Olney v. Progressive Casualty Insurance Company, No. 3:2013cv02058 - Document 19 (S.D. Cal. 2014)
Court Description: ORDER Denying 12 Defendant's Motion to Dismiss and Strike. Defendant's Motions to Dismiss and Strike are Denied; Plaintiff's objection to extrinsic evidence is Overruled; Plaintiff's request for a continuance to take discovery is Denied. Signed by Judge Gonzalo P. Curiel on 1/24/2014. (srm)
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Olney v. Progressive Casualty Insurance Company Doc. 19 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 PETER OLNEY, Individually and on Behalf of All Others Similarly 12 Situated, 11 13 v. Plaintiff, 14 PROGRESSIVE CASUALTY 15 INSURANCE COMPANY, 16 Defendant. ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Case No. 3:13-cv-2058-GPC-NLS ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT’S MOTIONS TO DISMISS AND STRIKE (ECF NO. 12) 17 18 Defendant Progressive Casualty Insurance Company (“Defendant”) moves to 19 dismiss plaintiff Peter Olney’s (“Plaintiff”) putative class-action Complaint on multiple 20 grounds pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) or, in the alternative, to 21 strike the class action allegations pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(f). 22 The Court finds the matter suitable for decision on the papers, without oral argument, 23 pursuant to Civil Local Rule 7.1.d.1. Defendant’s motions are DENIED. 24 BACKGROUND 25 Plaintiff, a resident of California, sues on behalf of himself and all others 26 similarly situated. Defendant is an Ohio corporation that provides insurance policies 27 with its principal place of business in Ohio. 28 Plaintiff alleges that, beginning in July 2013, he received, without his consent, 3:13-cv-2058-GPC-NLS Dockets.Justia.com 1 numerous “autodialed” telephone calls to his cellular telephone for which he alleges 2 he incurred charges. Plaintiff alleges Defendant used “an ‘automatic telephone dialing 3 system,’ (‘ATDS’) . . . using an ‘artificial or prerecorded voice’ . . . in order to collect 4 an alleged debt from an unknown third party named Danielle.” (ECF No. 1, Compl. 5 ¶ 16.) Plaintiff thus brings two claims under the Telephone Consumer Protection Act 6 (“TCPA”), 47 U.S.C. § 227 et seq., for (1) negligent violations of the TCPA and (2) 7 knowing or willful violations of the TCPA. 8 Defendant now moves the Court for dismissal on the grounds that Plaintiff lacks 9 statutory standing because: (1) the TCPA allows only the intended recipient of a call 10 to file suit; (2) alternatively, only the subscriber of the phone number can file suit; and 11 (3) calling a debtor does not violate the TCPA, regardless of who answers the phone. 12 In the alternative, Defendant moves the Court to strike Plaintiff’s class action 13 allegations on the grounds that the class is facially uncertifiable because the class 14 definition is overbroad and unascertainable. DISCUSSION 15 16 I. Motion to Dismiss 17 A. Legal Standard 18 A Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss tests the sufficiency of the complaint. 19 Navarro v. Block, 250 F.3d 729, 732 (9th Cir. 2001). “While a complaint attacked by 20 a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss does not need detailed factual allegations, a 21 plaintiff’s obligation to provide the grounds of his entitlement to relief requires more 22 than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of 23 action will not do. Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above 24 the speculative level.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (internal 25 quotations, brackets, & citations omitted). 26 In reviewing a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the court must assume the 27 truth of all factual allegations and must construe them in the light most favorable to the 28 nonmoving party. Cahill v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 80 F.3d 336, 337-38 (9th Cir. 1996). 2 3:13-cv-2058-GPC-NLS 1 Legal conclusions need not be taken as true merely because they are cast in the form 2 of factual allegations. Roberts v. Corrothers, 812 F.2d 1173, 1177 (9th Cir. 1987); W. 3 Mining Council v. Watt, 643 F.2d 618, 624 (9th Cir. 1981). Similarly, “conclusory 4 allegations of law and unwarranted inferences are not sufficient to defeat a motion to 5 dismiss.” Pareto v. FDIC, 139 F.3d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1998). Courts generally do not 6 look beyond the complaint for additional facts when deciding a Rule 12(b)(6) motion. 