Citcon USA, LLC v. MaplePay Inc. et al, No. 5:2019cv02112 - Document 85 (N.D. Cal. 2021)
Court Description: ORDER GRANTING Motion to Dismiss Third Amended Complaint with Leave to Amend. Re: Dkt. No. 78 . Citcon may file its Fourth Amended Complaint by 8/14/2021, but may not add additional defendants or claims to that complaint without advanced leave of Court. Signed by Judge Nathanael M. Cousins. (lmh, COURT STAFF) (Filed on 8/4/2021)
Download PDF
<![CDATA[
Citcon USA, LLC v. MaplePay Inc. et al Doc. 85 Case 5:19-cv-02112-NC Document 85 Filed 08/04/21 Page 1 of 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 8 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 9 10 CITCON USA, LLC, Plaintiff, United States District Court Northern District of California 11 v. 12 13 HANG MIAO, et al., Defendants. 14 Case No. 19-cv-02112-NC ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO DISMISS THIRD AMENDED COMPLAINT WITH LEAVE TO AMEND Re: Dkt. No. 78 15 Defendants Hang “Hank” Miao and Dino Lab, Inc. move to dismiss plaintiff Citcon 16 17 USA, LLC’s third amended complaint. Dkt. No. 78 (“MTD”). As before, Citcon alleges 18 that Defendants engaged in trade secret misappropriation of Citcon’s source code. See 19 Dkt. No. 74, Third Amended Complaint (“TAC”). Again, however, Citcon fails to allege 20 sufficient facts to support its claims against Miao and Dino Lab. The Court finds that 21 Citcon’s third amended complaint continues to allege vague and conclusory claims that are 22 implausible. Accordingly, the Court GRANTS the motion to dismiss with LEAVE TO 23 AMEND. 24 I. 25 26 BACKGROUND The Court previously discussed the formation of MaplePay and RiverPay, and summarized the history of the prior lawsuit in its April 2, 2021, order. See Dkt. No. 60. 27 Although a district court generally may not consider any material beyond the 28 pleadings in ruling on a 12(b)(6) motion, the Court may take judicial notice of documents Dockets.Justia.com United States District Court Northern District of California Case 5:19-cv-02112-NC Document 85 Filed 08/04/21 Page 2 of 11 1 referenced in the complaint, as well as matters in the public record, without converting a 2 motion to dismiss into one for summary judgment. See Lee v. City of L.A., 250 F.3d 668, 3 688–89 (9th Cir. 2001) overruled on other grounds by Galbraith v. County of Santa Clara, 4 307 F.3d 1119, 1125–26 (9th Cir. 2002). Additionally, the Court may take judicial notice 5 of matters that are either “generally known within the trial court’s territorial jurisdiction” 6 or “can be accurately and readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot 7 reasonably be questioned.” Fed. R. Evid. 201(b). Public records, including judgments and 8 other court documents, are proper subjects of judicial notice. See United States v. Black, 9 482 F.3d 1035, 1041 (9th Cir. 2007). 10 The Court previously granted judicial notice of the Judgment in the prior case, 11 Citcon USA, LLC v. RiverPay Inc. et al., No. 5:18-cv-02585-NC (N.D. Cal.) (“RiverPay”). 12 See Dkt. No. 60; see also RiverPay Dkt. No. 552 (“Judgment”). Here, both parties ask the 13 Court to acknowledge general disputes in the RiverPay case. See MTD at 6 (“The Court 14 may take judicial notice that the parties generally disputed in the RiverPay case whether 15 Citcon or Dino Lab was the rightful owner of the intellectual property for the allegedly 16 misappropriated code.”); see also Dkt. No. 81 (“Opp’n”) at 6 (“this Court’s prior 17 experience with the Source Code in the Previous Case should be taken into account in 18 assessing the plausibility question regarding the particularity of the trade secret 19 allegations.”). 20 The Court can take judicial notice of the parties’ briefs and court opinions from 21 prior litigation without converting defendants’ 12(b)(6) motion into a Rule 56 motion. 22 McMahon v. Best, No. 00-cv-00616-CRB, 2000 WL 1071828, at *3 (N.D. Cal. July 21, 23 2000). Thus, the Court will take judicial notice of facts in the RiverPay Judgment, 24 Verdict, and prior court opinions and briefs regarding York Hua’s departure from Citcon 25 and acquisition of Citcon’s source code in June 2017 prior to joining RiverPay. 