Cleveland v. The Behemoth et al, No. 3:2019cv00672 - Document 102 (S.D. Cal. 2022)
Court Description: ORDER denying 57 Defendant The Behemoth's Motion in limine to exclude evidence of Plaintiff's damages. Signed by District Judge Ruth Bermudez Montenegro on 10/06/2022. (jpp)
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Cleveland v. The Behemoth et al Doc. 102 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 ROBERT CLEVELAND, an individual, Plaintiff, 12 13 v. 14 THE BEHEMOTH, a California corporation; and DOES 1 through 10, 15 Case No.: 3:19-cv-00672-RBM-BGS ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT THE BEHEMOTH’S MOTION IN LIMINE TO EXCLUDE EVIDENCE OF PLAINTIFF’S DAMAGES Defendants. 16 [Doc. 57] 17 18 On March 4, 2022, Defendant The Behemoth (“Defendant”) filed a Motion in 19 Limine to Exclude Evidence of Plaintiff’s Damages (“Motion”). (Doc. 57.) On March 18, 20 2022, Plaintiff Robert Cleveland (“Plaintiff”) filed an opposition to the Motion 21 (“Opposition”). (Doc. 72.) In the Motion, Defendant alleges that Plaintiff has not 22 disclosed his damages in violation of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (“Rule”) 23 26(a)(1)(A)(iii). (Doc. 57 at 2.) Thus, pursuant to Rule 37, Defendant moves to preclude 24 Plaintiff from presenting at trial: “(1) evidence of alleged economic damages, including 25 lost income; (2) emotional distress damages and/or medical expense evidence; and (3) 26 punitive damages.” (Id.) For the reasons discussed below, Defendant’s Motion is DENIED. 27 28 /// 1 3:19-cv-00672-RBM-BGS Dockets.Justia.com 1 I. BACKGROUND 2 Plaintiff is a former quality assurance specialist at Defendant, a video game 3 development company headquartered in San Diego. (Doc 1–2 at 4.) On February 20, 2019, 4 Plaintiff filed the instant action alleging that from March 2016 to February 2018, 5 “Defendant[] subjected Plaintiff to systemic employment discrimination based on his 6 gender” and “engendered, endorsed, and/or ratified a hostile work environment violative 7 of state and federal law.” (Id. at 4, 7.) 8 In particular, Plaintiff brings claims for: (1) hostile work environment/sexual 9 harassment in violation of California Fair Employment and Housing Act, (2) retaliation in 10 violation of California Fair Employment and Housing Act, (3) wrongful termination in 11 violation of public policy, (4) violation of California Business and Professions Code § 12 17200, (5) intentional infliction of emotional distress, (6) negligent infliction of emotional 13 distress, (7) failure to prevent harassment, (8) hostile work environment/sexual harassment 14 in violation of Title VII [42 U.S.C. §§ 2000(e) et seq.], and (9) retaliation in violation of 15 Title VII [42 U.S.C. §§ 2000(e) et seq.]. (Id. at 3.) Plaintiff’s complaint has requested 16 general, compensatory, and/or special damages in any amount to be proven at trial. (Id. at 17 21.) The complaint also requests punitive damages in an amount sufficient to punish and 18 deter Defendant from harming other employees. (Id.) 19 On April 26, 2019, the Court issued an order requiring Plaintiff and Defendant 20 (collectively, the “Parties”) to make initial disclosures pursuant to Rule 26 on or before 21 July 3, 2019. (Doc. 4 at 3.) Plaintiff subsequently served his initial disclosures on July 3, 22 2019. (Doc. 57 at 2; see Doc. 57–2, Ex. 1.) His initial disclosures state “Plaintiff seeks 23 compensatory damages and such other relief as the Court deems just and proper. Plaintiff 24 also plans to seek pre-judgment interest, post-judgment interest, reasonable attorneys’ fees, 25 reasonable costs, and expenses, each of which cannot be completed at this point in time.” 26 (Doc. 57–2 at 7, Ex. 1.) 27 On August 15, 2019, Defendant propounded Interrogatories, Set One, and 28 Interrogatory No. 4 asked that Plaintiff describe in detail the total amount of economic 2 3:19-cv-00672-RBM-BGS 1 damages he suffered as a result of the acts alleged in the complaint. (Doc. 57 at 3; Doc. 2 57–2 at 12, Ex. 2.) Plaintiff objected to the interrogatory and did not answer. (Doc. 57 at 3 3; Doc. 57–2 at 12, Ex. 2.) Interrogatory No. 5 asked Plaintiff to describe in detail the 4 damage figure he provided in response to Interrogatory No. 4. (Doc. 57–2 at 12, Ex. 2.) 