntbiiy ( lf ni' Le mpled ra y r ha a lt Caior as mon La ,Pli i- e e sy pladt s w) antts xpr sl e hi f Count i t a t r tve,s a i t f Ca i om i l w does not a y, gheCount i br htunde n he le na i t tng k i lf a a ppl t l s oug r t l w s of t s a es w her Pl ntf s a c a s M e ber r s de.- ( E.579 ! 73l .Ma a i he a he t t e ai if nd l s m s e i - D. ) zd s c r t t at Ca i or a 1 w does not a y t t i t nt a tons H ow e r M a da doe not or ee h lf ni a ppl o he ns a c i . ve , z s a r s Pl ntf s pl adi Count 26 i t aler tve. A c r ngl t Cour DEN I S t dd es ai i f ' e ng n he t na i co di y, he t E he M oton ast Count26. i o B. M anies at on ofA leged D ef f t i l ect M a da a guest tal cli f da a agai ti s d be dim is d be au e Bids l z r ha l a ms or m ges ns t houl s s e c s r al, Pa du a V uka novi f lt alege m a f t ton of a def t M a da post t tt N a d r e, nd di e ai o l nies a i ec . z is ha he me Pli if ' M a da ve cls 'ha peror d s ts a t iy wihout any m a f t ton of t antfs z hi e t ve f me a if c orl t niesai he l l t Dcc t' ( E.608 a 1 .M az aguest tFlrda,Alba and Pe yl ni ae ntaor fc a D. ' t 0) da r ha o i a ma, nns va a r û iml ain d wih ti mao iy j rs r d nc ' r q ii g û n fsain f r a d fc e n t r y lg e t h s j rt u ip u e e' e urn t ie tto o f ma ce t ve w he e pl ntf salege di i s d val e er l sefr al val and t de ec i lf t ea e ng.-' r ai if l m ni he u os es e ue he f t s ie hr t ni ( E.608 a l1 6) Pl n if r s D. t -1 . aitfs e pond,i e ala,t tt ar gsha be n de eci sncet nt r i ha he iba ve e f tve i he ver frtda t ywer i t l bec us t pr l tus byTa t y is y he e nsaled a e he opelan ed kaa ot maoraibagma a t e i t i ty her j r nufcurr n he ndusr butrj ce byevey ee td r i pr t i t lt a e osons'( E. s one o nsabiiy nd xpl i . D. ' 658a 41 .Pl ntfsc i kg-ha dee i nott ortc orhy hei l gi n t eg t ) ai if ontnue,i-l t fet s l he eial pot tca, ve he iht d ah a d h n rd o ij re c u e byt el fao Dee ti Ta aa sar g . ( E. 8a e t s n u d e s f nu is a s d h n ltr fc n k t ' iba s' D. 65 t ' A t t s m oton t di m i s s a g ve Pl i if ' a l ga i of a m oni nir t s hi i o s s t ge, i n a ntf s le tons m um ta e' i t i t biiy, he C our ag e w ih Pl i t f s a gum e r r ng m a f s a i . The c ux of nna e ns a lt t t r es t a n i f ' r nt ega di ni e t ton r Pl i t t s a l ga i i t t t pr l nt us d i t Ta t a r a n i- ' le tons s ha he opela f e n he ka a ibags a i s i uns a e. By t s ue s t bl de i ton,t s a l ge i t biiy w oul m e t tt aibagsm a notpr e tve el oc upa s tnii hi le d ns a lt d an ha he r y ot c hi e c nt , ori may,a i ma cr a e a mor da r st ton t ha ng no aiba atal, or i m ay t nd t y e t e nge ous iuai han vi r g l t not Pl i i f aleg t r i no w a t know w he he t a r . a ntf s l e he e s y o t r he ibags a i s woul pe f t s ue d r onn s t s a t iy i a a i nt l Ta t ha i t l gr des i is a r gs t tm a or m a not a i f c or l n n cc de . f ka a d ns aled ena n t iba ha y y expl o i pa t a cou t w o d not r r a e os o t de o t a e m a f t ton of a ode n m c , r ul equie n xpl i n o m nsr t nies a i d e t Pl i tf s ha a l ge es enta l t s s e ro, expl i ng t t occ nt of ve c es ef e . a n if ve le d s i ly hi c na i 6 upa s hi l a ni ha e pped wih t alege y de ec i aibagsca qui t he l dl f tve r nnotknow whehert raiba wile t hei r gs l xpelme a tl s a lt tm a kilorm a m t m . hr pne ha y l i he The a ve a ys s i lm ie t t m olon t di m i s s a t ki as tue Pl i if ' bo nal i s i t d o he i o s s t ge, a ng r a ntf s a l ga i of a uni or de ec ba e on t us of a m oni nir t a a pr la .The Cour le tons f m f t sd he e m um t a e s ope l nt t no e t lDe e nt ha r ied t pos i lt ofot rca es a f c or c rbutng t t t s ha f nda s ve a s he sbiiy he us nd a t s onti i o he ar ibag i l t r m altnctons lke t pr s us d i t m a a urng pr es a hum i t nta o fl i , i he e s e n he nuf ct i oc s nd diy. Th s fco sma b a p o raeyc sd r da t es mmayj d e n sa e e e a tr y e p r p itl on i ee t h u r u g me t tg . C. M azda' K now l s edge M a da a gue t t Pl i i f have not ade t l alege t t i ha know l dge of t z r s ha a ntf s qua e y l d ha t d e he i at def att tm e of sal and t nfl or ect he i e, hus,t t know l hat he edgedependentcount aleged agai t s l ns 6 I t Respons , Pl ntf s st e,tW ihoutw ar ng-t def t e ai if at - t n he ni he ect ransf m s a crtcalsaf y or ii et de c t vehi e' a r g,i o a ts l spic off brc ora ve iabl g e de.'( E.658 a vie, he cl s iba nt lees e e a i rt e r na ' D. t 33) . i s dbedimis ( D. 608a 1 1) Maz not t lPli if havenotalge t t t houl s sed. See E. t 6-2 . da es ha antfs le d ha M a ha diec knowl zda d r t edge oft a lge i l t def c prort t r eva s e , and t he le d nfa or e t i o he el nt als hat Pl ntfsr y on t t i ofc tuc i knowl dge:( )t M a k w ors d ha ai if el wo heores onsr tve e 1 hat zda ç kne houl ve known t tTa t saibagswe edefci a t tme ofma acur be us k a )kne ha kaa' r r e lve t he i nuf t e ca e M zda w t tTa t s desgn cont i d û aie a unsabl a oni m nir t v' and ( t tM a da ha ka a' i ane voltl nd t e mm u ta c ' ' 2) ha z û w ors d ha known a k kne houl ve boutt l l t De e beca e i ha adut t i tga eal of he ntaor f d us t d y o nvesi t l is vehi l f l i H onda' f r tr al i 2008.'( E. t c es olow ng s i s ec l n ' D. 608 a l -l .Defnda sa gu t t t 7 8) e nt r e ha bo h t i f i asa m a t r ofl . t heores a l te aw The Cour fnds t t Pl i i-s ha s fc e l alege M a t i ha a ntt f ve uf i i nly l d zda' knowl dge of t s e he al d i l t dee tt stsy Rul 9( .Pli if ha alge t tt Ve ceM a a t e lege ntaor fc o aif e b) antfs ve le d ha he hil nufcurr D e e nt k e e a a e t tt a r f nda s i r w r ha he ibags us d t vol tl a uns a e a m oni nir t ast w e he a ie nd t bl m um t a e he prmay pr lnt i t i l t s' ( E.5 !! 9,32) Pli if eam t t t Vehi e i r opela n he ntaor. D. 79 ' . antfs li ha he cl M a a ur De e nt r viwed t desgnsoft i lt swih Ta t be or t y a ove nuf ct er f nda s e e he i he nfa or t ka a f e he ppr d usng t Takaa aibagsi t rve cls ( E.579 !! 9,32) Furhe .Pl ntfsale fct i he t r n hei hi e . D. . t r ai if lge a s s ugge tng Def nda s kne or s d ha know n oft vol t lt and pot nta da rofus ng si e nt w houl ve he a iiy e i l nge i a m oni nir t a an aibag i l t pr la . Spec f c ly, Pl i if alege t t Taka a m um ta e s r nfa or ope l nt ii a l a ntf s l ha t e es e c er ove t us ng a a m onit nir t pr l nt i 1 xpr s d onc n r he i n m tm t a e opeta n 995 an 1 d 999 pa e t nt doc nt.( E.579 !! 207,208) Pl ntfsf t rcai t ta ume s D. . ai if urhe l m ha mmoni nirt i t cal um tae s ypi ly us a an idusra expl i ( E. 579 ! 