7 United States v. Ritchie, 342 F.3d 903, 908 (9th Cir. 2003); Parrino v. FHP, Inc., 146 8 F.3d 699, 705-06 (9th Cir. 1998). 9 10 11 B. Analysis 1. Statutory Standing i. “Called Party” & “Intended Recipient” 12 Defendant argues Plaintiff lacks standing to assert a violation under the TCPA 13 because only the “called party” has statutory standing to bring suit under the TCPA. 14 Defendant asserts the “called party” is the “intended recipient” of the call. Plaintiff 15 argues in response that standing is not limited to the “called party,” but rather, the 16 TCPA allows “any person or entity” to bring suit. 17 Defendant relies on several cases that the Court finds either unpersuasive or 18 distinguishable: Cellco P’ship v. Dealers Warranty, LLC, 2010 WL 3946713, at *9 19 (D.N.J. Oct. 5, 2010) (concluding telecommunications vendors failed to state TCPA 20 claim for calls made to numbers assigned to their employees/subscribers because 21 vendors did not sufficiently allege they had standing; i.e., they did not allege that 22 they—and not their employees/subscribers—were the “intended recipients” of the 23 calls); Cellco P’ship v. Wilcrest Health Care Mgmt. Inc., 2012 WL 1638056, at *7 24 (D.N.J. May 8, 2012) (same); Leyse v. Bank of Am., 2010 WL 2382400, at *4 25 (S.D.N.Y. June 14, 2010) (concluding plaintiff had no standing to assert TCPA claim 26 for picking up call intended for plaintiff’s roommate who was the telephone 27 subscriber); Kopff v. World Research Grp., LLC, 568 F. Supp. 2d 39, 42 (D.D.C. 2008) 28 (concluding plaintiff had no standing to assert TCPA claim for intercepting an 3 3:13-cv-2058-GPC-NLS 1 unsolicited fax advertisement addressed to plaintiff’s husband as president of business). 2 The Court finds that Leyse and Kopff are distinguishable for the reasons discussed 3 below. As for the Cellco cases, the Court finds them unpersuasive in their conclusion 4 that “called party” means “intended recipient.” As the Seventh Circuit explained, “The 5 phrase ‘intended recipient’ does not appear anywhere in § 227, so what justification 6 could there be for equating ‘called party’ with ‘intended recipient of the call’?” Soppet 7 v. Enhanced Recovery Co., LLC, 679 F.3d 637, 640-41 (7th Cir. 2012). 8 Furthermore, the “intended recipient” interpretation was recently rejected by 9 another court in this district. See Gutierrez v. Barclays Grp., 2011 WL 579238, at *4-5 10 (S.D. Cal. Feb. 9, 2011). Defendant contends this Court should decline to follow 11 Gutierrez because the court there was not presented with the statutory construction and 12 public policy arguments Defendant asserts here. Defendant’s position is not without 13 merit. Defendant is correct that “statutory language must be read in context and a 14 phrase gathers meaning from the words around it.” Jones v. United States, 527 U.S. 15 373, 389 (1999). Thus, because section 227(b)(1)(A) uses both the term “recipient” 16 and “called party,” one may conclude that “called party” means something different 17 than “recipient.” 18 Defendant is also correct, however, in noting that “identical words used in 19 different parts of the same act are intended to have the same meaning.” Gustafson v. 20 Alloyd Co., 513 U.S. 561, 570 (1995). Tellingly, section 227(d) states (in the context 21 of faxes) that a system must “automatically release the called party’s line within 5 22 seconds of the time notification is transmitted to the system that the called party has 23 hung up, to allow the called party’s line to be used to make or receive other calls.” 47 24 U.S.C. § 227(d) (emphasis added). The only logical interpretation of “called party” as 25 used in this section is the “actual recipient.” Because section 227(d) unambiguously 26 uses “called party” to mean the actual recipient, “called party” should carry the same 27 meaning in other provisions. See Breslow v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 857 F. Supp. 2d 28 1316, 1321 (S.D. Fla. 2012) (“The use of ‘called party’ to unambiguously refer to the 4 3:13-cv-2058-GPC-NLS 1 actual recipient in another section of the TCPA is compelling evidence that the term 2 carries the same meaning in other provisions.”). 