5 Plaintiff’s answer states, “Plaintiff incorporates his response to Interrogatory No. 4 herein.” 6 (Id.) 7 Defendant claims Plaintiff did not supplement his initial disclosures or his responses 8 to Defendant’s Interrogatories Nos. 4 and 5 and that “[t]o date, Plaintiff has failed to 9 provide any calculation of the amount of damages he allegedly suffered.” (Doc. 57 at 3.) 10 Plaintiff counters that “[t]his case has always been premised on Plaintiff’s emotional 11 distress damages” and that emotional distress and punitive damages are not subject to the 12 computation disclosure requirements under Rule 26(a)(1)(A)(iii) because such damages 13 are for a jury to decide. (Doc. 72 at 4.) Moreover, in the context of economic damages, 14 Plaintiff “disclosed exactly what the law required of him to support his lost wages claim— 15 his hours worked and pay rate—in discovery and in writing thereafter” and “Plaintiff’s 16 future medical expense calculations were disclosed in writing through his expert.” (Id. at 17 5, 12.) 18 II. LEGAL STANDARD 19 Rule 26 requires that a party’s initial disclosures provide a “computation of each 20 category of damages claimed by the disclosing party.” FED. R. CIV. P. 26(a)(1)(A)(iii). 21 The purpose of Rule 26’s initial disclosures requirement is to enable defendants to 22 understand their potential exposure and make informed decisions as to settlement and 23 discovery. City & Cty. of San Francisco v. Tutor-Saliba Corp., 218 F.R.D. 219, 221 (N.D. 24 Cal. 2003); see also Hewlett Packard Co. v. Factory Mut. Ins. Co., No. Civ. 04-2791 TPG 25 DF, 2006 WL 1788946, at *14 (S.D.N.Y. June 28, 2006) (explaining “early disclosure of 26 a party’s damages computation provide[s] [the] opposing party with an early understanding 27 of the basis and amount of any damages claim it is facing, so that it may conduct 28 meaningful discovery as to the underpinning of such a claim”). 3 3:19-cv-00672-RBM-BGS 1 “A computation of damages may not need to be detailed early in the case before all 2 relevant documents or evidence has been obtained by the plaintiff. As discovery proceeds, 3 however, the plaintiff is required to supplement its initial damages computation to reflect 4 the information obtained through discovery.” LT Game Int’l Ltd. v. Shuffle Master, Inc., 5 No. 2:12-cv-01216-GMN, 2013 WL 321659, at *6 (D. Nev. Jan. 28, 2013); see FED. R. 6 CIV. P. 26(e)(1)(A) (Rule 26(e)(1)(A) requires disclosing parties to supplement their prior 7 disclosures “in a timely manner” when the prior response is “incomplete or incorrect”). 8 Moreover, “[c]omputation of each category of damages,” as used in Rule 26, “contemplates 9 some analysis beyond merely setting forth a lump sum amount for a claimed element of 10 damages.” Silver State Broad., LLC v. Beasley FM Acquisition, No. 2:11-CV-01789-APG- 11 CWH, 2016 WL 320110, at *2 (D. Nev. Jan. 25, 2016) (citing Tutor-Saliba Corp., 218 12 F.R.D. at 221), aff’d, 705 F. App’x 640 (9th Cir. 2017); see also Grouse River Outfitters, 13 Ltd. v. Oracle Corp., 848 F. App’x 238, 244 (9th Cir. 2021) (“Rule 26(a)(1)(A)(iii) 14 contemplates damages computation analysis and explanation”). 15 Accordingly, a plaintiff “cannot shift to the defendant the burden of attempting to 16 determine the amount of the plaintiff’s alleged damages.” Jackson v. United Artists 17 Theatre Circuit, Inc., 278 F.R.D. 586, 593–94 (D. Nev. 2011). Defendants are not required 18 to compute damages, “Rule 26 requires plaintiffs to do so.” Villagomes v. Lab. Corp. of 19 Am., 783 F. Supp. 2d 1121, 1129 (D. Nev. 2011). 