205, 206) Gi t a ed s n til osve. D. ! . ven he bove,Pli if ha antfs ve pl usbl alege t t D ef nt k w or s a i y l d ha enda s ne houl ha know n of t aleg i la or def t d ve he l ed nt t ec . A c or ngl t Cour ne d not r ac t i s of whe he M a ha a d y t i tga e c di y, he t e e h he s ue t r zda d ut o nvesi t i dent ofTakat i lat m alunctonsi ot A ut otve Def nci s a nt or f i n her om i endant vehi es. s' cl Exa ty how pr l knowldge oft vol tlt a i t biiy ofammoni nir t i, cl evaent e he aiiy nd nsa lt um ta e s a whe he M a nd t r zda knew or s d ha known a houl ve bout t s c a t r s i , i a t pi be t r he e har c e i tcs s o c te s ie f r s mmay j dg n o til a t us te Co r c n rv st t s is e a a mo e utd o u r u me t r ra, nd h , h u t a e ii hi su t r appr i e tm e. oprat i D. Count25:Fraudul ntConce m ent e al M az m oves t di m i s Count 25sf r f a da o s s o r udul nt c e onee m e , a a l ed by t t e al nt s leg he hr e N a e Pl ntf s m d ai if . 1. Pardue' C l m For Fraudul C onceal entU nder A l s ai ent m abam a Law M az ar s Pa due' cl m of f a ent conc al ent s da gue r s ai r udul e m houl be di m i s d f f d s s e or our r s :( ) Pl ntfs ha notade t y pl de N az ha knowl ea ons 1 ai if ve quael ea d 4 da d edge of a dee t ( fc; 2) Pli if fi t me tt heghtned pladi r rme sofRul 9( ,a Pli if do not antfs al o e he i e e ng equie nt e b) s antfs ale a sae lge ny ttmentma by M a t Padue,muc ls t s ii ofs saeme ;( de zda o r h e s he pecfcs uch tt nt 3) Pl i if do nota l w ha M a da obt ned f om Pa due' pur has oft us ve cl a i s , a ntf s lege t z ai r r s c e he ed hi e t s ue ' a ( Ma di nothave a dut t dicos a i or ton a tt Ta t aiba t nd 4) zda d y o s l e ny nf mai bou he kaa r gs o Par ue a ts d C rPur s r d , le a cha e . di c s i Se i s us ed n cton s pr Pl ntf s ha a qua e y pl de know l dge. u a, ai if ve de t l ea d e Addii ly, t Cour tnds t t f t m oton t di m i s s a Pl i if ha pl a d tona l he ti ha , or he i o s s t ge, a ntf s ve e de fa r udul nt c e m e w ih s fci nt pa tc a iy. A s Pl i if a gue i t r r s e onc al nt t uf i e r i ul rt a ntf s r n hei e pons e, Pl i i f have s tci nty pl a d t b ho,wha ,whe a w he e' oft i om i s on cl i .l a ntf s ufi e l e de he k w t n, nd r ' he r si am n s t Pl i if ha alege M a da f l d t di cl e is know l hor , a ntf s ve l d z aie o s os t edge ofa lf t ea eni i l t ie hr t ng nta or def pror t Pl ntff purchas t ough any m ode of com m uni i By defnii ect i o ai i s' es hr caton. i ton, Pl ntf s cannotpoi t one pari ar s at entby M azda as t s counti f an om i on - a ai if nt o tcul t em hi s or ssi non- t em ent s at . The eeme soffaudul c eame ( s rf rd t asi upprs i 'by Alba l nt r ent onc l nt alo eere o ç e son' s a ma lgala horte )u rAl malw a ea f l :( )ûadut on t pa toft dee ntt e ut iis nde aba a r s olows 1 ' y he r he fnda o dicos f cs' ( lc eame or nondicl ur of maeilf cs by t def nf' ( s l e a t'' 2) tonc l nt 7 s os e tra a t he enda 7 3) ' ûn u e n o t e p an ift a f'a 4 û ci n b t panift hs o he ij r ' Se k d c me t f h litf o c ' nd ) i to y he litf o i r r nu y. e i 5 a ' Par ons d:Whit e Ent s Cor v Celo Fne g IIC. 61 F.Supp.2d 1 s temor er . p. . l r y, , 3 271,1 ( D . 288 S. Al.2009) a . A s de f om t know l i r he edge a f a s a r r i ed by M az M az s r m a ni nd r ud t nda ds a s da, da' e i ng c e i i wih t fr telm e :k y on t pa toft de e ntt dic os f ct.'M a ontnton s t he is e nt i dut he r he f nda o s l e a s' zda i or a esby r f e t dut ar nc por t e er nce he y gument made by Suba u ofAm e i ,l i doc tenty s r rca nc. n ke r 61 pag 31 5, es -32. The c ux of t s a gum e i t t M az ha no du y t Pa due, as s r hi r nt s ha da d t o r he pur ha e herve c e us d,f om a t r pa t c sd hi l e r hid r y. A lhough,gene aly,a du y t s k û r s i t r i a c s nta r l tons p be w e n t r l t o pea ' i es f he e s ont de i l e a i hi t e a t pa te v' a dut t s a m ay a i e i t r a e it pe al cic s a es m a tng he r i s ' y o pe k r s f he e r 's ci r um t nc ' nda i di c os e. Par s & W hit m or Ent s Cor , 613 F.Supp. 2d a 1 s l ur ' ' son te e er . p. t 288.To de e m i i t r ne f s i l c r s anc e s ,cours il i o t f c s s oundi a e nt t de er i e i a pec a icum t es xi t t kook nt he a t unng n ve o t m n f dut t s a i a opr a e eve i t r i no contdenta r l tons p be wee t pari . l y o pe k s ppr i t , n f he e s i i l e a i hi t n he tes' d. ' a 1 -89.Spe iialy,c ' ases sx f t s ( )rltons p oft pates ( rltve t 288 cfc l ouls s s i acor : 1 eai hi t he ri ; 2) eai knowldg oft pari ;( vaueoft pa tc a fct ( pli ifsopporuniy t a c ti e e he tes 3) l he riulr a ; 4) antf t t o s eran t fc ;( c t oft tade'a ( ot rr l ntcrumsa es Fr i lne ,L. C.p he a t 5) usoms he r , nd 6) he eeva ic tnc . eghti r L. , Whate ContactCar i s ly r rer, 932 So.2d 883,891 ( a.2005) As pa tof t û her Al . r he û ot r evant cicum st el r ances' a coul m ay cons der w het a def ,' ' t i her endant has m ade any iaf im atvel û fr i y f s saeme s'Cf Paronsd:Whit eEntr .Cor ,61 F.Supp.2d a 1 (ttngt ale tt nt. ' s temor e s p. 3 t 289 sai he def endanttbor no dut t di ose i eiher scenaro because t e i no evi k e y o scl n t i her s dence t he m ade hat a atr tveyflesae nt ort tghepli if a ke ghede e nt'as cii queton ny fimai l as ttme s ha t antfl s d t f nda l' pe fc si t dee ntwoul beoblgae t a we) he fnda d i td o ns r. W he e adef nda di notha a du y t s ak,i he doe s a iet rvol a iy o i r e nt d ve t o pe f s pe k kihe untrl r n r pons t i r he i bound notonl t s a e t tut buta s nott s es e o nquiy, s y o t t he r h lo o uppr s orco e la es nc a ny f c s w ihi hi knowl dg whi h w ilm a e i ly qua iy t e s a ed;i he s ks a al,he m us at t n s e e c l t ra l lf hos t t f pea t l t ma af landfi dicos e.' ei lner L. . , 2 So.2dat8 ( ke ul ar s l ur 'Fr ghti , L C.93 95 emphassr i emove . d) He e,Pl i if have a l d t t M a da k d a dut t dicl e t l l t De e t r antfs lege ha z i ha y o s os he ntaor f c be us i ...g a i omplt rpr enttonsa t s ft a rla lt oft Cl s ca e t mlde nc ee e es ai bout he aey nd eibiiy he as V e c es whie pur e uly w ihhol ng m a e i l f c s fom Pl i if t t c t a c ed t s hi l , l pos f l t di t ra a t r a ntf s ha on r di t he e rpr s nt i . ( E.579 ! 