Morel v. HNTB Corporation et al, No. 3:2022cv00408 - Document 18 (S.D. Cal. 2022)
Court Description: ORDER Granting Defendant's Motion To Dismiss Plaintiff's Complaint (Doc.No. 4 ). Signed by Judge Anthony J. Battaglia on 11/21/2022. (ddf)
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Morel v. HNTB Corporation et al Doc. 18 Case 3:22-cv-00408-AJB-AHG Document 18 Filed 11/21/22 PageID.234 Page 1 of 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 13 MATTHEW MOREL, an individual on his own behalf and on behalf of all others similarly situated, Plaintiff, 14 v. 15 HTNB Corporation, a Delaware corporation, and DOES 1-50, inclusive, Defendant. 12 16 No.: 22-cv-00408-AJB-AHG ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS PLAINTIFF’S COMPLAINT (Doc. No. 4) 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Presently pending before the Court is Defendant HNTB Corporation’s (“Defendant”) motion to dismiss Plaintiff Matthew Morel’s Complaint. (Doc. No. 4.) The motion is fully briefed, (Doc. Nos. 8, 9), and the matter is suitable for determination on the papers in accordance with Local Civil Rule 7.1.d.1. Upon consideration of the motions and the parties’ arguments in support and opposition, Defendant’s motion to dismiss is GRANTED WITH LEAVE TO AMEND. I. BACKGROUND Plaintiff Matthew Morel brings this class action for alleged failure to reimburse work expenses under California’s Labor Code section 2802(a), unfair business practices under California’s Business and Professions Code section 17200 et seq., and violation of the 1 22-cv-00408-AJB-AHG Dockets.Justia.com Case 3:22-cv-00408-AJB-AHG Document 18 Filed 11/21/22 PageID.235 Page 2 of 12 1 Labor Code Private Attorneys General Act of 2004 (“PAGA”). (Compl., Doc. No. 1-2.) 2 Morel alleges that between January 4, 2021, and July 20, 2021, Defendant employed Morel 3 as Project Controls Manager for Defendant’s company, which provides engineering 4 services. (Id. ¶ 17.) During this time, Defendant allegedly “was Plaintiff’s ‘employer,’ and 5 [Morel] was its ‘employee’ as defined by California law.” (Id. ¶ 7.) 6 In his first cause of action, Morel alleges Defendant violated California Labor Code 7 section 2802(a) by failing to reimburse Morel and the putative class after requiring Morel 8 and the putative class to use their personal cell phones, internet access, and data plans to 9 perform their work duties. (Id. ¶¶ 38–40.) Additionally, Morel alleges Defendant failed to 10 reimburse Morel and the putative class for expenses and loss related to home office space, 11 mortgage payments, rent payments, property taxes, homeowner insurance premiums, and 12 utility expenses. (Id. ¶ 41.) As a first derivative claim of Defendant’s alleged section 13 2802(a) violation, Morel alleges a second cause of action stating Defendant violated 14 California Business & Professions Code section 17200 et seq. by gaining “an unfair 15 advantage over law-abiding employers and competitors” by failing to reimburse Morel and 16 the putative class members. (Id. ¶¶ 53–58.) As a second derivative claim of Defendant’s 17 alleged section 2802(a) violation, Morel asserts a third cause of action under PAGA, which 18 allows an aggrieved employee to recover civil penalties on behalf of himself or herself and 19 other current or former employees. (Id. ¶ 63.) 20 Morel filed the complaint on February 23, 2022, in the Superior Court of California, 21 County of San Diego, as Case No. 37-2022-00007029-CU-OE-CTL. (See Doc. No. 1-2.) 22 Defendant timely removed the case to this Court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1332(a), 1441(a), 23 and 1446. (Doc. No. 4.) On June 9, 2022, Defendant filed the instant motion to dismiss 24 Morel’s Complaint for failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25 12(b)(6). (Id.) Morel filed a response in opposition, to which Defendant replied. (Doc. Nos. 26 8 & 9.) 27 II. 28 LEGAL STANDARD A motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) tests the legal sufficiency of the pleadings 2 22-cv-00408-AJB-AHG Case 3:22-cv-00408-AJB-AHG Document 18 Filed 11/21/22 PageID.236 Page 3 of 12 1 and allows a court to dismiss a complaint upon a finding that the plaintiff has failed to state 2 a claim upon which relief may be granted. Navarro v. Block, 250 F.3d 729, 732 (9th Cir. 3 2001). The court may dismiss a complaint as a matter of law for: “(1) lack of cognizable 4 legal theory or (2) insufficient facts under a cognizable legal claim.” SmileCare Dental 5 Grp. v. Delta Dental Plan of Cal., 88 F.3d 780, 783 (9th Cir. 1996) (citation omitted). 