Crawford v. Lawson et al, No. 3:2022cv00376 - Document 78 (S.D. Cal. 2022)
Court Description: ORDER Granting Motions to Dismiss [Doc. Nos. 13 , 14 , 17 , 27 , 29 , 30 , 50 ]. Signed by Judge Cathy Ann Bencivengo on 11/3/2022. (All non-registered users served via U.S. Mail Service) (tcf)
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Crawford v. Lawson et al Doc. 78 Case 3:22-cv-00376-CAB-MDD Document 78 Filed 11/03/22 PageID.639 Page 1 of 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 JOE DEAN CRAWFORD, Case No.: 22-cv-376-CAB-MDD Plaintiff, 12 13 v. 14 KRISTINA D. LAWSON, et al., 15 ORDER GRANTING MOTIONS TO DISMISS [Doc. Nos. 13, 14, 17, 27, 29, 30, 50] Defendants. 16 17 On March 21, 2022, Plaintiff in pro se Joe Dean Crawford filed this lawsuit against 18 over two dozen individual defendants along with the Medical Board of California 19 (“MBC”), the North Carolina Medical Board (“NCMB”), the Federation of State Medical 20 Boards (“FSMB”), and the National Board of Medical Examiners of the United States 21 (“NBME”). There are currently four motions to dismiss pending: 22 1. R. David Henderson’s motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction 23 under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) and for failure to state a claim 24 under Rule 12(b)(6) [Doc. No. 13]; 25 2. NBME’s motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(2), 26 for improper venue under Rule 12(b)(2), for failure to state a claim under Rule 27 12(b)(6), and for improper joinder under Rule 20 [Doc. No. 14]; 28 1 22-cv-376-CAB-MDD Dockets.Justia.com Case 3:22-cv-00376-CAB-MDD Document 78 Filed 11/03/22 PageID.640 Page 2 of 12 1 3. FSMB’s motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(2), 2 for improper venue under Rule 12(b)(2), for failure to state a claim under Rule 3 12(b)(6) [Doc. No. 17]; and, 4 4. A motion by fifteen current and former board members of the Medical Board of 5 California (the “MBC Defendants”) for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under 6 Rule 12(b)(1), for insufficient service of process under Rule 12(b)(5), and for 7 failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6). 8 These motions have been fully briefed, and the Court deems them suitable for submission 9 without oral argument. For the following reasons, the motions are granted and this case 10 is dismissed with prejudice. 11 I. 12 Although the complaint is almost fifty pages in length, Plaintiff’s grievances appear 13 Allegations in the Complaint to boil down to the following: 14 • Plaintiff allegedly has an active license to practice medicine in North Carolina. 15 • Defendant Henderson, who allegedly works for Defendant NCMB, allegedly 16 stated in a licensure verification form to MBC dated January 6, 2021, 1 that 17 Plaintiff’s North Carolina medical license was voluntarily surrendered and 18 became inactive on April 1, 1982, and that Plaintiff is no longer authorized to 19 practice medicine in North Carolina. • Defendant Henderson’s statement concerning the status of Plaintiff’s North 20 21 Carolina medical license was allegedly false. 22 • Defendant FSMB allegedly falsely stated on its website that Plaintiff’s license to 23 practice medicine in North Carolina had been voluntarily surrendered on April 1, 24 1982. 25 26 27 28 The complaint later refers to a January 4, 2021, statement by Henderson to MBC concerning Plaintiff’s North Carolina license. It is unclear whether this statement is the same statement but this distinction is immaterial to the resolution of the instant motions. 1 2 22-cv-376-CAB-MDD Case 3:22-cv-00376-CAB-MDD Document 78 Filed 11/03/22 PageID.641 Page 3 of 12 1 • Defendant FSMB allegedly falsely stated on its website that Plaintiff’s 2 application for a license to practice medicine in Maryland was denied by the 3 Maryland licensing board on December 31, 1996. 4 • Defendant Joseph Salazar, who is a member of MBC, allegedly republished 5 Henderson’s false statement concerning Plaintiff’s North Carolina medical 6 license and also allegedly falsely stated that Plaintiff is not licensed to practice 7 medicine in New York. 8 • MBC allegedly racially discriminates against applicants because it requires a 9 10 color photograph with applications. • NBME breached a contract with Plaintiff because it did not forward evidence of Plaintiff’s “Diplomate” status to MBC in a timely manner. 