Serafin v. Realmark Holdings, LLC et al, No. 5:2023cv03275 - Document 36 (N.D. Cal. 2023)

Court Description: ORDER denying 5 Motion to Dismiss. Signed by Judge P. Casey Pitts on 10/26/2023. (nmc, COURT USER) (Filed on 10/26/2023)Any non-CM/ECF Participants have been served by First Class Mail to the addresses of record listed on the Notice of Electronic Filing (NEF)

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1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 ROBERT SERAFIN, 7 Plaintiff, 8 ORDER DENYING MOTION TO DISMISS v. 9 REALMARK HOLDINGS, LLC, et al., 10 Re: Dkt. No. 5 Defendants. 11 United States District Court Northern District of California Case No. 23-cv-03275-PCP 12 13 Defendants Realmark Holdings, LLC and Realmark, Inc. (collectively “Realmark 14 Defendants”) move to dismiss or stay this action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, improper 15 venue, and failure to state a claim. For the reasons set forth herein, the motion is denied. 16 I. 17 Background Robert Serafin filed this action against the Realmark Defendants as well as his wife 18 Madeline Serafin and certain Doe defendants in June 2023. According to the allegations in Mr. 19 Serafin’s complaint, he and Ms. Serafin jointly formed and incorporated Realmark, Inc. in 2014 20 and each have a 50% ownership interest in Realmark, Inc. Mr. Serafin alleges that the mark 21 “Realmark” has been associated with Realmark, Inc. since that time. Realmark, Inc. provides real 22 estate and related services and is recognized in the Bay Area through its mark. 23 Mr. Serafin alleges that, in late 2022, Ms. Serafin and the Doe Defendants established a 24 new entity named Realmark Holdings, LLC. Upon formation, Realmark Holdings, LLC allegedly 25 assumed Realmark, Inc.’s website (http://realmark-commerical.com) and started offering services 26 that were the same or similar to the services provided by Realmark, Inc. The purpose and effect of 27 this scheme, Mr. Serafin alleges, was to deceive and confuse consumers into thinking the entities 28 were the same and to thereby transfer customers from Realmark, Inc. to Realmark Holdings, LLC. 1 According to Mr. Serafin’s complaint, the defendants have through this scheme diverted millions 2 of dollars in revenue from Realmark, Inc. to Realmark Holdings, LLC, all to Mr. Serafin’s 3 detriment because he is a 50% shareholder in Realmark, Inc. but has no interest in Realmark 4 Holdings, LLC. United States District Court Northern District of California 5 In this lawsuit, Mr. Serafin alleges violations of Section 43 of the Lanham Act for False 6 Designation of Origin and related state law claims. Specifically, Mr. Serafin alleges Realmark 7 Holdings, LLC coopted Realmark Inc.’s website and uses the “Realmark” mark to market the 8 same or similar services as Realmark Inc. In so doing, Mr. Serafin alleges that the Realmark 9 Defendants intend to trade upon the reputation and goodwill of the mark to divert business from 10 Realmark, Inc. to Realmark Holdings, LLC. As a remedy, Mr. Serafin seeks both monetary 11 damages and injunctive relief. 12 On August 9, 2023, the Realmark Defendants moved to dismiss Mr. Serafin’s complaint or 13 stay this action pending the resolution of a Contra Costa County Superior Court marital 14 dissolution action involving Mr. Serafin and Ms. Serafin. They assert four grounds for dismissal. 15 First, the Realmark Defendants seek to dismiss Mr. Serafin’s complaint for lack of subject 16 matter jurisdiction because this lawsuit arises from a dispute between Mr. Serafin and his wife and 17 involves at least one asset that may be addressed in the Serafins’ pending marital dissolution 18 proceedings—Realmark, Inc. As a result, they argue that this lawsuit falls within the state courts’ 19 exclusive jurisdiction over matters of domestic relations and that the “domestic relations” 20 exception strips this Court of the jurisdiction it would otherwise have over Mr. Serafin’s claims. 21 Second, the Realmark Defendants contend that even if the Court has jurisdiction over Mr. 22 Serafin’s claims, the Court should refrain from allowing Mr. Serafin to move forward with those 23 claims while the Serafins’ marital dissolution proceedings remain pending in state court. They 24 argue that abstention is proper under either Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37 (1971), or Burford v. 25 Sun Oil Co., 319 U.S. 315 (1943). 