72l.Pli if ha alged M a da made vai satme s e e e atons' D. ' ) antfs ve le z rous t e nt r r ng t s ft ofisve cespro t Padue' pur s ( E.579!31 d).Spe fcal egadi he aey t hil ir o r s eha e. D. 0( ) cii ly, Pl ntfsaleg t ti 2004,M az i e es t d i br hur s t tisc spos es e ins rng ai if l e ha n da i pr en e n oc e ha t ar r s s d i pii pe f m a r or nce'a iea s i s f t f a ur .' Pl i if a s cl i t t i 2005,M az sa e nd r s urng a e y e t es '' a ntf s l o a m ha , n da t t d o is we st ta tn e ey c n i u ain y u'l e j y M a das lg n ay p ro ma e n t b ie h t i v r o fg rto , o l no i z ' e e d r ef r nc , f ton,syl a s f t ' unc i t e nd a e y. At t s m oton t di m i s s a be aus Pl ntf s ha aleg t t M a m a t s hi i o s s t ge, c e ai if ve l ed ha zda de he e i ncom pl e st em ent t Coul fnds Pl ntf s have s fi enty aleged M azda had a dut t et at s, he ' i t ai if uf ci l l y o di c os addii l f t aboutt s f t of is ve cl .O f c s ,i f sl e tona ac s he a e y t hi es our e f ound t t M az ha no ha da d know l dge oft pur t i l t de e ta t tm e M a m a t e s a e en s t n M az e he pored nfa or f c t he i zda de hes t t m t , he da woul notha ha a du y t di c os a tonalf t Such i r woul be appr i t a t d ve d t o s l e ddii ac s. nquiy d opra e t he s mmayj u r udgmentsageora til t t ra. 2. V ukadi c' C l m For Fr novi s ai audul C onc m e U nder Fl i Law ent eal nt or da M az a gues Vuka novi s cai f Fr udul Conc l e unde Fl i La da r di c' l m or a ent eam nt r orda w s d bedim is f f r as .Spe fc l , M a daar st t ( )t ec houl s s ed or our e ons ciialy z gue ha: 1 he onomi l snle c os l ba sr c y;( Pl ntfshaveno a quat y ale d M a daha knowldge oft aleg r e over 2) ai if t de el lge z d e he l ed dee '( Pli if'el msfi underRul 9( ' hei ene pl di sandad'a ( M a da fct 3) antfs ai al , e b)s ght d ea ng t r , nd 4) z di nothaveadut t Vukadi ct dicos a i or ton r r ng t Ta t a r gs d yo novi o s l e ny nf ma i ega di he kaa iba . A s t Coul e a ned,su a,f pur e of t s m oton t di m i s s a , Pl i if he ' xpl i t pr or pos s hi i o s s t ge a ntf s ha a quaey pl ded knowl ve de tl ea edge a me Rul 9( ' heg e d pl di sandad f nd t e b)s ihtne ea ng t r or pur e offa e e pos s r udulnt onee mcn .The Coul nee not r ac t is o M a da' dut t al t ' d t e h he s ue f z s y o Vuka novi,a t Cour fnds t e di c s he t i he conomi l sr e ba s Vukadi c' cl m f faudulnt c os ul r novi s ai or r e conceal ent m . a. Fl i sEconom i L os R ul or da' c s e k-lee o o cl s r ei aj dcal c e tdd ti et a s t f lh tccr u tn e blh c n mi o s ul s u iil r ae ocrn h t es o' h ic msa c s gy t u nderw hi h a t ta ton i pr bie i t o y da age s f r a e e no i l s s.' Ti a c or c i s ohi t d f he nl m s uf e ed r co m c os e ' ar Condo.-5, v M ar c & M c -nnan Cos l 11 So. 3d 399,401( a.201 .The Fl i z,' . 15 n sh le . nc, 0 Fl 3) orda Supr m e Coul ha defned e e ' s i t conom i l sas' c os ' dama sf i qua e va u , c t ofr i a ge or nade t l e os s epa r nd r plce e a menl of t de ec i pr t or cons quent l s of pr i - wihout a cl m of he f tve oduc , e os oft t ny ai pe s ij y orda e t ot pr ry. / (ntr lquoai maksomild) Fl i s ronal nur mag o her ope t ' J. i ena tton r te . orda' SuprmeCour ha e ane t tkgl r eha isr si t pr t la lt ae a wa e t s xpli d ha bthe ul s t oot n he oducs ibiiy rna, nd s pr m a iy i t nded t lm i a tons i t pr ct labiiy cont .' l Spec f c ly,t co t i rl n e o i t ci n he odu s i lt ext ' d. ii a l he ur e a ned t ec xpl i he onom i l s r e i - he f c os ul s t undam e a bounda y be w e c r c l w , w hi i t nt l r t en ont a t a ch s de i sgned t e or e t expe t nc i e essoft pa tes a t tlw,whi i pos adut of o nf c he c a y nt r t he ri , nd or a ch m es y 16 ra o a ec r a dte e ye c u a e ctz nst a o dc u i ij r p sc l am t oh r. e s n bl ae n h rb n o r g s iie o v i a sng n uy hy ia h r o te s' ' / (ntr quottonmaksomitd) J, i enal ai r te . l a e f tt t ol ba k t e n n f or o t l c he conom i l sr e 'a t ra e a ofû r c os ul ' f e n r û i i e e e i ' unpr nc pl d xt nson, ' Fl i s Supr m e Coul e e s y lm ie t a i a i of t ec orda' e ' xpr s l i t d he pplc ton t he onom i l s r e t t c os ul o he pr oduc s la lt co e .1 l doi s t c tnot s ve alexc ptons t t ec t i biiy nt xt d. n ng o, he our ed e r e i o he onom i l s c os r e, i l ng if a ul nc udi tr udul nt i e nduc e , a ne i nt m i r pr s nt i em nt nd glge s e e e aton, or fee s a ng r - t ndi s a ut y ca e t t or us s ac i ' / How e r t f a ton.' J. ve , he r udul nt i e nduc m e a e nt nd ne i nt glge m i r pr en a i c e t w hi t c ' c t d w e e ou s de of t pr s e es t ton as s o ch he oul ie t r ti he oduc s labiiy c e . t i lt ont xt Se i a n 7,8.Thes e ptons wer ir l ntt t de s on r ac i Ti a. e d. t n. e xce i e r e eva o he ci i e hed n ar The ques i be or t Cour ,t n,i whe he Fl r da' Supr m e C o t by is di t ton f e he t he s t r oi s e ur, t c a, i e d t a i t e onom i l s r e i t pr nt nde o brdge he c c os ul n he oduc s labiiy s ti t alow f a ul nt t i lt e tng o l r ud e i emen a neglg mirpr entton cl ms(nd by i i ton fa entc al nt nduc t nd ient se es ai ai a mplcai rudul once me cai ) e wher t a ton f faud de nds upon pr iel t s me algai a a l ms, ven e he ci or r pe ecs y he a le tons s wa r nt c ai ra y l m ie. a c ai t pr . , l m he oduc f ie t wor aspr i ed. t a ld o k om s The Cour a ee w ih ot r cours i t s Cicui t have concl d t t Fl r da' t gr s t he t n hi r t hat ude ha o i s Supr m e Coul di not i end t a l s pr e ' d t nt o low uch oduc s la lt cl m s t s vi See Aprglano t i biiy ai o ur ve. i i v Am.Honda Mot Ct. 979 F. Supp.2d 1 1 a 1 -39 ( D.Fl 201 ; Bur v . or ?, 33 t 337 S. a. 3) ns . Wi nneba I . l . No.8: 3- v- 427--24,201 W L 4437246,a *4 ( . Fl Aug.l go ndus, nc , 1 c 1 73 t M D. a. 6, 2013)( di t tfa e i hol ng ha r udulnt nduce menta ne i ntmir esntton exc ptons t t nd glge sepr e ai e i o he ec onom i l s r e gene aly ars i t con e of c r c ua pr viy ca e ,not i pr c os ul r l i e n he t xt ont a t l i t s s n oduc s t labiiy a tons and fndi t tec i lt c i , i ng ha onom i l s r e ba r c ai soff a c os ul r ed l m r udul ntconc al e a e e m nt nd n ientmirpr entton i t pr t la lt c e l l r Atasstt3w Cor (Jt / eglg se es ai n he oducs ibiiy ontxt; n e l p? ? / p. 7/ W, Shigl Pr .Li Lii ,No.1 m dn e ods ab. tg. 30 2495,201 W L 3796456,at* ( . Ga J 1 20l ) 5 3 ' D. . une 8, 5 N (ppl ng Fl i 1 a sai ec a yi orda aw nd ttng onomi l sr ebare a tont fa e c eame i c os ul rd ci br rudulnt onc l nt n pr oduc s la lt c e b aus t a l ge m i r e e a i c t i biiy as ec e he le d s epr s nt ton once ne t he tof t pari ' r d he ar he tes a e en a ûsm pl a yi t l gr em t nd ti y ppl ng he abelof f a t a c us ofac i w ilnots fc t s r ud o a e ton l uf i e o ubve t r t s he ound polcyr i l sunde l ng t ec i atona e ryi he onom i l sr e- . c os ul.' ) I Aprglano, t c t t nd t t t pl i if -c us of a ton n i i he our bu ha he antfs' -a e ci neglgent i mir pr s a i i de se e entton s pende on t s me f nt he a undame a a lga i eon ai d i t br c of nt l le tons t ne n he ea h wara y cli r nt am s ii aly,t tHonda br c d t t ms of is W a r i by pr di pec tc l ha ea he he er t rantes ovi ng Pli if wih de eci m ot cyc e . .. . Aprglano,979 F. Supp 2d a 1 antfs t f tve or l s ' ' i i t 338. The c t our e anedt tûk s l camsf ne i ntmirpr entton aeba rd byt e onomi l s xpli ha kulualy li or glge se es ai r re he c c os r e w he e, a he e, t r a e cl m s f br c of w a r n y al i t t cl i s a t ul r s r he e r ai or ea h r a t ' ongs de or a m nd he a l tons c a ned i bot a e s m ia a' 1 A e or ngl t c t he d t ne i en lega i ont i n h r i l r' J. c di y, he our l he glg t m i r es aton cl m w as barr by t econom i l s r e.I expl ni is anal s- t s epr ent i ai ed he c