6 However, a complaint survives a motion to dismiss if it contains “enough facts to state a 7 claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 8 (2007). 9 Notwithstanding this deference, the reviewing court need not accept legal 10 conclusions as true. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). It is also improper for the 11 court to assume “the [plaintiff] can prove facts that [he or she] has not alleged.” Associated 12 Gen. Contractors of Cal., Inc. v. Cal. State Council of Carpenters, 459 U.S. 519, 526 13 (1983). On the other hand, “[w]hen there are well-pleaded factual allegations, a court 14 should assume their veracity and then determine whether they plausibly give rise to an 15 entitlement to relief.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679. The court only reviews the contents of the 16 complaint, accepting all factual allegations as true, and drawing all reasonable inferences 17 in favor of the nonmoving party. Thompson v. Davis, 295 F.3d 890, 895 (9th Cir. 2002), 18 superseded by statute on other grounds, ADA Amendments Act of 2008, Pub. L. No. 110– 19 325, §§ 4(a), 8, 122 Stat. 3555. 20 III. DISCUSSION 21 A. 22 Morel alleges Defendant failed to reimburse necessary work-related expenses for his 23 and the putative class members’ personal cell phone, internet, and data use. (Compl. ¶ 40.) 24 Further, Morel alleges Defendant failed to reimburse necessary work-related expenses for 25 his and the putative class members’ expenditures and losses related to home office space, 26 mortgage or rent, property taxes, homeowner insurance premiums, and utilities. (Id. ¶ 41.) 27 Defendant asserts in its motion that Morel’s claims are legal conclusions supported by Claim One: Indemnification 28 3 22-cv-00408-AJB-AHG Case 3:22-cv-00408-AJB-AHG Document 18 Filed 11/21/22 PageID.237 Page 4 of 12 1 insufficient factual allegations and moves the Court to dismiss Morel’s complaint on that 2 ground. (Doc. No. 4 at 10–15.) The Court agrees with Defendant. 3 California law requires an employer to indemnify employees for “all necessary 4 expenditures or losses incurred by the employee in direct consequence of the discharge of 5 his or her duties.” Cal. Lab. Code § 2802(a). California courts have established that the 6 elements of an employee’s claim for such indemnity require showing the following: 7 “(1) the employee made expenditures or incurred losses; (2) the expenditures or losses were 8 incurred in direct consequence of the employee’s discharge of his or her duties, or 9 obedience to the directions of the employer; and (3) the expenditures or losses were 10 necessary.” Gallano v. Burlington Coat Factory of Cal., LLC, 67 Cal. App. 5th 953, 960 11 (2021) (citing Nicholas Lab’ys, LLC v. Chen, 199 Cal. App. 4th 1240, 1249 (2011) 12 (explaining that California has a strong public policy that favors indemnifying employees 13 against employers for such expenses or losses)). Each element will be discussed in turn. 14 15 1. Morel fails to allege sufficient facts showing he or the putative class members made expenditures or incurred losses 16 “[A]n indemnification claim may arise under section 2802 when [an] employee has 17 made a monetary payment (i.e., an expenditure) for a business-related expense or incurred 18 a loss in some other way—such as by becoming ‘liable or subject to’ a charge or obligation 19 on the employer’s behalf.” Gallano, 67 Cal. App. 5th at 962. In California, “[i]f an 20 employee is required to make work-related calls on a personal cell phone, then he or she is 21 incurring an expense for purposes of section 2802.” Cochran v. Schwan’s Home Serv., Inc., 22 228 Cal. App. 4th 1137, 1144 (2014). Accordingly, Morel must plead facts that plausibly 23 demonstrate he and the putative class members either (1) made payments toward an 24 internet, phone, data, or utility bill or toward office space, mortgage or rent, property taxes, 25 or home insurance premiums, or (2) that he and the putative class members have been 26 charged a certain amount for such expenditures, for which payment is still pending. 