11 12 Based on the above allegations, the complaint is divided into fifteen “Counts.” 13 Seven of these “Counts” (Nos. 1-7) appear to be common law defamation claims. Six of 14 the fifteen “Counts” reference federal laws or the United States Constitution: (a) Counts 8- 15 11, which purport to sue Henderson (and possibly NCMB) for deprivation of Plaintiff’s 16 “property right in his North Carolina license without notice or opportunity for a due process 17 hearing in violation of the Due Process and Equal Protection Clause of the Constitution”; 18 and (b) Counts 12 and 15, which purport to sue Salazar (and possibly MBC) for “depriving 19 the Plaintiff of valuable property and liberty interests without hearing or due process of 20 law in violation of Title 42 of the United States Code at Section 1983.” Finally, Count 13 21 appears to be a discrimination claim against MBC, but it is unclear whether this claim is 22 based on state or federal law, and Count 14 appears to be a breach of contract claim against 23 NBME. 24 II. 25 After the motions to dismiss were fully briefed, Plaintiff filed requests for entry of 26 default against most of the over two dozen individual defendants named in the caption 27 complaint. Aside from Henderson, Joseph Salazar, and Humayan Chaudry, however, the 28 body of the complaint contains no allegations of actions or omissions by any of these Requests for Default Against Individual Defendants 3 22-cv-376-CAB-MDD Case 3:22-cv-00376-CAB-MDD Document 78 Filed 11/03/22 PageID.642 Page 4 of 12 1 individual defendants and asserts no claims against them. Accordingly, Plaintiff’s requests 2 for entry of default [Doc. Nos. 51-75] are denied, and the complaint is dismissed as to the 3 following Defendants: (1) Kristina D. Lawson; (2) Randy W. Hawkins; (3) Laurie Rose 4 Lubiano; (4) Ryan Brooks; (5) Alejandra Campoverdi; (6) Dev Gnanadev; (7) James M. 5 Healzer; (8) Howard R. Krauss; (9) Asif Mahmood; (10) David Ryu; (11) Richard E. 6 Thorp; (12) Eserick “TJ” Watkins; (13) Felix C. Yip; (14) Kathryn Taylor; (15) Venkata 7 Jonnalagadda; (16) John W. Rusher; (17) Michaux Kilpatrick; (18) William “Bill” 8 Brawley; (19) W. Howard Hall; (20) Christine M. Khandelwal; (21) Joshua Malcolm; (22) 9 Vernell McDonald-Fletcher; (23) Damian McHugh; (24) Shawn P. Parker; (25) Jerri L. 10 Patterson; (26) Anuradha Rao-Patel; and (27) Devdutta “Dev” G. Sangvai. 11 III. 12 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) requires “a short and plain statement of the 13 claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” As both Henderson and MBC argue 14 in their motions, the complaint fails to satisfy this requirement and is subject to dismissal 15 on this basis alone. The complaint does not satisfy Rule 8 for a variety of reasons, including 16 the following: The Complaint Does Not Comply with Rule 8 17 First, the complaint makes few allegations actions or omissions by any of the 18 defendants aside from Henderson (and by extension NCMB), FSMB, NBME, MBC and 19 Salazar. Along these lines, despite over thirty defendants being listed in the caption, the 20 complaint frequently uses the generic “Defendant” or “Defendants” instead of identifying 21 the specific Defendant or Defendants by name. 22 Second, although the gravamen of the complaint appears to concern “certain 23 objectionable facts” [Doc. No. 1 at 6] allegedly published by Henderson in a licensure 24 verification form, the verification form itself is not attached to the complaint, and the Court 25 and defendants are unable to discern from the verbose complaint what exactly Henderson 26 or any other Defendants allegedly published and why those statements are “objectionable” 27 or false. Likewise, the complaint appears to assert claims based on statements made “on 28 4 22-cv-376-CAB-MDD Case 3:22-cv-00376-CAB-MDD Document 78 Filed 11/03/22 PageID.643 Page 5 of 12 1 the internet” but does not state where on the internet or what exact statements were made 2 and why those statements are actionable. 