20 Courts then consider whether a violation of Rule 26 should result in the exclusion of 21 evidence. Rule 37(c)(1) provides for exclusion of any evidence or information that a party 22 fails to disclose in a timely manner, unless the violation was harmless or substantially 23 justified. FED. R. CIV. P. 37(c)(1); see also Hoffman v. Constr. Protective Servs., Inc., 541 24 F.3d 1175, 1179 (9th Cir. 2008); Yeti by Molly, Ltd. v. Deckers Outdoor Corp., 259 F.3d 25 1101, 1106 (9th Cir. 2001). Rule 37(c)(1) is an “automatic” sanction that prohibits the use 26 of improperly disclosed evidence. Yeti, 259 F.3d at 1106. Litigants can escape the 27 “harshness” of exclusion only if they prove that the discovery violations were substantially 28 justified or harmless. Id. (citing FED. R. CIV. P. 37(c)(1)). 4 3:19-cv-00672-RBM-BGS 1 The Ninth Circuit further explained: 2 [t]he automatic nature of the rule’s application does not mean that a district court must exclude evidence that runs afoul of Rule 26(a) or (e)—Rule 37(c)(1) authorizes appropriate sanctions “[i]n addition to or instead of [exclusion].” FED. R. CIV. P. 37(c)(1). Rather, the rule is automatic in the sense that a district court may properly impose an exclusion sanction where a noncompliant party has failed to show that the discovery violation was either substantially justified or harmless. 3 4 5 6 7 8 Merch. v. Corizon Health, Inc., 993 F.3d 733, 740 (9th Cir. 2021). 9 Therefore, where a failure to provide a computation of damages was not 10 substantially justified or harmless, courts have granted motions in limine to preclude 11 evidence of those damages under Rule 37(c)(1)’s automatic sanction. See, e.g., Hoffman, 12 541 F.3d at 1179–80 (holding district court did not abuse its discretion in excluding 13 evidence of damages under the Fair Labor Standards Act and California Labor Code 14 provisions where damage calculations were not disclosed); Grouse River Outfitters, 848 F. 15 App’x at 244 (concluding district court did not abuse its discretion in excluding evidence 16 of damages where plaintiff did not adequately disclose damages computation and 17 explanation). 18 19 20 III. A. DISCUSSION Compliance with Rule 26 a. Emotional Distress and Punitive Damages 21 As an initial matter, Plaintiff is seeking emotional distress and punitive damages. 22 (See Doc. 1–2.) Courts have reasoned a computation is not required for these types of 23 damages because they are “difficult to quantify” and are generally considered a fact issue 24 for the jury. E.E.O.C. v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 276 F.R.D. 637, 639 (E.D. Wash. 2011); 25 see Crocker v. Sky View Christian Acad., No. 3:08CV00479LRHVPC, 2009 WL 77456, at 26 *2 (D. Nev. Jan. 8, 2009); see also, e.g., Williams v. Trader Publ’g, Co., 218 F.3d 481, 486 27 n.3 (5th Cir. 2000) (“[s]ince compensatory damages for emotional distress are necessarily 28 vague and are generally considered a fact issue for the jury, they may not be amenable to 5 3:19-cv-00672-RBM-BGS 1 the kind of calculation disclosure contemplated by Rule 26(a)(1)(C)”); see also Creswell 2 v. HCAL Corp., No. 04CV388BTMRBB, 2007 WL 628036, at *2 (S.D. Cal. Feb. 12, 2007) 3 (“emotional damages, because of their vague and unspecific nature, are oftentimes not 4 readily amenable to computation”). 5 While Defendant acknowledges emotional distress damages are not readily 6 amenable to computation, Defendant argues Plaintiff’s claim for emotional distress 7 damages is improper because such category of damages was not included in Plaintiff’s 8 initial disclosures pursuant to Rule 26. (Doc. 57 at 7–8.) The Court is aware that Plaintiff 9 did not specifically mention emotional distress, nor punitive, damages in his initial 10 disclosures. (See Doc. 57–2, Ex. 1.) However, the Court finds Defendant’s disclosure- 11 related objection lacks merit. Plaintiff’s complaint expressly pled a request for emotional 12 distress damages, and Plaintiff discussed his emotional suffering in his deposition 13 testimony. (Doc. 1–2, Doc. 72–2, Ex. A.); see Cramton v. Grabbagreen Franchising LLC, 14 No. CV-17-04663-PHX-DWL, 2020 WL 5880153, at *7 (D. Ariz. Oct. 2, 2020) (finding 15 that, although the plaintiff did not add emotional distress damages to the damages 16 computation, the defendants had “long been on notice” that the plaintiff was seeking 17 emotional distress damages through the amended complaint and witness disclosures); see 18 Creswell, 2007 WL 628036, at *2 (explaining the “deposition reveals that Plaintiff 19 adequately disclosed his suffering from general emotional damages, which allegedly 20 resulted from Defendant’s actions”). 