Veal v. LendingClub Corporation et al, No. 5:2018cv02599 - Document 113 (N.D. Cal. 2020)

Court Description: ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS' MOTION TO DISMISS 96 WITH LEAVE TO AMEND IN PART AND WITHOUT LEAVE TO AMEND IN PART. Signed by Judge Beth Labson Freeman on 6/12/2020. (blflc3S, COURT STAFF) (Filed on 6/12/2020)

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1 2 3 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 4 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 5 SAN JOSE DIVISION 6 7 MATTHEW VEAL, et al., Plaintiffs, 8 v. 9 United States District Court Northern District of California Case No. 18-cv-02599-BLF 10 LENDINGCLUB CORPORATION, et al., 11 Defendants. ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS WITH LEAVE TO AMEND IN PART AND WITHOUT LEAVE TO AMEND IN PART [Re: ECF 96] 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 This is a putative class action for securities fraud brought against LendingClub Corporation (“LendingClub” or “Company”) and its officers Scott Sanborn, Bradley Coleman, and Thomas W. Casey (“Individual Defendants”), (collectively with LendingClub, “Defendants”). On November 4, 2019, the Court granted Defendants’ first motion to dismiss the Consolidated Amended Class Action Complaint (“CAC”, ECF 63) with leave to amend. Prior Order, ECF 92. Plaintiffs filed a timely Second Amended Complaint (“SAC”) alleging that Defendants violated Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”) and Rule 10b-5, 17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5. ECF 93. Plaintiffs also assert that Individual Defendants are liable for violations of federal securities laws as “control persons” of LendingClub, pursuant to Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act, 15 U.S.C. § 78t(a). Id. Defendants now move to dismiss the SAC for failure to state a claim. Motion, ECF 96. The Court heard oral arguments on April 30, 2020 (the “Hearing”). For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED WITH LEAVE TO AMEND IN PART and WITHOUT LEAVE TO AMEND IN PART. 26 I. 27 28 BACKGROUND Defendant LendingClub is a Delaware corporation that operates an online marketplace United States District Court Northern District of California 1 platform that connects borrowers and investors in the United States. SAC ¶ 17. Defendant Scott 2 Sanborn (“Sanborn”) was LendingClub’s Acting Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) from May 6, 3 2016 until June 28, 2016 and has been LendingClub’s CEO since June 28, 2016. Id. ¶ 18. In his 4 tenure prior to becoming CEO, Sanborn acted as President, Chief Operating Officer, and Chief 5 Marketing Officer. 6 Principal Accounting Officer and Interim-Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”) from August 2016 to 7 September 2016. Id. ¶ 19. Defendant Thomas W. Casey (“Casey”) has been the Company’s CFO 8 since September 19, 2016. Id. ¶ 20. Id. Defendant Bradley Coleman (“Coleman”) served as LendingClub’s 9 Lead Plaintiffs, XiangHong Ding and Zhenbin Chen, bring this federal securities class action 10 on behalf of themselves and all persons and entities other than Defendants, who purchased or 11 otherwise acquired the publicly traded securities of Lending Club Corporation between May 9, 2016 12 and April 25, 2018 (“Class Period”). See SAC ¶ 1. Lead Plaintiffs allege that they purchased 13 LendingClub securities during the Class Period at “inflated prices” and were “damaged upon the 14 revelation of the alleged corrective disclosures and/or materialization of the undisclosed risks.” Id. 15 ¶¶ 15, 16. 16 A. Lending Club’s Lending and Borrowing Platform 17 LendingClub operates as an online lending marketplace that “matches” borrowers and 18 investors. SAC ¶ 24. LendingClub’s borrowers apply for loans through the Company’s website. 19 Id. ¶ 26. LendingClub reviews the applicants’ creditworthiness and matches the borrower with a 20 lender or lenders to fund entire loans, portions of individual loans, and/or portions of pools of loans. 21 Id. LendingClub’s primary issuing bank partner, WebBank, simultaneously originates each loan 22 and sells it to LendingClub—at a price that includes fees and interest. Id. LendingClub buys these 23 loans with the money from its “matched” lenders, and services the loans. Id. LendingClub receives 24 an initial origination fee and subsequent servicing fees on each payment throughout the term of the 25 loan. Id. LendingClub records the majority of its revenue from origination fees. Id. ¶ 29. 26 B. LendingClub’s Pre-Class Period Internal Control Weaknesses 27 In May 2016, LendingClub disclosed that some of its senior executives and managers had 28 engaged in deceptive conduct by knowingly misleading investors as to the characteristics of certain 2 United States District Court Northern District of California 1 loans. SAC ¶ 37. The Company stated that “material weaknesses in internal control over financial 2 reporting” had manifested in undisclosed self-dealing, sales of non-conforming loans, backdated 3 loan applications. Id. In response, the Company terminated those senior executives and Renaud 4 Laplanche (LendingClub’s founder, Chairman, and CEO). Id. On May 17, 2016, the Company 5 disclosed the circumstances related to the internal control weaknesses and summarized a “board 6 review” of those circumstances, including certain findings (the “Board Review”). Id. ¶ 41. The 7 Company also disclosed that “[a]n independent sub-committee of the board supervised a review 8 ‘with the assistance of independent counsel and other advisors.’” Id. In addition, the Company 9 stated that on May 9, 2019, following the announcement of the Board Review the Company received 10 a grand jury subpoena from the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) and was contacted by the SEC. 11 Id. 12 On August 9, 2016, LendingClub disclosed detailed discussion of the Board Review and the 13 resulting changes in internal controls over financial reporting. SAC ¶ 42. On February 14, 2017, 14 the Company announced that it had completed its planned remediation steps related to the material 15 weaknesses. Id. ¶¶ 114-15. 16 C. The FTC Investigation 17 In May 2016, the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) contacted LendingClub and began an 18 investigation into the Company’s allegedly deceptive conduct impacting borrowers on 19 LendingClub’s platform. SAC ¶ 4. On November 9, 2016, LendingClub disclosed for the first time 20 that the FTC was investigating the Company. Id. ¶ 46. Specifically, LendingClub stated: 21 23 On May 9, 2016, following the announcement of the board review described elsewhere in this filing, the Company received a grand jury subpoena from the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ). The Company was also contacted by the SEC and Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”). 24 Id. The statement went on to disclose that “[t]he Company continues cooperating with the DOJ, 25 SEC, FTC and any other governmental or regulatory authorities or agencies,” and concluded that 26 “[n]o assurance can be given as to the timing or outcome of these matters.” Id. 22 27 In December 2017, the FTC transmitted a draft consent order to LendingClub, proposing 28 injunctive relief that would bring LendingClub into compliance with the FTC Act Section 5. SAC 3 1 ¶ 49. On February 22, 2018, LendingClub disclosed the following in its SEC annual report (Form 2 10-K) for the year ended December 31, 2017, disclosing information on the target of the FTC 3 Investigation: 4 On May 9, 2016, following the announcement of the Board Review, the Company received a grand jury subpoena from the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ). The Company also received formal requests for information from the SEC and Federal Trade Commission (FTC). The FTC Staff is investigating questions concerning certain of the Company’s policies and practices and related legal compliance. We have worked and continue to work to respond to the FTC’s information requests, and have cooperated closely with FTC Staff as they evaluate potential claims of deception or unfairness under the FTC Act and other consumer protection laws enforced by the FTC. While we are not able to predict with certainty the timing, outcome, or consequence of this investigation, we believe that we are in compliance with all applicable federal and state laws related to this matter. 5 6 7 8 9 10 United States District Court Northern District of California 11 The Company continues cooperating with the DOJ, SEC, FTC, and other governmental or regulatory authorities or agencies. No assurance can be given as to the timing or outcome of these matters. However, to the extent that the Company continues to incur expenses to defend or respond to these investigations, insurance policy coverage limits have been met, as described above, so that the Company will not have insurance available to offset any costs. 12 13 14 15 Id. ¶ 153. 