3 Third, the complaint lacks a prayer for relief and it is unclear what form(s) of relief 4 Plaintiff seeks (i.e., equitable relief or damages) and from whom. Without this information, 5 Plaintiff cannot establish, and the Court cannot determine, whether Plaintiff has Article III 6 standing to seek such relief. 7 8 Fourth, the complaint lacks any allegations supporting personal jurisdiction over most of the defendants or why this Court is the proper venue for Plaintiff’s claims. 9 Accordingly, for these reasons alone, the complaint is subject to dismissal without 10 prejudice in its entirety. However, for the reasons discussed below, the complaint is 11 dismissed with prejudice. Henderson’s Motion 12 IV. 13 The complaint purports to assert up to nine counts against Henderson: (1) Count One 14 for defamation; (2) Count Two for defamation; (3) Count Three for defamation; (4) Count 15 Four for defamation; (5) Count Six for defamation; (6) Count Eight for “deprivation of 16 [Plaintiff’s] property right in his North Carolina license without notice or opportunity for 17 a due process hearing in violation of the Due Process and Equal Protection Clause of the 18 Constitution”; (7) Count Nine for “deprivation of [Plaintiff’s] property right in his North 19 Carolina license without notice or opportunity for a due process hearing in violation of the 20 Due Process and Equal Protection Clause of the Constitution”; (8) Count Ten for 21 “deprivation of [Plaintiff’s] property right in his North Carolina license without notice or 22 opportunity for a due process hearing in violation of the Due Process and Equal Protection 23 Clause of the Constitution”; and (9) Count Eleven for “deprivation of [Plaintiff’s] property 24 right in his North Carolina license without notice or opportunity for a due process hearing 25 in violation of the Due Process and Equal Protection Clause of the Constitution.” 26 The complaint is silent as to whether most of the claims are made against Henderson 27 in his official or individual capacities. The exceptions are Counts Four and Six for 28 defamation, both of which include a statement that Plaintiff is suing Henderson 5 22-cv-376-CAB-MDD Case 3:22-cv-00376-CAB-MDD Document 78 Filed 11/03/22 PageID.644 Page 6 of 12 1 individually and in his official capacity as Chief Executive Officer of NCMB. [Id. at 17, 2 27.] The complaint, however, does not actually allege any non-official acts by Henderson. 3 Rather, the complaint alleges that Henderson is employed by NCMB and is its custodian 4 of records [Doc. No. 1 at 4, 6], its “chief administrative officer” [Id. at 17], and its “Chief 5 Executive Officer” [Id. at 27], and that he published the allegedly “objectionable facts . . . 6 under the seal of the North Carolina Medical Board which is an indication of the official 7 nature of the Board’s actions . . .” [Id. at 6]. The complaint also alleges that Henderson 8 published the allegedly false statements using “the seal of the North Carolina State in 9 making publications under the color of law” [Id. at 34, 39, 42], and that he published “the 10 statement as an official one to the California Medical Board . . .” [Id. at 35, 41]. Thus, 11 notwithstanding Plaintiff’s conclusory statement to the contrary, the complaint only asserts 12 claims against Henderson in his official capacity as a an NCMB official. As discussed 13 below, all of these claims are barred by the Eleventh Amendment to the Constitution. 14 The Eleventh Amendment states: “The Judicial power of the United States shall not 15 be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one 16 of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign 17 State.” “The ultimate guarantee of the Eleventh Amendment is that nonconsenting States 18 may not be sued by private individuals in federal court.” Bd. of Trustees of Univ. of 19 Alabama v. Garrett, 531 U.S. 356, 363 (2001); see also Brooks v. Sulphur Springs Valley 20 Elec. Co-op., 951 F.2d 1050, 1053 (9th Cir. 1991) (“The Eleventh Amendment prohibits 21 federal courts from hearing suits brought against an unconsenting state.”). This immunity 22 from suit applies to state agencies and departments who are named as defendant as well as 23 to suits “against state officials when ‘the state is the real, substantial party in interest.’” 