Porter v. Collecto, Inc., No. 1:2014cv21270 - Document 31 (S.D. Fla. 2014)
Court Description: ORDER granting 8 Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Jurisdiction. Signed by Chief Judge Federico A. Moreno on 6/24/2014. (err)
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Porter v. Collecto, Inc. Doc. 31 UN I TED STATES DI STRI CO URT FOR TH E CT SO UTHERN DI FRI O F FIO RI A S' CT , D M i iD i son am vi i C as N um ber 14e : 21270- I - O REN O C V M J ORG E PORTER, Pl ntf , ai i f COLLECTO,I d/ aEOS CCA, NC. b/ D e e nt f nda . O RD ER G RA NTI G D EFEN D AN T' M O TI N TO D I I N S O SM SS 1.Background Th sc s c me b f r t eCo r o De-n a t M o in t Dimisf rLa ko Su j c i a e o s e o e h u t n t d n ' to o s s o c f b e t e s M a tr J idi ton.Pl i iffl hi one c te urs ci antf ied s - ountCompl nti sat c t s eki dama f ai n t e our, e ng ges or viltonsof51 oai 692g a j1 nd 692eoft Fai De Coleci Prctc Act Pl ntf syldhi he r bt l tons a ies . ai if t e s Compl n asacls a ton. e ntr move t sc et Fede a Cour onAprl9, 4. t t ait a s c i Def nda e d hi as o rl t i 201 On ha s medae, f nda s r d a Ofe ofl a t De e nt e ve n f r udgm e pur ua t Rul 68ont Pli tf. antf di nt s nt o e he a n if Pli if d no a ce tt oferDe-nda movedt dimi st Com pl nt Aprl 201 De e nta gue t c p he f . t nt e o s s he ai on i28, 4. f nda r d ta t eCo r lc e Su je MatrJ rs ito b c u eDee a t a o frd$10 , r t a h t h u ta k d be t te u idcin e a s fnd n h d fee ,01 mo e h n t saut ym a m um pe mit d un t Fai De Coleci Pr c i sAc , he t t or xi r te der he r bt l tons a tce t mootngPl ntf s i ai if c am . t r s dicus ed mor f l bel t sCour GRANTS De e l i For he ea ons s s e uly ow- hi t f ndantsM oton. ' i II.Di cussi s on Dee nthasmove t dimist sc eunde Fe R.Ci P.1 b)1 ,agui t ta fnda d o s s hi as r d. v. 2( ( ) r ng ha n u a c pe ofe o j d me t n e Rue6 ta p o i e aplitf wihf lrle mo t plitf n c e td f r fu g n u d r l 8 h t r v d s anif t u leif o s an ips cl i .Pl i i f a gue t Cou t s d not di m i s t s cl i bec us a una ce ed of e of am a ntf r s he r houl s s hi a m a e n c pt fr Dockets.Justia.com j d me t o sn t o apli t fsidii a cam, n t a, v ni Plitf cam i mo td, u g n d e o mo t ani n vdu l li a d h te e f anips li s o e f t cas cai a e not Asdicus e bel De e he l s l ms r . s s d ow, f ndan - ar ts gume sa eal c e e i of1lb nt r ogial xtnson t Cic tc s l w a c it t wih prordecii fom t s Ditit As s h,t Cour wil r ui a e a nd onssen t i sons r hi src . uc he t l GRANT De e ntsM oton. f nda ' i Aril l1oft Unie SttsConsiui pr dest tt j iditonofFedea Cou t tce I he td ae ttton ovi ha he urs ci rl rs i lmie t c e a c r se Zi v ER Sollons /?. 