16 On April 25, 2018, the FTC issued a press release, disclosing that it had filed a complaint 17 18 against LendingClub. SAC at 1; see also Federal Trade Comm’n v. LendingClub Corp., Case 3:18cv-02454-JSC (N.D. Cal.) (“FTC Action”). See Exh. A to SAC, ECF 93-1. The complaint in the 19 FTC Action (attached to and incorporated by reference in the SAC), alleges that LendingClub 20 engaged in “deceptive acts” by (1) charging up-front “hidden fees” and (2) representing to borrowers 21 that they would receive loans before making a final approval decision, resulting in some borrowers 22 not receiving the loans they believed they were approved for. FTC Amended Complaint ¶¶ 56-61, 23 24 ECF 93-2. FTC further alleges that LendingClub engaged in “unfair acts” by withdrawing funds from borrowers’ bank accounts without authorization, or in amounts in excess of borrowers’ 25 authorization. Id. ¶¶ 62-64. Finally, FTC alleges that LendingClub violated the Gramm-Leach26 27 Bliley Act (“GLBA”) by failing to deliver initial privacy notices. Id. ¶¶ 65-67. On the day of FTC’s announcement, shares of LendingClub fell $0.49 per share, or over 28 4 1 15% from its previous closing price to close at $2.77 per share on April 25, 2018. SAC ¶ 161. By 2 May 5, 2018, the price of LendingClub common stock was at $2.65 per share. Id. ¶ 164. Less than 3 two weeks after the FTC Action was filed, Plaintiffs filed this lawsuit. See ECF 1. As of the date 4 of this Order, the FTC Action remains pending. On May 5, 2018, the Company dedicated a standalone section to the disclosure of the FTC 5 6 Investigation and Action. SAC ¶ 50. Specifically, LendingClub stated: 7 FTC Lawsuit 8 In 2016, the Company received a formal request for information from the Federal Trade Commission (the FTC). The FTC commenced an investigation concerning certain of the Company’s policies and practices and related legal compliance. 9 10 On April 25, 2018, the FTC filed a lawsuit in the Northern District of California (FTC v. LendingClub Corporation, No. 3:18-cv-02454) alleging causes of action for violations of the FTC Act, including deception in connection with disclosures related to the Company’s origination fees and certainty of loan approval, unfairness in making unauthorized charges to borrowers’ bank accounts and violation of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act regarding the Company’s practices in delivering its privacy notice. While the Company is not able to predict with certainty the timing, outcome, or consequence of this litigation, it believes that it has been in compliance with all applicable federal and state laws related to this matter and will vigorously defend the lawsuit. United States District Court Northern District of California 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 In addition, while the Company believes that the facts underlying these regulatory matters are well known and understood, as these matters are resolved the Company is subject to further claims. 18 19 Id. The Court’s Prior Dismissal Order 20 D. 21 On November 4, 2019, the Court granted Defendants’ motion to dismiss the CAC. Relying 22 heavily on the allegations in the FTC Action, the crux of the CAC was that LendingClub misled the 23 investors by failing to disclose the alleged deceptive consumer-facing practices charged in the FTC 24 Complaint. See generally, CAC. In its Prior Order, the Court addressed each category of the alleged 25 false/misleading statements and (1) identified those statements that were non-actionable puffery, (2) 26 found the remaining statements’ falsity was insufficiently pled, and (3) found the CAC failed to 27 plead facts creating a strong inference of scienter. See generally, Prior Order. The Court gave 28 Plaintiffs leave to amend. See id. at 42. 5 1 2 E. Plaintiffs’ Allegations in the Second Amended Complaint On December 12, 2019, Plaintiffs filed the SAC, presenting a “completely different theory of liability.” Plaintiffs’ Opposition to Motion (“Opp’n”) at 2, ECF 101; see also generally SAC. 3 Plaintiffs now allege that Defendants made false or misleading statements because (1) Defendants 4 first failed to disclose the FTC Investigation that started in May 2016 and (2) when, in November 5 2016, Defendants finally disclosed that the FTC was investigating the Company, they misled the 6 investors by lumping together all regulatory investigations, and omitting that the FTC Investigation 7 involved wholly distinct conduct from the Board Review. See SAC ¶ 4; see also id. ¶¶ 92-105; 8 106-56. 9 The SAC alleges that LendingClub had self-identified the issues raised by the FTC, relying 10 United States District Court Northern District of California 11 12 on a post-Class Period statement Defendant Sanborn made during the Company’s May 8, 2018 earning conference call. See SAC ¶ 51. When asked “whether the issues the FTC raised were ‘all about the past or is it about the present?’”, Sanborn responded: 13 17 Well, what I would say is it sounds like you saw on the [May 2018 Blog Post] is the majority of the items identified in the complaint are pointing to issues that were self-identified by the company as opportunities for improvement and self-mediated prior to any contact with the FTC or whatsoever. So, the one open item, ongoing item really relates to the disclosure of the origination fee. And again, where we believe the complaint is really factually unwarranted and that we are in compliance with the requirements there. 18 Id. “Having self-identified in advance of the FTC investigation the very conduct that the FTC 19 Action alleged was wrongful,” Plaintiffs allege that “Defendants were duty bound not to deceive 20 the market about the nature and thrust of the that investigation.” Id. ¶ 8. Accordingly, the SAC 21 alleges that “[b]y failing to disclose the thrust of the FTC investigation—that it involved the 22 Company’s potentially deceiving borrowers, having already admitted publicly to having deceived 23 investors—Defendants’ Class Period statements about the FTC investigation and certain risks the 24 Company faced were materially false.” Id. Plaintiffs conclude that “[n]o question exists that 25 [Defendants] knew of the FTC’s thrust, knew of the FTC’s specific concerns, and knew that the 26 FTC investigation had nothing to do with the board review and the deception the Company had 27 previously committed on investors.” Id. ¶ 7. 14 15 16 28 Plaintiffs further allege that Defendants “knew” of the Company’s practice of charging 6 1 “hidden fees” (as alleged in the FTC Action) for several additional reasons: (1) the issue was 2 identified in a December 2015 compliance review, (2) legal counsel for one of LendingClub’s 3 largest investors alerted the Company that the “origination fee was inconspicuous and might subject 4 LendingClub to claims of unfair or deceptive acts and practices claim”, (3) employees in the 5 compliance department warned LendingClub that its loan application processing and approval, and 6 hidden fees were likely to mislead borrowers, and (4) LendingClub admitted to tracking its 7 consumer complaints regarding hidden fees. SAC ¶¶ 58-61. The SAC also provides statements 8 from confidential witnesses confirming consumer confusion regarding “hidden fees.” Id. ¶¶ 67-79. 9 United States District Court Northern District of California 10 II. LEGAL STANDARD A. Rule 12(b)(6) 11 “A motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) for failure to state a 12 claim upon which relief can be granted ‘tests the legal sufficiency of a claim.’” Conservation Force 13 v. Salazar, 646 F.3d 1240, 1241–42 (9th Cir. 2011) (quoting Navarro v. Block, 250 F.3d 729, 732 14 (9th Cir. 2001)). When determining whether a claim has been stated, the Court accepts as true all 15 well-pled factual allegations and construes them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Reese 16 v. BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc., 643 F.3d 681, 690 (9th Cir. 2011). However, the Court need not 17 “accept as true allegations that contradict matters properly subject to judicial notice” or “allegations 18 that are merely conclusory, unwarranted deductions of fact, or unreasonable inferences.” In re 19 Gilead Scis. Sec. Litig., 536 F.3d 1049, 1055 (9th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks and citations 20 omitted). While a complaint need not contain detailed factual allegations, it “must contain sufficient 21 factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. 22 Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). A 23 claim is facially plausible when it “allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the 24 defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. 25 B. Rule 9(b) and the PSLRA 26 In addition to the pleading standards discussed above, a plaintiff asserting a private securities 27 fraud action must meet the heightened pleading requirements imposed by Federal Rule of Civil 28 Procedure 9(b) and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (“PSLRA”). In re 7 United States District Court Northern District of California 1 VeriFone Holdings, Inc. Sec. Litig., 704 F.3d 694, 701 (9th Cir. 2012). Rule 9(b) requires a plaintiff 2 to “state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud . . . .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b); see also 3 In re VeriFone Holdings, 704 F.3d at 701. Similarly, the PSLRA requires that “the complaint shall 4 specify each statement alleged to have been misleading, [and] the reason or reasons why the 5 statement is misleading ....” 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(1)(B). The PSLRA further requires that the 6 complaint “state with particularity facts giving rise to a strong inference that the defendant acted 7 with the required state of mind.” Id. § 78u-4(b)(2)(A). “To satisfy the requisite state of mind 8 element, a complaint must allege that the defendant [ ] made false or misleading statements either 9 intentionally or with deliberate recklessness.” In re VeriFone Holdings, 704 F.3d at 701 (internal 10 quotation marks and citation omitted) (alteration in original). The scienter allegations must give 11 rise not only to a plausible inference of scienter, but to an inference of scienter that is “cogent and 12 at least as compelling as any opposing inference of nonfraudulent intent.” Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor 13 Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 314 (2007). 14 III. JUDICIAL NOTICE 15 While the scope of review on a motion to dismiss is generally limited to the contents of the 16 complaint, under Fed. R. Evid. 201(b), courts may take judicial notice of facts that are “not subject 17 to reasonable dispute.” Courts have taken judicial notice of documents on which complaints 18 necessarily rely, Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 688 (9th Cir. 2001), publicly available 19 financial documents such as SEC filings, Metzler Inv. GMBH v. Corinthian Colls., Inc., 540 F.3d 20 1049, 1064 n.7 (9th Cir. 2008), and publicly available articles or other news releases of which the 21 market was aware, Heliotrope Gen., Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., 189 F.3d 971, 981 n.18 (9th Cir. 1999). 22 Defendants request that the Court take judicial notice of 23 exhibits in support of their 23 motions to dismiss the SAC: (1) the First Amended Complaint filed by the FTC in the civil 24 enforcement action captioned FTC v. LendingClub Corp., No. 18-cv-02454-JSC (N.D. Cal.) (“FTC 25 Action”) on October 22, 2018 (Exh. A to Talarides Decl.); (2) LendingClub’s Amended Answer to 26 First Amended Complaint filed by LendingClub in the FTC Action on May 29, 2019 (Exh. B to 27 Talarides Decl.); (3) blog entry posted on May 7, 2019 on LendingClub’s website titled 28 LendingClub FTC Litigation Update (Exh. C to Talarides Decl.); (4) blog entry posted on May 6, 8 United States District Court Northern District of California 1 2018 on LendingClub’s website titled LendingClub Responds to Federal Trade Commission 2 Complaint (Exh. D to Talarides Decl.); (5) excerpts of LendingClub’s SEC filings (Exhs. E-L to 3 Talarides Decl.); (6) press releases issued by LendingClub (Exhs. M-P to Talarides Decl.); (7) 4 S&P’s transcripts of LendingClub’s earnings call (Exhs. Q-V to Talarides Decl.); and (8) 5 LendingClub’s Statements of Changes in Beneficial Ownership of Securities on Form 4, filed with 6 the SEC on November 15, 2017 on behalf of Defendants Sanborn and Casey (Exh. W to Talarides 7 Decl.). See ECF 96-1; ECF 96-2. 8 These documents are attached to or referenced in the complaint and/or are matters of public 9 record. Plaintiffs do not object to Defendants’ request for judicial notice. Accordingly, the Court 10 takes notice of Exhibits A-W to Talarides’s declaration at ECF 96-2. The Court does not take notice 11 of the truth of any of the facts asserted in these documents. 12 IV. DISCUSSION A. Claim 1 - Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 13 14 Section 10(b) makes it unlawful “for any person . . . [t]o use or employ, in connection with 15 the purchase or sale of any security . . . any manipulative or deceptive device or contrivance in 16 contravention of such rules and regulations as the Commission may prescribe[.]” Rule 10b-5, 17 promulgated by the SEC under the authority of Section 10(b), in turn makes it unlawful for any 18 person, 19 20 21 22 (a) To employ any device, scheme or artifice to defraud, (b) To make any untrue statement of a material fact or to omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, or (c) To engage in any act, practice, or course of business which operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon any person, in connection with the purchase or sale of any security. 17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5. To state a securities fraud claim, a plaintiff must plead: “(1) a material 23 misrepresentation or omission by the defendant; (2) scienter; (3) a connection between the 24 misrepresentation or omission and the purchase or sale of a security; (4) reliance upon the 25 misrepresentation or omission; (5) economic loss; and (6) loss causation.” City of Dearborn Heights 26 Act 345 Police & Fire Ret. Sys. v. Align Tech., Inc., 856 F.3d 605, 613 (9th Cir. 2017). 27 28 9 1 1. Falsity Defendants argue that the SAC, like the CAC, fails to plead that Defendants made any 2 actionable false or misleading statements. Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b), “[i]n 3 alleging fraud or mistake, a party must state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud 4 or mistake.” Plaintiffs must include “an account of the time, place, and specific content of the false 5 representations as well as the identities of the parties to the misrepresentations.” Swartz v. KPMG 6 7 LLP, 476 F.3d 756, 764 (9th Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks omitted). Rule 9(b)’s particularity requirement “applies to all elements of a securities fraud action.” Oregon Pub. Employees Ret. 8 Fund v. Apollo Grp. Inc., 774 F.3d 598, 605 (9th Cir. 2014). 9 “PSLRA imposes additional specific pleading requirements, including requiring plaintiffs to 10 state with particularity both the facts constituting the alleged violation and the facts evidencing United States District Court Northern District of California 11 12 scienter.” In re Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Sec. Litig., 697 F.3d 869, 876 (9th Cir. 2012). In order to plead falsity, a plaintiff must plead “specific facts indicating why” the statements at issue were 13 false. Metzler Inv. GMBH, 540 F.3d at 1070; Ronconi v. Larkin, 253 F.3d 423, 430 (9th Cir. 2001) 14 (to be actionable, a statement must be false “at [the] time by the people who made them”). “A litany 15 of alleged false statements, unaccompanied by the pleading of specific facts indicating why those 16 17 18 statements were false, does not meet this standard.” Metzler Inv. GMBH, 540 F.3d at 1070. An omission “refers to the failure to disclose material information about a company.” Desai v. Deutsche Bank Sec. Ltd., 573 F.3d 931, 939 (9th Cir. 2009). “[A]n omission is material if there is a substantial 19 likelihood that the disclosure of the omitted fact would have been viewed by the reasonable investor 20 as having significantly altered the total mix of the information made available.” City of Royal Oak 21 Ret. Sys. v. Juniper Networks, Inc., 880 F. Supp. 2d 1045, 1061 (citations and internal quotation 22 marks omitted); Matrixx Initiatives, Inc. v. Siracusano, 563 U.S. 27, 36 (2011). 23 Defendants challenge the viability of Plaintiffs’ falsity claims, arguing that the following 24 eight categories of statements are not adequately pled as false or misleading. 25 26 a. Disclosures Regarding Government Investigations During the Class Period, Defendants made several statements about government 27 investigations into the Company. The SAC alleges that these statements were false and misleading 28 10 United States District Court Northern District of California 1 because at first (i.e., in August 2016), Defendants failed to disclose the existence of the FTC 2 Investigation. See SAC ¶¶ 98-99. And then, after the FTC Investigation was disclosed (for the first 3 time in November 2016), Defendants misleadingly lumped the FTC Investigation with the DOJ and 4 SEC Investigations, omitting that the FTC investigation had nothing to do with the Board Review 5 but rather the consumer practices at issue in the FTC Complaint. See SAC ¶¶ 112-13, 122-23, 129- 6 30, 138-39, 143-44, 153-54. 7 First, Plaintiffs allege that certain statements made in August 2016 (before LendingClub 8 announced that it was under an FTC Investigation) are false and misleading because Defendants 9 were “duty bound to disclose that the FTC had opened an inquiry.” See e.g., SAC ¶ 99. But 10 LendingClub was not required to “make an immediate disclosure of the [FTC] investigation.” See 11 Metzler Inv. GMBH v. Corinthian Colleges, Inc., 540 F.3d 1049, 1071 (9th Cir. 2008). In order to 12 be actionable, an omission must affirmatively create an impression of a state of affairs that differs 13 in a material way from the one that actually exists. City of Dearborn Heights Act 345 Police & Fire 14 Ret. Sys. v. Align Tech., Inc., 65 F. Supp. 3d 840, 855 (N.D. Cal. 2014), aff’d, 856 F.3d 605 (9th Cir. 15 2017); Police Ret. Sys. of St. Louis v. Intuitive Surgical, Inc., 759 F.3d 1051, 1061 (9th Cir. 2014). 