26 27 28 A. Procedural History On April 18, 2019, Citcon filed the instant case against MaplePay and Miao for misappropriation of trade secrets under federal and state law. See Dkt. No. 1. Citcon later 2 Case 5:19-cv-02112-NC Document 85 Filed 08/04/21 Page 3 of 11 1 amended its complaint on two different occasions to add Zheng, Han, Wang, and Dino 2 Lab, Inc. as defendants. See Dkt. Nos. 12, 16. Defendants MaplePay, Miao, Zheng, Han, Wang, and Dino Lab, Inc. filed a motion United States District Court Northern District of California 3 4 to dismiss, arguing (1) that this Court lacked personal jurisdiction over MaplePay, Zheng, 5 Han, and Wang, (2) that res judicata bars the complaint, and (3) that Citcon’s complaint 6 fails to state a claim. Dkt. No. 44. This Court granted the motion in part and dismissed 7 MaplePay, Zheng, Han, and Wang for lack of personal jurisdiction. Dkt. No. 60. The 8 Court denied the motion in part, as to defendants Miao and Dino Lab, for res judicata, 9 claim-splitting, and collateral estoppel. Id. The Court granted the motion with leave to 10 amend, as to Maio and Dino Lab, for failure to state a claim. Id. On June 7, 2021, Citcon 11 amended the complaint for the third time, alleging misappropriation of trade secrets under 12 the Defend Trade Secrets Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1836, and under the California Uniform Trade 13 Secrets Act, Cal. Civ. Code § 3426.3 et seq. See TAC. Defendants again move to dismiss 14 under Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim. The motion is fully briefed, and the Court 15 vacated the hearing set for July 28, 2021. See Dkt. Nos. 78, 81, 83, 84. All parties have 16 consented to the jurisdiction of a magistrate judge. Dkt. Nos. 6, 43. 17 B. Allegations in Third Amended Complaint Citcon alleges that “[t]his case is related to Citcon USA LLC v. RiverPay Inc. et al., 18 19 Case No. 5:18-cv-02585-NC [(N.D. Cal.)] (the ‘RiverPay Case’). Judgement has been 20 entered in the RiverPay Case that RiverPay Inc. (‘RiverPay’) and its co-founder York Hua 21 (‘Hua’) 1 misappropriated Citcon’s source code with malice, oppression, or fraud. The 22 same source code misappropriated in the RiverPay Case is also at issue in this case and is 23 referred to hereinafter as the ‘Source Code.’” TAC ¶ 10. “RiverPay and Hua’s 24 25 26 27 28 1 In the prior lawsuit, the RiverPay case went to trial where a jury awarded Citcon $1.5 million based on RiverPay’s unjust enrichment from misappropriation of Citcon’s Source Code. RiverPay Dkt. No. 487 (“Verdict”) at 4. Although the jury found that defendants RiverPay and Hua acquired or used Citcon’s source code by improper means, the jury did not find any liability against York Hua or Kenny Shi. Id. The jury only found that RiverPay acted with malice, oppression, or fraud but expressly declined to find that defendants Hua and Shi did so. RiverPay Dkt. No. 550 (“Findings of Fact”) at 10. 3 United States District Court Northern District of California Case 5:19-cv-02112-NC Document 85 Filed 08/04/21 Page 4 of 11 1 misappropriation of the Source Code was accomplished through Dino Lab.” TAC ¶ 11. 2 York Hua “cofounded Dino Lab in 2015 . . . as a car wash company,” and later “converted 3 Dino Lab to a contract coding company.” Id. Dino Lab “approached Citcon in early 4 2016” to provide contract coding services for Citcon. Id. “A nondisclosure agreement (the 5 ‘NDA’) was signed between Citcon and Dino Lab of which Hua signed on behalf.” Id. 6 Dino Lab also drafted an independent contractor agreement (the “Dino Lab Contract”) 7 which Dino Lab and Citcon signed in 2016 but was later terminated in late 2017. Id. 8 “Under the contract, Dino Lab’s employees worked on various coding projects for the 9 Source Code and had ready access to the Source Code who worked on Citcon’s projects 10 were allowed direct access to the Source Code, subject to their confidentiality obligations 11 under both the NDA and the Dino Lab Contract.” Id. ¶ 12. “Dino Lab’s co-owners Simon 12 Han and Ryan Zheng” registered RiverPay and its subsidiary MaplePay, Inc. “with the 13 specific purpose of competing with Citcon.” Id. ¶ 13. “The Source Code was then taken 14 through Dino Lab to