692 F. 11 11 ( 1hCi. s i td o ass nd ontoveris. nni . ui , zc, 3d 62, 66 1 t r 201 ) Thre docrne ofj tcibiiy ma up t c e oft Ari ellcae orcontove s 2. e ti s usi a lt ke he or he tcl I s r ry r ie t-sa ng,i ne s a moot s C'ritanC(clOfFl ,nc.r U S.662F.d 11 equrmen tndi rpe s , nd nes. h si ? a.l r , 3 82, 1l8 ( lbCi.2011.t is i mootwhe inol rprs nt alvec r rywihrs c 9 1t r )ûAn sue s n t onge e e s i ontoves t epe t t whiht c t a gi mea ngf r i . Zi p ERSol i ,nc. F.da 11 ( tng o c he our c n ve ni ulelcf' nni . utons I .692 3 t 66 quoi Fre d o Ev r a sp S.Fl .l /r, g .Dil-5 0 F.d l l .1 1 ( 1 Ci. 0 9 .: in s f eglde . a l t k ml s. 7 3 2 0 2 6 1 t r 2 0 ) û Q/? l b A c olay t t sca e orc r r yr quie e i t a a t lcontovery mus bee a a a l or l r o hi s - - ontove s e r m nt s hat n c ua r s t xt nt t 1 sage orr vi ws otme el a t tm et c pl ntst ed. Ge ssHe t ar Cor v S z t s e e n r y t he i he om ai i il ' ne i alhc e p. . ymc yk, ' l S.Ct 1 33 . 523,1 ( S.201 .-l'a i er ni cr tncede i st pli ifofa 528 U. 3) tt n nt ve ng icumsa prve he antf pe s lsa i t ou co eoft lws tata poi durng ltga i n, h a ton c n no l r r ona tke n he t m he a ui ny nt i ii to t e ci a onge pr e d a mus bedim is d a moot'/ oc e nd t s se s . J. ' A Dee d n h st wa t c aln es be tmatr uidito u d rRu e1 ( )l f n a t a wo ys o h lc g u jc t j rs cin n e l 2 b ( ) e f i at c orf c ua ata ks acal ta ks a t l t c . Fa ilatc sc aln es be tmatr u idcin b s d o t alg to si te ca ta k h le g u j c te j rs ito a e n he le ain n h compli , nd t diti tcou ttke t ale i a tue i de di whehe t a nt a he src r a s he lgatons s r n ei ng t ro g a tt e mo in.Fa ta atc s c alng s be t matrj rs ito i f c, rn h to cu l ta k h l e u j c te u id ci n n a t e ir peci oft pl a ngs I r ol ng a f dualat ck,t diti tc tm a res tve he e di . n es vi a ta he src our y consde e rnscevi nces h ast tm ony a afi vis i r xti i de uc esi nd fda t. M or ion v Xr ? Q' p.323 F. 19 924 n. ( 1bCi. rs . nwt ot , y 3( 205 1 ' r 2003) ' nt f eofaf t c l .- he ac l acual halenge t s be t t ru idcin,h bud ni o teplitf t p ov ta j rs cine it. OC1 n . o u j c mat j rs it te r e s n h an ifo r e h tu idito xss' 1 c e o ' 1 t r 2002) l t sca e,Deenda ' chalngei afcua at k h .n hi s f nts le s a t l tac v U S. 285 F.d 947,951 ( 1 Ci. . , 3 bec us i i e aest e nt arsngouti t Co pl i -pe fc l anofe s tlm e . Aèln a e tk l t o ve s ii r sde he m ants cii aly, f rof e te nt' ' ' ? v ADF M i qtantc, 720l W l 371 . dv l i 11L, 3 - 7737 a *4 ( D. a.J y 1 20l . t S. Fl ul 5. 3) Th trt su t eCou'mu t eemiei wh te a u a c p e Rue6 o fr j d me t e is is e h l sd t r n s eh r n n c e td l 8 fe ofu g n t t tf l s ts i a pl i ifscl m moot apli tf cli . a Cic t ha a we e t t ha uly a ifes antf ai s a n ips am M ny r uis ve ns r d ha que toni t afnnatve. eRandp Mons o(- , F. 596,5 (tCi.1 )(t et si n he fi i Se . ant . 926 2d 0. 96 7l r 991 s ' onc he de enda ofe st s tsyt pl i ifsen iede f nt f r o aif he antf tr mand,he ei nodiput ove whi oltgae, t r s s e r cht ii t and apl ntf whor f est a knowldget sl esou rght- ' r nv Se s t Roge s P. , ai if e us o c e hi os ti .l War e . s oms t 'r , A.676 F. 365,371( hCi.20l .Kri p pclr rc /? ,402 l. 489,502 (t Ci.2005) The 3d 4t r 2) m . lde .om, ?c. , J3d 5h r . Ni h Cic tha t ke t oppost viw . Dï v Fis Am.HomeSl .Pr . p.732F. nt r ui s a n he ie e See lz . r t / ç ot Cor , yer 3d 948,952- (tCi.201 (t et eor hol t ta una e edRul 68ofe t twoul ha 53 9h r 3) t herf e d ha n cc pt W e fr ha d ve f l stsidaplitf scli doe note rt t ai moot') Si hCic ta e wiht uly aife anif am s rnde ha cl m . The xt rui gres t he Se nt t taRul 68ofer oot pli tf-scai - r he t ndim ispl i ifscl m outi t ve h ha e f m s a n if l m but at r ha s s antf ai rgh , ha hedt tihebetra oac i t entrjl nti f oft pl ntfsi a c danc wih s l ha t te ppr h s o e tdgme n avor he ai if n c or e t t d fn a t' l 6 o fr f u g n .