3 Defendant further argues that public policy supports the limitation of standing 4 to only the intended recipient. Defendant is concerned that a business could be liable 5 anytime it calls an individual with a prerecorded message if someone other than the 6 intended recipient answers. Defendant warns that, “if the called party is not the 7 intended recipient, then a debtor could both avoid a debt and confer a TCPA claim by 8 simply handing his cell phone to a person sitting next to him and permitting that person 9 to answer the phone.” (Def. Memo at 8.) Although this concern has some validity, the 10 TCPA was intended to protect individuals from receiving unsolicited calls and to deter 11 callers from using automatic dialing systems and prerecorded messages in an 12 unregulated fashion. Adopting Defendant’s position would shift responsibility from 13 a business making automatic and prerecorded calls to individuals receiving them. The 14 Court feels that the stronger public policy to be served by the TCPA is protecting 15 individuals from such calls. 16 Other courts have also rejected Defendant’s public policy argument. See, e.g., 17 Breslow, 857 F. Supp. at 1321-22 (“If a ‘called party’ . . . is the intended recipient, . . 18 . consumers who acquire new cellular phone numbers and wish to avoid unwanted calls 19 bear the responsibility of determining whether or not a prior owner of the number ever 20 gave consent to any lending institutions to be called. If the ‘called party’ is the actual 21 recipient, . . . companies who make automated calls bear the responsibility of regularly 22 checking the accuracy of their account records or placing intermittent live verification 23 calls . . . . [I]t seems to the Court that entities like [the defendant] . . . are in a much 24 better position to bear this responsibility than are individuals.”). 25 Finally, as Plaintiff points out, Defendant’s position that only the intended 26 recipient has standing to bring a claim under the TCPA has been squarely rejected in 27 no less than twenty cases, cases that are factually similar to the instant case. See, e.g., 28 Soppet, 679 F.3d at 640-41 (“Suppose Smith, trying to reach Jones, dials the number 5 3:13-cv-2058-GPC-NLS 1 with a typo and reaches Perkins, who says ‘you have the wrong number.’ No 2 colloquial user of English would call Jones rather than Perkins the ‘called party.’”); 3 Breslow, 857 F. Supp. 2d at 1319-22 (rejecting the “intended party” interpretation 4 where defendant mistakenly called plaintiff’s phone number while attempting to collect 5 a debt from an unknown third party); Gutierrez, 2011 WL 579238, at *5 (rejecting both 6 the “intended recipient” and “any person or entity” arguments); D.G. ex rel Tang v. 7 William W. Siegel & Assocs., Attorneys at Law, 791 F. Supp. 2d 622, 625 (N.D. Ill. 8 2011) (rejecting “intended recipient” argument). 9 ii. “Any Person or Entity” 10 Plaintiff argues that “any person or entity” has statutory standing to bring suit 11 under the TCPA. Plaintiff cites several cases that adopt this position. See, e.g., 12 Anderson v. AFNI, Inc., 2011 WL 1808779, at *8 (E.D. Pa. May 11, 2011) (“The 13 fundamental point is that § 227(b)(3) unambiguously grants standing to ‘any person or 14 entity,’ and this grant does not contradict the rest of the statute.”); Kane v. Nat’l Action 15 Fin. Servs., Inc., 2011 WL 6018403, at *7 (E.D. Mich. Nov. 7, 2011) (same); Swope 16 v. Credit Mgmt., LP, 2013 WL 607830, at *2 (E.D. Mo. Feb. 19, 2013) (same). 17 Plaintiff, however, ignores the fact that the “any person or entity” approach has 18 been rejected by another court in this district. See Gutierrez, 2011 WL 579238, at *5 19 (declining to follow “intended recipient” or “any person or entity” interpretations, 20 concluding the TCPA is intended to protect the telephone subscriber). This Court finds 21 no reason, and Plaintiff has offered no reason, to depart from this position. This Court 22 therefore holds that it is the subscriber of the telephone number called who has 23 standing to sue for violations of the TCPA. Leyse, 2010 WL 2382400, and Kopff, 568 24 F. Supp. 2d 39, are thus distinguishable because it was undisputed in those cases that 25 the plaintiffs were not the subscribers to the telephone numbers called. 