RiverPay,” a competitor company. Id. 15 “Miao started to work for Dino Lab in 2015 and started to work for Citcon under 16 the Dino Lab Contract in 2016. Miao worked extensively on many parts of the Source 17 Code and had direct access to the Source Code until October 2017 when Miao quit Citcon 18 and joined RiverPay.” Id. ¶ 15. “Dino Lab created an incident to give Miao an 19 opportunity to leave Citcon without undue suspicion of Miao’s true goal of joining 20 RiverPay to avoid arousing suspicion of Citcon.” Id. ¶ 16. Citcon alleges facts detailing 21 the incident that eventually led to Miao acquiring a full-time employment offer from 22 Citcon in October 2017. Id. ¶ 17. Sometime after the “incident,” “Miao quickly joined 23 RiverPay” and soon after published “a defaming piece on the Internet against Citcon.” Id. 24 ¶ 23. “At some point during Miao’s contract period with Citcon, Miao and Hua made 25 copies of Citcon’s trade secret source code and took them from Citcon’s facilities and 26 servers.” Id. ¶ 24. After he stated [sic] working for RiverPay, Miao used the Source Code 27 in his possession to continue improving RiverPay’s source code.” Id. ¶ 25. 28 4 Case 5:19-cv-02112-NC Document 85 Filed 08/04/21 Page 5 of 11 1 II. A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6) tests the legal 2 United States District Court Northern District of California LEGAL STANDARD 3 sufficiency of a complaint. Navarro v. Block, 250 F.3d 729, 732 (9th Cir. 2001). “To 4 survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as 5 true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 6 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). When 7 reviewing a 12(b)(6) motion, a court “must accept as true all factual allegations in the 8 complaint and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party.” Retail 9 Prop. Trust v. United Bd. of Carpenters & Joiners of Am., 768 F.3d 938, 945 (9th Cir. 10 2014). A court, however, need not accept as true “allegations that are merely conclusory, 11 unwarranted deductions of fact, or unreasonable inferences.” In re Gilead Scis. Secs. 12 Litig., 536 F.3d 1049, 1055 (9th Cir. 2008). A claim is facially plausible when it “allows 13 the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct 14 alleged.” Id. If a court grants a motion to dismiss, leave to amend should be granted 15 unless the pleading could not possibly be cured by the allegation of other facts. Lopez v. 16 Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1127 (9th Cir. 2000). 17 III. 18 DISCUSSION Defendants Miao and Dino Lab move to dismiss Citcon’s complaint on the grounds 19 that Citcon fails to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6). See MTD. Citcon alleges that the 20 defendants misappropriated trade secrets under both 18 U.S.C. § 1836 (the Defend Trade 21 Secrets Act, or DTSA) and California Civil Code § 3426 et seq (the California Uniform 22 Trade Secrets Act, or CUTSA). See TAC. The Court finds that Citcon does not 23 sufficiently allege its claims for misappropriation of trade secrets under the DTSA and 24 CUTSA. 25 A plaintiff must plead a claim with “facial plausibility” that allow[s] the court to 26 draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” 27 Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 663 (emphasis added). Additionally, the Federal Rules of Civil 28 Procedure require a pleading to give a defendant “fair notice” of the claim being asserted 5 Case 5:19-cv-02112-NC Document 85 Filed 08/04/21 Page 6 of 11 1 and the “grounds upon which it rests.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555; Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2) 2 (requiring that a complaint provide a “short and plain statement of the claim showing that 3 the pleader is entitled to relief.”). “Furthermore, where ‘all defendants are lumped together 4 in a single, broad allegation,’ without ‘any specificity [of] how each . . . defendant 5 allegedly’ committed illegal acts, the plaintiff’s complaint fails to put defendants on notice 6 of the claims asserted against them.” Sepehry-Fard v. Nationstar Mortgage LLC, No. 14- 7 cv-03218-LHK, 2015 WL 332202, at *15 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 