( ' inv EdDo n lv/ne ,,n .5 5F.d5 7, 7 7 ee d ns Rue 8 fe o j d me t' )Bre . ' n et f /r' I c, 7 3 6 5 4- 5 s . ('Ci. 6h r 2009) TheSe ondCic tha a e ahybrda oa ht ta ofe doesno moo t . c rui s doptd i ppr c ha n fr t t he cam, n i ha deemie ta t ebeta p oa h i t e traj d me ta an td fn a ti li a d t s tr n d h t h s p r c s o ne u g n g i s ee d n n a c r a c wi t eo fro stlme t S eAft ?é vT a s in, 74 2F.d3 0 3 2(d c o d n e t h fe f ete n . e r-' , ' .r n uno 11C, 0 3 4 , 4 2 h co /y / Ci.2005 . The SuprmeCour i S z e esl di notrac t squeton.Se Ge ss r ) e t n ymcyk xpr sy d e h hi si e ne i He t ar Co p.v S z 1 S.Ct at1 (' eas ume,wihoutde i ng,ha peii s alhc e r . ymc yk, 33 . 529 ' w' s t c di t t ttoner ' Rul 68 oferm oot r s e f ed e ponde - i vi cli ') nts ndi dual am '. 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J, e s ' f . y l a ' ' l f z . n .5 , Fe Appx. ,794 ( lhCi. 3) Cii t e Fourh Cic t t Cour ex ai d t dif e e d. 791 1 t r 20l . tng h t r ui. he t pl ne he fer nc bewe nastlme ta daj d me twa asg iia to ei tee e o aplitf b c u e t e ete n n u g n s in fc n n n h y s f an if e a s : Sete t ote donoti vet e r ofaj tlmens - n t nvol he nty udgme a ns t dee t as nt gai t he fndan, c ompae t aj rd o udgmen ofdimis l s t fom t plitf' pes ci t t s sa, o hat r he anifs rpe tve he wilngne s of t def ntt al j li s he enda o low udgmentt be ent e has s tnta o erd ubsa il i tncesncej mpora i udgment aeenf c abl unde t powe oft cou t l e s r ore e r he r he r.nde d, s dastlmentnote houl ete mbodid i aj e n udgme c unrveld,hecour ma be nt ome a e t t y wi ou j rs ito t p o e di tec s . ihofe b c me ab e c o c nrc t t uidcin o r c e n h a e whc tn e o s ra h f o ta t h a ton f f l e t c pl w ih t s t l m e ta ee e . n i t c tr t i c i or aiur o om y t he e te n gr m nt Eve f he our e a ns j rs ito panifi lf t lt aea b e c o c nr c a to o ,p r p ,t u idcin, li tf s e4 o ig t ra h f o ta t cin r eha s o i c i ltga i t c ai s s ontnue ii tng he l m ough t b s te t o e etl d. I a 11 (iig Si d t 67 ctn mmonsp UniedMorg.& Loan l .IL( 634F. 754, ( hCi. 1 . . t t nv, . L N 3d 766 4t r 20l ) Uli tl t Cour hel t tût fiur ofI enda s t oter udgme prvene mootng'of tmaey,he t d ha khe al e def ntlo - j f nt e td i ' pl i tf s c ai s. d.a 11 a n if ' l m l t 68. l t c e a ba ,t De enda ha ofkr d $1 mor t n t Pl ntf sde n he as t r he f nt s t e e ha he ai if mand a t nd he sauo yma i m frPlitf s li a dh so frdaRue6 e tyo j dg n . i Rul 6 tt tr xmu o anif cams n a fc e l 8 nr fu me tTh s e 8 ofrf re tyo j dg n d sig ih st efcsfom tos i Z n ia da ist ptal ta fe o n r f u me t itn u s e h a t r h e n i n n vod he ifls h t doome de en ntseforst e I ot rwor .De e d f da ' f t her . n