26 Third, the Realmark Defendants move to dismiss the complaint “for improper forum” 27 pursuant to Rule 12(b)(3). They do not dispute any of Mr. Serafin’s venue-related allegations, but 28 rather again invoke the “domestic relations” exception to challenge venue in this District. 2 Fourth, and finally, the Realmark Defendants move to dismiss Mr. Serafin’s complaint 1 2 pursuant to Federal Rule of Procedure 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim. Specifically, they argue 3 that Mr. Serafin lacks standing to assert a claim under Section 43(a) of the Lanham Act because he 4 fails to allege either that defendants acted in interstate commerce or that he suffered competitive 5 injury. They contend that Mr. Serafin’s remaining causes of action are based on the Lanham Act 6 and thus fail for the same reasons. 7 II. 8 9 10 United States District Court Northern District of California 11 Legal Standards The Realmark Defendants seek to dismiss Mr. Serafin’s complaint for lack for subject matter jurisdiction under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1), for improper venue under Rule 12(b)(3), and for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6). A Rule 12(b)(1) jurisdictional attack may be either facial or factual. Safe Air for Everyone 12 v. Meyer, 373 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th Cir. 2004). Where a jurisdictional attack is facial, “the 13 challenger asserts that the allegations contained in a complaint are insufficient on their face to 14 invoke federal jurisdiction.” Id. Where a jurisdictional attack is factual, “the challenger disputes 15 the truth of the allegations that, by themselves, would otherwise invoke federal jurisdiction.” Id. In 16 resolving such factual disputes, courts may “review evidence beyond the complaint without 17 converting the motion to dismiss into a motion for summary judgment” and “need not presume the 18 truthfulness of the plaintiff’s allegations.” Id. Although the Ninth Circuit has “not squarely held 19 whether abstention is properly raised under Rule 12(b)(6), Rule 12(b)(1), both, or neither,” 20 Courthouse News Serv. v. Planet, 750 F.3d 776, 779 n.2 (9th Cir. 2014), the Court will treat the 21 Realmark Defendants’ request that the Court apply Younger or Burford abstention to this lawsuit 22 as a factual Rule 12(b)(1) motion and consider the evidence submitted by the Realmark 23 Defendants in support thereof. 24 Congress has established that venue is proper in “(1) a judicial district in which any 25 defendant resides, if all defendants are residents of the State in which the district is located; (2) a 26 judicial district in which a substantial part of the events or omissions giving rise to the claim 27 occurred, or a substantial part of property that is the subject of the action is situated; or (3) if there 28 is no district in which an action may otherwise be brought as provided in this section, any judicial 3 United States District Court Northern District of California 1 district in which any defendant is subject to the court’s personal jurisdiction with respect to such 2 action.” 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b). If a defendant raises an objection to venue under Rule 12(b)(3), the 3 plaintiff bears the burden to show that venue is proper. In ruling on such a motion, “the pleadings 4 need not be accepted as true, and facts outside the pleadings properly may be considered.” Kukje 5 Hwajae Ins. Co. v. M/V Hyundai Liberty, 408 F.3d 1250, 1254 (9th Cir. 2005). 6 In resolving a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6), the Court 7 must “accept all factual allegations in the complaint as true and construe the pleadings in the light 8 most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Rowe v. Educ. Credit Mgmt. Corp., 559 F.3d 1028, 9 1029–30 (9th Cir. 2009). The motion must be granted, however, if the pleadings fail to allege facts 10 that allow the Court “to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the 11 misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). Legal conclusions “can provide 12 the framework of a complaint,” but the Court will not assume they are correct unless adequately 13 “supported by factual allegations.” Id. at 679. Rule 12(b)(6) is the proper vehicle to evaluate 14 standing to pursue claims under a particular statute. See Vaugh v. Bay Env’t Mgmt., Inc., 567 F.3d 15 1021, 1024 (9th Cir. 2009) (“[A] dismissal for lack of statutory standing is properly viewed as a 16 dismissal for failure to state a claim.”). 