Dunbar v. Pena et al, No. 3:2021cv02001 - Document 4 (S.D. Cal. 2022)
Court Description: ORDER granting 2 Motion for Leave to Proceed in forma pauperis. The Warden of the MCC, or his designee, is ordered to collect from prison trust account the $350 balance of the filing fee owed in this case by collecting monthly payments from the trust account in an amount equal to 20% of the preceding month income credited to the account and forward payments to the Clerk of the Court each time the amount in the account exceeds $10 in accordance with 28 USC 1915(b)(2). The Cour t DISMISSES Defendant City of San Diego and DIRECTS the Clerk of theCourt to terminate the City of San Diego as a party to this action. The Court DISMISSES Plaintiff's Eighth Amendment Claim (Count 3) against allDefendants. The Court DIRECTS the Clerk of the Court to STAY the remainder of the proceedings in this civil action pending resolution of Plaintiff's criminal proceedings in United States v. Dunbar, S.D. Cal. Criminal Case No. 3:20-cr-01700-JLS. The Court ORDERS Plaintiff to file a Motion requesting the stay in these proceedings be lifted, together with a Motion requesting U.S. Marshal service upon Defendant Pena within 30 days of the conclusion of his criminal case. Signed by Judge Todd W. Robinson on 1/19/2022. (All non-registered users served via U.S. Mail Service)(fth)
Download PDF
<![CDATA[
Dunbar v. Pena et al Doc. 4 Case 3:21-cv-02001-TWR-KSC Document 4 Filed 01/19/22 PageID.23 Page 1 of 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 12 13 14 Case No.: 21-CV-2001 TWR (KSC) MICHAEL LADRE DUNBAR BOP# 93173298, ORDER: 1) GRANTING MOTION TO PROCEED IN FORMA PAUPERIS (ECF No. 2); 2) SCREENING COMPLAINT PURSUANT TO 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) & 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b); and 3) STAYING CIVIL ACTION Plaintiff, v. 15 16 LUIS PENA, CITY OF SAN DIEGO, 17 18 Defendants. 19 20 21 Michael Ladre Dunbar (“Dunbar” or “Plaintiff”), a federal detainee currently housed 22 at the Metropolitan Correctional Center (“MCC”) in San Diego, California, and proceeding 23 pro se, has filed a civil rights complaint pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (ECF No. 1, 24 (“Compl.”)). 25 Plaintiff claims Defendant Pena violated his Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment 26 rights by unlawfully arresting him without probable cause. (Compl., at 3–9). Dunbar also 27 alleges Pena violated his Eighth Amendment rights, causing him “to suffer cruel and 28 unusual punishment of mental anguish and emotional distress brought on by feelings of 1 21-CV-2001 TWR (KSC) Dockets.Justia.com Case 3:21-cv-02001-TWR-KSC Document 4 Filed 01/19/22 PageID.24 Page 2 of 10 1 fear, abandonment, hopelessness, depression and having been denied any sense of being a 2 human being . . . .” (Id. at 9.) He requests damages in the amount of $2,500,000, punitive 3 damages in the amount of $4,500,000, and demands a jury trial. (Id. at 10.) Plaintiff has 4 not prepaid the filing fee required by 28 U.S.C. § 1914(a) to commence a civil action; 5 instead, he has filed a Motion to Proceed In Forma Pauperis (“IFP”) (ECF No. 2). 6 I. Motion to Proceed IFP 7 All parties instituting any civil action, suit, or proceeding in a district court of the 8 United States, except an application for writ of habeas corpus, must pay a filing fee of 9 $400.1 See 28 U.S.C. § 1914(a). The action may proceed despite a plaintiff’s failure to 10 prepay the entire fee only if he is granted leave to proceed IFP pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 11 § 1915(a). See Andrews v. Cervantes, 493 F.3d 1047, 1051 (9th Cir. 2007); Rodriguez v. 12 Cook, 169 F.3d 1176, 1177 (9th Cir. 1999). However, a prisoner who is granted leave to 13 proceed IFP remains obligated to pay the entire fee in “increments” or “installments,” 14 Bruce v. Samuels, 577 U.S. 82, 84 (2016); Williams v. Paramo, 775 F.3d 1182, 1185 (9th 15 Cir. 2015), and regardless of whether his action is ultimately dismissed. See 28 U.S.C. 16 § 1915(b)(1) & (2); Taylor v. Delatoore, 281 F.3d 844, 847 (9th Cir. 2002). 