Ernest v. University of Phoenix et al, No. 3:2008cv02363 - Document 29 (S.D. Cal. 2009)
Court Description: ORDER granting 18 Motion to Dismiss with Leave to Amend. Plaintiff may file an amended pleading curing the noted deficiencies on or before 01/04/2010. Signed by Judge Marilyn L. Huff on 11/25/2009. (All non-registered users served via U.S. Mail Service)(ag) (kaj).
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Ernest v. University of Phoenix et al Doc. 29 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 CAROLYN M. ERNEST, CASE NO. 08-CV-2363-H (POR) Plaintiff, 12 ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO DISMISS WITH LEAVE TO AMEND vs. 13 14 UNIVERSITY OF PHOENIX; DR. SOPHIE HSIA; DR. DAVID L. HALL, Defendant. 15 16 17 On June 30, 2009, Defendant University of Phoenix (“University’) moved to dismiss 18 Plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint for failure to state a claim or, in the alternative, for a more 19 definite statement. (Doc. No. 18.) Plaintiff failed to timely oppose the motion. On August 20 5, 2009, the Court ordered Plaintiff to file an opposition no later than August 19, 2009, and 21 submitted the motion on the papers pursuant to Local Civil Rule 7.1(d)(1). (Doc. No. 19.) On 22 August 25, 2009, Plaintiff filed a motion for extension of time to file an opposition to 23 Defendant’s motion to dismiss. (Doc. No. 21.) The Court granted Plaintiff’s motion and 24 ordered Plaintiff’s opposition to be filed no later than September 8, 2009. (Doc. No. 22.) On 25 September 21, 2009, Plaintiff filed her response in opposition. (Doc. No. 23.) For the reasons 26 below, the Court grants Defendant University’s motion, and dismisses the First Amended 27 Complaint. 28 /// -1- 08cv2363 Dockets.Justia.com Background 1 2 On December 19, 2008, Plaintiff Carolyn Ernest filed a complaint against Defendants 3 University of Phoenix, Dr. Sophie Hsia and Dr. David Hall alleging violations of the 4 Rehabilitation Act and the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”). (Doc. No. 1.) On 5 December 29, 2008, the Court, proceeding pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a), dismissed the case 6 sua sponte for failure to state a claim. (Doc. No. 4.) On January 28, 2009, Plaintiff filed her 7 First Amended Complaint (“FAC”). (Doc. No. 7.) On the same day, Plaintiff filed a motion 8 to appoint counsel. (Doc. No. 6.) On February 10, 2009, the Court denied Plaintiff’s motion 9 to appoint counsel. (Doc. No. 8.) On June 30, 2009, Defendant University of Phoenix filed 10 its motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s FAC for failure to state a claim or, in the alternative, for a more 11 definite statement. (Doc. No. 18.) Plaintiff failed to timely oppose the motion. On August 5, 12 2009, the Court ordered Plaintiff to file an opposition no later than August 19, 2009, and 13 submitted the motion on the papers pursuant to Local Civil Rule 7.1(d)(1). (Doc. No. 19.) On 14 August 25, 2009, Plaintiff filed a motion for extension of time to file an opposition to 15 Defendant’s motion to dismiss. (Doc. No. 21.) The Court granted Plaintiff’s motion and 16 ordered Plaintiff’s opposition to be filed no later than September 8, 2009. (Doc. No. 22.) On 17 September 21, 2009, Plaintiff filed her response in opposition. (Doc. No. 23.) In her 18 opposition, Plaintiff asks the Court to reconsider Plaintiff’s prior request for counsel. (Id. at 19 15.) Discussion 20 21 I. Motion to Dismiss - Legal Standard 22 A motion to dismiss a complaint under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) tests 23 the legal sufficiency of the claims asserted in the complaint. Navarro v. Black, 250 F.3d 729, 24 732 (9th Cir. 2001). A complaint generally must satisfy only the minimal notice pleading 25 requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) to evade dismissal under a Rule 26 12(b)(6) motion. Porter v. Jones, 319 F.3d 483, 494 (9th Cir. 2003). Rule 8(a)(2) requires that 27 a pleading stating a claim for relief contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing 28 that the pleader is entitled to relief.” The function of this pleading requirement is to “‘give the -2- 08cv2363 1 defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.’” Bell 2 Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 3 47 (1957)). “While a complaint attacked by a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss does not need 4 detailed factual allegations, a plaintiff's obligation to provide the ‘grounds’ of his ‘entitlement 5 to relief’ requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements 6 of a cause of action will not do.” Id. A complaint does not “suffice if it tenders ‘naked 7 assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further factual enhancement.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949 8 (2009) (quoting id. at 557). “Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above 9 the speculative level.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (citing 5 C. Wright & A. Miller, Federal 10 Practice and Procedure § 1216, pp. 235–36 (3d ed. 2004)). “All allegations of material fact 11 are taken as true and construed in the light most favorable to plaintiff. However, conclusory 12 allegations of law and unwarranted inferences are insufficient to defeat a motion to dismiss for 13 failure to state a claim.” Epstein v. Wash. Energy Co., 83 F.3d 1136, 1140 (9th Cir. 1996); see 14 also Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. 