os ul n ai ng t ysi he cour quot Burns,st i t t ed atng hat (l h l oh r s wo l alw t e e o o c l s r e t bema i uae s c to od tewie ud l h c n mi o s ul o o n p ltd u h t t a tm e a pur ha e r c ve a dekc i pr ctt t di notca e a ha ny i c s r e ei d t tve odu ha d us ny ij re o d ma e t oh rpr p ry,s c a p rh s rc ul a s r cams fr nu is r a g o t e o e t u h u c a e o d s e t li o ne i nta f audul c glge nd r ent once m entr ga di t def c t a d t e onom i al e r ng he e t o voi he c c l sr e. os ul 1 (ii Bu ns 8:3cv- 427--24,201 W L 4437 a * . d. ctng r , 1 - 1 73 246, t 4) Her ,t faudulntconc al e cai sal gepr ciel wha a br a ofwa r nt cai e he r e e m nt l m le e s y t e ch ra y l m woul a l ge na el t t t M a da ve cl di not wor as pr i e Be us t Cour d le m y ha he z hi es d k om s d. ca e he t hol Fl i s e onom i l s r e ap i t s h cl i s t Cour G R AN TS M az s M oto ds or da' c c os ul ples o uc a m , he t da' in as t V ukadi c' cl m f f audul conceal ent Count25. o novi s ai or r ent m , Bi al' C l m For Fraudul C onceal entU nder Penns vani Law rds ls ai ent m yl a M a ar s t t Bids l s cl m f f audul nt conc l e s d be di m i s d f zda gue ha r al' ai or r e ea m nt houl s s e or t s m e t r as t V uka novi s c ai s d be dim i s d. he a bur e ons hat di c- l m houl s se 18 As t Cour e ane s pr f pur os of t s m o i t dimis sage Pli if he t xpli d, u a, or p es hi ton o s s t , antfs ha ade tl pl de knowldg a met Rul 9( ' heg e pl di sandad f ve quaey ea d e e nd e b)s ihtned ea ng t r or pur es of fa e c ea me .The Cour ne not r c t is of M a s du y t pos r udul nt onc l nt t ed ea h he s ue zda' t o Bids l, as t Cour fnds t e r al he t i he conom i l s r e ba s Bids l' cai f fa ul nt c os ul r r als l m or r ud e conceal ent m . a. Penns vani sEconom i L os R ul yl a' c s e Penns vani s Supr e Cour has expr y r yl a' em t essl eserved t ques i of whet t he ton her he e conomi l s r e ba s cli f fa e m ir pr entton. Se Davi ##?zz Pavig dr c os ul r a ms or r udulnt s e es a i e d , ?? n /? ? Exc i l v Fou Se v . Co. 81 A . 11 , 11 1 n. ( 2003)( di t tt avatng, nc. . nd. r s , 6 2d 64 7 2 Pa. hol ng ha he e onom i l s r e ba r c am sofne i nc and t tcl m f faudul mir pr s nt to c c os ul red l i glge e ha ai or r ent s e e e ai n fie froh rra o ,sai ûth r ae n Pe ns l n aSu r meCo r o Su eirCo r ald o te e s ns ttng û l ee r o n yva i p e g u t r p ro u t c s t t i c t t tt e a es ha ndi a e ha he conom i l s doe rne ba s a cl m f f a e m i r pr s nt ton. c os ti r ai or r udul nt s e e e a i H owe r f t r as s a ed i t t ,w e nee nota es t i s i t sc e.' . ve , or he e ons t t n he ext d ddr s hat s ue n hi as ' ) W hie notng a s i of a hort on t ma t ,t Thid Cic t ha pr dit t t l i plt ut iy he ter he r r ui s e ced ha Penns va a' Su e e Cour w oul a y t ec yl ni s pr m t d ppl he onom i l s r e t c ai sofi en i c os ul o l m nt tonalf a r ud r l tng t t qualt or c r t roft goods s d. W e w i sk v.For M ot Co., 286 F. e a i o he iy ha ac e he ol See r n i d or 3d 661 670-7l,67 , 4-81 ( d Ci.2002) As Pl ntfsobs e s Pe yl ni l rco t 3 r . ai if enr, omc nns va a owe urs c i t appl a e e i t t e ontnue o y n xc pton o he conom i l s r e f cl i s ofi entona t t . See,e. , c os ul or a m nt i l or s g. Teed Te s /? .v Fr e l yne ch . ?c . e dom For Cor . 3398,2002 W L 748898.a * 11( Com .Pl ge p. No. t Pa. . Apr 1 2002)( tng a a e e of Pe yl a c e 1 on t s j ta c lci . 9, noi n bsnc nns vani as aw he ubec nd onfitng de son i Pe yl ni sfdealc t) Ye,ot rPe yl ni l rcoursha a oved cii n nns va a' e r ours. t he nns va a owe t ve ppr t Thid Cicui' l c i W erwi ' r di t econom i l s r e,as i perai t cl m s he r r t s ogi n nskis egar ng he c os ul t t ns o ai br ought under Penns vani s U nf r Tr yl a' ai ade Pr i A ct and Consum er Prot i Law actces ecton 19 (û CPL'. e Ele b ge v PNC Ba k 7 1A.d 1 5 l 8 9 ( .S p r l 9 ) S rhed C UTP ' S e ln o n . ) n s 3 2 7 , 8 -8 Pa u e . 9 9 ) a s l v Cii t ,l . 7 F.Supp. 5 557 ( . Pa.201 (ii ca e ) . tmorgage nc, 07 2d 46, -59 M D. 0) ctng s s. N ot ihs a ng s e l e s a e c topi ons t t c r r , t Cour agr es w ih w t t ndi om ow r t t our ni o he ont a y he t e t t r s ng oft Thid Cicui i Wer ns iand is c uson t tPenns va a' Supr he ea oni he r r t n wi k t oncl i ha yl ni s eme Cotr w oul a y t e tt d ppl he conom i l s r et ba c a m s ofi e i c os ul o r l i nt ntonalf a r a i t t qua iy r ud el tng o he lt oft goodsa is a oppos d t fa t tha not ng t do wih t qualt oft good s d he t s ue, s e o r ud ha d hi o t he iy he ol . l a opi on lr el a e by Penns va a' Supr n n ni a g y dopt d yl ni s eme Cour, t Unied St t l he t a es Supr m e Cour a e t dopt d t e onom i l s doc r ne, s a i 'a m anuf c ur r . . . ha no dut e he c c os ti t tng û at e s y u d rete n g ie c o src-ibii te r t p e e ta p o u tfo ij rng is l. F n e i r e lg n e r titl l y h o y o r v n r d c r m nu i tef' h a t ' , Ri r S. Cor v Tr s e i a Del al Jl. 476 U. 858, l ( 986) The Cour saed t t ve S. p. . an am r c av , r , c S. 87 l . t tt ha - ontac r diswoul d own i as a oft t'i pr t Iabiiy r m e espr e s t f r ' r t eme e c d r n e or' f oduc s i lt e di ogr s ed oo a . / a 866. J. t The Cou tal o e ai d t t' he ne f a r m e i t ti r duce w he t o y r s xpl ne ha ' t ed or e dy n or s e d n he nl ij r i t te p o u tis l a d th p o u tha n tme te c so rse p cain ,o' i n u y s o h r d c tef n te r d c s o t h u t me ' x e tto s l n , ot wor ,t tt cusom e ha r eve i ufi en pr uc val .''W er i s ,286 F. a her ds ha he t r s ec i d ns fci t od t ue ' w n ki 3d t 671( i E.Rier 476U. a 872) TheCour f t saed,tf e mai e eofpr t quotng v , S. t . t urher tt t' -h ntnanc oduc va u and qualt i pr iel t pur e ofexpr sand i ple wa r ntes'a t ra y l w le iy s ec s y he pos es m id ra i ' nd t r nt a wa s f c e l pr t c s t pur has r by alowi i t obt i t be ft of is ba gai .' E.Ri uf i i nty o e l he c e l ng t o a n he ne i t r n' ver, 476 U . at872,874. S. l REM Coal Co.v. Cl k Eqti Co. 563 A . 