16 Plaintiffs fail to allege facts demonstrating that LendingClub created the impression that it was not 17 under FTC scrutiny. See Metzler, 540 F.3d at 1071. Thus, no duty to disclose the investigation had 18 arisen. 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Second, Plaintiffs allege the following statement (repeated in several SEC filings) was false and misleading: On May 9, 2016, following the announcement of the board review described elsewhere in this filing, the Company received a grand jury subpoena from the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ). The Company was also contacted by the SEC and Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”). The Company continues cooperating with the DOJ, SEC, FTC and any other governmental or regulatory authorities or agencies. No assurance can be given as to the timing or outcome of these matters. SAC ¶¶ 112, 122, 129, 138, 143, 153. 26 According to Plaintiffs, this statement is misleading because Defendants lumped together all 27 government investigation disregarding that (1) they had self-identified the issues the FTC was 28 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 1 investigating and (2) the FTC investigation “had no connection whatsoever to the facts underlying 2 the board review or to the DOJ and SEC investigations.” See SAC ¶¶ 113, 123, 130, 139, 144, 154. 3 In other words, Plaintiffs allege that by disclosing the FTC Investigation in a statement that starts 4 with “following the announcement of the board review” and together with the DOJ and SEC 5 investigations, Defendants created a misleading impression that the FTC was investigating the 6 issues identified in the Board Review – rather than entirely unrelated consumer practices. See id., 7 see also Opp’n 7, 8. 8 Plaintiffs’ allegations are insufficient because in order to make out this claim, Plaintiffs must 9 allege facts showing that each Defendant had knowledge of the substance and target of the FTC 10 Investigation at the time each alleged misstatement was made – and the SAC fails to set forth such 11 factual allegations. 12 Plaintiffs rely on Mr. Sanborn’s post-Class Period statement on May 8, 2018 (SAC ¶ 51) to 13 establish Defendants’ knowledge of the FTC Investigation. But Plaintiffs’ interpretation of Mr. 14 Sanborn’s statement is not entirely accurate or helpful to their cause. In response to questions about 15 the FTC Complaint, Mr. Sanborn stated: 16 17 18 19 20 Well, what I would say is it sounds like you saw on the [May 2018 Blog Post] is the majority of the items identified in the complaint are pointing to issues that were self-identified by the company as opportunities for improvement and self-mediated prior to any contact with the FTC or whatsoever. So, the one open item, ongoing item really relates to the disclosure of the origination fee. And again, where we believe the complaint is really factually unwarranted and that we are in compliance with the requirements there. SAC ¶ 51. Plaintiffs rely on Mr. Sanborn’s statement for the notion that Defendants knew which 21 specific consumer practices the FTC was investigating as soon as (or even before) the Company 22 became aware of the FTC Investigation in May 2016. See Opp’n at 14. But, at best, Mr. Sanborn 23 states that the majority of the practices identified in the FTC Complaint were self-identified by the 24 Company – meaning some of the underlying consumer issues were known before May 2019, not 25 that any of the Defendants knew the content of the FTC Investigation. Instead of providing factual 26 allegations showing that each Defendant knew of the contents of the FTC Investigation, Plaintiffs 27 rely on Defendants’ parallel understanding of the same issues that piqued the FTC’s interest. Thus, 28 12 United States District Court Northern District of California 1 Plaintiffs conflate knowledge of the underlying consumer practices targeted by the FTC 2 Investigation with knowledge of the subject of the FTC Investigation. In addition, Sanborn 3 specifically carves out the “hidden fees” issue (i.e., “disclosure of the origination fee”) from the 4 self-identified items and reiterates the Company’s belief that it is in compliance. See SAC ¶ 51. 5 The SAC puts a significant emphasis on the “hidden fees” issue because the origination fees are 6 alleged to be approximately 80% of LendingClub’s revenue – but Sanborn’s May 8, 2018 statement 7 does not establish that LendingClub had “self-identified” that particular issue. See SAC ¶ 6. 8 Plaintiffs make a conclusory allegation that “[n]o question exists that [Defendants] knew of 9 the FTC’s thrust, knew of the FTC’s specific concerns, and knew that the FTC investigation had 10 nothing to do with the board review and the deception the Company had previously committed on 11 investors.” SAC ¶ 7. To the extent Mr. Sanborn’s May 8, 2018 statement is Plaintiffs’ factual basis 12 for this conclusion – that is not enough. The SAC lacks facts establishing when Defendants learned 13 about what the FTC was investigating. 14 Similarly, Plaintiffs’ reliance on the confidential witness statements, an internal compliance 15 review memo from December 2015, and an email from an investor’s legal counsel, concerning the 16 adequacy of LendingClub’s origination fee disclosures (see SAC ¶¶ 58-59) are misplaced because 17 these allegations fail to establish what each Defendant knew about the substance of the FTC 18 Investigation at the time the allegedly misleading statements were made. Thus, Defendants’ motion 19 to dismiss Plaintiffs’ claims related to the disclosures of government investigations (SAC ¶¶ 98, 20 112, 122, 129, 138, 143, 153) is GRANTED WITH LEAVE TO AMEND. 21 b. Risk Factors Regarding Legal Compliance 22 Plaintiffs allege that the Company’s risk warnings in its SEC filings were materially false or 23 misleading because by the time the FTC Investigation had begun, Defendants knew that those risks 24 had already materialized. See SAC ¶¶ 100, 102, 104, 124, 127, 136, 141, 155. Defendants challenge 25 these allegations of falsity because the “risk factors” the Company warned of were of risks that had 26 not yet materialized. See Motion at 10. For example, LendingClub warned: “non-compliance could 27 subject us to damages, revocation of required licenses, class action lawsuits, administrative 28 enforcement actions, rescission rights held by investors in securities offerings and civil and criminal 13 United States District Court Northern District of California 1 liability, which may harm our business and our ability to maintain our marketplace and may result 2 in borrowers rescinding their loans.” SAC ¶ 104. 3 The Court agrees with Defendants that Plaintiffs have failed to allege the eventualities and 4 risks LendingClub warned of (i.e., the consequences of noncompliance) had materialized by the 5 time the FTC Investigation had begun. Plaintiffs’ reliance on Matrixx on this issue is misplaced. 6 See Opp’n at 12 (citing Siracusano v. Matrixx Initiatives, Inc., 585 F.3d 1167, 1182 (9th Cir. 2009), 7 aff’d, 563 U.S. 27 (2011)). In Matrixx, the Ninth Circuit – while holistically reviewing allegations 8 of scienter, not falsity – found defendants’ failure to disclose a filed lawsuit in the “Risk Factors” 9 section of SEC filings, among other facts, established scienter. 585 F.3d at 1182. In contrast here, 10 Plaintiffs have simply alleged that an FTC Investigation began in May 2016. Plaintiffs do not allege 11 facts showing that at the time of the alleged misstatements, “non-compliance” or any of the potential 12 ramifications of non-compliance had materialized. Thus, Defendants’ motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ 13 claims related to the disclosure of Risk Factors (SAC ¶¶ 100, 102, 104, 124, 127, 136, 141, 155) is 14 GRANTED WITH LEAVE TO AMEND. 