26 iii. “Subscriber” 27 Defendant next argues that, even if the Court rejects the “intended recipient” 28 definition of “called party,” Plaintiff still lacks standing to assert a TCPA claim 6 3:13-cv-2058-GPC-NLS 1 because he has not alleged that he is the current subscriber of the number Defendant 2 allegedly dialed. Plaintiff argues in response that “subscriber” should not be narrowly 3 interpreted to mean only the “account holder,” but that it should also include the 4 “regular user” of the phone. Plaintiff’s argument is the better-reasoned position. 5 Defendant seeks to arbitrarily limit standing to only the individual whose name 6 appears on the bill. Notably, Defendant does not cite a single case to support this 7 position. Further, this position has been rejected by other courts. See, e.g., Cellco v. 8 Plaza Resorts, 2013 WL 5436553, at *5 (D.N.J. Sept. 27, 2013) (finding that a 9 subscriber who transfers primary use of a cell phone also transfers “the right to consent 10 to the receipt of otherwise prohibited calls,” thus conferring standing to the regular user 11 of the cell phone); Manno v. Healthcare Revenue Recovery Grp., LLC, 289 F.R.D. 674, 12 683 (S.D. Fla. 2013) (“The thrust . . . is that a plaintiff’s status as the ‘called party’ 13 depends not on such technicalities as whether he or she is the account holder or the 14 person in whose name the phone is registered, but on whether the plaintiff is the regular 15 user of the phone and where the defendant was trying to reach him or her by calling the 16 phone.” (emphasis added)). 17 Some courts that have adopted the “current subscriber” interpretation suggest 18 that a “subscriber” is the person who pays the bill. See, e.g., Soppet, 679 F.3d at 639 19 (defining “called party” to “mean Cell Number’s current subscriber, because only the 20 current subscriber pays”); Jamison v. First Credit Servs., Inc., 2013 WL 3872171, at 21 *4 (N.D. Ill. July 29, 2013) (noting that Soppet “suggests that the subscriber is the 22 person who pays the bill”). 23 The Gutierrez court, however, concluded that a plaintiff need not show he was 24 charged for the calls to be considered a subscriber. Gutierrez, 2011 WL 579238, at *6. 25 The court based this conclusion on sound statutory interpretation as follows. 26 Section 227(b)(1)(A)(iii) makes it unlawful to make phone calls using the 27 prohibited methods “to any telephone number assigned to a paging service, cellular 28 telephone service, specialized mobile radio service, or other radio common carrier 7 3:13-cv-2058-GPC-NLS 1 service, or any service for which the called party is charged for the call.” 47 U.S.C. § 2 227(b)(1)(A)(iii) (emphasis added). Applying the doctrine of last antecedent, which 3 states that “a limiting clause or phrase . . . should ordinarily be read as modifying only 4 the noun or phrase that it immediately follows,” United States v. Hayes, 555 U.S. 415, 5 424 (2009) (quotation omitted), a caller violates section 227(b)(1)(A)(iii) by making 6 an unsolicited phone call to either (1) a cellular telephone service or (2) any service for 7 which the called party is charged for the call. See Gutierrez, 2011 WL 579238, at *5. 8 This interpretation is bolstered by section 227(b)(2)(C), which provides that the FCC 9 “may, by rule or order, exempt from the requirements of paragraph (1)(A)(iii) of this 10 subsection calls to a telephone number assigned to the cellular telephone service that 11 are not charged to the called party.” 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(2)(C). As the Gutierrez court 12 concluded, “Clearly, if § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii) did not include ‘calls to a telephone service 13 that are not charged to the called party[,]’ i.e., calls for which the party was not 14 charged, there would be no need for the FCC to create an exemption.” Gutierrez, 2011 15 WL 579238, at *5. 16 This Court is persuaded by the reasoning of Gutierrez and therefore finds that 17 the regular user of a cellular telephone has standing to bring a claim under the TCPA, 18 regardless of whether he is responsible for paying the bill. Even if the Court were to 19 find that only the person responsible for the bill has standing to bring suit, Plaintiff has 20 sufficiently alleged that he was both the regular user and that he incurred a charge. 