17 III. The Court Grants the Request for Judicial Notice. 18 In support of their motion, the Realmark Defendants ask this Court to take judicial notice 19 of six exhibits: (1) Mr. Serafin and Ms. Serafin’s pending marital dissolution proceeding; (2) the 20 Schedule of Assets and Debts submitted by Mr. Serafin in that case; (3) Mr. Serafin’s request in 21 that case for the appointment of a forensic accountant to value Realmark, Inc.; (4) the order in that 22 case appointing an accounting expert; (5) the Complaint in Burden v. Serafin, No. 22-cv-03479- 23 DMR (N.D. Cal. June 13, 2022); and (6) the Order Re Motion to Stay, Dkt. No. 54, in Burden v. 24 Serafin, No. 22-cv-03479-DMR (N.D. Cal. May 22, 2023). 25 Under Federal Rule of Evidence 201(b), a court may take judicial notice of a fact “not 26 subject to reasonable dispute” because it either (1) “is generally known within the trial court’s 27 territorial jurisdiction” or (2) “can be accurately and readily determined from sources whose 28 accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” A court cannot, however, take judicial notice of a fact 4 1 that is “subject to reasonable dispute.” Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 689 (9th Cir. 2 2001). “[W]hen a court takes judicial notice of another court’s opinion, it may do so ‘not for the 3 truth of the facts recited therein, but for the existence of the opinion, which is not subject to 4 reasonable dispute over its authenticity.’” Id. at 690 (quoting S. Cross Overseas Agencies, Inc. v. 5 Wah Kwong Shipping Grp. Ltd., 181 F.3d 410, 426–27 (3rd Cir. 1999)). In opposing the Realmark Defendants’ request for judicial notice, Mr. Serafin asserts that United States District Court Northern District of California 6 7 the facts and exhibits at issue constitute “a blizzard of irrelevant or no longer valid documents 8 from the pending divorce matter,” and he specifically challenges the order appointing an 9 accounting expert as “out of date and invalid.” Dkt. No. 11, at 5–6. Mr. Serafin likewise contends 10 that the documents from Burden v. Serafin are irrelevant to the issues before the Court. Id. at 5. 11 Crucially, however, Mr. Serafin does not dispute the authenticity of any of the six public records 12 of which the Realmark Defendants seek judicial notice. For that reason alone, the Court will take 13 judicial notice of the exhibits. To the extent that facts contained in the state court order appointing 14 a forensic accountant are in dispute, the court will take judicial notice only of the existence of that 15 order. Likewise, to the extent the exhibits are irrelevant to the issues currently before the Court, 16 they will not be considered in ruling upon the Realmark Defendants’ motion. 17 IV. 18 This Court Has Subject Matter Jurisdiction Over Mr. Serafin’s Claims. In seeking the dismissal of Mr. Serafin’s lawsuit, the Realmark Defendants first contend 19 that this Court must dismiss Mr. Serafin’s case for lack of subject matter jurisdiction because the 20 “domestic relations” exception strips this Court of the jurisdiction it would otherwise have over 21 Mr. Serafin’s claims. Specifically, the Realmark Defendants contend that because this lawsuit 22 arises from a dispute between Mr. Serafin and his wife and involves at least one asset that may be 23 addressed in the Serafins’ pending marital dissolution proceedings—Realmark, Inc.—this lawsuit 24 falls within the state courts’ exclusive jurisdiction over matters of domestic relations. This 25 argument is contrary to binding Ninth Circuit precedent. 