15 c. Safe Harbor Statements 16 Defendants similarly challenge the allegations regarding the “Safe Harbor Statements” in 17 two press releases and one made by non-defendant James Samford on an earnings call. See Motion 18 at 11-12 (citing SAC ¶¶ 92, 106, 108). For example, LendingClub’s August 8, 2016 press release 19 included the following statement: 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by these forward statements include: the outcomes of pending governmental investigations and pending or threatened litigation, which are inherently uncertain; the impact of recent management changes and the ability to continue to retain key personnel; ability to achieve cost savings from recent restructurings; the Company’s ability to continue to attract and retain new and existing retail and institutional investors; competition; overall economic conditions; demand for the types of loans facilitated by the Company; default rates and those factors set forth in the section titled “Risk Factors” in the Company’s most recent Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and Annual Report on Form 10-K, each filed with the SEC. SAC ¶ 92; see also id. ¶ 106 (same); ¶ 108. Plaintiffs allege that these statements were misleading because “the threat of government 14 United States District Court Northern District of California 1 investigations had materialized, rendering Defendants duty bound to disclose the existence and 2 general thrust of the FTC investigation.” SAC ¶¶ 93, 107. Defendants argue that (1) there was no 3 duty to disclose and (2) by referencing the “outcomes of pending governmental investigations” the 4 statements make clear that the Company was under investigation. Motion at 12. Plaintiffs’ response 5 regarding the Safe Harbor allegations is the same as their arguments about the Risk Factors. See 6 Opp’n at 11 (citing SAC ¶¶ 92, 106). Plaintiffs’ Safe Harbor allegations are deficient for the same 7 reasons that their Risk Factors allegations are, as explained above. The “outcome” of the FTC 8 Investigation had not materialized at the time the statements were made. And the Safe Harbor 9 statements do not create an impression that was different than the one that actually existed because 10 they make clear that the Company was, in fact, under government scrutiny. Thus, Defendants’ 11 motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ claims related to the Safe Harbor statements (SAC ¶¶ 92, 106, 108) is 12 GRANTED WITH LEAVE TO AMEND. 13 d. Legal Expenses 14 Next, Defendants argue that Plaintiffs’ allegations regarding statements that reference legal 15 expenses associated with government investigations and lawsuits are deficient. Motion at 12-13 16 (citing SAC ¶¶ 108, 145-46, 98, 112, 122, 129, 138, 143). For example, LendingClub’s 2016 10-K 17 SEC filing included the following: 18 19 20 21 22 23 After announcing the findings of our board review, and the significant decrease in the trading price of our common stock in May 2016, we began offering incentive retention awards to members of the executive management team and other key personnel that totaled $34.9 million and will be recognized as compensation expense ratably through May 2017. In addition, we have incurred and expect to continue to incur significant legal, professional service, and other expenses in connection with the inquiries and private litigation that have arisen and may continue to arise from the internal board review, and our response to ongoing governmental requests for information. SAC ¶ 122. Plaintiffs allege that these statements are false and misleading because Defendants 24 “lumped together the ongoing regulatory investigation, falsely relating each to the board review, 25 omitting that the FTC investigation and the expenses related thereto had nothing to do with the board 26 review[.]” SAC ¶ 123; see also id. ¶¶ 113, 123, 130, 139, 144. 27 As another example, on February 20, 2018, in the context of having settled a securities class 28 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 action lawsuit related to the Board Review, Sanborn stated: I do want to remind you that we are still addressing other outstanding legacy issues that will result in elevated legal costs. They are detailed in our upcoming 10-K that include litigation, ongoing government investigations from the SEC, DOJ and FTC and indemnification obligations for former employees. While it may take a few quarters for us to get these issues resolved, today’s announcement is a major step forward in putting the events of 2016 behind us. … So, in terms of lawsuits, this is the federal and the state class action lawsuits, they were arising out of the 2016 disclosures. In terms of the scale of these, we do believe that these represented our largest financial exposure. The remaining issues, as I indicated, are derivative lawsuit from this which is not against the company and then some ongoing government investigations with the SEC, DOJ and FTC, so obviously, difficult to predict the outcome of those with any certainty, but we are cooperating there and moving quickly to resolve those. 11 United States District Court Northern District of California SAC ¶¶ 145-46. Again, Plaintiffs allege that these statements were false and misleading because 12 Defendants “disregarded that the FTC investigation had nothing whatsoever to do with the securities 13 class action lawsuit the Company settled in 2018, or with the DOJ or SEC investigation that related 14 15 to the board review[.]” Id. ¶ 147. Defendants challenge these allegations – to the extent that they refer to legal expenses – on 16 the ground that the alleged reasons for their falsity has no connection to the substance of the 17 statements themselves. Motion at 12-13. Plaintiffs respond that “Defendants’ failure to distinguish 18 the FTC investigation from the board review-related government investigation and to disclose that 19 the FTC was investigating entirely distinct potential wrongdoing is inextricably linked to 20 Defendants’ misleading statements that hid the issues the FTC was investigating[.]” Opp’n at 13. 21 The Court agrees with Defendants. Even accepting arguendo that these statements link the 22 government investigations together, it does not follow that statements about ongoing legal costs 23 associated with those investigations are false or misleading. The alleged misstatements say nothing 24 about the substance of any of the investigations – they simply disclose that the Company has and 25 will continue to incur costs in connection with government investigations and lawsuits. In short, 26 the reasons Plaintiffs offer as to why the statements are false or misleading bear no connection to 27 the substance of the statements themselves. See Jui-Yang Hong v. Extreme Networks, Inc., No. 1528 16 1 CV-04883-BLF, 2017 WL 1508991, at *15 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 27, 2017). Accordingly, Defendants’ 2 motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ claims related to legal expenses (SAC ¶¶ 108, 145-46, 98, 112, 122, 3 129, 138, 143) is GRANTED WITH LEAVE TO AMEND. 4 5 e. Opinion Statements The SAC alleges that two statements, touting the Company’s “transparency” are false and 6 misleading. See SAC ¶¶ 118, 149. LendingClub’s 2016 10-K SEC filing included the following: 7 11 Transparency and Fairness. The installment loans offered through our marketplace feature a fixed rate that is clearly disclosed to the borrower during the application process, with fixed monthly payments, no hidden fees and the ability to prepay the balance at any time without penalty. Small business lines of credit have rates based upon the prime rate and allow borrowers to draw in increments, reducing their interest cost. Our platform utilizes an automated, rulesbased engine for credit decisioning, which removes the human bias associated with reviewing applications. 12 SAC ¶ 118. Plaintiffs allege that this statement is false and misleading because Defendants omitted 13 that (1) they “had already ‘self-identified’ [the Company’s] practices with respect to hidden fees” 14 and (2) the FTC was investigating, among others, hidden origination fee disclosures. Id. ¶ 119. 8 9 United States District Court Northern District of California 10 15 Defendants challenge this allegation because the SAC fails to bring forth factual allegations 16 as to what each Defendant knew and when, about whether LendingClub’s origination fee was 17 properly disclosed to consumers (i.e., “hidden” fees issue) or whether the FTC Investigation targeted 18 the disclosure of those fees. 19 identification and self-mediation of the issues the FTC began investigating” means that (1) 20 Defendants knew of adverse facts that seriously undermined the accuracy of their opinion about the 21 Company’s “transparency and fairness” and (2) that they did not actually believe it. Opp’n at 14 22 (citing SAC ¶ 51, 60). Defendants reply that “Plaintiffs’ new theory of fraud—that Defendants lied 23 about the FTC investigation—has no connection to the substance of the statements.” Reply at 8, 24 ECF 102. Motion at 14-15. Plaintiffs respond that Defendants’ “self- 25 In the Ninth Circuit, there are three different standards for pleading falsity of opinion 26 statements: (1) “when a plaintiff relies on a theory of material misrepresentation, the plaintiff must 27 allege both that ‘the speaker did not hold the belief she professed’ and that the belief is objectively 28 untrue, (2) “when a plaintiff relies on a theory that a statement of fact contained within an opinion 17 United States District Court Northern District of California 1 statement is materially misleading, the plaintiff must allege that the supporting fact the speaker 2 supplied is untrue” or (3) “when a plaintiff relies on a theory of omission, the plaintiff must allege 3 facts going to the basis for the issuer’s opinion whose omission makes the opinion statement at issue 4 misleading to a reasonable person reading the statement fairly and in context.” City of Dearborn 5 Heights Act 345 Police & Fire Ret. Sys. v. Align Tech., Inc., 856 F.3d 605, 615–16 (9th Cir. 2017) 6 (citation omitted). 