26, 2015) (citing Gauvin v. 8 Trombatore, 682 F. Supp. 1067, 1071 (N.D. Cal. 1988)). “Disclosure or use of a trade secret of another without express or implied consent United States District Court Northern District of California 9 10 by a person who . . . knew or had reason to know that his or her knowledge of the trade 11 secret was . . . acquired under circumstances giving rise to a duty to maintain its secrecy or 12 limit its use” constitutes trade secret misappropriation. Cal. Civ. Code 13 § 3426.1(b)(2)(B)(ii). To plead trade secret misappropriation under both the DTSA and 14 the CUTSA, a plaintiff must plead (1) its ownership of the trade secret, (2) that the 15 defendant acquired it through improper means, and (3) that the defendants’ actions 16 damaged the plaintiff. See Rockwell Collins Inc. v. Wallace, No. 17-cv-1369-AG, 2017 17 WL 5502775, at *2 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 10, 2017). 18 19 A. Claims Against Dino Lab, Inc. The Court finds that Citcon’s allegations against Dino Lab remain vague and 20 conclusory and fail to state a plausible claim for relief. First, Citcon argues that Hua was 21 the “proven thief of the Source Code in the Previous Case.” Opp’n at 3. In the RiverPay 22 case, although the jury found that defendants RiverPay and Hua acquired or used Citcon’s 23 source code by improper means, the jury did not find any individual liability against Hua. 24 See Dkt. No. 60 at 4; RiverPay Dkt. No. 487 “Verdict” at 4. With this in mind, Citcon 25 fails to adequately allege facts about who misappropriated the source code at Dino Lab 26 (e.g., Hua, Miao, or both), how those actors participated in the misappropriation, and 27 where and when such misappropriation occurred. 28 In addition to the lacking factual basis, Citcon also fails to plead any elements of 6 Case 5:19-cv-02112-NC Document 85 Filed 08/04/21 Page 7 of 11 1 vicarious liability. See Jones v. Royal Admin Servs., Inc., 887 F.3d 443, 450 (9th Cir. 2 2018) (“[a]n employer is subject to vicarious liability for a tort committed by its employee 3 for acting within the scope of employment”). Though not required, Citcon’s allegations 4 seem to rely on some type of vicarious tort liability by stating that the misappropriation 5 “was accomplished through Dino Lab.” See TAC ¶ 11. Citcon does not allege that Dino 6 Lab itself actually took and utilized the trade secrets. Without pleading the elements of a 7 vicarious liability claim, or pleading the facts necessary to support it, the Court cannot 8 draw the inferences Citcon pursues. United States District Court Northern District of California 9 Finally, the third amended complaint contains a timing discrepancy that precludes 10 plausibility. Hua was employed by Citcon, not Dino Lab, prior to joining RiverPay in 11 June 2017. See Citcon USA, LLC v. RiverPay Inc., No. 18-cv-002585-NC, 2019 WL 12 2327885, at *2 (N.D. Cal. May 31, 2019) (in denying partial summary judgment, this 13 Court found that Hua “worked for Citcon through June 2017” prior to joining RiverPay). 14 And although Citcon alleges that Hua created Dino Lab in 2015 and later converted it into 15 a contract coding company, TAC ¶ 11, Citcon does not allege that Hua was actually 16 employed or affiliated with Dino Lab during the alleged misappropriation nor had any 17 influence over the actors at Dino Lab who engaged in the misappropriation. If Citcon’s 18 allegations against Dino Lab hinge entirely on Hua’s actions, then the Court cannot draw a 19 reasonable inference that Dino Lab is liable for the misconduct alleged. 20 Furthermore, and as discussed below, if Citcon’s allegations against Dino Lab hinge 21 instead on Miao’s actions then there are similar issues. Citcon fails to allege the timing of 22 when Miao would have taken Citcon’s source code to RiverPay, and Citcon also fails to 23 clarify the inconsistency between the RiverPay case (where a jury found that Hua 24 improperly acquired the source code), and the instant case (that Miao is the individual who 25 misappropriated the source code). Thus, these vague and inconsistent allegations about 26 Hua and Miao preclude a plausible claim for relief against Dino Lab. Accordingly, the 27 Court finds that Citcon failed to state a claim against Dino Lab for trade secret 28 misappropriation under the DTSA and CUTSA. 