15 “Generally, a district court may not consider any material beyond the pleadings in ruling 16 on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion.” Hal Roach Studios, Inc. v. Richard Feiner & Co., 896 F.2d 1542, 17 1555 n.19 (9th Cir.1990). The court may, however, consider the contents of documents 18 specifically referred to and incorporated into the complaint. Branch v. Tunnell, 14 F.3d 449, 19 454 (9th Cir.1994). An exhibit attached to the pleading is part of the leading for all purposes, 20 and may be considered on a motion to dismiss. Durning v. First Boston Corp., 815 F.2d 1265, 21 1267 (9th Cir. 1987). 22 II. Plaintiff’s General Allegations 23 Plaintiff’s complaint is a four-page document in which Plaintiff alleges that Defendants’ 24 “gross fiduciary negligence,” specifically, failure to comply with Title III of the ADA, 25 prevented Plaintiff’s timely completion of her Doctorate’s degree in Healthcare 26 Administration. (Doc. No. 7 at 2.) Plaintiff alleges that Defendant repeatedly interrupted 27 Plaintiff’s degree progression by failing to follow appropriate grievance procedures to review 28 and correct “wrongfully recorded non-passing grades.” (Id.) Plaintiff alleges that Defendant -3- 08cv2363 1 required her to “repeat courses with non-passing grades and to pay additional course fees 2 before degree progression could be continued.” (Id.) Additionally, Plaintiff alleges that 3 Defendant failed to maintain a technically efficient online system, which made it difficult to 4 access online classrooms, and caused delays and loss of posted information. Plaintiff alleges 5 that she attached as Exhibit A to the FAC a complete list of “grievance events” that took place 6 from 2005 to 2008, however, no such list is attached.1 7 Plaintiff alleges that she is 57 years old, and is no longer able to work as a clinical 8 registered nurse. Plaintiff alleges that she has completed one half of the program, but has lost 9 two and a half years of potential employment income as a healthcare administrator. Plaintiff 10 alleges that she has a health disability, and receives disability income. Plaintiff has attached 11 a letter from the Department of Veterans Affairs which states that Plaintiff is 100 percent 12 disabled. (Doc. No. 7 at 9.) Plaintiff alleges that Defendant failed to provide her with ADA 13 classroom accommodation for 13 of the 15 courses Plaintiff took, as well as for two residency 14 workshops. (Id. at 3.) 15 Plaintiff seeks damages for pain and suffering and psychological abuse as a result of 16 Defendant’s violation of Title III of the ADA. Plaintiff also seeks the removal of all non- 17 passing grades she received as a result of the ADA violations, and grade adjustments in “all 18 other courses” that were conducted with ADA violations. Plaintiff seeks 33 million dollars in 19 punitive damages. Plaintiff also requests a court order “to protect Plaintiff from the retaliation 20 of Defendant.” Finally, Plaintiff asks the Court to order a federal investigation of the 21 Defendant’s operations to “eliminate the continued violation of academic abuses of student 22 rights.” 23 III. ADA and Rehabilitation Act Claims 24 After a careful reading of the FAC, the Court concludes that Plaintiff failed to state a 25 claim under the ADA or under the Rehabilitation Act. Courts apply the same standards to 26 discrimination claims under the Rehabilitation Act as they do to discrimination claims under 27 28 1 Plaintiff attached a document entitled “Comprehensive Timeline of Events” to her response in opposition to Defendant’s motion to dismiss. (Doc. No. 23.) -4- 08cv2363 1 the ADA. See Walton v. United States Marshals Serv., 492 F.3d 998, 1003 n.1 (9th Cir.2007). 2 The Ninth Circuit stated that “[t]here is no significant difference in analysis of the rights and 3 obligations created by the ADA and the Rehabilitation Act. See 42 U.S.C. § 12133 (‘The 4 remedies, procedures, and rights set forth in [the Rehabilitation Act] shall be the remedies, 5 procedures, and rights [applicable to ADA claims].’) ...” Zukle v. Regents of Univ. of Cal., 6 166 F.3d 1041, 1045 (9th Cir.1999). In order to state a claim under the ADA and the 7 Rehabilitation Act, a plaintiff must allege that: (1) he or she is an individual with a disability 8 under the Act; (2) he or she is “otherwise qualified” to participate in or receive the benefit of 9 the entity's services, programs, or activities, i.e., he or she meets the essential eligibility 10 requirements of the entity, with or without reasonable accommodation; (3) he or she was either 11 excluded from participation in or denied the benefits of the entity's services, programs, or 12 activities, or was otherwise discriminated against by the public entity solely by reason of his 13 or her disability; and (4) the entity is a public entity (for the ADA claim) or receives federal 14 financial assistance (for the Rehabilitation Act claim). Zukle, 166 F.3d at 1045. The ADA 15 defines “disability” as: 16 (A) a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major 17 life activities of such individual; 18 (B) a record of such an impairment; or 19 (C) being regarded as having such an impairment (as described in paragraph 20 (3)). 