7 First, as Defendants note, the Court has determined that touting the company’s 8 “transparency and fairness” is non-actionable puffery because such statements are not capable of 9 objective verification. See Motion at 14; Prior Order at 20, 28. Second, the Court agrees with 10 Defendants that Plaintiffs’ new theory of liability (i.e., Defendants’ alleged failure to disclose the 11 existence and substance of the FTC Investigation) is entirely untethered to this opinion statement 12 and “hidden fees.” See Opp’n at 2 (disclaiming the CAC’s theory of liability that “Defendants 13 actually committed the violations alleged in the FTC Complaint”). 14 Defendants had identified the underlying “hidden fees” issue as a potential problem for consumers, 15 it does not follow that they also misled the investors about the FTC Investigation. This statement 16 has no relation to the FTC Investigation. Third, to the extent that Plaintiffs allege this statement is 17 false or misleading because LendingClub did charge “hidden fees,” the SAC, like the CAC, fails to 18 allege facts about what each Defendant knew and when about potential issues with the Company’s 19 origination fees. The same analysis applies to the opinion statement in LendingClub’s 2017 10-K 20 submission (see SAC ¶¶ 149-50), which does not even include the “no hidden fees” language and 21 is entirely unrelated to the FTC Investigation. 22 Plaintiffs’ claims related to the opinion statements at SAC ¶ 118 and SAC ¶ 149 is GRANTED 23 WITH LEAVE TO AMEND. 24 In other words, even if Accordingly, Defendants’ motion to dismiss f. Privacy Policy 25 Plaintiffs challenge the following statement in LendingClub’s 10-Ks filed on February 28, 26 2017 and February 22, 2018: “We have a detailed privacy policy, which complies with GLBA[.]” 27 SAC ¶¶ 120, 151. Plaintiffs allege these statements were false and misleading because “Defendants 28 knew or recklessly disregarded that they had ‘self-identified’ Gramm-Leach-Bliley compliance as a 18 United States District Court Northern District of California 1 material issue, even prior to the FTC’s beginning its inquiry in May 2016.” Id. ¶¶ 121, 152. As the 2 Court noted in its Prior Order, the FTC’s allegations regarding LendingClub’s privacy policy are 3 limited to conduct that ended in 2016 – providing no support that the 2017 and 2018 statements 4 were false. Prior Order at 26 (citing FTC Complaint ¶¶ 51; 52). Now, Plaintiffs make the 5 unintelligible argument that “[e]ven if [Defendants] had cured the GLBA deficiencies, Defendants 6 knew that the FTC was investigating GLBA violations at the time the alleged false statements were 7 made, ¶¶ 7, 51, 66, and thus liability for those past practices was still possible.” Opp’n at 15. There 8 are no allegations in the SAC to demonstrate that LendingClub’s privacy policy was (or that 9 Defendants believed it to be) noncompliant with the GLBA as of February 28, 2017 and February 10 22, 2018 – when the alleged misstatement were made. Accordingly, Plaintiffs’ allegations regarding 11 these statements are deficient because they do not include facts showing why the statements were 12 false when made. Defendants’ motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ claims related to LendingClub’s Privacy 13 Policy (SAC ¶¶ 120, 151) is GRANTED WITH LEAVE TO AMEND. 14 g. Non-Actionable Statements and Omissions 15 Defendants challenge two statements as non-actionable puffery – relying on the Prior Order. 16 See Motion at 16. A material misrepresentation differs significantly from corporate puffery. Puffery 17 is an expression of opinion, while a misrepresentation is a knowingly false statement of fact. Oregon 18 Pub. Emps. Ret. Fund v. Apollo Grp., Inc., 774 F.3d 598, 606 (9th Cir. 2014); Grossman v. Novell, 19 Inc., 120 F.3d 1112, 1119 (10th Cir. 1997) (finding that puffery includes statements “not capable of 20 objective verification”). Moreover, the Ninth Circuit has noted that investors do not rely on puffery 21 when making investment decisions. In re Cutera Sec. Litig., 610 F.3d 1103, 1111 (9th Cir. 2010). 22 Finally, “mildly optimistic, subjective assessment[s] . . . [do not] amount[ ] to a securities violation.” 23 Id. 24 First, Defendants point to Sanborn’s August 8, 2016 statement in which he discussed the 25 Company’s “comprehensive review of [its] controls, compliance, and governance.” Motion at 16 26 (citing SAC ¶ 94). While certain portions of this statement remain non-actionable even under 27 Plaintiffs’ new theory of liability (e.g., “Our long-term success is dependent on coupling our 28 technology and business model advantages with a relentless focus on compliance, security and risk 19 1 management.”), other portions of the statement are factual and cannot be categorized as non- 2 actionable puffery. For example, Mr. Sanborn stated: “Beyond our internal focus, we remain 3 proactive with regulators, policy makers and consumer advocacy groups.” SAC ¶ 94. Plaintiffs 4 contend that this statement is misleading because “[o]nce Defendants chose to speak about their 5 ‘proactive’ approach with regulators, they became duty bound to disclose that the FTC had opened 6 an inquiry, unrelated to the board review[.]” SAC ¶ 95. Accordingly, while the Court declines to 7 dismiss the entire statement as non-actionable puffery, Mr. Sanborn’s statement regarding the 8 Company’s “relentless focus on compliance, security and risk management” is DISMISSED 9 WITHOUT LEAVE TO AMEND. 10 United States District Court Northern District of California 11 12 13 14 15 Second, Defendants challenge Mr. Casey’s February 14, 2017 statement: [B]anks returning to the platform has been a priority for us and acts as an endorsement of our strength in compliance and controls. As Scott mentioned, we have all the key banks back on the platform that purchased between January and April and added five more last quarter. Just as banks are an indication of our strong internal processes, I am pleased to report that during the quarter we are able to complete the planned remediation steps related to the material weakness. (Emphasis added). See Motion at 16 (citing SAC ¶ 115). In its Prior Order, the Court dismissed the first sentence of 16 this statement as non-actionable puffery because the statement is not capable of objective 17 verification. Prior Order at 18, 20. That analysis does not change with Plaintiffs’ new theory. Thus, 18 the first sentence of this statement (SAC ¶ 115) is DISMISSED WITHOUT LEAVE TO AMEND. 19 20 h. Statements Unrelated to Practices at Issue In its Prior Order, the Court dismissed some of the alleged misstatements because they 21 lacked connection to the reasons Plaintiffs provided for their falsity. See Prior Order at 22-25. 22 Defendants now argue that the following statements are again unrelated to the allegations of falsity 23 24 25 in the SAC: (1) statements about LendingClub’s redesigned website and “new strategy and technology for verifying income and employment (SAC ¶¶ 131, 133), (2) LendingClub’s remediation steps related to the Company’s 2016 material weaknesses (SAC ¶¶ 114, 115), and (3) 26 SOX certifications (SAC ¶¶ 97, 111, 117, 126, 135, 140, 148). 27 The Court agrees with Defendants. For the same reasons the Court found that these 28 20 1 statements were unrelated to the underlying consumer practices at issue in the FTC Investigation, 2 they are also unrelated to FTC Investigation itself, which is the basis for Plaintiffs’ new theory of 3 liability. 4 LendingClub’s redesigned website, the Company’s financials, or the 2016 Internal Control 5 Weaknesses related to internal controls over financial reporting. Because Plaintiffs have had the 6 opportunity to and failed to cure their allegations as to these statements, the Court DISMISSES 7 Plaintiffs allegations in SAC ¶¶ 131, 133, 114, 115, 97, 111, 117, 126, 135, 140, 148 WITHOUT 8 LEAVE TO AMEND. United States District Court Northern District of California 9 The FTC Investigation and the underlying practices it targeted have no connection to 2. Scienter 10 Defendants also challenge the sufficiency of the allegations with respect to scienter. Scienter 11 is “a mental state embracing intent to deceive, manipulate, or defraud.” Tellabs, 551 U.S. at 319 12 (internal quotation marks omitted). A complaint must “state with particularity facts giving rise to a 13 strong inference that the defendant acted” with scienter. See 15 U.S.C. § 78u–4(b)(2)(A); Police 14 Ret. Sys. of St. Louis v. Intuitive Surgical, Inc., 759 F.3d 1051, 1061 (9th Cir. 2014). A court should 15 deny a motion to dismiss “only if a reasonable person would deem the inference of scienter cogent 16 and at least as compelling as any opposing inference one could draw from the facts alleged” in the 17 complaint. See Tellabs, 551 U.S. at 324. Plaintiffs must “plead with particularity facts that give 18 rise to a ‘strong’—i.e., a powerful or cogent—inference.” Id. at 323. 