21 Thus, the Court finds Defendant was on sufficient notice of Plaintiff’s intention to 22 seek emotional distress damages, and Plaintiff’s failure to provide a computation of his 23 emotional damages is excused. See Williams v. Trader Publ’g Co., 218 F.3d 481, 486 n. 3 24 (5th Cir. 2000) (“[s]ince compensatory damages for emotional distress are necessarily 25 vague and are generally considered a fact issue for the jury, they may not be amenable to 26 the kind of calculation disclosure contemplated by Rule 26(a)(1)(C)”). 27 Due to the similar nature of punitive damages, Plaintiff’s failure to provide a 28 computation for this category of damages is excusable as well. See Creswell, 2007 WL 6 3:19-cv-00672-RBM-BGS 1 628036, at *2 (“Plaintiff’s failure to disclose his intention to seek any punitive damages is 2 deemed harmless by the Court because there is no additional discovery which Defendant 3 would have required had it been so informed”). Therefore, the Court reserves emotional 4 distress and punitive damages as fact issues for the jury. See E.E.O.C, 276 F.R.D. at 639. 5 b. Economic Damages 6 In regard to economic loss, lost wages and future medical expenses are the only 7 computable categories of compensatory damages for which Plaintiff specified. (See Doc. 8 72 at 5; see also Doc. 72–2 at 88, Ex. H.) Plaintiff’s initial disclosures, however, did not 9 provide any further detail on this category of damages. The disclosure states, “Plaintiff 10 seeks compensatory damages and such other relief as the Court deems just and proper” and 11 provides no damage computations. (Id. at 5 (quoting Doc. 57–2 at 7, Ex. 1).) Plaintiff has 12 not supplemented his initial disclosures as required by Rule 26(e)(1). (Doc. 57 at 5.) 13 Defendant alleges Plaintiff has not provided any calculations of economic loss in his 14 initial disclosures and that such failure is a violation of Rule 26(a)(1)(A)(iii). (Doc. 57 at 15 2, 6.) Rule 26 requires that a party’s initial disclosures provide a “computation of each 16 category of damages claimed by the disclosing party.” FED. R. CIV. P. 26(a)(1)(A)(iii). In 17 addition, a plaintiff is required to “make available for inspection and copying . . . the 18 documents . . . on which each computation is based.” Id. Disclosing parties are required 19 to supplement their prior disclosures “in a timely manner” when the prior response is 20 “incomplete or incorrect.” FED. R. CIV. P. 26(e)(1)(A). 21 i. Lost Wages 22 Plaintiff chiefly argues that the law does not define “computation” under Rule 26 23 but that in the context of lost wages, it includes “some information relating to hours worked 24 and pay rate.” (Doc. 72 at 11 (quoting Tutor-Saliba Corp., 218 F.R.D. at 221).) Plaintiff 25 states he “disclosed exactly what the law required of him to support his lost wages claim— 26 his hours worked and pay rate—in discovery and in writing thereafter.” (Doc. 75 at 5.) 27 Plaintiff claims these disclosures were made: 28 1) in his deposition, when he disclosed his first and only income/employment 7 3:19-cv-00672-RBM-BGS 1 2 3 4 after he was fired by [Defendant], and his new pay rate (higher than what he made at [Defendant]); and 2) in written discovery, through the production of relevant paystubs showing hours worked at [Defendant] and pay rate (information already known to [Defendant]) and hours worked at his only post-[Defendant] job and pay rate beginning with his first date of employment. 