21 (Compl. ¶ 21.) Accordingly, the court will deny Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss with 22 regard to standing. 23 2. TCPA & Debt Collection 24 Defendant contends that callers are exempt from liability under the TCPA if 25 made for the purpose of debt collection, regardless of who answers the phone. 26 Defendant rests this conclusion on the premise that the person Defendant was 27 attempting to reach in this case (a person named Danielle) gave her prior express 28 consent to be contacted at the phone number provided. Defendant relies on the 8 3:13-cv-2058-GPC-NLS 1 conclusions set forth in In re Matter of Rules and Regulations Implementing the 2 Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991 (“FCC Report”), 23 FCC R. 559, 564 3 (F.C.C. 2008), and Meadows v. Franklin Collection Servs., Inc., 414 F. App’x 230, 236 4 (11th Cir. 2011). The Court finds this argument unpersuasive. 5 First, other than the fact that Plaintiff received a call apparently intended for 6 “Danielle,” there are no facts alleged in Plaintiff’s Complaint as to who Danielle is or 7 what Danielle’s relationship with Defendant might be. Defendant may not seek 8 dismissal based on facts outside the relevant complaint unless those facts are contained 9 in documents attached to the complaint or subject to judicial notice. See Lee v. Los 10 Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 688-89 (9th Cir. 2001). 11 Second, even if the Court were to consider Defendant’s representation that it was 12 attempting to collect a debt from Danielle, Defendant’s position lacks merit. In its 13 Report, the FCC determined that “autodialed and prerecorded message calls to wireless 14 numbers provided by the called party in connection with an existing debt are made with 15 the ‘prior express consent’ of the called party [and] such calls are permissible.” FCC 16 Report, 23 FCC R. at 564. Defendant’s reliance on the FCC Report, however, is 17 premised on Defendant’s “called party” argument (i.e., that the “called party” refers to 18 the “intended recipient” and not the “actual recipient”). As discussed above, the Court 19 finds that argument unpersuasive. 20 As for Meadows, that case involved debt collection calls placed to a residential 21 landline. 414 F. App’x at 232. The Meadows court’s holding was premised on there 22 being an existing business relationship between the debtor and debt collector, allowing 23 such calls to fall within the “business relationship” exemption applicable only to 24 residential landlines. Id. at 235. No such exemption exists with respect to calls made 25 to cellular telephones. 26 Third, other courts in this circuit have rejected Defendant’s argument. See, e.g., 27 Robinson v. Midland Funding, 2011 WL 1434919, at *5 (S.D. Cal. Apr. 13, 2011) 28 (observing that the “FCC has already issued a declaratory ruling stating debt collectors 9 3:13-cv-2058-GPC-NLS 1 who make autodialed or prerecorded calls to a wireless number are responsible for any 2 violation of the TCPA”); Iniguez v. CBE Grp., 2013 WL 4780785, at *7-9 (E.D. Cal. 3 Sept. 5, 2013) (concluding the holding in Meadows does not apply to debt collection 4 calls made to cellular telephones). 5 Finally, public policy weighs against Defendant’s argument. Acknowledging 6 that debt collectors are exempt from liability under TCPA, regardless of whose cell 7 phone number is called, would leave without redress an individual who receives 8 prerecorded messages simply because he has a phone number that previously belonged 9 to a debtor. As the court in Breslow stated: “[T]o hold otherwise might allow a 10 defendant who obtained the prior express consent of a previous owner of a cellular 11 phone number to forever escape liability for placing automated calls to subsequent 12 owners of the same number.” 857 F. Supp. 2d at 1322. The Seventh Circuit similarly 13 concluded that substituting “called party” for “intended recipient” would expose new 14 subscribers to unwanted calls and unjustified expense.” Soppet, 679 F.3d at 642. 