27 For example, in Gallano, the defendant employed the plaintiff as a retail cashier and 28 accused the plaintiff of fraud and shoplifting. 67 Cal. App. 5th at 956–57. The defendant 4 22-cv-00408-AJB-AHG Case 3:22-cv-00408-AJB-AHG Document 18 Filed 11/21/22 PageID.238 Page 5 of 12 1 then allegedly “directed the plaintiff to sign a promissory note establishing a personal debt 2 of $880.” Id. at 957. The plaintiff then brought a 2802(a) Labor Code violation claim 3 claiming that the defendant was passing on to employees “ordinary and predictable 4 business loses” that occur during retail business. Id. at 961. Reasoning that because the 5 plaintiff assumed a debt of $880 via the promissory note, the court there held that the 6 plaintiff had established loss for purposes of a 2802(a) claim. Id. at 963. Here, however, 7 Morel alleges only conclusively that “Defendant required Plaintiff and certain 8 Class/Subclass Members incur expenses by using their personal cell phones” without 9 mentioning the costs or charges he or the putative class members incurred in doing so. 10 (Compl. ¶ 40.) Accordingly, Morel fails to allege facts demonstrating that he is plausibly 11 entitled to relief. 12 Morel also alleges Defendant failed to reimburse necessary work-related expenses 13 for his and the putative class members’ expenditures and losses related to home office 14 space, mortgage or rent, property taxes, homeowner insurance premiums, and utilities. (Id. 15 ¶ 41.) Morel’s allegations as to these expenses fail for similar reasons as stated above. For 16 example, Morel baldly asserts only that “[t]he factual basis for Plaintiff’s first cause of 17 action is simple and straightforward, [sic] Defendants did not reimburse plaintiffs for the 18 required use of their personal property for work related expenses.” (Doc. No. 8 at 3.) 19 Accordingly, Morel fails to allege sufficient facts showing he or the putative class members 20 made expenditures or incurred losses. 21 2. Morel fails to allege sufficient facts showing his or the putative class 22 members’ expenditures or losses were in direct consequence of the 23 discharge of his or her duties, or obedience to the employer’s 24 directions 25 Section 2802 requires employers to indemnify employees for necessary expenditures 26 of losses made in direct consequence of the employee’s duties, or obedience to the 27 employer’s directions. Cal. Lab. Code § 2802(a). Relevant here, the California Second 28 District Court of Appeal held that an employer must always reimburse an employee for the 5 22-cv-00408-AJB-AHG Case 3:22-cv-00408-AJB-AHG Document 18 Filed 11/21/22 PageID.239 Page 6 of 12 1 mandatory use of the employee’s personal cell phone use for work related calls. Cochran, 2 228 Cal. App. 4th at 1140; see also Herrera v. Zumiez, Inc., 953 F.3d 1063, 1078 (9th Cir. 3 2020) (explaining a mere allegation the employer required an employee to use her personal 4 cell phone to make work-related calls, without demonstrating what costs were incurred in 5 doing so, was insufficient for an indemnification claim). Alternatively, Morel provides no 6 legal authority to support his claim for indemnification for losses related to home office 7 space, mortgage or rent, property taxes, homeowner insurance premiums, and utilities. 8 This Court’s reasoning in Brecher v. Citigroup Global Markets, Inc., is instructive. 9 There, the plaintiff alleged the defendant had a policy whereby the plaintiff was “expected” 10 to supplement the plaintiff’s sales assistant’s wages. Brecher v. Citigroup Glob. Markets, 11 Inc., No. 3:09-CV-1344 AJB (MDD), 2011 WL 3475299, at *1 (S.D. Cal. Aug. 8, 2011). 12 The plaintiff alleged the defendant violated section 2802 by failing to reimburse those 13 supplementary payments. Id. at *8. Reasoning that the plaintiff failed to “elaborate what 14 the policy was” or “what ‘expected’ means,” the Court held the plaintiff’s complaint “was 15 insufficient to survive a motion to dismiss.” Id. Morel’s complaint is sufficiently analogous 16 to the deficient complaint found in Brecher. For example, Morel only conclusively alleges 17 that Defendant required him and the putative class members to incur expenses by using 18 personal cell phones, data plans, and internet access to perform work related duties. 