1 , 1 4 ( n ar lp. , 2d 28 3 Pa.1 989) Pe yl ni s , nns va a' Supr e Cour t em tl adopt t doc rne l r y as s tf ' i Eas Ri e . l kr rsc, 286 F. at ed he t i a gel e ol h n t t v r ' f w/& / ' z / 3d 67l.Ther t cour phr ed t i ue as: e, he t as he ss t a opr a ene s of pe m itng r c he ppr i t s r ti e over i t ' whe e a pr y n ol t r oduc m alunc i t f tons bec e of a a l ge def c i t pr aus n le d e t n he oduc . . .but t m alunc i ca es no t he f ton us pes lij y a no ij y t any ot pr ry oft pli if ...g l rona nur nd n ur o her ope t he antf. ' he r 20 que to i ...whe he a c e of a ton i t t as oppos d t one s si n s t r aus c i n ors e o oundi g n s el i con r t i a a o it vehi ef obt i ng s h a r c r . ol y n tac , s n ppr pra e cl or ani uc e ove y REM Coal 563 A. a l The cour e aned t t ' tac t ores s h as br c of , 2d t 29. t xpli ha - r t he i uc con ea h wa y ar s ii aly ai nunt e pectc l med ata pe f ty s t t pr di g c plt r dr s i c es nd rec l uied o ovi n om e e e e s n as i vi ...ec nvol ng onom i l s s' 1 The c te a a e , t 1 ofs h l s a e ba e upon a c os e . d. ' our l bor t d k 1 uc os es r s d A nd fow fom t pur ha ersl soft be i ofhi ba gan a hi dia n e e l r he c s ' os he neft s r i nd s s ppoi t d xpeda i a tons s t t pr t he pur has Thus t hann s o he oduc c ed. oughtt be r e s d i pr ciey t t whi h a o edr s e s e s l ha c , he wa r t aci doe r e s' I Addii ly,t c ta ran y ton s edr s . d. tona l he our dded t t pr hat he oper f s of t ocu he ec onomi l sr e i no on t t ofrs a s atd wih t de e , r her i i -on t act c os ul s t he ype ik s oci e t he f ct at , t s w he ual ha m f w hi h pl ntf s eks r c r .' l a 1 A cc di y, t c t hel t t t r or c ai if e e ove y ' d. t 33. or ngl he our d ha he e conomi l sr e ba r d cl m sbas d on src pr c os ul r e ai e tit oduct la lt a ne i nce. See i at l34. s ibiiy nd glge d. The c tt our bund t tt hol ot r s û ha o d he wie i d c ra nl e ode t i porantditnc i bewe n woul e t i y r he m t si tons t e t tand c r t lt ore . l a 1 or ontacua he i s' d. t 28. ' The l c expr s by Penns vani s Supr e Cour i REM Coalne d nots r t f r ogi es ed yl a' em tn e t e ch a , i a al,t a y t c a m s of f audul nt c f t l o ppl o l i r e once l e whe e a pl i if a l ges ha onl t t a m nt r a ntf le nu y o he pr t The Cour woul vii e t ec oduc . t d tat he onom i l sr e i i we e t hol t tt ec c os ul f t r o d ha he onomi l s c os r edi notbarcli sf i e i ul d am or nt ntonalfaud,when t tfa diecl r a e t t qualt oft r ha r ud r ty elt s o he iy he pr t a t onl ha m a lged i t t pr oduc , nd he y r le s o he oduc is l.Es e i l , any pl i ifco d bypa s t te f s ntaly a nt f ul s t e onom i l s r e by a ng a el m of f a he v c os ul ddi ai r udul nt c ea m e t t i com pl i . Suc a e onc l nt o he r a nt h hol ng woul e ode t ditnc i bewee t ' a c r c t ore t t Pe yl ni s di d r he si tons t n ol nd onta t he i s ha nns va a' t Supr e Coul has s em ' t oughtt preser o ve. The Cour tnds a di t Thid Cic t i W e w i k ,t tPenns va a c t 'us of t - , s d he r r ui n r ns i ha i yl ni our s e t .gi toft acton docti 'i t faud cont l he ç s he i rne' n he r ext ends suppor t applcaton oft econom i to i i he c l r e i t f aud cont .See eTol v.El s/ on Ad%er., I . 8l1A. l l ( Super oss ul n he r ext l ai savi ' nc, 2d 0, 9 Pa. . Ct 2002) Thegitoft a tondocti û splitfsfom brngi at 'cl m t tmeel . . s he ci rne t bar anif r i ng ol ai ha r y t r plc t sac am f br ac ofa unde l ngcontac .' We i ki 286 F. a 680 n. l elol, e i a e l i or e h n ryi r t ' nvns , 3d t 8. n - l t eour ea ae upon t gitoft a i doc rne, s a i t td oul s ha notca ve ou he t lbor td he s he cton ti t tng ha t ' ve c t r d t a c t gorca e pton t a d fa a have nothed t t du y t a d faud i awa a a e i l xce i o voi r ud, nd l hat he t o voi r s l ys qualttvel dif t dut i ia i y fer nt y mpos d by s e y r t rt n by t c r tis f'eTol, 81l A . e ocit ahe ha he ontac tel l 2d a 1 (mph i i orgi ) û t r t c ess m t t non t que tonofwhehert fa t 9 e ass n i nal.û he ,he as ee o ur Ra he si t he rud c e ne t pe f m a e ofco r t dutes l s t 1 alege faud i g r ly hel t onc r d he r or nc nt ac ual i . f o, hen he l d r s ene a l d o be mer l colae a t a c r c cl m f br a oft e dutes l no ,t n t gi t of t ey lt r l o onta t ai or e ch hos i . f t he he s he a i woul bet fa '1 cton d he r ud. d. ' Thi ditnc i i t git of t ac i docti s si ton n he s he ton rne whe he t fa c t r he r ud once ns t r he pe f m a e ofc r c ualdutes or w he h t f a i m e el c l t r lt t c r c cl i r or ne ont a t i t er he r ud s r y ola e a o he ont a t a m i es e ily t s m e t of ditnc i t Thid Cic t i W e wi ki pr di t t s s nta l he a ype si ton he r r ui, n r ns , e c ed he Pe yl ni Supr m e Coul woul ma r r ng t e onom i l s r e. See W eri ,286 nns va a e ' t d ke ega di he c c os ul nski F. a 676 ( susi t QHu onditncton' . 3d t -78 dic sng he ' r si i ' ) l t ca eatha Pl ntfscli M az faudulnty c n he s nd, ai if am da r e l once l d i onuai r gar ng a e nf ton e di t e a l ged l l t r D ef c . Pl i if on t ec h le nf a o e t a ntf s he onom i I s tac ha a i ge onl ec c os r k ve le d y onom i c ha m a ii fom t s a lge faudulnt c r rsng r hi le d r e once m e .The ale d fuud pe t ns onl t t al nt lge i rai y o he qualt of M a s pr t ie.t ve ce i not as s e ( m a a tme be lt ly iy zda' oduc , . he hi l s af and y t i s e ha l da eous a a rie Acc di y,nt fa e c eame cams Pli if alget ng r ) s dve ts d. or ngl i he rudulnt onc l nt li , antfs le he s e f c s t t w oul s ppol br ac of w ar a y c a m s A c di y, t Court hol t am a t ha d u ' e h t r nt l i . cor ngl he ds he e onom i l sdocti ba sBids l' cl m f f a entc cea m ent Count25. e c os rne r r a ls ai or r udul on l , 22 E . Count31:N e i ntFaiur t Rec l glge l e o al Ma zda a g t t Count 31,neglge f l e t r a l s d be dim is d a t a l r ues ha i nt aiur o ec l, houl s se s o l t ee Na e Pl ntfsbe aus t e hr m d ai if c e he conom i l sr e i Al ba a Fl i ,and Pe yl ni c os ul s n a m , orda nns va a pr el t e cli s of neglge e s e ng da a s f r onl ec e ude hes am i nc e ki m ge o y onom i l s s1 The Cour c os e . t agr ees. Pli if do not c e t t t ec antfs ontnd ha he onom i l s r e i Alba a Fl i a c os uls n a m , orda, nd Penns va a w oul notbart s c ai s Ra he . Pli if 'r s yl ni d he e l m . t r a ntf s e pons t t s is i lr y t t e o hi s ue s a gel ha neglg nt f iur t r ca li a ca e of a ton r c ni ed i Ca ior a a t t Ca ior a' i e al e o e l s us c i e og z n lf ni nd ha lf ni s e onom i l s r e w oul not b Count 3l How e r as t Cour ha e a ne s pr , c c os ul d ar . ve , he t s xpl i d, u a Ca ior a lw does notappl t t t e Na e Pli if 'cl ms. Rat r A l ba a,Fl i lf ni a y o he hr e m d a ntf s ai he , a m orda, a Pt yl ni Iw a y t t e cli sofPa due, nd nns va a a ppl o h am r Vukadi c a Bids l,r s c i y. novi , nd r a l e pe tvel A l ba a, Fl i , a Penns va a' e onom i l s r es ba t s ne i nce c ai a m or da nd yl ni s c c os ul r hi glge lm a s r e by Pl i if .l A l m a,unde t ec s e td a ntf s n aba r he onom i l s-r e, ac e ofa ton doesnota ie c os -ul aus ci rs undert ' t i ofne i nce,wa onne s src labiiy or (n Al ma sautlwher a ol heores t glge nt s , tit i lt a aba tt e e pr ctm alunctons or i de e i and t r ca e da a onl t t pr odu f i s f ctve he eby us s m ge y o he oduc is f' For t t el. ' d Mot Co.v Ri ,726 So.2d 626,63l( a.1 .s e alo Har i &t an See C(. I .v or . ce Al 998) e s , rs or d ), nc . Phil 949 So.2d 91 931 ( a.Ci App.2006)(ppl ng e onomi l sr e t ba l ps, 6, -33 Al v. a yi c c os ul o r muli ecai ,i l ngneglgenc cam) Si l l i Fl i ,t ec tpl l ms ncudi i e li . miary, n orda he onomi l sr eme ns c os ul a a m anuf c ur r tk s no dut unde e t r a