5 6 (Doc. 72 at 11.) It is Plaintiff’s position that Defendant had all of Plaintiff’s employment 7 records and knew his pay rate and hours worked. (Id. at 12.) Thus, Defendant had the 8 necessary information to determine Plaintiff’s lost wages, making any failure to disclose 9 harmless. (Id.) 10 Regardless of whether the nondisclosure may be deemed harmless, Plaintiff failed 11 to include lost wages in the initial disclosures and provided no computation of potential 12 damages. (See Doc. 57–2, Ex. 1.) Rule 26(1)(A)(iii) plainly requires Plaintiff to provide 13 “a computation of each category of damages” in addition to “mak[ing] available for 14 inspection and copying . . . the documents . . . on which each computation is based.” FED. 15 R. CIV. P. 26(1)(A)(iii); see also, e.g., Design Strategy, Inc. v. Davis, 469 F.3d 284, 295 16 (2d Cir. 2006) (reasoning that Rule 26 “by its very terms” requires more than providing 17 documents without any explanation); Agence France Presse v. Morel, 293 F.R.D. 682, 685 18 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) (“[p]ut simply, damages computations and the documents supporting 19 those computations are two different things, and Rule 26 obliges parties to disclose and 20 update the former as well as the latter”). Plaintiff cannot shift to Defendant the burden of 21 determining Plaintiff’s alleged damages. See Jackson, 278 F.R.D. at 593–94. 22 23 Thus, the Court finds that Plaintiff’s failure to include lost wages and a computation of such in his initial disclosures constitutes a violation of Rule 26. 24 ii. Medical Expenses 25 Regarding medical expenses, Plaintiff states: 26 1) that he has no out-of-pocket damages to date relating to medical expenses because his mental health expenses at issue in this case were covered by MediCal, 2) that he has not obtained mental health treatment since September 27, 2018, and 3) that his future medical expenses would be estimated by his 27 28 8 3:19-cv-00672-RBM-BGS 1 designated expert in this case, Dr. Ellen Stein, Ph.D. 2 3 (Doc. 72 at 6.) Plaintiff contends that his future medical expenses, which were estimated 4 by Dr. Ellen Stein, Ph.D., were disclosed to Defendant during discovery on February 28, 5 2020. (Doc. 72 at 6, 12; see Doc. 65–7, Ex. D.) However, future medical expenses were 6 not mentioned in the initial disclosures. (See Doc. 57–2, Ex. 1.) The initial disclosures 7 deadline was July 3, 2019, and the expert discovery deadline was November 20, 2020. 8 (Doc. 4 at 3; Doc. 25 at 1.) While the expert report was timely in accordance with the 9 expert discovery deadline, it was not timely for initial disclosures purposes. 10 In his initial disclosures, Plaintiff made no mention of future medical expenses and Rule 26(a) “requires 11 provided 12 provide initial disclosures to the opposing parties without awaiting a discovery request.” 13 Calvert v. Ellis, No. 2:13-CV-00464-APG, 2015 WL 631284, at *2 (D. Nev. Feb. 12, 2015) 14 (citing FED. R. CIV. P. 26(a)(1)(A)). This allows defendants the opportunity to understand 15 their potential exposure and make informed decisions as to settlement and discovery. See 16 Tutor-Saliba Corp., 218 F.R.D. at 221; see also Calvert, 2015 WL 631284, at *1 (noting 17 plaintiff “seems to be under the misconception that timely complying with expert 18 disclosure requirements relieves her of her duty to provide initial disclosures”); see also 19 Olaya v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., No. 2:11-CV-997-KJD-CWH, 2012 WL 3262875, at *2 20 (D. Nev. Aug. 7, 2012) (“future expert analysis does not relieve [Plaintiff] of the obligation 21 to provide information reasonably available”). Consequently, the Court finds Plaintiff 22 violated Rule 26 by not disclosing his intention to seek future medical expenses and a 23 computation of such. no damages computation. parties to 24 In sum, Plaintiff violated his disclosure obligations for those categories of damages 25 that can be calculated, such as lost wages and future medical expenses, but did not violate 26 his disclosure obligations for his more nebulous categories of damages, including 27 emotional distress and punitive damages. 