19 (Compl. ¶ 38.) Morel fails to include any factual allegations as to how Defendant required 20 Morel and the putative class to use their personal cell phones, data plans, and internet 21 access to incur expenses, or incur expenses related to home office space, mortgage or rent, 22 property taxes, homeowner insurance premiums, and utilities. Essentially, like the plaintiff 23 in Brecher failed to explain how his expenses were “expected,” Morel fails to explain how 24 his expenses relative to personal cell phone and internet use were “required.” 25 26 3. Morel fails to allege sufficient facts showing that any alleged expenditures or losses were necessary 27 A “necessary” expense is one “incurred by the employee in direct consequence of 28 the discharge of his or her duties.” Cal. Lab. Code § 2802(a). Moreover, “[a]scertaining 6 22-cv-00408-AJB-AHG Case 3:22-cv-00408-AJB-AHG Document 18 Filed 11/21/22 PageID.240 Page 7 of 12 1 whether an expense is ‘necessary’ ‘depends on the reasonableness of the employee’s 2 choices.’” Herrera v. Zumiez, 953 F.3d 1063, 1077 (9th Cir. 2020) (quoting Gattuso v. 3 Harte-Hanks Shoppers, Inc., 42 Cal. 4th 554, 567 (2007). Additionally, the California 4 Second District Court of Appeal held that “when employees must use their personal cell 5 phones for work-related calls, Labor Code section 2802 requires the employer to reimburse 6 them.” Cochran, 228 Cal. App. 4th at 1140. 7 Here, Morel alleges Defendant required him and the putative class members to incur 8 expenses by using their personal cell phones, data plans, and internet access to carry out 9 their assigned work-related duties such as giving subordinates instructions, communicating 10 with colleagues for work, and accessing work emails. (Compl. ¶ 38.) Similarly, Morel 11 alleges Defendant required him and the putative class members to incur expenses related 12 to home office space, mortgage or rent, property taxes, homeowner’s insurance, and 13 utilities. (Id. ¶ 41.) However, Morel makes no mention of how Defendant required him and 14 the putative class members to incur expenses by using their personal cell phones, data 15 plans, and internet access to carry out their assigned work-related duties, or to incur 16 expenses related to home office space, mortgage or rent, property taxes, homeowner’s 17 insurance, and utilities. 18 Moreover, Morel makes no allegations that his and the putative class members’ 19 choices were reasonable under the circumstances. See Herrera, 953 F.3d at 1078 20 (“[W]hether Herrera alleged sufficient facts to state a claim for reimbursement of phone 21 expenses turns on whether it was necessary that the employees make calls and do so with 22 phones that were not provided by the company.”). Just like the plaintiff in Herrera, Morel 23 fails to allege how using his personal phone, data, and internet was necessary beyond 24 conclusively alleging that Defendant required him to do so. Specifically, Morel fails to 25 allege if or how he and the putative class members were required to use phones, data plans, 26 or internet access that were not provided by the company, or how Defendant required him 27 or the putative class members to incur expenses related to home office space, mortgage or 28 rent, property taxes, homeowner’s insurance, and utilities. For example, if Morel could 7 22-cv-00408-AJB-AHG Case 3:22-cv-00408-AJB-AHG Document 18 Filed 11/21/22 PageID.241 Page 8 of 12 1 have used company provided phones, data plans, or internet access, then Morel’s choice to 2 use a personal phone, data plan, or internet access may have been unreasonable. See id. 3 Furthermore, Morel has not alleged any facts detailing any of the actual expenses he 4 or the putative class incurred, nor any attempt by Defendant to reimburse those costs. See 5 Ellsworth v. Schneider Nat’l Carriers, Inc., No. 2:20-cv-01699-SB (SPx), 2020 WL 6 8773059, at *9 (C.D. Cal. Dec. 11, 2020) (dismissing plaintiffs’ § 2802 claim because the 7 “SAC fails to state if [the plaintiffs] ever purchased . . . the shoes . . . or if the [plaintiffs] 8 asked for reimbursement but were denied”). Thus, the Court finds Morel has not 9 sufficiently pleaded claims demonstrating he is entitled to indemnification from Defendant. 