ne i e or sr c pr a t e iha y r ihe glgenc t i t oduc s la lt t or t t i biiy he y o prve a pr tfom ij i is f''F/ Power& Li Co.v We tnghou eEl .Cor , e nt oduc r n urng tel.' J. ght . si s ec p. 51 So.2d899,901( a.1 0 Fl 987)( i E.Rie ,476U. a 870)(doptngt ec quotng vr S. t a i he onomi l s c os 7 M azda m ake num e ous ot a gum e s as t why Count 31 s d be dim i s d, s r her r nt o houl s se howeve ,be aus t e r c e he conom i l s r e i t es t e s at c e r y ba s t s neglg e c ai , c os ul n h e hr e t es l a l r hi i enc l m t Cour ne nota r s t e a tonala gum ent . he t ed dd e s hos ddii r s r e i Fl i l s ealo Ti a,ll So.3d a 40 ul n orda ; e s ar 0 t 4-05( s sngFl i sec dicusi orda' onomi l sr e) c os ul . A l t s e lnes i Pe yl ni , t e ong he am i , n nns va a he conom i l s r e ù s r cove y i neglge e c os ul b bar e r n i nc whe e onl e onom i l s ar c am e 'Adams v Copper Beach Townhome Cm t ., L. ,81 r y c c os es e l i d. ' . ys P. 6 A. 3 ,30 ( Supe.Ct 2003) 2d 01 4 Pa. r . . l Count 31 t t ee N a e Pl ntf s s e da ag f onl ec n , he hr m d ai if e k m es or y onom i l s a l gi c os le ng n i enc A c or ngl t Cour m us dim i s Count 31 a t al t e N a ed Pl i it , a i eglg e. c di y, he t t s s s o l hr e m a ntf- s t s i ba r d by t e s re he conomi l sr e ofAlbama, Fl i and Pennsyl a. c os ul s a orda, vani F. Count27:Unj tEnrehment us i M a damo e t dimisCo n 2 f ru j s e rc me t a alg d b t etreNa d z v s o s s u t 7, o n u t n ih n , s le e y h h e me Pl i i f . a ntf s 1 Par ue sCl m ForUn u tEnrc ntUn rAl a La . d ' ai js ihme de ab ma w M a d a g s Pad ' eam f r u j t e rc me t mu t be ds se , itr ai z a r ue r ues li o nus n ih n s imis d n e l u, bec us Par pur has he pur t y de eci M a a e due c ed r poredl f tve zda vehi e us d, f om a used car cl e r dea er hi a t ,M a da di no ha pos e s on of m one bel ng t Pa due. Pl ntf s l s p nd hus z d t ve ssi y ongi o r ai if r pond t t whie pl i if m us i r c l conf r a be s on de e nt , t y ne d nothave es ha , l a ntf s t ù e ty di e nett f nda s he e di e t c ac w ih t def ndant t do s ' and t at a pl ntf ' m one c d pas t a r c ont t t he e s o o' h ai if s y oul s o def ntbyat r pa t ( E. a 5 enda hid ry. D. 658 t 4-55) . Unde Al ma l lgl prvai a eli ofun us e ihme ,t pli ifmus r aba aw, ito e lon am j t nrc nt he antf t s how t t t def nda hol mone whi i e t a g ha he e nt ds y ch. n quiy nd ood e eince be ongs t t ons e , l o he pl i if or hol m one whi h w a i pr r y pai t def nt be aus of m i t ke or f a .'' a ntf ds y c s m ope l d o enda c e sa r ud At.Nat1 Tr t LLC v M c l us, . Name 98 So.2d 375,381 ( a 2007 (nt na quotton m a ks e, 4 Al . ) i er l a i r omitd)( te empha i rmovc .Ace di y,tg deenda ea beunusl e ihe i i doe ss e d) or ngl taj f nt nnot j ty nrc d f t s 24 notha i is pos e son any mone beongi t t pl ntf ' RRE FRB- SLDL,LLC v ve n t ssi y l ng o he ai if ' AL . . Sa LandDe . 968F.Su 2d 11 11 ( . Al 201 . xon v, pp. 33, 41 M D. a. 3) He e,Pa duepur has he ve c efom aus ca deae i Al ba a. ( E. ! 1 ) r r c ed r hi l r ed r lr n a m D. 579 41 . Pli if do not a l e t s dealr hi ha a afii ton wih s zda. The CouM cannot antfs leg hi e s p d ny tlai t 4a r s bl i er fom t f e s alege t t M a e r hel a m one beongi t Pa due. ea ona y nf r hc a t l d ha zda ve d ny y l ng o r Ac di y, t Cou t m us di m i s Count 27 f ru j te rc me t a alg d b Pli t f cor ngl he r t s s , o nus n ih n , s le e y ani f Par due. 2. Bids lsCl m ForUnj tEnrchmentUnderPe yl aLaw r al' ai us i nns vani M a d a g e t a Bids l' cam f ru j s e rc me ts o l be d s se frt z a r u s h t r als li o n u t n ih n h u d imis d o he s m e unde l ng r s a Pa due' cl m :be us Bids l pur ha e hi ve cl us d, he di a r yi ea on s r s ai ca e r a l c s d s hi e e d notconf abenei on M a da. us aswih Pa due, heCou ta e . er tt z J t t r t r gr es Un e P n yva i lw,t ee n s o u j t e rc me t ae a f l ws ( ) t e d r e ns l n a a he lme t f nus n ih n r s ol : 1 h o t ai ifconfre abe fton t dee nt'( lhedeenda a e it t be ft'a s ntf pl erd nei he fnda i 2) û ' t f nt pprcaed he neii' nd ( ù c ptncea rtnton by t defndantoft be ft,unde t cr tnce ,woul 3) t e a ac nd ee i he e he neis r he icumsa s d m a i i quia e f t de e ntt r t i t be ftwihoutpa ng f t vaue oft ke t ne t bl or he f nda o e a n he ne i t yi or he l he bene i.'Gl G r nd Su ft' ob. ou ppor ,LL C v Gl z r Ent r . I ., 58lF. pp. 669, ( D. t . ae e s , nc Su 2d 675 E. Pa. 2008) s ealo Mic lv Moor ,7 A. l , . e s thel . e 29 2 200,l -04( l .The' r ofacli f 203 Pa. 999) - t hea am or u j s e rc me ti t t'h pat a ans wh m r c v r i s ug tet e wr n f lys c rdo n u t n ih n s ha l e ry g i t o e o ey s o h ih r o g u l e u e r pas i y r c ve a be i t t woul be uncons i s vel e ei d neft ha d c onabl f t pa t t r t i w ihout e or he r y o e a n t co pe a i t pr der''Schmi v For Mot Co. 972 F.Supp.2d 71 7 ( D.Pa. m ns tng he ovi .' dt . d or , 2, 21 E. 201 ( tngHe s y FoodsCor .Ral Cha k l ,828F. 989-999( Ci.1 7). 3) quoi r he p.v ph pe , nc. 2d 3d r 9B ) He e,Bi ds l pur s d hi ve c e fom a us ca de e i Penns va a ( E.579 ! r r a l cha e s hi l r ed r al r n yl ni D. . 85) Pli if do nota l e t s de e s p had any a tla i wih M a . a ntfs leg hi alr hi fiiton t zda.The Cour c nnot ta 25 r as e onabl i er fom t f c s alege t t Bids l c e r a be i on M a da by y nf r he a t l d ha r al onf red ny neft z pur s ng hi vehi e a a i cha i s cl t n ndepe ndentt r pary de e s p w ih no alege r l tons p w ih hi d t al r hi t l d e a i hi t Ma Ac di y,t Cour mus dimis Count27,f unus e ihme ,as alge by zda. cor ngl he t t s s or j t nrc nt le d Plitf Bid al Se 1 .( imisn u j s e rc me tcamsb c us t e panif dd t o an if r s l. e d d s si g n u t n ih n li e a c h litfs i ' t n eve alege t t t pur s d t r vehi es f om D ef nt or one of Def nda ' de e s '' n l ha hey cha e hei cl r enda e nt s al r , and a ngt tt pl ntfsifildjt s a wa i whih t rmoney ta fred fom ddi ha he ai if ûale o how ny y n c hei rnser r t i ownpockest ghedl fndants' her t o t ee '.' ) 3. Vukadi vi sCl m ForUnj tEnrchme UnderFl i Law no c' ai us i nt orda H avi pur ed a new M azda,V ukadi c s ands i a difer pos ton t Par ng chas novi t n f ent ii ban due a d Bid al Ne e tee s M a d mo e t d s s hi cams f ru j s e rc me to t n r s l. v rh ls, z a v s o imis s li o nu t nih n n wo gr ounds a gui ( )t tt saut oflmiai r n i eal 2009 a bast a ton'a ( , r ng: 1 ha he tt e i ttons a n ry nd r he ci , nd 2) t ta a e tbl rme un us e i nti notavalbl wher t ei a a quae lga ha s n quia e e dy, j t nrchme s ia e e her s n de t e l r m e The Cour a es e bot a gum e s i t n. e dy. t ddr s s h r nt n ur a. St ut ofLi iatons at e m t i Pl ntf s r pond t M a da' a g e ,s a i Fl i ' f urye r s a ut of lm ia i ai i f es o z s r um nt t tng or da s o - a t t e i t tons f r u j t e rc me t cams d e n t b r t s cam b c u