15 Based on the foregoing, the Court will deny Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss as 16 to the argument that its calls were exempt from liability because they were made in an 17 effort to collect a debt. 18 3. Treble Damages 19 Defendant asserts Plaintiff’s second cause of action for treble damages should 20 be dismissed because Plaintiff alleged no facts demonstrating that Defendant acted 21 knowingly or willfully. 22 The court in Harris v. World Financial Network National Bank, 867 F. Supp. 2d 23 888, 895 (E.D. Mich. 2012), addressed a factually identical situation. There, the 24 defendant placed automated calls to the plaintiff’s telephone number and left 25 prerecorded messages for an unknown third-party debtor. Id. at 890-91. The plaintiff 26 called the defendant to inform it that it was calling the wrong person, but the defendant 27 continued to call the plaintiff. Id. at 891. That court held that “Defendant’s violations 28 of § 227(b)(1)(A) after [the date the defendant was notified they were calling the wrong 10 3:13-cv-2058-GPC-NLS 1 number] were willful, or made with reckless disregard to Plaintiff's rights.” Id. at 895. 2 The Court agrees with the holding in Harris. 3 Plaintiff has alleged that he notified Defendant on August 14, 2013, that 4 Defendant was dialing the wrong number and that Defendant continued to call Plaintiff. 5 (Compl. ¶ 18.) As such, the Court will deny Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss as to 6 Plaintiff’s second cause of action. 7 II. Motion to Strike 8 In the alternative, Defendant asks the Court to strike Plaintiff’s class allegations 9 because the class definition is overbroad and unascertainable and because Plaintiff 10 cannot cure this deficiency by amendment. The Court agrees with Plaintiff that 11 Defendant’s request amounts to a premature effort to defeat class certification. The 12 court in Blair v. CBE Group, Inc. similarly rejected a defendant’s motion to strike the 13 class allegations at the pleadings stage in a complaint that is almost identical to the case 14 at bar. 2013 WL 2029155, at *5 (S.D. Cal. May 13, 2013). Accordingly, Defendant’s 15 motion to strike Plaintiff’s class action allegations is DENIED. 16 III. Local Rule 7.1 17 Lastly, Defendant points out that Plaintiff’s memoranda of points and authorities 18 exceed the page requirements set forth in Civil Local Rule 7.1.h. The Court agrees 19 with Defendant’s interpretation of Civil Local Rule 7.1.h.1 Defendant, however, was 20 permitted to file reply briefs that exceeded the applicable page limits. And, after 21 reviewing the parties’ arguments and the law, the Court finds it would not be persuaded 22 to reach a different result had Defendant been permitted to file longer briefs. As such, 23 the Court will take no action at this time. 24 IV. Plaintiff’s Objection to Defendant’s Extrinsic Evidence 25 Plaintiff objects to Defendant introducing certain extrinsic evidence in support 26 of its motions. Because the Court does not rely on the purported evidence, and because 27 1 28 The Court notes that its staff may have incorrectly informed the parties that the page limits set forth in Civil Local Rule 7.1.h apply to individual motions regardless of whether they are heard on the same day. The page limits, however, apply “to all motions noticed for the same motion day.” 11 3:13-cv-2058-GPC-NLS 1 the Court will in any event deny Defendant’s motions, the Court will overrule 2 Plaintiff’s objection as moot. 3 V. Plaintiff’s Request for Continuance to Take Discovery 4 Plaintiff requests “a continuance to obtain facts essential to justify Plaintiff’s 5 Opposition to Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment.” (ECF No. 15-3, Decl. 6 Abbas Kazerounian ¶ 3.) There is, of course, no pending motion for summary 7 judgment. The Court will thus deny Plaintiff’s request. CONCLUSION 8 9 Based on the foregoing, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that: 10 1. Defendant’s Motions to Dismiss and Strike, (ECF No. 12), are DENIED; 11 2. Plaintiff’s objection to extrinsic evidence is OVERRULED; 12 3. Plaintiff’s request for a continuance to take discovery is DENIED. 13 DATED: January 24, 2014 14 15 HON. GONZALO P. CURIEL United States District Judge 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 12 3:13-cv-2058-GPC-NLS
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