7 Case 5:19-cv-02112-NC Document 85 Filed 08/04/21 Page 8 of 11 1 2 Claims Against Hank Miao Citcon alleges that Miao acquired and made copies of Citcon’s source code during 3 his contract period with Citcon and took the copies to continue improving RiverPay’s 4 source code. TAC ¶ 24–25. First, the Court will not address the arguments on indirect 5 misappropriation because Citcon alleges that Miao obtained the trade secrets directly from 6 the plaintiff. 7 United States District Court Northern District of California B. Second, Citcon alleges that “Dino Lab created an incident to give Miao an 8 opportunity to leave Citcon without undue suspicion of Miao’s true goal of joining 9 RiverPay to avoid arousing suspicion of Citcon.” Id. ¶ 16. But the allegations that follow 10 only describe the events involving Miao’s change from his role as a contractor to his role 11 as a full-time employee for Citcon; the allegations do not describe the events that involve 12 leaving Citcon for RiverPay. See TAC ¶¶ 16–23. It is still unclear what the relevance is of 13 this incident, especially because Citcon concludes its allegations by saying that Miao made 14 copies of the source code “[a]t some point during Miao’s contract period with Citcon,” 15 rather than during the full-time employment he obtained as a result of the “incident.” See 16 TAC ¶ 24 (emphasis added). These vague allegations about a conspired incident do not 17 create a plausible inference that Miao improperly obtained Citcon’s source code to take 18 over to RiverPay. 19 Third, Citcon’s allegations about Miao’s improper means fail to establish plausible 20 entitlement to relief. Citcon’s basis for alleging that Miao used improper means is the 21 “breach or inducement of a breach of a duty to maintain secrecy,” and that he knew his 22 “knowledge of the trade secret was . . . [a]cquired under circumstances giving rise to a 23 duty to maintain its secrecy or limit its use.” Opp’n at 5 (citing Cal. Civ. Code § 24 3426.1(a), (b)(2)(B)(ii)). Citcon argues that this is supported by allegations regarding the 25 Dino Lab Contract and the NDA. Opp’n at 5. But Citcon’s allegations assume that the 26 NDA and Dino Lab Contract prohibited making copies of the source code, yet there is no 27 indication that doing so was also prohibited for use in the course of Miao’s work. 28 Citcon must plead facts showing that Miao had a duty not to use the information in 8 United States District Court Northern District of California Case 5:19-cv-02112-NC Document 85 Filed 08/04/21 Page 9 of 11 1 the way alleged. See Space Data Corporation v. X, No. 16-cv-03260-BLF, 2017 WL 2 5013363, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 16, 2017); Farhang v. Indian Inst. Of Tech., Kharagpur, 3 No. 08-2658, 2010 WL 2228936, at *15 (N.D. Cal. June 1, 2010) (regarding insufficiency 4 of allegations for improper use regarding NDA); see also S. Cal. Inst. of Law v. TCS Educ. 5 Sys., No. 10-8026, 2011 WL 1296602, at *8 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 5, 2011) (finding that the 6 complaint alleged no facts to suggest that defendants engaged in anything other than 7 approved uses under the NDA). Citcon did not plead that it had a policy or rule against 8 programmers downloading or making copies of the code, nor that Citcon disapproved of 9 Miao making copies of the source code through the course of his work. See Rockwell, WL 10 5502775 at *3 (denying dismissal because the plaintiff plead that defendant’s “downloads 11 were ‘unauthorized’ because of specific company policies and because the company never 12 gave him permission to download the information.”). Therefore, Citcon insufficiently 13 pleads trade secret misappropriation against Miao because it fails to adequately allege 14 improper means. 