he ds f ndan ,by oferng m or t n Pl ntf was t f i e ha ai if s e nga ofe i t c e t j e ki nd frng o onsnt o udgme puruantt Rul 68,ma Pl ntf k nofe ca t nt s o e de ai ifû frhe n' a r f e. The Cour fndst tPl ntf c ai i m oot e us ' ' ti ha ai ifs l m s ed. Ha ngf tathePl ntf cli c bemoot duet t ofkrofudgmen,heCour vi ound h t ai ifs am an ed o he t j tt t now t ' t whe he hecl sa ton alega i c s vi w ihout hePl ntf . Cour a w e s ul o ns t rt as c i l tons an ur ve t t ai i f The t ns r - 4- t que to i t neg tv a c l s t tt applc ton c nno s vi l S z t he si n n he a i e nd oncude ha he i a i a t ur ve. n ymc yk, he Supr meCour e anedt t i aFLSA ma tr'hcm e epr e eofcoleci - c i a lga i e t xpli ha ,n te ' t r es nc l tve a ton le tons it c n he ompli c nnots t s tfom moot sonc t i vi lc am i s tsi d.Ge -y ant a ave he ui r nes e he ndi dua l i s aite ' neç ' / He tca eCor v S z .1 S. . t1 u z i onl ofperua i val i t ca ea alh r p. . ymcyk 33 Cta 528.b yk s y kmc s sve ue n he s t ba ,howe ,be a e ast Cour s d.Rul 23 c a sa tonsa eûf r ver c us he t ai e ls ci r tundame al dif r ntfom nt ly fe e r c l ci a tonsunde t FLSA. 1 ole tve c i r he ' d. 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' zc? . e wie o p. 66 3d $ 896 7' r 201 ) To r t l s l i t s vvet ofero udgme ,heCoul ca t ab i es uton:tcl sa tonpli if c o ur i he f fj ntt ' rfed - mpl ol i kglas-ci antfs an t s m ovet c riyt cls a t s tmet tt yfl t i c o e tf he a s t he ame i ha he 5 e her ompli . pende yoft tm o i ant The nc ha ton pr t c sapu a i cl sfom a tm pt t buy of t name pli tfs. I a 896. oe t t tve as r te s o f he d a n if ' d. t ' Alhought Defnda i Damas odi no ma aRul 68oferof udgmen ,hati ofno t he e ntn c d t ke e f j tt s mome t t ca ea ba . 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The Cour t tnds t tt r r m e t ta pl ntf r pr entng a put tve c as c n t hus s ha he equie nt ha ai if e es i ai l s a ef tveyundec t pot il i efe t ofanofe of udgme bytlngamotonfrcas feci l ruthe enta mootng fcs fr j nt ii i o ls c ttc ton a t s metmea t c antorprort t ofe ofj erii ai t he a i s he ompli i o he fr udgme i a smpl a nt s i e nd elga s uto Pl ntf i t sc ehassilnottld amotont ce tf cls . s h,hi c t e nt ol i n. ai if n hi as tl ie i o riy a s As uc t s our , i n i d h t h fe o j d me t o e adop st r as ng ofD amas o. r -pwt a dKem a dtn st a teo fr f u g n mo td t he e oni c A-z l z n t c a s c ai s w he e a m oton f cl s ce ttc i has not be fl pror t t ofer of he l s l m r i or a s r ii aton en ied i o he f ' Judgm ent . - 6- Pli tf ct st compa onSupr m eCour ca es&. Par eCommis o v Ger y a a n if ie o ni e t s S. ol s i n . aght nd De i Gu ant Nat Bank J k on, '.p Ro rt s post r y . , ac s AW5q. , pe o uppor hi cai t thema sil e v as . ' t s l ms ha y tl s r e t cls r pr e a i Neihe ca e s he a s e es nttve. t r s uppors Pli ifs poston.l Ge aght t pli if a t antf ii n r y, he antf , n i m ae s r ng a s e e fld a cas a i lws tc lngi hi s nt nc on be fofal n t e vi entnc , ie l s cton a ui hale ng s e e e hal l f de a prs r who wer orwoul be m ee i bl f pa ol U <. o eComm ' v Ge a y, e r l ione s e d co lgi e or r e. % Par l n . r ght 445 U . 