17 Section 1915(a)(2) requires prisoners seeking leave to proceed IFP to submit a 18 “certified copy of the trust fund account statement (or institutional equivalent) for . . . the 19 6-month period immediately preceding the filing of the complaint.” 20 § 1915(a)(2); Andrews v. King, 398 F.3d 1113, 1119 (9th Cir. 2005). From the certified 21 trust account statement, the Court assesses an initial payment of 20% of (a) the average 22 monthly deposits in the account for the past six months, or (b) the average monthly balance 23 in the account for the past six months, whichever is greater, unless the prisoner has no 28 U.S.C. 24 25 26 27 28 1 In addition to the $350 statutory fee, civil litigants must pay an additional administrative fee of $50. See 28 U.S.C. § 1914(a) (Judicial Conference Schedule of Fees, District Court Misc. Fee Schedule, § 14 (eff. June 1, 2016). The additional $50 administrative fee does not apply to persons granted leave to proceed IFP. Id. 2 21-CV-2001 TWR (KSC) Case 3:21-cv-02001-TWR-KSC Document 4 Filed 01/19/22 PageID.25 Page 3 of 10 1 assets. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1); 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(4). The institution having custody 2 of the prisoner then collects subsequent payments, assessed at 20% of the preceding 3 month’s income, in any month in which his account exceeds $10, and forwards those 4 payments to the Court until the entire filing fee is paid. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(2); Bruce, 5 136 S. Ct. at 629. 6 In support of his IFP Motion, Plaintiff has submitted a copy of his MCC trust account 7 activity and a Prison Certificate signed by an authorized officer. (See ECF No. 2 at 4–8); 8 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(2); S.D. CAL. CIVLR 3.2; Andrews, 398 F.3d at 1119. These 9 statements show that Plaintiff has had an average monthly balance of $255.47 and average 10 monthly deposits of $84.44 for the preceding six months. (See ECF No. 2 at 4.) He had 11 an available balance of $78.23 at the time of filing. (See id.) Thus, the Court assesses 12 Plaintiff’s initial partial filing fee to be $15.64 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1). This 13 initial fee need be collected only if sufficient funds are available in Dunbar’s account at the 14 time this Order is executed. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(4) (providing that “[i]n no event shall 15 a prisoner be prohibited from bringing a civil action or appealing a civil action or criminal 16 judgment for the reason that the prisoner has no assets and no means by which to pay the 17 initial partial filing fee.”); Bruce, 577 U.S. at 86; Taylor, 281 F.3d at 850 (finding that 28 18 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(4) acts as a “safety-valve” preventing dismissal of a prisoner’s IFP case 19 based solely on a “failure to pay . . . due to the lack of funds available to him when payment 20 is ordered”). The remaining balance of the $350 total fee owed in this case must be 21 collected by the agency having custody of Dunbar and forwarded to the Clerk of the Court 22 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(2). 23 II. Initial Screening per 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2)(B) and 1915A(b) 24 A. 25 Because Plaintiff is a prisoner and is proceeding IFP, his complaint requires a pre- 26 answer screening pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) and § 1915A(b). Under these statutes, 27 the Court must sua sponte dismiss a prisoner’s IFP complaint, or any portion of it, which 28 is frivolous, malicious, fails to state a claim, or seeks damages from defendants who are Standard of Review 3 21-CV-2001 TWR (KSC) Case 3:21-cv-02001-TWR-KSC Document 4 Filed 01/19/22 PageID.26 Page 4 of 10 1 immune. See Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1126-27 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc) (discussing 2 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)); Rhodes v. Robinson, 621 F.3d 1002, 1004 (9th Cir. 2010) 3 (discussing 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)). “The purpose of [screening] is ‘to ensure that the 4 targets of frivolous or malicious suits need not bear the expense of responding.’” 