19 To demonstrate scienter, defendants must have contemporaneously made “false or 20 misleading statements either intentionally or with deliberate recklessness.” See Zucco Partners, 552 21 F.3d at 991 (internal quotation marks omitted). “[M]ere recklessness or a motive to commit fraud 22 and opportunity to do so” is not enough. Reese, 747 F.3d at 569. Rather, a plaintiff must show “a 23 highly unreasonable omission” and “an extreme departure from the standards of ordinary care” that 24 “presents a danger of misleading buyers or sellers that is either known to the defendant or is so 25 obvious that the actor must have been aware of it.” See Zucco Partners, 552 F.3d at 991 (internal 26 quotation omitted). Courts must “assess all the allegations holistically,” not “scrutinize each 27 allegation in isolation.” Tellabs, 551 U.S. at 326. 28 Plaintiffs rely on the following to support an inference of scienter: (1) LendingClub’s self21 1 identification of the majority of the issues in the FTC Action, (2) LendingClub’s “hiding” of the 2 focus of the FTC Investigation, (3) warnings from an internal compliance review and one of the 3 Company’s largest investors, (4) confidential witnesses, and (5) Core Operations doctrine. See 4 Opp’n at 15-25. a. Plaintiffs’ Factual Allegations of Scienter 5 6 United States District Court Northern District of California 7 Plaintiffs’ scienter allegations fail for several reasons. The SAC, like the CAC, lacks sufficient factual allegations to establish scienter as to each Defendant. 8 First, many of the alleged facts Plaintiffs rely on to establish scienter do not support 9 Plaintiffs’ new theory of liability. The gist of the SAC is that Defendants misled investors by 10 omitting the existence and the focus of the FTC Investigation. Importantly, in the SAC, Plaintiffs 11 abandon their original theory that Defendants misled investors about the allegedly unlawful 12 consumer practices that are the subject of the FTC Action. See Opp’n at 2. Thus, it follows that 13 Plaintiffs’ allegations of scienter in the SAC must include facts to establish what each Defendant 14 knew about the FTC Investigation, the specific issues the FTC was investigating, and when each 15 Defendant became aware of those details. Instead, many of Plaintiffs’ factual allegations remain 16 focused on Defendants’ (impermissibly lumped together) knowledge of the underlying consumer 17 practices. For example, none of the Confidential Witnesses is alleged to have had any knowledge 18 of the FTC Investigation. Similarly, allegations of internal compliance review and warnings from 19 one of the Company’s largest investors are related to the underlying consumers practices – not the 20 FTC Investigation – and therefore do not support an inference of scienter. In other words, even if 21 Defendants knew of the underlying practices the FTC was investigating (e.g., hidden fees), it does 22 not follow that they also knew that the FTC was investigating those practices. And as the Court 23 explained in its Prior Order, Plaintiffs’ allegations are insufficient to allege scienter even as to the 24 consumer practices at issue because they do not establish the state of mind of each Defendants. 25 Second, none of Plaintiffs’ factual allegations support the conclusion that Defendants were 26 aware of the specific targets of the FTC Investigation. Plaintiffs argue that Defendants knew about 27 the specific issues the FTC was investigating because (1) Defendant Sanborn admitted that 28 Defendants had been cooperating with the FTC since it began its investigation and (2) the Company 22 United States District Court Northern District of California 1 had self-identified the practices charged in the FTC Complaint. Opp’n at 16-17. Plaintiffs contend 2 that “[t]he plausible inference that Defendants knew what the FTC was investigating as of May 3 2016, see ¶ 51, must be credited.” Opp’n at 17. But to plead scienter under PSLRA, inference of 4 scienter must be “cogent and at least as compelling as any opposing inference one could draw from 5 the facts alleged.” Tellabs, 551 U.S. at 324. LendingClub’s general cooperation with the FTC 6 Investigation does not lead to an inference of scienter (i.e., that each Defendant knew about the 7 specifics of the FTC Investigation as early as May 2016 and intentionally or with deliberate 8 recklessness omitted their disclosure) that is “cogent and at least as compelling” as the opposing 9 inference of nonfraudulent intent. See id. And Sanborn’s statement (made after the FTC Complaint 10 was filed) regarding the Company’s self-identification of the issues in the FTC Complaint goes to 11 the Company’s knowledge of the underlying consumer practices (with the exception of the alleged 12 hidden fees) – and not anyone’s knowledge as to the substance of the FTC Investigation at the time 13 the alleged misleading statements were made. 14 Third, Plaintiffs’ argument that their allegations of falsity are sufficient to plead scienter is 15 unpersuasive. See Opp’n at 18. “[F]alsity may itself be indicative of scienter where it is combined 16 with allegations regarding a management’s role in the company that are particular and suggest that 17 the defendant had actual access to the disputed information, and where the nature of the relevant 18 fact is of such prominence that it would be absurd to suggest that management was without 19 knowledge of the matter.” Zucco, 552 F.3d at 1000. Here, the SAC lacks any “particular” 20 allegations regarding each Defendant’s “actual” access to the substance of the FTC Investigation at 21 the time the alleged statements were made. 22 And Plaintiffs’ cited authority are clearly distinguishable. In Evanston, individual 23 defendants “touted intimate knowledge of generic drug manufacturers, generic drug pricing, and 24 challenges that might impede supply” but still went on “to falsely attribute generic drug price 25 increases to non-existent supply disruptions.” Evanston Police Pension Fund v. McKesson Corp., 26 411 F. Supp. 3d 580, 602 (N.D. Cal. 2019). Individual Defendants in this case are not alleged to 27 have either touted their knowledge of the FTC Investigation, or made any blatantly false statements. 28 Similarly, in Karinski, defendants were alleged to have regularly referenced conversations they had 23 United States District Court Northern District of California 1 with a third-party regarding their partnership and misrepresented that relationship as a “very happy” 2 partnership, while being aware that the third-party was not happy. Karinski v. Stamps.com, Inc., 3 No. CV 19-1828-MWF (SKX), 2020 WL 281716, at *15 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 17, 2020). The defendants 4 in CV Sciences, conceded that they had knowledge of patent rejections (pending appeal) when they 5 made statements that their product was “patent-pending,” “patent-protectable,” and “proprietary.” 6 In re CV Scis., Inc. Sec. Litig., No. 218CV01602JADBNW, 2019 WL 6718086, at *5 (D. Nev. Dec. 7 10, 2019). No such concession is made in this case. 8 Fourth, even if Defendants knew what practices the FTC was investigating, Plaintiffs’ 9 allegations fail to establish each Defendant’s state of mind. Plaintiffs do not argue that any of the 10 statements were false on their face – only that Defendants omitted at first the existence of an FTC 11 investigation, and later the specific targets of that investigation. To sufficiently plead scienter for 12 allegedly misleading omissions, however, Plaintiffs must allege “a highly unreasonable omission” 13 and facts to support the inference that Defendants either knew that their omissions were misleading 14 the investors or that the potential for misleading the public was so obvious that Defendants must 15 have been aware of it. See Zucco Partners, 552 F.3d at 991. None of the facts alleged in the SAC 16 establish the state of mind of any of the Defendants. 17 Finally, the SAC, like the CAC, lumps all Defendants together with respect to the scienter 18 allegations. The Court warned Plaintiffs that “scienter cannot be established based on ‘general 19 awareness’ and ‘hands-on management style’ or by lumping ‘management’ and ‘executives 20 together.” Prior Order at 35 (citing Knollenberg v. Harmonic, Inc., 152 F. App’x 674, 681–82 (9th 21 Cir. 2005) (“The allegation that [a fact] was ‘common knowledge’ … does not comport with the 22 PSLRA’s requirement that plaintiffs allege the required state of mind as to each Defendant who 23 made an allegedly misleading statement and is therefore insufficient.”)). This is a fatal flaw in 24 Plaintiffs’ PLSRA claims. 