24 Pennhurst State Sch. & Hosp. v. Halderman, 465 U.S. 89, 100-01 (1984). “[A]n official- 25 capacity suit is, in all respects other than name, to be treated as a suit against the entity. It 26 is not a suit against the official personally, for the real party in interest is the entity.” 27 Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 166 (1985). 28 6 22-cv-376-CAB-MDD Case 3:22-cv-00376-CAB-MDD Document 78 Filed 11/03/22 PageID.645 Page 7 of 12 1 Here, the state of North Carolina established NCMB “to regulate the practice of 2 medicine and surgery for the benefit and protection of the people of North Carolina.” N.C. 3 Gen. Stat. Ann. § 90-2. According to the complaint, Henderson is the Chief Executive 4 Officer of NCMB, and all of the allegations in the complaint concern acts by Henderson in 5 his official capacity in that role. Thus, NCMB is a state agency and is the real party in 6 interest with respect to all of the claims in which Henderson is named as a defendant. 7 Eleventh Amendment immunity therefore applies to the claims against Henderson as if 8 NCMB or the state of North Carolina were the named defendant. 9 In his motion, Henderson argues that this immunity has not been waived by state 10 statute or abrogated by any federal law. He also argues that the Ex Parte Young exception 11 to Eleventh Amendment immunity in cases seeking to prospective relief to prevent ongoing 12 violations of federal law does not apply. See Ex Parte Young, 209 U.S. 123, 166 (1908); 13 see also Pennhurst, 465 U.S. at 102-03 (noting that “when a plaintiff sues a state official 14 alleging a violation of federal law, the federal court may award an injunction that governs 15 the official's future conduct, but not one that awards retroactive monetary relief.) (citing 16 Edelman v. Jordan, 415 U.S. 651, 666-67 (1974)). For his part, Plaintiff does not make 17 any legal arguments or cite to any allegations in the complaint demonstrating that Eleventh 18 Amendment immunity does not apply here. 19 Henderson’s immunity arguments as “ridiculous,” and that the entirety of Henderson’s 20 arguments for dismissal are “trash that federal rule 12(f) requires to be stricken upon 21 application of a timely plaintiff.” [Doc. No. 30 at 3-4.] The Court does not agree with 22 Plaintiff’s assessment of Henderson’s arguments and is persuaded that the Eleventh 23 Amendment bars all of Plaintiff’s claims against Henderson. Instead, Plaintiff cavalierly dismisses 24 Accordingly, because any amendment to the claims against Henderson would not be 25 able to overcome this Eleventh Amendment immunity, Plaintiff’s claims against 26 27 28 7 22-cv-376-CAB-MDD Case 3:22-cv-00376-CAB-MDD Document 78 Filed 11/03/22 PageID.646 Page 8 of 12 1 Henderson, including Counts 1-4, 6, and 8-11, are dismissed with prejudice to re-filing in 2 federal court.2 3 V. 4 The complaint only mentions NBME in connection with Count Fourteen, which 5 states, in its entirety: 6 1. Plaintiff, a Diplomate of the National Board of Medical Examiners of the United States sues that same body for breach of contract that it failed to perform a contractual and paid for service by immediately forwarding evidence of Diplomate status to the California State Medical Board in a timely manner. The delay caused Plaintiff economic harm and loss of valuable property. 7 8 9 10 2. No excuse exists for the breach of contract which may have been malicious or gross negligence. 11 12 NBME’s Motion [Doc. No. 1 at 46.] 13 NBME moves to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, improper venue, failure 14 to state a claim, and improper joinder. Plaintiff’s rambling consolidated response to the 15 motions to dismiss does not address NBME’s venue and improper joinder arguments, and 16 the Court finds those arguments to be persuasive, so on those grounds alone the Count 17 against NBME is dismissed. 18 The Court also finds that it does not have personal jurisdiction over NBME. “Where 19 defendants move to dismiss a complaint for lack of personal jurisdiction, plaintiffs bear the 20 burden of demonstrating that jurisdiction is appropriate.” Dole Foods Co. Inc. v. Watts, 21 303 F. 3d 1104, 1108 (9th Cir. 2002). The complaint here contains no allegations 22 concerning personal jurisdiction, and Plaintiff’s response to the motions to dismiss does 23 not remedy these deficiencies. Nothing in any of Plaintiff’s papers, even construed in favor 24 of Plaintiff, indicates that NBME has sufficient contacts with California to be subject to 25 general jurisdiction here. Nor is there any allegation or evidence of any “act by which 26 [NBME] purposefully avail[ed] itself of the privilege of conducting activities within 27 28 2 Plaintiff’s motion to strike [Doc. No. 30] is therefore denied. 