5 Nordstrom v. Ryan, 762 F.3d 903, 920 n.1 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting Wheeler v. Wexford 6 Health Sources, Inc., 689 F.3d 680, 681 (7th Cir. 2012)). 7 “The standard for determining whether a plaintiff has failed to state a claim upon 8 which relief can be granted under § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) is the same as the Federal Rule of 9 Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) standard for failure to state a claim.” Watison v. Carter, 668 F.3d 10 1108, 1112 (9th Cir. 2012); see also Wilhelm v. Rotman, 680 F.3d 1113, 1121 (9th Cir. 11 2012) (noting that screening pursuant to § 1915A “incorporates the familiar standard 12 applied in the context of failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 13 12(b)(6)”). Rule 12(b)(6) requires a complaint to “contain sufficient factual matter, 14 accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 15 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted); Wilhelm, 680 F.3d at 1121. 16 Detailed factual allegations are not required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the 17 elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” 18 Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. “Determining whether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief 19 [is] . . . a context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial 20 experience and common sense.” Id. The “mere possibility of misconduct” or “unadorned, 21 the defendant-unlawfully-harmed me accusation[s]” fall short of meeting this plausibility 22 standard. Id.; see also Moss v. U.S. Secret Service, 572 F.3d 962, 969 (9th Cir. 2009). 23 B. 24 Dunbar alleges that On May 7, 2020, he was detained by San Diego Police Officers 25 Ryan Tentler and Adam Wells as he was walking out of a hotel with a woman and putting 26 luggage into a car at 3801 Murphy Canyon Road in San Diego. (Compl. at 3). According 27 to Dunbar, officers determined that the woman was a missing juvenile who they believed 28 was the victim of sex trafficking. (Id. at 3–4.) The woman allegedly told officers Dunbar Plaintiff’s Factual Allegations 4 21-CV-2001 TWR (KSC) Case 3:21-cv-02001-TWR-KSC Document 4 Filed 01/19/22 PageID.27 Page 5 of 10 1 believed she was twenty-one, and after searching the woman’s purse, officers found 2 identification of a woman resembling the juvenile which listed her age as twenty-one. 3 (Id. at 4.) Dunbar claims Wells contacted the juvenile’s mother who told him “her daughter 4 has lied to at least 3 other adult men since February 2020.” (Id.) Defendant Luis Pena then 5 showed up at the scene and arrested him. (Id.) Dunbar claims Pena did not have probable 6 cause to arrest him because “it was not a crime for Plaintiff to rent a rental car or hotel 7 room.” (Id. at 5.) 8 C. 9 “Section 1983 creates a private right of action against individuals who, acting under 10 color of state law, violate federal constitutional or statutory rights.” Devereaux v. Abbey, 11 263 F.3d 1070, 1074 (9th Cir. 2001). “To establish § 1983 liability, a plaintiff must show 12 both (1) deprivation of a right secured by the Constitution and laws of the United States, 13 and (2) that the deprivation was committed by a person acting under color of state law.” 14 Tsao v. Desert Palace, Inc., 698 F.3d 1128, 1138 (9th Cir. 2012) (emphasis added). 