26 The contours of the domestic relations exception to federal jurisdiction are set forth by the 27 Supreme Court’s opinion in Ankenbrandt v. Richards, 504 U.S. 689 (1992). Ankenbrandt 28 explained that “the domestic relations exception … divests the federal courts of power to issue 5 United States District Court Northern District of California 1 divorce, alimony, and child custody decrees” but is limited to “cases involving the issuance of a 2 divorce, alimony, or child custody decree.” Id. at 703–04. The Ninth Circuit subsequently clarified 3 that “the domestic relations exception applies only to the diversity jurisdiction statute” and 4 therefore does not apply where the court exercises federal question jurisdiction. Atwood v. Fort 5 Peck Tribal Ct. Assiniboine, 513 F.3d 943, 947 (9th Cir. 2008) (holding that where “subject matter 6 jurisdiction exists … under § 1331 and federal common law,” the “domestic relations exception 7 does not apply”); see Bailey v. MacFarland, 5 F.4th 1092, 1095–96 (9th Cir. 2021) (citing 8 Atwood, 513 F.3d at 947) (“We have held that the domestic relations exception does not apply in 9 federal question cases.”). 10 Here, it is undisputed that Mr. Serafin asserts claims that fall within the Court’s federal 11 question jurisdiction. Specifically, this Court has subject matter jurisdiction over Mr. Serafin’s 12 federal Lanham Act claims pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331 (federal question) and 28 U.S.C. § 1338 13 (trademarks), and has supplemental jurisdiction over his state law claims pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 14 § 1367. Because the domestic relations exception does not apply where federal questions provide 15 the basis for federal jurisdiction, dismissal on that ground is not appropriate here. 16 V. 17 The Court Will Not Abstain from Resolving Mr. Serafin’s Claims. The Realmark Defendants separately contend that even if the Court has jurisdiction over 18 Mr. Serafin’s claims, the Court should refrain from allowing Mr. Serafin to move forward with 19 those claims while the Serafins’ marital dissolution proceedings remain pending in state court. But 20 “abstention from the exercise of federal jurisdiction is the ‘exception, not the rule,’” Sprint 21 Commc’ns, Inc. v. Jacobs, 571 U.S. 69, 82 (2013), and neither form of abstention identified by the 22 Realmark Defendants applies under the circumstances presented here. 23 A. Younger Abstention Does Not Apply. 24 The Realmark Defendants first argue that abstention is proper under Younger v. Harris, 25 401 U.S. 37 (1971). Although Younger itself involved state criminal proceedings, Younger 26 abstention may at times also be justified by ongoing civil proceedings. See Sprint Commc’ns, 571 27 U.S. at 78. In such instances, “Younger abstention is appropriate only when the state proceedings: 28 (1) are ongoing, (2) are quasi-criminal enforcement actions or involve a state’s interest in 6 1 enforcing the orders and judgments of its courts, (3) implicate an important state interest, and 2 (4) allow litigants to raise federal challenges.” ReadyLink Healthcare, Inc. v. State Comp. Ins. 3 Fund, 754 F.3d 754, 759 (9th Cir. 2014).1 If each of the four “threshold elements” for Younger 4 abstention is satisfied, the court must “then consider whether the federal action would have the 5 practical effect of enjoining the state proceedings and whether an exception to Younger applies.” 6 Id. In this case, the second factor set forth in ReadyLink is dispositive and precludes abstaining United States District Court Northern District of California 7 8 under Younger. The Serafins’ ongoing marital dissolution proceedings are neither “civil 9 enforcement proceedings” nor “civil proceedings involving certain orders … uniquely in 10 furtherance of the state courts’ ability to perform their judicial functions.” Cook v. Harding, 879 11 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th Cir. 2018) (citing Sprint, 571 U.S. at 78). Civil enforcement proceedings are 12 “akin to a criminal prosecution,” and “are characteristically initiated to sanction the federal 13 plaintiff … for some wrongful act.” Id. at 1040 (citing Sprint, 571 U.S. at 79). Those 14 characteristics are not present in the marital dissolution proceedings at issue here, whose purpose 15 is simply to set the conditions for the dissolution of the Serafins’ marriage. Similarly, the ongoing 16 dissolution proceedings do not implicate “the state courts’ ability to enforce compliance with 17 judgments already made” or “the process by which” state