388,39 93 ( 980) W hie Pli ifwas sili cusod t Diti tCour de ed t S. 2- 1 . l a ntf tl n t y, he src t ni he motont c riyt c a s l a 394. antf ought oa i o e tf he l s .d. t Pl i ifs t ppea t de alanddurngt pe l hat ni . i he ndenc y oft ap l Pl ntf wa r ea e fom prs / a 394.lhe c t d t i ac i br ht he pea , ai if s el s d r ion. J, t ' our hel hat i ton oug ' an onbe l of cas doesnot omemoot haf a l s bec upone r tonof hcna e pli if ss bsa i c am , xpiai t m d a ntf u t ntve l i e nt ve hough cl s c rii ton hasbee de ed.'he pr e r pr e a i r t ns a t r ona as e tfca i n ni I opos d e es nttve eai pe s l sa i obt ni cl sc tfc ton s lcintt a s et tAl llvauesa eno unde m i d. ff tke' n ai ng as eriia i ufi e o s ur ha 4.l l r t r ne ' t ' a 404. Cour, t The t howeve ,i iedishol ng- o t appe oft deni oft cls c rii a i r lm t t di ' he t al he al he a s e tfc ton moing 'b c u ek a n me plitf' os cam e pie ma no c ni et p e st a p a to y' e a s i l a d an ifwh e li x rs y t o tnu o r s he p e l l l on t m e is u i a c a shasbee pr r y c r ii d. 1 he rt nt l l s n ope l e tfe ' d. ' Si lry,n Ro r, c wa decde on t s m edayasGer ght t pli tf sbr ug mia l i pe whih s i d he a a y,he a n if o ht acls aci c pl nta ns Det ntbank.De i Gur y ,W/ Bank, a s ton om ai gai t knda post ant N . Jack on,M is,v s s. . Ro r 445 U. 326,328 ( 980) Thedititc l de ed t moton t c riy t c a s a t pe , S. l . src ou' ni he i o e tf he l s , nd he t Cour ofAppeasdenid t moton f ri e l ol r e .J. t329.De e nt he t nde edt t l e he i o nt rocut ' eviw / a y f nda t n e r o e c na dplitf a o fro j d me ti tcma i m a u trc v rbeb e c a d te a h me an if n fe f u g n n h xmu mo n e o e a l y a h, n h dititc t ntrdt udgmen ovcrplitfs ob e tons/ a 329- Pl ntfst appe e src oure ee hej t anif' j ci .J. t 330. ai if hen ald t de alofcl sce ttc ton. d.a 330.l e Cour vi d - he de a ofc as c r ii ton asa he ni as r i a i l t i '' h t ewe t ni l l s e tfca i n e xampl of a p oc dur r i colat r t t m e isof a ltga i t ti a al bl a t r t e r e al ulngs l e al o he r t ii ton, ha s ppe a e fe he e r oftna j nty i ludgme . 1 a 336.l Cou t dt t pli if ha asa i t out nt' d. t 'he r hel hathe antfs d tke n he comeof ' ' t ea p a o t ed nilo ca sc ri c to a d t a t e' u to Ap e l h dj rs it n t h p e l f h e a f ls ett ain. n h t h ' r f p as a u idci o i Co o e e t i t a alonl t r vi w t as e t d pr edur le r . 1 nt r a n he ppe y o e e he s r e oc a r or' d. ' Bo h Ge a y and Ro r i ve t rghtofa pl ntf t a alt de a ofcls t r ght pe nvol d he i ai if o ppe he ni l as c tfc ton. eca e a ecea l ditnguiha efom t c s bef et Cour . antf hasnot erii ai Thes s s r l ry si s bl r he a e or he tPli if eve fld a moton f cas c ttc ton.The e i t no de alofa cas c rii a i f t n ie i or l s erii a i r s hus ni l s e ttc ton or he Pl i if oa al ca et ewa nocl sc ris tonr quese Thes c espr denos antf t ppe be us her s as e tlca i e t d. e as ovi uppor t f Pli ifscai s or antf' l m . Pli ifne a guest tS z i notc r lng bec e FLSA c lc i aci a