25 b. Core Operations Inference 26 Plaintiffs’ core operation allegations also remain deficient. The “core operations” doctrine 27 allows the knowledge of certain facts that are critical to a business’s “core operations” to be 28 attributed to a company’s key officers. Webb, 884 F.3d 844, 854. “Allegations that rely on the core24 United States District Court Northern District of California 1 operations inference are among the allegations that may be considered in the complete PSLRA 2 analysis.” S. Ferry LP, No. 2 v. Killinger, 542 F.3d 776, 784 (9th Cir. 2008). “[C]orporate 3 management’s general awareness of the day-to-day workings of the company’s business does not 4 establish scienter—at least absent some additional allegation of specific information conveyed to 5 management and related to the fraud.” Metzler Inv. GMBH, 540 F.3d at 1068. 6 Plaintiffs repeat the same arguments the Court rejected in the Prior Order. Plaintiffs argue 7 that because origination fees are approximately 80% of LendingClub’s revenue and important to the 8 Company’s “financial and operational success,” it would be absurd to “suggest that Sanborn and 9 [LendingClub]’s executives did not know what the FTC was investigating.” Opp’n at 23. As the 10 Court explained in its Prior Order “‘Origination fees’ may be one of LendingClub’s main revenue 11 sources, but that fact does not make every piece of information within the Company that relates to 12 those fees critical to the business’s core operations.” Prior Order at 39. Now, Plaintiffs suggest 13 that because (1) “origination fees are a large part of LendingClub’s revenue and (2) one of the 14 focuses on the FTC’s Investigation was whether those “origination fees” are “hidden,” the FTC 15 Investigation was critical to the Company’s operations. This far-fetched theory does not support a 16 finding that this case is one of those “rare circumstances where the nature of the relevant fact is of 17 such prominence that it would be ‘absurd’ to suggest that management was without knowledge of 18 the matter.” S. Ferry LP, No. 2 v. Killinger, 542 F.3d 776, 786 (9th Cir. 2008). It is not “absurd” 19 to suggest that Defendants were not aware of the specific issues the FTC was investigating before 20 receiving the draft FTC Consent Order in December 2017. 21 c. Holistic Review 22 After having determined that none of Plaintiffs’ allegations, standing alone, is sufficient to 23 create a strong inference of scienter, the Court now considers the allegations holistically. See In re 24 VeriFone, 704 F.3d at 702–03; Zucco Partners, 552 F.3d at 992. The Court finds that taken together, 25 the facts do not evince such fraudulent intent or deliberate recklessness as to make the inference of 26 scienter cogent. Tellabs, 551 U.S. at 323. Indeed, as noted above, Plaintiffs’ factual allegations fail 27 to sufficiently plead as to any of the Defendants. 28 As the Court noted in its Prior Order, there are no allegations of motive to commit fraud. 25 United States District Court Northern District of California 1 See Prior Order at 40. Plaintiffs fail to acknowledge that the Ninth Circuit has “recognized that a 2 lack of stock sales can detract from a scienter finding.” Webb, 884 F.3d at 856. None of the 3 Individual Defendants is alleged to have sold, and Sanborn and Casey purchased, LendingClub stock 4 during the class period. ECF 96-2, Exh. W. Purchasing stocks during the Class Period is 5 “significant[] for the holistic assessment” and “weighs against an inference of scienter.” Bao, 2016 6 WL 54133, at *7. In sum, a holistic review of the SAC demonstrated that Plaintiffs have failed to 7 plead facts creating a strong inference of scienter that is cogent and at least as compelling as the 8 alternative explanation, as required by the PSLRA. 9 *** 10 In conclusion, the Court finds that the SAC fails to plead facts creating a strong inference of 11 scienter that is cogent and at least as compelling as any opposing inference of nonfraudulent intent. 12 B. 13 In its Prior Order, the Court warned Plaintiffs that their “failure to cure the deficiencies 14 identified in [the Prior] Order will result in a dismissal of Plaintiffs’ claims with prejudice.” Prior 15 Order at 42. Thus, Defendants move to dismiss the SAC with prejudice. See Motion at 25. 16 Although the repeated failure to cure deficiencies is a proper basis for denying leave to amend, there 17 is no such repeated failure when the current motion to dismiss is “the first pleading[ ] to attack the 18 sufficiency of [Plaintiffs’] allegations, the current decision[ ] by the district court ... [is] the first to 19 address the sufficiency of those allegations, and [Plaintiffs are] seeking [their] first opportunity to 20 cure those deficiencies.” United States v. United Healthcare Ins. Co., 848 F.3d 1161, 1183 (9th Cir. 21 2016). Here, even though the SAC is not Plaintiffs’ first attempt at curing their allegations, Plaintiffs 22 have, in the SAC, presented a new theory of liability, triggering the well-established practice in the 23 Ninth Circuit to “freely give leave” to amend a complaint. See Arizona Students’ Ass’n v. Arizona 24 Bd. of Regents, 824 F.3d 858, 871 (9th Cir. 2016) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2)). Accordingly, 25 the Court finds that granting leave to amend is warranted. Leave to Amend 26 C. 27 The SAC fails to make any scienter allegations specific to Mr. Coleman. See generally SAC. 28 At the Hearing, counsel for Plaintiffs conceded that the scienter allegations against Mr. Coleman Defendant Coleman 26 United States District Court Northern District of California 1 are limited to the Core Operations inference. See Hr’g Tr. at 37:6-7, ECF 109. Because the Court 2 finds Plaintiffs’ allegations under the Core Operations doctrine insufficient, and because the SAC 3 added no new facts pertaining to Mr. Coleman, the Court DISMISSES Plaintiffs’ claims against Mr. 4 Coleman WITH PREJUDICE 5 D. 6 Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act extends liability for 10(b) violations to those who are 7 “controlling persons” of the alleged violations. Hollinger v. Titan Capital Corp., 914 F.2d 1564, 8 1572 (9th Cir. 1990)). To succeed on a claim under Section 20(a), a plaintiff must prove: (1) a 9 primary violation of federal securities laws and (2) that the defendant exercised “actual power or 10 control” over the primary violator.” Howard v. Everex Sys., Inc., 228 F.3d 1057, 1065 (9th Cir. 11 2000). The SEC has defined “control” as “the power to direct or cause the direction of the 12 management and policies of a person, whether through ownership of voting securities, by contract, 13 or otherwise.” 17 C.F.R. § 230.405. Claim 2 - Section 20(a) 14 Because Plaintiffs have failed to state a claim for a primary violation of the Exchange Act, 15 they likewise have failed to state a claim for violation of Section 20(a). Thus, the Court GRANTS 16 Defendants’ motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ claims under section 20(a) WITH LEAVE TO AMEND. 17 18 19 V. ORDER For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ motion to dismiss at ECF 96 is: • GRANTED WITHOUT LEAVE TO AMEND as to the allegations in SAC ¶¶ 94 20 (as to Mr. Sanborn’s statement regarding the Company’s “relentless focus on 21 compliance, security and risk management”), 97, 111, 114, 115, 117, 126, 131, 133, 22 135, 140, 148. 23 • GRANTED WITHOUT LEAVE TO AMEND as to Defendant Coleman. 24 • GRANTED WITH LEAVE TO AMEND as to Defendants LendingClub, Sanborn, 25 and Casey. 26 Plaintiffs’ amendments are limited to curing the deficiencies identified in this Order and the 27 Court’s Prior Order. Plaintiffs are not permitted to assert a new or revised theory of liability without 28 leave of Court. Any amended complaint shall be filed on or before July 27, 2020. The Court 27 1 requests that the chambers copy of any amended complaint be a redlined version, in color. Failure 2 to meet the deadline to file an amended complaint or failure to cure the deficiencies identified will 3 result in a dismissal of Plaintiffs’ claims with prejudice. 4 For the amended complaint, pursuant to the PSLRA and the Federal Rules of Civil 5 Procedure, and for the sake of clarity and efficient case management, Plaintiffs are directed to set 6 out in chart form their securities fraud allegations under the following headings on a numbered, 7 statement-by-statement basis: (1) the speaker(s), date(s) and medium; (2) the false and/or misleading 8 statements; (3) the reasons why the statements were false and misleading when made; and (4) the 9 facts giving rise to a strong inference of scienter. The chart may be attached to or contained in the 10 amended complaint, but in any event will be deemed to be a part of the amended complaint. United States District Court Northern District of California 11 12 IT IS SO ORDERED. 13 14 15 16 Dated: June 12, 2020 ______________________________________ BETH LABSON FREEMAN United States District Judge 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 28

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