15 More importantly, Citcon’s trade secret misappropriation claims do not appear to be 16 correctly directed at Miao as an individual. Citcon argues that it is “highly likely” that 17 Miao took Citcon’s source code to RiverPay because he had access to the code while 18 working under contract for Citcon and he later worked for RiverPay. Opp’n at 5. Not only 19 is a “high likelihood” not the proper pleading standard, but Citcon fails to meet the proper 20 implausibility standard here. 21 “If there are two alternative explanations . . . both of which are plausible, plaintiff’s 22 complaint survives a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6). In re Century Aluminum Co. 23 Securities Litig., 729 F.3d 1104, 1108 (9th Cir. 2013). “When faced with two possible 24 explanations, only one of which can be true and only one of which results in liability, 25 plaintiffs cannot offer allegations that are ‘merely consistent with’ their favored 26 explanation but are also consistent with the alternative explanation.” Id. (citing Iqbal, 556 27 U.S. at 678). “Something more is needed, such as facts tending to exclude the possibility 28 that the alternative explanation is true . . . in order to render plaintiffs’ allegations plausible 9 Case 5:19-cv-02112-NC Document 85 Filed 08/04/21 Page 10 of 11 1 within the meaning of Iqbal and Twombly.” Id. Here, accepting the allegations as true, 2 Citcon’s source code could have been misappropriated by Miao when he took it from 3 Citcon’s facilities and servers and made copies with Hua, see TAC ¶ 24, but the “obvious 4 alternative explanation” is that the source code was instead misappropriated by Hua in 5 June 2017 when he downloaded it from Citcon’s computers, see RiverPay, WL 2327885 at 6 *2; see RiverPay Verdict; see also RiverPay Dkt. No. 136 ¶ 59. In RiverPay, and in Citcon’s previous complaints in the instant case, Citcon United States District Court Northern District of California 7 8 acknowledges that Hua brought Citcon’s source code to RiverPay and used it “as the 9 foundation for RiverPay’s products and services.” See Dkt. No. 16 (“SAC”) ¶ 31. Citcon 10 also acknowledges that it was Hua who “acquired or used the [Source Code] by improper 11 means” and incorporated them into RiverPay’s competing products. See RiverPay Verdict 12 at 4. Citcon alleges here that Miao left Citcon in October 2017 and then later joined 13 RiverPay, at an unidentified time. See TAC ¶¶ 15, 23, 24. It is unclear how Citcon plans 14 to assign liability to Miao for taking the source code from Citcon to RiverPay in October 15 2017 after litigating the entire RiverPay case on the premise that Hua was the actor who 16 took that same source code to RiverPay in June 2017. Citcon fails to plead facts excluding 17 the possibility that the alternative explanation is true or that both explanations somehow 18 worked in tandem. Thus, Hua’s actions in the RiverPay case present a plausible alternative 19 explanation for the misappropriation of Citcon’s source code. Accordingly, the Court 20 finds that Citcon failed to state a claim against Miao for trade secret misappropriation 21 under the DTSA and CUTSA. 22 IV. 23 CONCLUSION For the reasons stated above, the motion to dismiss the Third Amended Complaint 24 is GRANTED with LEAVE TO AMEND for failure to state a claim upon which relief can 25 be granted. The Court does not find that further opportunity to amend would be futile 26 because the Court only granted Citcon leave to amend its complaint one time after Citcon 27 amended on its own to add new parties. Citcon may file its Fourth Amended Complaint by 28 August 18, 2021, but may not add additional defendants or claims to that complaint 10 Case 5:19-cv-02112-NC Document 85 Filed 08/04/21 Page 11 of 11 1 without advanced leave of Court. If no corrective complaint is timely filed, the Court will 2 enter judgment for defendants. Defendants Miao and Dino Lab, Inc. may wait to file their 3 Answer or Motion to Dismiss until 14 days after the Fourth Amended Complaint has been 4 filed. 5 IT IS SO ORDERED. 6 7 8 Dated: August 4, 2021 _____________________________________ NATHANAEL M. COUSINS United States Magistrate Judge 9 10 United States District Court Northern District of California 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 11
]]>
Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You
should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google
Privacy Policy and
Terms of Service apply.