e antf xt r ha ymc yk s ontoli aus ole tve tons r dif e t n cl s ac i underRul 23.Thi i no doubttue.How e r asde ons r t ab fer nt ha a s tons e ss r ve , m t a ed ove, S z i i tuc i l no bi ng, ndt sopi on doesno s ymc yk s nsr tona , t ndi a hi ni t ugges t tS z i contoli t ha ymcyk s r lng. Thus Pl i if s a gum en doesnotcha t a ys s ort r s t s a ntf r t nge he nal i he e ul. Fi lyPl ntf a gu t tt flngofa motonf c ttc ton ofa cas a t oute of na l ai if r cs ha he ii i or erii a i l s t he s t ati li am e ei a hol rm o i t ts r sno ge nepur eo hert t r i o c wha t ra s r d ce de ton ha e ve pl nui pos t han o e nf r e t he compl ntar dy s ys' Thi Cour diag ee Se Kei v ADF M i l i,LLC,201 W L ai lea a . ' s t s r s. e m . datantc 3 371 7737 a *7.Pl i ifha c t d one u t a ntf s ie npubls d or t s i he der o uppor is a gum e t tc t i t s tt r nt ha our s n hi ditit dicour ge t tlng of motons t c riy cls c ure l l T yl v Acqui t src s a he i i i o e tf a s onc r nty. n a or . ni y I tr cie LLC,t e Co r d ne Plitf' moin t c riy t e ca swih u p eu ie a ne a tv , h u t e id anils to o e t h ls t o t rj dc s f prmaur Ta orv Ac niyI e acie J1('l 6l CI DI I e t e. yl . qui t ntr tv . - . 3- O88- V- M TROULEASI D.Fl M a . S. a. y 1 201 )Howe rt de soncusagai thePl ntf a gume . hiet Courdi de he 7, 3 . ve,hat cii t nst ai ifs r ntW l he t d nyt m oto i not t ti lpa te i t s a ton a e on notcet tPl ntf a st ce tf t sm a t r i n, t ed ha al r i s n hi c i r i ha ai ifw nt o ri y hi te a acl saci ' ndt t-g nyl e motonbyDef nts t dimisf l kofs j tmat s as ton'a ha taj atr i bnda t)o s s or ac ubec ter j rs ci basd upon a ofe ofjdgme made t t name Pli ifonl i lkey t be uiditon e n fr u nt o he d antf y s i l o s ummaiydenid. / a * Thus t tlngoft motont c rilt cas a e dt desr rl e ' J. t 2. .he ii ' he i o e tt,he l s chive he ied efe t Se aloKem v ADb M i l i,11C, 3W L 371 f c . e s i . - datantc 201 7737 a *7. Cour t r f efnds t The the e or i t tPli ifscli ha be moot d,and t tt cls a ton ca ha antf am s en e ha he a s c i nnotc i ast r ha be n ontnue he e s e nomotont ce tf t cas Pli if oul ha l edamotont c riyt cls . antf di not i o riy he l s. antf c d ve il i o e tf he a s Pli if d do s W ihoutapendi moton t c riy t cas ,t e cls Pli i-s kst r pr s ntr mai o. t ng i o e tf he l s h a s antt ee o e e e e ns f pur l t or tc . e y he e i al 111.C oncl on usi TH I CAU SE c m e be or t Cour upon Def nda ' M oto t D i m i s f r Lac of S a f e he t e nts in o s s o k S be t atrJ rs it n( E. . ) fldo Aprl 8 2 4 u j c M te u idci D. No 8-se n i 2 . 01 . o THE COURT ha consde e t m oton a t pe tn pori oft r or a b ng s i r d he i nd he ri ent tons he ec d, nd ei ot r s f l a s d i t pr i es i i he wi e uly dvi e n he em s . t s ADJUDGED ta temoin i GRANTED. ' sc s i DI I ED wihp eu ie h th t s o lhi a e s SM SS t rj d c . DO ANDOR R Di C a est a .lr atiJ JaoJn 2 1. NE DE E n hmbraMi Foi ,hs dy fue 04 mi d - . .. , f/i V' O A. MORENO UN I TED STA TES D I STRI J D GE CT U Co e p ovi d t pis r de o: Couns ofRe r el co d
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