8 22-cv-376-CAB-MDD Case 3:22-cv-00376-CAB-MDD Document 78 Filed 11/03/22 PageID.647 Page 9 of 12 1 [California], thus invoking the benefits and protections of its laws.” Cybersell, Inc. v. 2 Cybersell, Inc., 130 F.3d 414, 417 (9th Cir. 1997) (quoting Hanson v. Deckla, 357 U.S. 3 253 (1958)). Further, the specific allegation against NBME demonstrates that it did not 4 have contact with California concerning Plaintiff’s claim, alleging only that NBME did not 5 forward something to MBC in purported violation of an unidentified contract with Plaintiff. 6 Accordingly, Count 14 against NBME is dismissed with prejudice to refiling in this 7 Court but without prejudice to refiling in an appropriate venue where NBME is subject to 8 personal jurisdiction. 9 VI. FSMB’s Motion 10 The complaint purports to assert two counts for defamation against FSMB. Count 11 Five alleges that FSMB harmed Plaintiff by publishing on the internet that his license to 12 practice medicine in North Carolina had been voluntarily surrendered on April 1, 1982. 13 Count Seven alleges that FSMB and Humayan Chaudhry, whom the complaint describes 14 as “chief corporate officer,” harmed Plaintiff by publishing on the internet that he “was not 15 competent to practice medicine in Maryland because the Maryland board had ‘denied 16 licensure’ to plaintiff on December 31, 1996.” [Doc. No. 1 at 30.] FSMB moves to dismiss 17 the claims against it for lack of personal jurisdiction, improper venue and failure to state a 18 claim. 19 As was the case with NBME, and for similar reasons, FSMB’s personal jurisdiction 20 and venue arguments are persuasive. Plaintiff once again does not offer any legal argument 21 or evidence that would warrant the exercise of personal jurisdiction over FSMB here. 22 FSMB does not have sufficient contacts with California to be subject to general personal 23 jurisdiction. Further, Plaintiff’s claims arise entirely out of information posted on FSMB’s 24 website. “A passive website that does little more than make information available to those 25 who are interested in it is not grounds for the exercise [of] personal jurisdiction.” Tr. of 26 Summers Fam. Tr. TA Neak Prod. Buff WA Pty, Ltd. v. Nat'l Distribution Warehouse, Inc., 27 No. 2:20-CV-10741-CAS-EX, 2021 WL 2354507, at *7 (C.D. Cal. June 7, 2021) (citation 28 and internal quotation marks omitted); see also LNS Enterprises LLC v. Cont'l Motors, 9 22-cv-376-CAB-MDD Case 3:22-cv-00376-CAB-MDD Document 78 Filed 11/03/22 PageID.648 Page 10 of 12 1 Inc., 22 F.4th 852, 863 (9th Cir. 2022) (noting that “the mere existence of a ‘passive 2 website’ maintained by [the defendant] is insufficient to render the company subject to 3 personal jurisdiction in the absence of other contacts.”). Accordingly, the Court lacks 4 personal jurisdiction over FSMB. Counts five and seven are dismissed without prejudice 5 to re-filing in the appropriate venue where FSMB is subject to personal jurisdiction. 6 VII. Claims Against Humayun Chaudhry 7 The complaint includes Chaudhry, who is alleged to be FSMB’s chief executive 8 officer, as a defendant with respect to the same two claims asserted against FSMB. 9 Although FSMB’s arguments for dismissal are equally applicable to Chaudhry, Chaudhry 10 did not join in FSMB’s motion because he has not been properly served with the complaint. 11 Plaintiff has sought the entry of default against Chaudhry, but as Chaudhry himself 12 explains in his response to that request [Doc. No. 41], Chaudhry has not been served, and 13 there is no evidence on the docket indicating otherwise. 14 On June 30, 2022, the Court granted Plaintiff’s request for an extension of time to 15 serve Defendants and set a deadline of August 5, 2022. The order specified that failure to 16 establish proof of service by the deadline would result in dismissal. [Doc. No. 6.] 