28 /// 9 3:19-cv-00672-RBM-BGS 1 B. 2 Now the Court must determine whether Plaintiff’s Rule 26 violation warrants 3 exclusion pursuant to Rule 37. Rule 37(c)(1) provides for exclusion of any evidence or 4 information that a party fails to disclose in a timely manner, unless the violation was 5 harmless or substantially justified. FED. R. CIV. P. 37(c)(1); see also Hoffman v. Constr. 6 Protective Servs., Inc., 541 F.3d 1175, 1179 (9th Cir. 2008); Yeti, 259 F.3d at 1106. The 7 Court may consider several factors in determining whether a violation of a discovery 8 deadline was harmless or justified including: “(1) prejudice or surprise to the party against 9 whom the evidence is offered; (2) the ability of that party to cure the prejudice; (3) the 10 likelihood of disruption of the trial; and (4) bad faith or willfulness involved in not timely 11 disclosing the evidence.” Lanard Toys Ltd. v. Novelty, Inc., 375 F. App’x 705, 713 (9th 12 Cir. 2010). Exclusion under Rule 37 13 Plaintiff argues that any failure to disclose a computation for lost wages is harmless 14 because Defendant had the necessary information to determine Plaintiff’s lost wages. 15 (Doc. 72 at 12.) During discovery, Plaintiff disclosed his subsequent employment after 16 leaving Defendant, relevant paystubs showing hours worked at Defendant and pay rate, 17 and hours worked at his subsequent job with the corresponding pay rate. (Doc. 72 at 11.) 18 Although Plaintiff’s initial disclosures do not provide a computation of his damages 19 for lost wages, Plaintiff has shown the failure to disclose is harmless since Defendant has 20 access to this information as Plaintiff’s previous employer. See Maharaj v. California 21 Bank & Tr., 288 F.R.D. 458, 463 (E.D. Cal. 2013) (“Plaintiff has shown that her failure to 22 disclose that analysis is harmless since the information on which these damages are 23 calculated is already in Defendant’s possession”); see also Creswell, 2007 WL 628036, at 24 *2 (holding that a plaintiff’s failure to provide a computation of lost employee benefits in 25 an ADA and FEHA disability discrimination action against his former employer was 26 harmless “as Defendant has the records of the benefits it paid to Plaintiff”). 27 Similarly, an estimate of Plaintiff’s future medical expenses was disclosed to 28 Defendant during discovery on February 28, 2020, roughly seven months after the initial 10 3:19-cv-00672-RBM-BGS 1 disclosures deadline and over two years before the filing of this Motion. (Doc. 72 at 6, 12; 2 see Doc. 65–7, Ex. D); see Jackson, 278 F.R.D. at 594 (citing CQ, Inc. v. TXU Min. Co., 3 L.P., 565 F.3d 268, 280 (5th Cir. 2009)) (courts are more likely to exclude evidence of 4 damages when a computation of damages is disclosed “shortly before trial or substantially 5 after discovery has closed”). In light of the February 28, 2020 disclosure, the Court does 6 not find Defendant will be prejudiced. Moreover, the introduction of damages would not 7 delay the litigation, require new briefing schedules, or necessitate reopening discovery. 8 See Jackson, 278 F.R.D. at 594 (explaining that “Rule 37(c)(1) does not require the court, 9 in all instances, to exclude evidence as a sanction for a late disclosure that is neither 10 justified nor harmless”); see also Design Strategy, Inc., 469 F.3d at 296, 298. 11 The Court concludes that Plaintiff violated Rule 26 by failing to provide any estimate 12 of his calculable damages in his initial disclosures. However, as explained above, such 13 failure is deemed harmless. 14 IV. CONCLUSION 15 For the foregoing reasons, Defendant’s Motion is DENIED. The Court declines to 16 exclude evidence of those categories of damages that are difficult to quantify including 17 Plaintiff’s claims for emotional distress and punitive damages. 18 Plaintiff should have included categories of computable damages in his initial disclosures, 19 the Court finds that such failure is harmless in this case. 20 21 Additionally, while IT IS SO ORDERED. DATE: October 6, 2022 22 23 24 _____________________________________ HON. RUTH BERMUDEZ MONTENEGRO UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 25 26 27 28 11 3:19-cv-00672-RBM-BGS
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