42 U.S.C. § 1983 15 D. 16 Dunbar lists the City of San Diego as a defendant in his Complaint. (Compl. at 1– 17 2.) Under Monell v. Dep’t of Social Servs, 436 U.S. 658 (1978), the City of San Diego 18 may be held liable under § 1983 only where the plaintiff alleges facts to show that a 19 constitutional deprivation was caused by the implementation or execution of “a policy 20 statement, ordinance, regulation, or decision officially adopted and promulgated” by the 21 City, or a “final decision maker” for the City. Id. at 690; Board of the County Comm’rs v. 22 Brown, 520 U.S. 397, 402 04 (1997); Navarro v. Block, 72 F.3d 712, 714 (9th Cir. 1995). 23 In other words, “respondeat superior and vicarious liability are not cognizable theories of 24 recovery against a municipality.” Miranda v. Clark County, Nevada, 279 F.3d 1102, 1109– 25 10 (9th Cir. 2002). “Instead, a Monell claim exists only where the alleged constitutional 26 deprivation was inflicted in ‘execution of a government’s policy or custom.’” Id. (quoting 27 Monell, 436 U.S. at 694). Defendant City of San Diego 28 5 21-CV-2001 TWR (KSC) Case 3:21-cv-02001-TWR-KSC Document 4 Filed 01/19/22 PageID.28 Page 6 of 10 1 Dunbar makes no such allegations here. Thus, as currently pleaded, the Court finds 2 Dunbar’s Complaint fails to state a claim under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) and § 1915A(b) 3 because he has failed to allege any facts which “might plausibly suggest” that the City of 4 San Diego itself violated his constitutional rights. See Hernandez v. County of Tulare, 666 5 F.3d 631, 637 (9th Cir. 2012) (applying Iqbal’s pleading standards to Monell claims). 6 Accordingly, the Court DISMISSES Defendant City of San Diego without leave to amend 7 based on Plaintiff’s failure to state a claim upon which relief can granted pursuant to 28 8 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) and 1915A(b)(1). 9 E. Defendant Luis Pena 10 With respect to Defendant Luis Pena, Plaintiff is a federal pretrial detainee seeking 11 to sue a federal agent for allegedly violating his Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment rights 12 by arresting him unlawfully and without probable cause, and his Eighth Amendment rights 13 to be free from cruel and unusual punishments.2 (Compl. At 3–8.) Dunbar fails to allege 14 Pena acted under color of state law. Therefore, he may not proceed under § 1983. Tsao, 15 698 F.3d at 1138. Because Plaintiff is proceeding without counsel, however, the Court will 16 liberally construe the constitutional claims alleged to have arisen at the time of his arrest 17 under Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 2 The Court may “‘take notice of proceedings in other courts, both within and without the federal judicial system, if those proceedings have a direct relation to matters at issue.’” Bias v. Moynihan, 508 F.3d 1212, 1225 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting Bennett v. Medtronic, Inc., 285 F.3d 801, 803 n.2 (9th Cir. 2002)). Therefore, the Court takes judicial notice of United States v. Dunbar, S.D. Cal. Criminal Case No. 3:20-cr-01700-JLS, currently pending before Judge Sammartino, in which a criminal complaint filed on May 11, 2020, charges Dunbar with one count of recruiting, enticing, harboring, transporting, providing, obtaining and maintaining a minor to engage in a commercial sex act in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1591(a), and one count transporting a minor across state lines to engage in prostitution, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2423(a). See United States v. Dunbar, S.D. Cal. Criminal Case No. 3:20-cr-01700-JLS, ECF No. 1. Defendant Pena identifies himself as a “Special Deputy United States Marshal” in the Complaint in that case. Id. at 2. 6 21-CV-2001 TWR (KSC) Case 3:21-cv-02001-TWR-KSC Document 4 Filed 01/19/22 PageID.29 Page 7 of 10 1 388 (1971). Bivens is the “federal analogue” to § 1983. Hartman v. Moore, 547 U.S. 250, 2 254, 255 n.2 (2006); Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 675-76. 