10 Therefore, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s motion to dismiss Morel’s first claim WITH 11 LEAVE TO AMEND. 12 B. 13 Claim Two: Unfair and Unlawful Business Practices 1. Merits 14 Plaintiff’s second cause of action alleges Defendant performed unfair and unlawful 15 discrimination in violation of California’s Unfair Competition Law (“UCL”). (Compl. ¶¶ 16 47–61.) Under California law, businesses are barred from implementing any unlawful, 17 unfair, or fraudulent business act or practice. Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200. Here, Morel 18 alleges Defendant’s policies and practices of requiring employees to incur the previously 19 specified expenses without proper reimbursement amount to unlawful business acts. (Id. ¶ 20 53.) Defendant counters that because Morel’s claim for unfair competition and unlawful 21 business practices is based solely on his underlying claim for failure to reimburse work 22 expenses, which the Court has dismissed, his derivative unfair competition and unlawful 23 business practices claim should also fail. (Doc. No. 4 at 15.) 24 A plaintiff’s UCL claims will fail when the UCL claims are derived from other failed 25 claims. See Tan v. GrubHub, Inc., 171 F. Supp. 3d 998, 1011 (N.D. Cal. 2016). Morel’s 26 claim regarding failure to indemnify has not survived the instant motion to dismiss and as 27 such, this claim fails. 28 /// 8 22-cv-00408-AJB-AHG Case 3:22-cv-00408-AJB-AHG Document 18 Filed 11/21/22 PageID.242 Page 9 of 12 1 2. Unfair Competition Law Standing 2 Defendant additionally contends Morel does not have Article III standing to seek 3 injunctive relief as Defendant’s former employee. Defendant argues Morel’s alleged injury 4 would not be redressed by issuing injunctive relief, and a positive determination that a 5 favorable decision would likely redress the alleged injury is a threshold requirement to 6 establish Article III standing. See generally Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560– 7 61 (1992) (internal quotations and citations omitted). However, for purposes of California 8 Unfair Competition Law claims, different standing requirements apply. In November 2004, 9 California voters approved Proposition 64, which changed standing requirements for UCL 10 claims. Kwikset Corp. v. Superior Court, 51 Cal. 4th 310, 318 (2011). Namely, this Court 11 stated the following for a plaintiff to have standing under California UCL claims: 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 [A] plaintiff must (1) “establish a loss or deprivation of money or property sufficient to qualify as injury in fact, i.e., economic injury, and (2) show that the economic injury was the result of, i.e., caused by, the unfair business practice or false advertising that is the gravamen of the claim.” Brecher, 2011 WL 3475299, at *7 (citing Kwikset Corp., 246 P.3d at 885). Each element will be discussed in turn. i. Injury-in-fact The Supreme Court of California established that for purposes of a UCL claim the alleged injury must be economic. Kwikset, 51 Cal. 4th at 323 (“The plain import of [Proposition 64] is that the plaintiff must now demonstrate some form of economic injury.”). Relevant here, the court in Kwikset described that while a plaintiff may establish economic injury in “innumerable ways,” one option is by demonstrating he or she was “required to enter into a transaction, costing money or property, that would otherwise have been unnecessary.” Id. For example, the court in Kwikset found economic injury where the plaintiff purchased a lockset from the defendant that plaintiff otherwise would not have purchased had the defendant not misrepresented the country in which the lockset was manufactured. 28 9 22-cv-00408-AJB-AHG Case 3:22-cv-00408-AJB-AHG Document 18 Filed 11/21/22 PageID.243 Page 10 of 12 1 Id. at 327. The court in Brecher similarly found economic injury where the plaintiff lost 2 unvested stock shares that were to vest over a 7-year period when the plaintiff was 3 involuntarily terminated from his position within the defendant’s company. Brecher, 2011 4 WL 3475299, at *7. Here, however, Morel has not pleaded any facts showing what the 5 economic injury is that he alleges he sustained. Beyond conclusory allegations that he and 6 the putative class were required to incur expenses by using personal phones, data plans, 7 and internet access to carry out work related duties, in addition to expenses related to home 8 office space, mortgage or rent, property taxes, homeowner’s insurance, and utilities, Morel 9 alleges no facts as to what those expenses looked like or how they were incurred. 