courts “compel compliance … under 18 state law.” Id. at 1041 (emphasis in original). The Realmark Defendants’ speculation that a 19 judgment from this Court could interfere with the state court’s “consideration of division of 20 community property between the parties, including Realmark, Inc,” Dkt. No. 5, at 7–8, neither 21 impacts the state court’s ability to enforce any judgments that have already been made nor 22 implicates the process by which the state court might “compel compliance” with its orders “under 23 state law.” Id. 24 25 26 27 28 1 The Realmark Defendants cite Evans v. Hepworth, 433 F. Supp. 3d 1171 (D. Idaho 2020) for the relevant standard, but Evans evaluated Younger abstention under the test laid out in San Jose Silicon Valley Chamber of Commerce Political Action Committee v. City of San Jose, 546 F.3d 1087, 1092 (9th Cir. 2008). That decision was subsequently abrogated by Sprint Communications, Inc. v. Jacobs, 571 U.S. 69 (2013), and ReadyLink Healthcare, Inc. v. State Compensation Insurance Fund, 754 F.3d 754 (9th Cir. 2014). 7 United States District Court Northern District of California 1 As the Ninth Circuit has noted, “federal courts cannot ignore Sprint’s strict limitations on 2 Younger abstention simply because states have an undeniable interest in family law.” Cook, 879 3 F.3d at 1040. “If the mere possibility of inconsistent federal and state court judgments justified 4 Younger abstention, Younger would swallow whole both Colorado River abstention and 5 preclusion.” ReadyLink, 754 F.3d at 759. Because the state proceeding at issue here does not 6 satisfy the second requirement for Younger abstention, it is not appropriate here. 7 B. Burford Abstention Does Not Apply. 8 The Realmark Defendants also argue that abstention is proper under Burford v. Sun Oil 9 Co., 319 U.S. 315 (1943). Burford abstention is appropriate where (1) “the state has concentrated 10 suits involving the local issue in a particular court”; (2) “the federal issues are not easily separable 11 from complicated state law issues with which the state courts may have special competence”; and 12 (3) “federal review might disrupt state efforts to establish a coherent policy.” Tucker v. First Md. 13 Sav. & Loan, Inc., 942 F.2d 1401, 1405 (9th Cir. 1991). The purpose of Burford abstention is “to 14 limit federal interference with the development of state policy.” Id. at 1407. “It is justified where 15 the issues sought to be adjudicated in federal court are primarily questions regarding that state’s 16 laws.” Id. 17 The Realmark Defendants again invoke the domestic relations exception to argue for 18 Burford abstention, asserting that Mr. Serafin “seeks a determination in this case regarding the 19 ownership of assets through defendants Realmark, Inc. and Realmark, LLC,” and that the present 20 action “directly interferes with the Contra Costa Case and the authority of the Contra Costa 21 County Superior Court to adjudicate claims concerning the community property assets of plaintiff 22 and Madeline Serafin.” Dkt. No. 5, at 8. 23 The Realmark Defendants misrepresent Mr. Serafin’s claim in this case. Rather than seek 24 “a determination in this case regarding the ownership of assets through defendants Realmark, Inc. 25 and Realmark, LLC,” Mr. Serafin alleges that the Realmark Defendants have violated the Lanham 26 Act by causing confusion as to the relationship between the two and by deceiving current and 27 prospective Realmark Inc. customers into thinking, incorrectly, that Realmark Holdings, LLC and 28 Realmark Inc. are the same or related entities. He alleges that by coopting Realmark, Inc.’s 8 1 website and marketing the same or similar services, Realmark Holdings, LLC intends to trade 2 upon the reputation and goodwill of the mark to divert business from Realmark, Inc. to Realmark 3 Holdings, LLC. He is injured by that conduct, he asserts, in his capacity as a 50% shareholder in 4 Realmark, Inc. These trademark infringement claims against two corporate defendants are separable from United States District Court Northern District of California 5 6 any domestic issues specifically within any state court’s special competence. Whether the 7 Realmark Defendants’ conduct amounted to a violation of federal trademark law is a distinct 8 question from whether and how the Serafins’ personal assets—including their respective shares in 9 Realmark, Inc.