21 42 U.S.C. § 12102(1). “[M]ajor life activities include, but are not limited to, caring for oneself, 22 performing manual tasks, seeing, hearing, eating, sleeping, walking, standing, lifting, bending, 23 speaking, breathing, learning, reading, concentrating, thinking, communicating, and working.” 24 Id. § 12102(2)(A). An individual is “substantially” limited in a major life activity if her 25 limitation “is a severe restriction ... compared to how unimpaired individuals normally” engage 26 in that activity. See Walton, 492 F.3d at 1007. A person with a disability is otherwise 27 qualified if he “is able to meet all of a program's requirements in spite of his handicap.” Se. 28 Cmty Coll. v. Davis, 442 U.S. 397, 406 (1979). A plaintiff generally bears the initial burden -5- 08cv2363 1 to prove that a reasonable accommodation exists and that the accommodation would enable 2 her to perform the essential functions of the position. See Wong v. Regents of Univ. of Cal., 3 192 F.3d 807, 816 (9th Cir.1999) (accommodation to meet essential eligibility requirements 4 for admission). The burden then shifts to the defendant to prove that the accommodation is not 5 reasonable or that the plaintiff was not qualified even with the accommodation. Id. at 817. 6 Plaintiff has failed to plead a disability covered by the ADA in the FAC. In order to 7 properly allege a disability under this statute, Plaintiff must set forth enough facts to support 8 an inference that Plaintiff has a disability under the ADA; she must plead more than mere 9 conclusory allegations. See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555; Epstein v. Wash. Energy Co., 83 F.3d 10 at 1140. The FAC alleges that Plaintiff has a “health disability.” The FAC is completely 11 devoid of any allegations regarding what Plaintiff’s physical or mental impairments are, how 12 severe they are, or how these impairments substantially limit a major life activity. Plaintiff 13 attached a letter from the Department of Veterans Affairs indicating that Plaintiff receives non- 14 service connected pension and is “rated 100 percent disabled.” (Doc. No. 7 at 9.) However, 15 a disability award by an administrative agency does not in itself constitute a physical 16 impairment which substantially limits an individual's major life activity and thereby renders 17 the individual handicapped within the meaning of the ADA. See Wimbley v. Bolger, 642 F. 18 Supp. 481 (W.D. Tenn. 1986), aff'd, 831 F.2d 298 (6th Cir.1987) (fact that employee had 30% 19 service-connected disability under Veteran Administration standards does not automatically 20 render individual “handicapped employee”). Plaintiff has also failed to properly allege that 21 she is “otherwise qualified” to participate in the program, i.e., he or she meets the essential 22 eligibility requirements of the entity, with or without reasonable accommodation; or that 23 Defendant discriminated against her solely by reason of her disability; or that Defendant 24 receives federal financial assistance. See Zukle, 166 F.3d at 1045. 25 In her opposition, Plaintiff alleges additional facts regarding her disability, namely, that 26 she was ‘approved and qualified by the University’s ADA department as qualified by ADA 27 standards and the Rehabilitation Act.” (Doc. No. 23 at 9.) Plaintiff also alleges that her 28 education was funded by Federal Student Aid. (Id. at 14.) Such new allegations contained in -6- 08cv2363 1 Plaintiff’s opposition, however, are irrelevant for Rule 12(b)(6) purposes, because “[i]n 2 determining the propriety of a Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal, a court may not look beyond the 3 complaint to a plaintiff's moving papers, such as a memorandum in opposition to a defendant's 4 motion to dismiss.” Schneider v. Cal. Dept. of Corr., 151 F.3d 1194, 1197 n.1 (9th Cir. 1998). 5 After due consideration, the Court concludes that Plaintiff fails to state a claim under the ADA 6 or the Rehabilitation Act. 7 The Court declines to reconsider its February 10, 2009 Order denying the appointment 8 of counsel. The decision whether to appoint counsel is within the discretion of the court and 9 is “granted only in exceptional circumstances.” Agyeman v. Corrections Corp. of America, 10 390 F.3d 1101, 1103 (9th Cir. 2004) (quoting Franklin v. Murphy, 745 F.2d 1221, 1236 (9th 11 Cir. 1984)). To find exceptional circumstances warranting court-appointed counsel, the court 12 must evaluate “the likelihood of the plaintiff’s success on the merits and an evaluation of the 13 plaintiff’s ability to articulate his claims in light of the complexity of the legal issues 14 involved.” Agyeman, 390 F.3d at 1103 (internal quotes omitted). Plaintiff’s response in 15 opposition, a seventeen-page long document with multiple exhibits, demonstrates Plaintiff’s 16 ability to articulate her claims. Conclusion 17 18 Because Plaintiff failed to state a prima facie case under the ADA or the Rehabilitation 19 Act, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s motion to dismiss the FAC. Plaintiff may file an 20 amended pleading curing the noted deficiencies on or before January 4, 2010. 21 IT IS SO ORDERED. 22 DATED: November 25, 2009 23 ______________________________ 24 MARILYN L. HUFF, District Judge UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 25 26 27 28 -7- 08cv2363
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