17 Accordingly, because Plaintiff has not served Chaudhry by the Court’s deadline, his claims 18 against Chaudhry are dismissed. Ordinarily, such a dismissal would be without prejudice 19 to filing a new lawsuit against Chaudhry in this Court. Here, however, such a filing would 20 be futile because the Court lacks personal jurisdiction over Chaudhry and this would be an 21 improper venue for any claims against him. Thus, Plaintiff’s claims against Chaudhry are 22 dismissed with prejudice to refiling in this Court, but without prejudice to filing a new 23 lawsuit in an appropriate venue where Chaudhry is subject to personal jurisdiction. 3 24 25 26 27 28 3 Plaintiff’s motion to strike [Doc. No. 29] is therefore denied. 10 22-cv-376-CAB-MDD Case 3:22-cv-00376-CAB-MDD Document 78 Filed 11/03/22 PageID.649 Page 11 of 12 1 VIII. MBC Defendants’ Motion 2 The complaint asserts two counts (Counts 12 and 15) against Joseph Salazar, who is 3 alleged to be an employee of MBC, and one count (Count 13) against MBC itself. As 4 mentioned above, the complaint lists MBC along with fifteen current and former 5 employees and board members of MBC in the caption, but it does not contain any specific 6 allegations about or claims against any of those individuals aside from Salazar. 7 Nevertheless, the last pending motion to dismiss is on behalf of all of these individuals 8 (collectively referred to as the “MBC Defendants”). The Court has already dismissed all 9 of the individual MBC Defendants except for Salazar, so the only remaining MBC 10 Defendants are MBC itself and Salazar. The MBC Defendants argue that the complaint 11 should be dismissed against them because they are entitled to Eleventh Amendment 12 immunity, because Plaintiff has not effectively served them, and because the complaint 13 fails to state a claim. 14 For the same reasons discussed above as to Henderson’s immunity under the 15 Eleventh Amendment, the MBC Defendants are also entitled to such immunity. As the 16 motion points out, courts have consistently held that MBC is entitled to Eleventh 17 Amendment immunity. See, e.g., Bonner v. Med. Bd. of California, No. 2:17-CV-00445- 18 KJM-DB, 2018 WL 4699996, at *5 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 30, 2018) (holding that MBC is a state 19 agency for Eleventh Amendment purposes and dismissing claims against MBC with 20 prejudice); [Doc. No. 27-1 at 4-5 (citing cases)]. Plaintiff does not identify any waiver or 21 abrogation of this immunity in his complaint or opposition. Accordingly, Plaintiff’s claims 22 against MBC are dismissed with prejudice to re-filing in federal court. 23 Eleventh Amendment immunity also applies to the claims against Salazar. The 24 caption of the complaint states that Salazar is being sued in his official capacity, and 25 complaint does not request an injunction on any future conduct by Salazar. Thus, the ex 26 Parte Young exception does not apply, and the Eleventh Amendment bars Plaintiff’s claims 27 against Salazar as well. See Pennhurst, 465 U.S. at 100-03. 28 11 22-cv-376-CAB-MDD Case 3:22-cv-00376-CAB-MDD Document 78 Filed 11/03/22 PageID.650 Page 12 of 12 1 IX. 2 For all of the foregoing reasons, it is hereby ORDERED as follows: 3 1. R. David Henderson’s motion to dismiss [Doc. No. 13] is GRANTED; 4 2. NBME’s motion to dismiss [Doc. No. 14] is GRANTED; 5 3. FSMB’s motion to dismiss [Doc. No. 17] is GRANTED; 6 4. The MBC Defendants’ motion to dismiss [Doc. No. 27] is GRANTED; 7 5. Plaintiff’s motions to strike [Doc. Nos. 29, 30] are DENIED; 8 6. Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment [Doc. No. 50] is DENIED; 9 7. Plaintiff’s requests for default [Doc. Nos. 51-75] are DENIED; Disposition 10 8. The complaint is DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE with respect to amendment 11 of Plaintiff’s claims in this Court, but without prejudice to re-filing in a state or 12 federal court that has subject matter jurisdiction over the claims and personal 13 jurisdiction over the defendants; and, 14 15 16 17 9. The Clerk of Court shall mark this case CLOSED. No further filings will be accepted. It is SO ORDERED. Dated: November 3, 2022 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 12 22-cv-376-CAB-MDD
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