3 In Bivens, the Supreme Court recognized an implied cause of action for damages 4 against federal officers for alleged violations of a citizen’s rights under the Fourth 5 Amendment. Bivens 403 U.S. at 397; Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 675. After Bivens, the Supreme 6 Court has recognized a similar cause of action implied against federal actors for alleged 7 violations of the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment and the Cruel and Unusual 8 Punishment Clause of the Eighth Amendment. 9 Malesko, 534 U.S. 61, 67-68 (2001); see also Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 675 (noting the Supreme 10 Court’s refusal to “extend Bivens to a claim sounding in the First Amendment”) (citing 11 Bush v. Lucas, 462 U.S. 367 (1983)). However, the Supreme Court has “made clear that 12 expanding the Bivens remedy is now a ‘disfavored’ judicial activity. Ziglar v. Abbasi, __ 13 U.S. __, 137 S. Ct. 1843, 1857 (2017) (citing Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 675). 14 See Correctional Services Corp. v. a. Counts One and Two 15 In Count One, Dunbar alleges Pena violated his Fourth Amendment rights by 16 arresting him without probable cause. (Compl. at 3–7.) And, although he alleges in Count 17 Two that Pena violated his Fourteenth Amendment rights, the allegation is also based on 18 his claim that Pena arrested him without probable cause. (Id. at 7–9.) When a specific 19 constitutional Amendment “provides an explicit textual source of constitutional protection 20 against a particular sort of government behavior, that Amendment . . . must be the guide 21 for analyzing these claims.” Albright v. Oliver, 510 U.S. 266, 273 (1994) (plurality) 22 (quotation marks omitted). Dunbar’s allegations in both Counts One and Two are most 23 properly interpreted as Fourth Amendment claims. 24 Dunbar may bring a Bivens action against Pena because he has alleged that Pena 25 violated his Fourth Amendment rights on May 7, 2020, by arresting him without probable 26 cause. (See Compl. at 3–9); Bivens, 403 U.S. at 397. In Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477 27 (1994) however, the Supreme Court concluded that a § 1983 claim which “necessarily 28 implies the invalidity” of an underlying criminal judgment is not cognizable until the 7 21-CV-2001 TWR (KSC) Case 3:21-cv-02001-TWR-KSC Document 4 Filed 01/19/22 PageID.30 Page 8 of 10 1 criminal judgment has been reversed, set aside, expunged, invalidated, or called into 2 question on federal habeas review. Id. at 486-87; see also Martin v. Sias, 88 F.3d 774, 775 3 (9th Cir. 1996) (applying Heck’s favorable termination rule to Bivens actions). Here, 4 Dunbar’s claims against Pena could be barred by Heck to the extent they may “necessarily 5 imply the invalidity” of his criminal judgment—should he ultimately be convicted for the 6 crimes for which he is currently awaiting trial before Judge Sammartino in U.S. v. Dunbar, 7 S. D. Cal. Criminal Case No. 3:20-cr-01700-JLS. Heck only comes into play, however, 8 when there exists “‘a conviction or sentence that has not been . . . invalidated,’ that is to 9 say, an ‘outstanding criminal judgment.’” Wallace v. Kato, 549 U.S. 384, 393 (2007) 10 (quoting Heck, 512 U.S. at 486–87). In Wallace, the Supreme Court specifically rejected 11 the contention that “an action which would impugn an anticipated future conviction cannot 12 be brought until that conviction occurs and is set aside.” Id. at 393 (italics in original). 