—should be distributed among them pursuant to a marital dissolution order. While 10 the latter issue undoubtedly falls squarely within the state court’s special competence, this Court’s 11 adjudication of a federal trademark action will not interfere with the state’s interest in disposing of 12 those interests pursuant to California law. The adjudication here also has no bearing on 13 California’s interest in establishing a coherent policy regarding how marital assets are assessed 14 and distributed. Burford abstention is only justified in a narrow set of circumstances “where the issues 15 16 sought to be adjudicated in federal court are primarily questions regarding that state’s laws.” 17 Tucker, 942 F.2d at 1407. That is not the situation in this trademark action where the issues to be 18 adjudicated primarily present questions of federal law. Accordingly, Buford abstention is not 19 appropriate here. 20 VI. 21 Venue in this District Is Proper. Once again invoking the domestic relations exception, the Realmark Defendants also move 22 the Court to dismiss the complaint “for improper forum” pursuant to Rule 12(b)(3). Dkt. No. 5, at 23 2. Mr. Serafin asserts that venue is proper pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b), (c), (d) and 28 U.S.C. 24 § 1400(a). Dkt. No. 1, at ¶ 4. He alleges that both Realmark Holdings, LLC and Realmark, Inc. 25 “have a principal place of business and do business in this judicial district” and that “events giving 26 rise to the claims alleged herein including acts of infringement carried out by the Defendants 27 occurred in this judicial district.” Dkt. No. 1, at ¶ 4. Mr. Serafin also alleges that Realmark 28 Holdings, LLC is a California LLC with its principal place of business in Danville, California. Id. 9 1 at ¶ 6. Mr. Serafin alleges that Realmark, Inc. is a California C Corporation with its principal 2 placement of business also in Danville, California. Id. at ¶ 6.2 Realmark Defendants do not dispute any of Mr. Serafin’s venue-related allegations. Nor do 3 4 they dispute that they each reside in this District and that the events giving rise to the claim 5 occurred in this District. Having already determined that the domestic relations exception does not 6 apply to this case, venue is proper in this District where all named defendants reside and where a 7 substantial part of events giving rise to the present action occurred. See 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b)(1)– 8 (2). 9 VII. Finally, the Realmark Defendants move to dismiss Mr. Serafin’s complaint pursuant to 10 United States District Court Northern District of California Mr. Serafin Has Plausibly Stated a Valid Claim for Relief Under the Lanham Act. 11 Federal Rule of Procedure 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim. Specifically, they contend that Mr. 12 Serafin lacks standing to assert a claim under Section 43(a) of the Lanham Act because he fails to 13 allege either that defendants acted in interstate commerce or that he suffered competitive injury. 14 They contend that Mr. Serafin’s remaining causes of action are based on the Lanham Act and thus 15 fail for the same reasons. These arguments all lack merit. 16 A. 17 Mr. Serafin Sufficiently Pleads that the Realmark Defendants Used the “Realmark” Mark in Interstate Commerce. To state a trademark infringement claim under the Lanham Act, the plaintiff must assert 18 19 that the defendant “uses in commerce any word, term, name, symbol, or device, or any 20 combination thereof, or any false designation of origin, false or misleading description of fact, or 21 false or misleading representation of fact.” 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a)(1) (emphasis added); see 5 22 McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition § 27:47 (5th ed.) (“It is essential that the 23 plaintiff allege in the complaint that the challenged designation or misrepresentation was made in 24 interstate commerce.”). “Commerce” under this statute means “all commerce which may lawfully 25 be regulated by Congress.” 