e t e d crn s o fa d ln o nus n ih n li o s o a hi li e a s h o tie f r u ue t c eal e a e t bl e t one m nt nd quia e s oppela y. ppl The Cour a e t t a t s m oton t di m i s s a e, t gr es ha , t hi i o s s tg Pl ntf s ha s fci nty alege f t of f audul nt c ai if ve uf i e l l d ac s r e once m en t i plc e t lng of t al t o m i at oli he st ut of lm iatons.See Am.H ome Assur.C>? v.W eaver Aggre e Tr p. / ',990 F.Supp. at e i t i t. gat am , at. 2d 1 4,1 ( . Fl 201 (t tng,t-he docrne offa e c am e wilope ae t 25 272 M D. a. 3) sa i i' f ti r udul nt once l nt l r t o t lt saut oflmiai whe i c bes ol he tt e i ttons n t an hown t tfaudhasbee pepert ont ij e ha r n r taed he nurd pary s i entt pl hi i i ance ofhi r ghtt a caus ofacton ort pr t uffci o ace m n gnor si o e i o eventhi f om m r dicovei hi ij y. (nenalquottonmar omit ) s rng s n ur ' itr ' ai ks tedl. 26 W hie M a da a gues t t t t lng a gum e f is bec us Pl i tfs ha no l z r ha he oli r nt al a e a n if ve t s tc e l al ge M a s knowldge of t pur t i t de ec a have notpla d ufs i nty le d zda' e he pored nia or f t nd e de f a wih s t i nt pa tc a iy, t Cour has a r a a es e t e m a t r i f vo of r ud t ufic e ri ul rt he t l e dy ddr s d hes te s n a r Pl i i f , pr M a da al o a guest lPl i i f f i t alege t a i conc al e nc s a y a ntf s su a. z s r ha a ntf s a l o l he ctve e m nt ce s r t i o nvoke t lng.Howeve ,Pl i t f s a l e V uka novi t hi M a da t a M a da dea e s p oli r a n i f leg di c ook s z o z l r hi a w ast d hi a r lg t ni on w as i hi t w or y about' V i w i t f c s a l ge nd ol s i bag i ht ur ng û not ng o r . e ng he a t le d ' i t Compl nti t lg m os f vor e t Vuka novi a t Cour m us a t ssag , t s n he ai n he iht t a abl o di c, s he t t t hi t e hi s a e e c d ha bee m a t c t t m nt oul ve n de o once t pur t d def c f o V uka novi A ccor ngl al he por e e t rm di c di y, . t Cour fnds Pl i if ha s t e e l alege f a entconc l e t s vi a m oton t he ti a ntf s ve ufi i nty l d r udul ea m nt o ur ve i o di m i s on s a ut of lm ia i g ounds s s t t e i t tons r . b. A dequat LegalR em edy e Ma agues Vuka novi s unus e ihme c zda r di c' j t nrc nt ount s d be dimis be us houl s sed ca e u j s e rc me ti a e utbe r me y t a i u v ia e whee te e i a a e u t lg l n u t n ih n s n q ia l e d h t s na albl r h r s n d q ae e a r m edy.M a pos t t t a e es c r c ,i t f e zda is ha n xpr s ont a t n he onn ofM a s e e s wa r nt e s s zda' xpr s r a y, xi t c v rn t esmematra t eu j s e rc me t li t ep r o tdd fcsi h sv h ce o ei g h a te s h n u t n ih n cam:h u p re e e t n i e il. Pli if r pond t tkèit i onl u a s ng l ta expr s c rcte ss antfs es ha kgl s y pon howi ha n es onta xit b t e tep rist a te u j s e rc me tc u tfis' ( E.6 8 a 49 (iig Sae Fa m ewe n h a te h t h nu t n ih n o n al.' D. 5 t ctn tt r ' Mut Aut l .Co.v Ph cans ljuy Car Ct. l ,427 F.App' 71 722 ( lh Ci. . o. ns . ysii n r e r, nc. x 4, 1t r 2011).Pl ntfs addii l ague t t t y have s fce l ale t t t wa is )) ai if tonaly r ha he ufiinty lged ha he nunte c r ng t i s ove i he s ues i t s ltga i a e pr edur ly a s t i l unc ci bl n hi ii ton r oc a l nd ubs antve y ons ona e. Pl ntf s' f ai i f onuer ar ent i unavaii butt l t ar ent has m ert at t s s age i t gum s lng, he ater gum i hi t n he pr oceedi ngs. Pl i if ha al ge Vukadi c' . antfs ve le d novi s : 2004 M a M PV i cure l c r d orwa zda s r nty ove e s covee by a wrte war y f ne c s' ( E.579 ! 1 .M a atche s d e es rd itn rant or w ar.' D. 75) zda ta d ai xpr s warnt t isM oton.( e D. 608 1 .Furhemor Plitfsdo notde t e se e of ra y o t i Se E. - ) t r e, anif ny he xitnc t s e es wa r nt Ac r ngl M az has s hi xpr s r a y. co di y, da hown t t a co r c e ss t t cove s t ha nta t xit ha r he s b e to ti ltg to . we e , a d ha n tp o e t a tec nr c i e f re be u j c f h s iiai n Ho v r M z a s o r v n h t h o ta t s n o c a l. An u j s e rc me tcam k a e itony i t e s b e tmatro ta cam i n t nu t n ih n li t n xs l f h u j c te f h t li s o c c r d by avald a e or ea e c r t'See I r M ana d Car Lii ., 1 F.Su 2d a ove e i nd nf c bl ontac .n e ge e t g 85 pp. t 1 3 -3 ( imisn u j t e rc me t cam be a s t p an if f i d t c ne t t e 3 7 8 ds sig nus n ih n li c u e he litfs al o o ts h e e se e ofa e es c rc goveni t s e oft diput a t pli if f ld xitnc n xpr s onta t r ng he ubjct he s e nd he antfs aie algeana qu ermedya l di notexit. le de at e t aw d s) Howev , be us Pli if have alege t t t wa r nte a e pr e aly a er ca e antfs l d ha he r a i s r oc dur l nd s t ntvey unc cona e Pl ntfsha a s al ged t tt wa r ntesc rng t i t nt ubsa i l ons i bl , ai if ve lo le ha he ra i ove i he nsa ! . tonal ai if a tonaenotenf c bl. ( . .579! 452-54) Addii ly, Pl ntfshaveexprsl alge ci r orea e8 D E e sy le d t y ha no a quat rmedy a lw.( E.5 ! 7 .Thus a t smoton t dimissa . he ve de e e t a D. 79 49) , t hi i o s s tge Pl ntf s have s fci nty alege V uka novi doe not ha a a quat r e a l w' ai i f uf i e l l d di c s ve n de e em dy t a . Ac or ngl t Cour DENI Maz ' moton t dimis Vuk novi s cl m f u j t c di y, he t ES das i o s s adi c' ai or n us enr chm ent Count27. i , G . C ount49:Al abam a Dec i Trade Prac i s A c eptve tce t M a m oves t di m i s Count49 f vi a i of A l ba a' Dec ptve Tr de Pr tce zda o s s or ol ton a m s e i a ac i s Act (' :ADTPA' a alege by Pa due.M a pr f r t e r as t t Count49 mus be ' s l d ) r zda ofe s hr e e ons ha t dim is ( )Pli tfshaveno alege manie t i oft pur td de ec ;( Pl ntfsf i s s ed: 1 a n if t l d f saton he pore f t 2) ai if ai 8 Ma zda s a es V uka novi idoe no de t e senc or va i t of t c r t'' tt di c i s t ny he xi t e ldiy he ontac . H owever t s i pr sel what t alegatons of pr , hi s eci y he l i ocedur and subst i unconsci al antve onabiiy lt do. M azda does not r y t Pl nt fs' ar ent of unconsci epl o ai i f gum onabiiy and t pur t lt he pored unenf ceabiiy oft cont ati ue. or lt he ract ss 28 t a quael algeM a da' knowldgeoff s orde ptvec o de t y le z s e ale ce i onduc;a ( Pli if fi t t nd 3) antfs al o al gePa due s ts d ADTPA' pr s tnotcer r m e . le r aife S e- ui i equie nt M a da' fr tt a g en s a e una ii aspe t Cour' hol ng o m a f t i z s is wo r um t r valng, r he ts di n niesaton a know l dg s pr nd e e, u a. Pl i t fs r pond t t notc r qui e ent ar en by postng t t notc w a not a n if es o he ie e r m gum t ii ha ie s r quied a e n i i we e,t r quie e hasbee s tsi d ore us Pl i if cli t t e r nd ve f t r he e r m nt n aife xc ed. antfs a m ha bec us Rul 23 i s notc ai a sm ia pr - ui notc r quie ent t s a e r e r qui i a e e t doe ont n i l r e s t i e e r m , he t t ul s e rng s h notc c lc wih t fderlr e,andt ,rquiea iai oft fdea r e. ( E. uc ie onfit t he e a ul hus e r pplc ton he e rl ul ' D. ' 658a 78 .Rul 23, t ) e howe r hasnobeai on t ssa ofltgai whih hasnohi t do ve , rng hi tgc ii ton, c t ng o w ih cl s c r ii ton. Ac di y, t r i no eonti t a t pr s t notce r r m en t a s e tfca i cor ngl he e s l c nd he e- ui i equie t s d be e or ed.Se Dee man v Fe Home Loan M org.Cor ,955 F.Su 1 houl nf c e r . d. t p. pp. 393,l 993 1 ( D.Al 1 400 N. a. 997)( yi ADTPA' pr-ui noi rquiementa dimisngADTPA appl ng S es t tce e r nd s si cai ;I r Se s Roebuc ( Co.Tool Mkt andSalsPr i sLii ,No.MDL- 7 2009 l ml n e ar , kf s g. e actce tg. I 03, W L 937 a *1 ( D.1.Apr 6,2009)(a ) 256, t 0 N. 11 . s me . W hie t Cour f nds A DTPA ' p e s tnotc r r m e a i ,t Cour a s fnds l he ti S r - ui i e equie nt pples he t lo i t t Pl i if ha s f c e l a l ge t r r e w as s ts i d. Spe i i aly, Pl i if ha a ntf s ve uf i i nty le d he equiem nt aife c fc l a ntf s ha ale d t t ve l ge ha gl a cor nce wih Al Code j 8 19- 0( ,Pli if'c el on be l of in c da t a. - l e) antfs ouns , haf Pl ntf s s ve D e e ai i f , er d f ndant w ih notce of t r ale d vi a i s t i hei l ge ol tons of t he A l bam a D TPA r a i t t Cl s V e cl and or t Def c i A iba a el tng o he as hi es / he e tve r gs i t le i t ns a l d n hem pur has by Pl i i f and t Al ba a Sub- l s a c ed a ntfs he a m c as , nd de a m nded t tde enda scor e torag e t c ec t ac i de c i t r n. ha f nt rc r e o on- t he tons s rbed he ei ( E.5 ! 1 .M a da fist not a pariulrdei enc i t notc r ei d.Raher D. 79 062) z al o e ny tc a fci y n he ie ec ve t , M azda t akes i ue onl w ih t alegatons of notce,ar ng Pl ntf s do notalege notce w as ss y t he l i i gui ai i f l i pr ded atl 15 days prort t t i ofany acton and t Pl ntf f l t pl Par ovi east i o he ilng i hat ai ifs aied o ead due 29 wa s cfc l me i d i t notc lte .( E.690 a 1 .Vi ng t alegai i t s pe iialy ntone n he ie etr D. t 7) ewi he l tons n he lgh mos f vor bl t Pl ntfs t Cour fnds t tPl ntfs ha s fcen l pl de t t i t t a a e o ai if , he ti ha ai if ve ufi i ty ea d ha t s t s i d A DTPA ' notc pr s on. hey a i f e S i e ovi i Fort f e ng r s ,t Cour deni M az sm oton t dim isPa du sADTPA he or goi ea ons he t es da' i o s s r e' c ai , oun 49. lm C t H . C ount47:Fl i De ptve Tr or da ce i ade Pr i s Act actce Ma zda m oves t di m i s Count 47 f vi a i of Fl r da' De ptve Tr de Pr c i e o s s or ol ton o i s ce i a a tc s Ac (C tû ADTPA' as alege by Vu di c.M a da pr f r t r a ons Count49 mus be ' ) l d ka novi z ofes wo e s t dimis ( )Pli if havenotalgedma f ttonoft alge def t and( t cli i s sed: 1 antfs le niesai he le d ec; 2) he am s ba r by Fl i sf - a sat eoflm ia i f FDUTPA cl ms red orda' our ye r t ut i ttons or ai . As dicus ed su a, Pl n if have s fcenty ale d maniesato of t a lge s s pr aitfs ufi i l lge f t in he le d l l t De e t Thus t Cour t nst M a ss cond a gum e . M a da a guest tt s a ut nta or f c . , he t ur o zda' e r nt z r ha he t t e oflm ia i f t sFDUTPA c am r i e l 2009 a t tt dic y doc rne doe not i ttons or hi l i an n ary nd ha he s over ti s a y t t lFDUTPA cl ms ( e D. 608 at27) Pli if ar t te n i t dic r ppl o ol ai . Se E. . antfs gue ha ve f he s ovey docrne doe nota y t t t lFDUTPA cai s t cli c n s vi be us t sat e of ti s ppl o he ol l m , he a m a ur ve ca e he t ut lm iatons c d be equia y t l d due t M az s aleg f a i ti oul t bl ole o da' l ed r udul nt c ce m e . For e on al nt pur es of t moton t dimis sa t Cour a ee a a s is ras ni su a pos he i o s s tge, he t gr s nd dopt t e o ng pr pe t i ng t Pl ntf s s fci ty alegi t t f a ent c r a ni o ai i f uf i en l l ng ha r udul once m e t l d t s a ut of al nt ole he t t e l tto f rVu a i o i' u j s e rc me t li i ains o k d n vc s n u t n ih n cam. mi Thus t Cour DEN I M a s m oton t di m i s V uka novi s FDU TPA c ai , , he t ES zda' i o s s di c' lm Count47. 30 1 Count48 and Count3:Breach ofFl da' Im pled W arrant of M erchant lt . ori s i y abiiy and V i aton oft M agnuson M os W arrant A ct ol i he s y Ma zda m o s t di m i s Count 48, a s r i br c of Fl i s i ple w a r nt of ve o s s s e tng ea h orda' m i d r a y m e c nt biiy.l Re pons Pl ntf s s a e t y ç ve el t d no t pur ue i ple w a r nt r ha a lt n s e, ai if t t he û ha ec e t o s m id ra y cl i s underFl i ' l w .A c di y,t Cour G R AN T S M az s m o i t di m i s Coun am or da ' a cor ngl he t da' ton o s s t 48. ForM ag on M os W arnl Ac (û W A')cli ,co t i tl t t r lva nus s ra y t tMM ' ams urs k mus ook o be ee nl s a e l w t de e m i t m e ni a c ea i of a i ple w a r nt ' A s Pl i if ha t t a o t r ne he a ng nd r ton ny m i d r a y. ' a ntf s ve dec ded not t pur ue V uka novi ' cl i f br ac of i pled w a r nt t Cour a s e i o s di c s a m or e h m i r a y, he t s um s Pli if do no s ek t pur u Vuka novi s cai f vi a i of t M M W A,Count 3 a ntfs t e o se di c' l m or olton he . M a da r s d t e r s z ai e hr e ea ons t di m i s t i pled w a r t c ai , a t , t di m i s t o s s he m i r an y l m nd hus o s s he M M W A cl i , a Pl i if di not r pond t a of t . M a a m nd a ntf s d es o ny hem zda a gues i er a i , t t r , nt la ha V uka novi l cke prviy w ih M a ,a t ,ca di c a d i t t zda nd hus nnotm ai ai a cl i f br a h ofi ple nt n a m or e c m id w a r t The C o tag e .M az i a a om otve dit i or nota de l r V uka novi c d r an y. ur r es da s n ut i s rbut , ae . di c oul notha pur s d hi ve cl fom M a ve cha e s hi e r zda. Thus Vukadi c l ks prviy w ih M a a t , novi ac i t t zda nd he i id wanunt cam mus f l Se Me a v BM W o N.Am. 904 So.2d 450,458 ( a.3d mple y li t ai. e s . f , Fl DCA 2005) (û r Fl i lw,a pli if c nnot rcove e û unde orda a antf a e r conomi l s s f br a h of c ose or e c i id wa y i t a e ofprviy.l Davi v. Su kiM ot Cor ,629 F.Supp.2 mple nunt n he bs nce i t ' ; d Am. zu ' or p. d 1 1 ( D.Fl 2009)(û orda 1w rquiesprviy of c r c t s ti a bra h of 32 S. a. iFl i a e r i t onta t o usan ec i i warant cl m.) mpled r y ai ' . ' A c or ngl t Cour G R AN TS M a da' M oton as t Count 3, a as e t by c di y, he t z s i o s s red V uka n c. di ovi I V. CONCLUSI N O Bas ont f e ng,i i he eby ed he or goi t s r ORDERED AND ADJ UDGED t a M a d ' Mo in ( E.6 8 i GRANTED I h t z a s to D. 0 1 s N PA RT a DEN I nd ED I PA R T. Spec f c l , Count 25 i D I I N ii aly s SM SSED a i pe t i t s t r a ns o V u novi a Bids l,butnotPa d . Count27 i D I I kadi c nd r a l r ue s SM SSED a i pe t ns t Bi ds lan s t rai o r al d Pa due,bu notVuka novi And Count 28, 29,30,31,and 48 ar D ISM ISSED . Cou 3,a r t di c. s e nt s as e td by Vuka novi onl i alo DI I s re di c y, s s SM SSED . D O N E A N D O R DER E D i Cham be s M i m i Fl i t s 1 bday ofJune, 201 n r , a , orda, hi 4t 6. ' z' e' *e * . '.. .' - ,. ' .. j. .; 0 .. ' P . ;-:.- ' .-.. -7 ' . .--. ï.- . .-e . . .- ----- -' ' . > FED ER I O A.M O R EN O C UN I TED ST ATE S D I STR I JU DG E CT Copi s f ni he t e ur s d o: Couns ofr c d el e or 32
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