13 Thus, if a Plaintiff raises Fourth Amendment claims in a § 1983 or Bivens action 14 while he remains subject to criminal prosecution, but before he is convicted or exonerated, 15 as Plaintiff has here, or if he “files any other claim related to rulings that will likely be 16 made in a pending or anticipated criminal trial, it is within the power of the district court, 17 and in accord with common practice, to stay the civil action until the criminal case or the 18 likelihood of a criminal case is ended.”3 Wallace, 549 U.S. at 393–94 (citing Heck, 512 19 U.S. at 487–88, n.8). “If the plaintiff is then convicted, and if the stayed civil suit would 20 impugn that conviction, Heck requires dismissal; otherwise, the case may proceed.” Id.; 21 see also Fourstar v. Clark, No. CV160126GFDLCTJC, 2017 WL 892330, at *2 (D. Mont. 22 Mar. 6, 2017) (staying Bivens action while plaintiff’s federal criminal trial remained 23 pending pursuant to Wallace and Heck); Foster v. United States, No. 24 25 26 27 28 3 Wallace holds that a stay of the civil action is proper, because under common law, a prisoner’s false arrest claim accrues “when legal process was initiated against him.” 549 U.S. at 390. 8 21-CV-2001 TWR (KSC) Case 3:21-cv-02001-TWR-KSC Document 4 Filed 01/19/22 PageID.31 Page 9 of 10 1 CV094067GHKVBKX, 2009 WL 10675790, at *3 (C.D. Cal. July 20, 2009) (same). The 2 Court finds that such a stay would be appropriate in this case. 3 b. Count Three 4 Dunbar alleges Pena violated his Eighth Amendment rights by causing him “to suffer 5 cruel and unusual punishment of mental anguish and emotional distress brought on by 6 feelings of fear, abandonment, hopelessness, depression and having been denied any sense 7 of being a[] human being . . . .” (Compl. at 9.) Because Dunbar is a pretrial detainee, 8 however, the Eighth Amendment does not apply to him. Castro v. County of Los Angeles, 9 833 F.3d 1060 (9th Cir. 2016). Accordingly, the Court DISMISSES Dunbar’s Eighth 10 Amendment claim (Count Three) without leave to amend based on his failure to state a 11 claim upon which relief can granted pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) and 12 1915A(b)(1). 13 III. Conclusion and Order 14 Based on the foregoing, the Court: 15 1. 16 17 GRANTS Plaintiff’s Motion to Proceed IFP pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a) (ECF No. 2). 2. DIRECTS the Warden of the MCC, or his designee, to collect from Plaintiff’s 18 trust account the $350 filing fee owed in this case by garnishing monthly payments from 19 his account in an amount equal to twenty percent (20%) of the preceding month’s income 20 and forwarding those payments to the Clerk of the Court each time the amount in Plaintiff’s 21 account exceeds $10 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(2). ALL PAYMENTS SHALL BE 22 CLEARLY IDENTIFIED BY THE NAME AND NUMBER ASSIGNED TO THIS 23 ACTION. 24 3. DIRECTS the Clerk of the Court to serve a copy of this Order on Luis 25 Williams, II, Warden, Metropolitan Correctional Center, 880 Union Street, San Diego, CA 26 92101. 27 28 4. DISMISSES Defendant City of San Diego and DIRECTS the Clerk of the Court to terminate the City of San Diego as a party to this action based on Plaintiff’s failure 9 21-CV-2001 TWR (KSC) Case 3:21-cv-02001-TWR-KSC Document 4 Filed 01/19/22 PageID.32 Page 10 of 10 1 to state a claim upon which relief can granted pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) 2 and 1915A(b)(1). 3 5. DISMISSES Plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment Claim (Count 3) against all 4 Defendants based on Plaintiff’s failure to state a claim upon which relief can granted 5 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) and 1915A(b)(1). 6 6. DIRECTS the Clerk of the Court to STAY the remainder of the proceedings 7 in this civil action pending resolution of Plaintiff’s criminal proceedings in United States 8 v. Dunbar, S.D. Cal. Criminal Case No. 3:20-cr-01700-JLS. 9 7. ORDERS Plaintiff to file a Motion requesting the stay in these proceedings 10 be lifted, together with a Motion requesting U.S. Marshal service upon Defendant Pena 11 pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(c)(3) and 28 U.S.C. § 1915(d), within 30 days of the 12 conclusion of his criminal case. 13 14 IT IS SO ORDERED. Dated: January 19, 2022 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 10 21-CV-2001 TWR (KSC)
]]>
Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You
should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google
Privacy Policy and
Terms of Service apply.