15 U.S.C. § 1127. It is well established that “so defined ‘commerce’ 26 27 28 2 The third named defendant is Madeline Serafin. Mr. Serafin alleges that Ms. Serafin is also a resident of California who resides in this District. Dkt. No. 1, at ¶ 3–4, 7. The identities of the Doe Defendants are not known at this time. See Id. at ¶ 9. 10 1 includes intrastate commerce which ‘affects’ interstate commerce.” Thompson Tank & Mfg. Co. v. 2 Thompson, 693 F.2d 991, 993 (9th Cir. 1982). 3 Contrary to the Realmark Defendants’ contentions, Mr. Serafin has sufficiently alleged that 4 the Realmark Defendants use the “Realmark” mark in commerce. He alleges, for example, that 5 they use the Realmark mark not only on their website but also in their domain, which he alleges 6 they usurped from Realmark, Inc. See Dkt. No. 1, at ¶ 86. That is enough because the internet is 7 recognized as “an instrumentality and channel of interstate commerce.” See, e.g., United States v. 8 Sutcliffe, 505 F.3d 944, 953 (9th Cir. 2007). 9 B. United States District Court Northern District of California 10 To State a Claim for Relief Under Section 43(A), Mr. Serafin Does Not Need To Allege Competitive Injury. 11 The Realmark Defendants also argue that Mr. Serafin has failed to allege the “competitive 12 injury” needed to establish his standing under the Lanham Act. In so arguing, they rely on the test 13 set forth in Jack Russell Terrier Network of Northern California v. American Kennel Club., Inc., 14 under which a plaintiff must show: “(1) a commercial injury based upon a misrepresentation about 15 a product; and (2) that the injury is ‘competitive’ or harmful to the plaintiff’s ability to compete 16 with the defendant.” 407 F.3d 1027, 1037 (9th Cir. 2005). This reliance on the Jack Russell 17 Terrier Network test is improper for at least two reasons. 18 First, the Realmark Defendants fail to distinguish between the distinct causes of action 19 under Section 43(a): (1) false association, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a)(1)(A), and (2) false advertising, 15 20 U.S.C. § 1125(a)(1)(B). The standing analysis under Section 43(a) differs depending on whether 21 the plaintiff asserts a claim for false association or false advertising. The Jack Russell Terrier 22 Network test addressed standing to pursue a false advertising claim, not the false association claim 23 at issue here. 24 Second, the test set forth in Jack Russell Terrier Network is no longer good law. Standing 25 to pursue a false advertising claim is properly analyzed under the test announced in Lexmark 26 International, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc., which does not require a showing of 27 competitive injury. 572 U.S. 118, 134 (2014) (holding that “a direct application of the zone-of- 28 interest test and the proximate-cause requirement supplies the relevant limits on who may sue” for 11 1 false advertising under the Lanham Act). Indeed, Lexmark expressly rejected the Ninth Circuit’s 2 “categorical test[] permitting Lanham Act suits only by an actual competitor.” Id. at 124, 134. For both reasons, the Jack Russell Terrier Network test relied upon by the Realmark 3 4 Defendants has no application to the Lanham Act claims being pursued by Mr. Serafin. Instead, 5 such a trademark infringement can be pursued by “(1) the owner of a federal mark registration, (2) 6 the owner of an unregistered mark, or (e) a nonowner with a cognizable interest in the allegedly 7 infringed trademark.” Halicki Films, LLC v. Sanderson Sales & Mktg., 547 F.3d 1213, 1225 (9th 8 Cir. 2008). The Realmark Defendants do not contend that Mr. Serafin fails to satisfy this standard, 9 and have therefore waived any such argument for purposes of this motion.3 10 VIII. Conclusion For the foregoing reasons, the Court denies the Realmark Defendants’ motion to dismiss. United States District Court Northern District of California 11 12 IT IS SO ORDERED. 13 14 Dated: October 26, 2023 15 16 P. Casey Pitts United States District Judge 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Because the Court rejects the Realmark Defendants’ argument that Mr. Serafin lacks standing to pursue his Lanham Act claims, the Court likewise rejects their derivative argument that Mr. Serafin’s state law claims fail for the same reason. 12 3

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