10 Accordingly, the Court finds the injury-in-fact element unsatisfied. 11 ii. Caused by the Unfair Business Practice 12 The second element of standing for purposes of California UCL claims requires that 13 the injury allegedly suffered “was the result of, i.e., caused by, the unfair business 14 practice.” Id. at *7. 15 For example, the court in Kwikset found sufficient causal connection between the 16 economic injury and the defendant’s conduct where the plaintiff would not have purchased 17 the defendant’s lockset had the defendant not misrepresented the country in which the 18 lockset was manufactured. 51 Cal. 4th at 329. Similarly, the court in Brecher found 19 sufficient causal connection between the economic injury and the defendant’s conduct 20 where the plaintiff’s involuntary termination prevented his stock shares from vesting. 2011 21 WL 3475299, at *7. Unlike those two cases, Morel has not sufficiently pleaded any facts 22 indicating a causal connection between his and the putative class’s economic injury and 23 Defendant’s conduct. For instance, Morel has not alleged any facts demonstrating how 24 Defendant required him or the putative class members to incur expenses by using personal 25 cell phones, data plans, and internet access, or how Defendant required him or the putative 26 class members to incur expenses related to home office space, mortgage or rent, property 27 taxes, homeowner’s insurance, and utilities. Accordingly, the Court finds this element 28 unsatisfied. 10 22-cv-00408-AJB-AHG Case 3:22-cv-00408-AJB-AHG Document 18 Filed 11/21/22 PageID.244 Page 11 of 12 1 In conclusion, Morel has not satisfied either element to satisfy standing requirements 2 for purposes of his UCL claim. Thus, Defendant’s motion to dismiss Morel’s second claim 3 is GRANTED WITH LEAVE TO AMEND. 4 C. 5 Morel and the putative class additionally seek to recover civil penalties under 6 PAGA. (Compl. ¶¶ 63–68.) “Under PAGA, an ‘aggrieved employee’ may bring a civil 7 action personally and on behalf of current or former employees to recover civil penalties 8 for violation of the California Labor Code.” Zackaria v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 142 F. 9 Supp. 3d 949, 953 (C.D. Cal. 2015) (citing Arias v. Sup. Ct., 46 Cal. 4th 969, 980 (2009)). 10 Defendant again contends that since Morel’s PAGA claim is derivative of the first failed 11 California Labor Code violation claim, Morel’s PAGA claim should also fail. (Doc. No. 4 12 at 15.) Claim Three: PAGA Violation 13 The Court in Varsam held that where a plaintiff has sufficiently pleaded her other 14 causes of action, she also sufficiently pleads her claims under PAGA. Varsam v. Lab’y 15 Corp. of Am., 120 F. Supp. 3d 1173, 1179–80 (S.D. Cal. 2015); cf. Tan, 171 F. Supp. 3d at 16 1011 (“Because these claims are derivative of Plaintiffs’ first five causes of action, some 17 of which fail to state a claim, so too do the PAGA claims fail to the extent they are premised 18 on insufficient predicate Labor Code violations.”). Because Morel has insufficiently 19 pleaded his first cause action, he has also insufficiently pleaded his derivative claim under 20 PAGA. Thus, Defendant’s motion to dismiss Morel’s third claim is GRANTED to the 21 extent the motion is premised on Plaintiff’s dismissed Labor Code violation claim WITH 22 LEAVE TO AMEND. 23 /// 24 /// 25 /// 26 27 28 11 22-cv-00408-AJB-AHG Case 3:22-cv-00408-AJB-AHG Document 18 Filed 11/21/22 PageID.245 Page 12 of 12 1 IV. CONCLUSION 2 For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s motion to dismiss 3 WITH LEAVE TO AMEND. Should Morel choose to do so, where leave is granted, it 4 must file an amended complaint curing the deficiencies noted herein by December 5, 2022. 5 6 IT IS SO ORDERED. 7 8 Dated: November 21, 2022 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 12 22-cv-00408-AJB-AHG
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